This Technical Report presents the results of a European Study on \u201cChildren’s mouthing behaviour in contact with toys\u201d. It provides statistical data on the duration and frequency that children under 36 months introduce toys into their mouths and estimated data on the time children under 36 months spend mouthing toys each day.<\/p>\n
Furthermore, it provides information on:<\/p>\n
the literature focused on children’s mouthing behaviour, including commonly used methodologies and significant results;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
the design and methodology of the study;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
the data on the children and toy sample;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
the forms used in data collection.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
| PDF Pages<\/th>\n | PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4<\/td>\n | Contents Page <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 7<\/td>\n | European foreword <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 8<\/td>\n | Introduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 9<\/td>\n | 1 Scope 2 Literature review 2.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 10<\/td>\n | 2.2 Methodological review on children\u2019s mouthing behaviour <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 11<\/td>\n | Table 1 \u2014 Summary of previous literature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 13<\/td>\n | 2.3 Main results on the duration and frequency of children\u2019s mouthing behaviour in previous literature 2.3.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 14<\/td>\n | 2.3.2 Daily time available to mouth not spent sleeping or eating Table 2 \u2014 Mean, maximum and minimum times available to mouth not spent sleeping or eating <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 15<\/td>\n | Figure 1 \u2014 Time available to mouth per day vs. mouthing behaviour in contact with objects 2.3.3 Frequency of mouthing objects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 16<\/td>\n | Table 3 \u2014 Results of the frequency of object-to-mouth events per hour 2.3.4 Amount of the time spent mouthing objects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 17<\/td>\n | Table 4 \u2014 Estimated mean and maximum daily mouthing time for toys and other objects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 18<\/td>\n | Figure 2 \u2014 Mouthing behaviour in contact with all items mouthed vs. in contact with toys 3 Design of the research 3.1 General objective 3.2 Data collection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 19<\/td>\n | 3.3 Methodology 3.3.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 20<\/td>\n | Table 5 \u2014 Methodologies of the study 3.3.2 Ethnographic Figure 3 \u2014 Example of children activities 3.3.3 Home environment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 21<\/td>\n | Table 6 \u2014 Sample age groups <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 22<\/td>\n | Figure 4 \u2014 Home environment observation 3.3.4 Free play environment Figure 5 \u2014 Free play environment observation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 23<\/td>\n | Figure 6 \u2014 Examples of mouthing behaviour 3.3.5 Pilot test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 24<\/td>\n | 3.3.6 Observational tool and protocols Figure 7 \u2014 Observational tool app <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 25<\/td>\n | 3.3.7 Training sessions Figure 8 \u2014 Training sessions 3.4 Sample description: Children and toys 3.4.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 26<\/td>\n | Table 7 \u2014 Sample description 3.4.2 Children sample <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 27<\/td>\n | Figure 9 \u2014 Age of children <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 28<\/td>\n | Figure 10 \u2014 Gender of children Figure 11 \u2014 Household size <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 29<\/td>\n | Figure 12 \u2014 Number of children Figure 13 \u2014 Country <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 30<\/td>\n | Figure 14 \u2014 Population sizes Figure 15 \u2014 Relationship <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 31<\/td>\n | Figure 16 \u2014 Observer age Figure 17 \u2014 Level of education <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 32<\/td>\n | Figure 18 \u2014 Social class Figure 19 \u2014 Observation periods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 33<\/td>\n | Figure 20 \u2014 Use of dummy Figure 21 \u2014 Use of dummy by age 3.4.3 Sample <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 35<\/td>\n | Table 8 \u2014 Toy sample Figure 22 \u2014 Toys with elastomeric materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 36<\/td>\n | Figure 23 \u2014 Toys without elastomeric materials Figure 24 \u2014 Toys intended to be mouthed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 37<\/td>\n | Figure 25 \u2014 Uniformity in the number of products for each age group 3.5 Statistical analysis <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 38<\/td>\n | Table 9 \u2014 Sample error 4 Results of children\u2019s mouthing behaviour in contact with toys 4.1 Frequency children mouthed toys 4.1.1 General 4.1.2 By age Table 10 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by age <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 39<\/td>\n | 4.1.3 By gender Table 11 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by gender Figure 27 \u2014 Frequency of mouthing behaviour per hour by gender (based on means in Table 11) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 40<\/td>\n | 4.1.4 By gender and age Table 12 \u2014 Frequency of mouthing behaviour per hour by gender and age (mean values) Figure 28 \u2014 Frequency of mouthing behaviour per hour by gender and age (based on means in Table 12) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 41<\/td>\n | 4.1.5 By country Table 13 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys per hour, by country Figure 29 \u2014 Frequency of mouthing behaviour per hour by country (based on means in Table 13) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 42<\/td>\n | 4.1.6 By country and age Table 14 \u2014 Frequency of mouthing behaviour per hour by country and age (mean values) Figure 30 \u2014 Frequency of mouthing behaviour per hour by country and age (based on means in Table14) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 43<\/td>\n | 4.2 Time children spent mouthing toys 4.2.1 General 4.2.2 By age Table 15 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by age Figure 31 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by age (based on means of Table 15) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 44<\/td>\n | 4.2.3 By gender Table 16 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by gender Figure 32 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by gender (based on means of Table 16) 4.2.4 By gender and age Table 17 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by gender and age (mean values) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 45<\/td>\n | Figure 33 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by gender and age (based on means of Table 17) 4.2.5 By country Table 18 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by country <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 46<\/td>\n | Figure 34 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by country 4.2.6 By country and age Table 19 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by country and age (mean values) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 47<\/td>\n | Figure 35 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by country and age (based on means of Table 19) 4.2.7 Toy-to-mouth contact duration by age <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 48<\/td>\n | Table 20 \u2014 Toy-to-mouth contact duration by age Figure 36 \u2014 Toy-to-mouth contact duration in seconds by age (based on means of Table 20) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 49<\/td>\n | 4.3 Type of mouthing: lip\/tongue, suck\/engulf, bite\/chew 4.3.1 Frequency by type of mouthing Table 21 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by type of mouthing (multiple answer) Figure 37 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by type of mouthing (based on means of Table 21) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 50<\/td>\n | 4.3.2 Frequency by type of mouthing and age Table 22 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by type of mouthing and age (mean values) Figure 38 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by type of mouthing and age (based on means of Table 22) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 51<\/td>\n | 4.3.3 Time children spent mouthing, by type of mouthing Table 23 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by type of mouthing (multiple answer) Figure 39 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by type of mouthing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 52<\/td>\n | 4.3.4 Time children spent mouthing toys by type of mouthing and age Table 24 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by type of mouthing and age (mean values) Figure 40 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by type of mouthing and age (based on means of Table 24) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 53<\/td>\n | 4.4 Elastomeric vs. not elastomeric material 4.4.1 General 4.4.2 Frequency by elastomeric and not elastomeric material Table 25 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by material (elastomeric vs not elastomeric) Figure 41 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by material (based on means of Table 25) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 54<\/td>\n | 4.4.3 Frequency by elastomeric and not elastomeric material and age Table 26 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by material and age (mean values) Figure 42 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by material and age (based on means of Table 26) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 55<\/td>\n | 4.4.4 Time children spent mouthing by elastomeric and not elastomeric material Table 27 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by material Figure 43 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by material 4.4.5 Time children spent mouthing, by elastomeric and not elastomeric material and age Table 28 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by material and age (mean values) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 56<\/td>\n | Figure 44 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed toys in the total time (511,8 h) by material and age (based on means of Table 28) 4.4.6 Toy-to-mouth contact duration by elastomeric and not elastomeric material Table 29 \u2014 Toy-to-mouth contact duration by material Figure 45 \u2014 Toy-to-mouth contact duration in seconds by material (based on means of Table 29) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 57<\/td>\n | 4.4.7 Toy-to-mouth duration by elastomeric and not elastomeric material and age Table 30 \u2014 Toy-to-mouth contact duration by material and age (mean values) Figure 46 \u2014 Toy-to-mouth contact duration in seconds by material and age (based on means of Table 30) 4.4.8 Qualitative approach of the influence of elastomeric material in children\u2019s mouthing behaviour <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 59<\/td>\n | Figure 48 \u2014 Protruding parts that stimulate greater mouthing behaviour Figure 50 \u2014 Elastomeric material in less accessible parts of toys <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 60<\/td>\n | Figure 51 \u2014 Toys manufactured in elastomeric material with accessible parts 4.5 Toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed 4.5.1 General 4.5.2 Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed Table 31 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys per hour by intended vs not intended to be mouthed Figure 52 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed per hour (based on means of Table 31) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 61<\/td>\n | 4.5.3 Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age Table 32 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed per hour by age (mean values) Figure 53 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed per hour by age (based on means of Table 32) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 62<\/td>\n | 4.5.4 Time children spent mouthing toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed Table 33 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy (intended vs not intended to be mouthed) in the total time (511,8 h) Figure 54 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy (intended vs not intended to be mouthed) in the total time (511,8 h) (based on means of Table 33) 4.5.5 Time children spent mouthing toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age Table 34 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed in the total time (511,8 h) by age (mean values) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 63<\/td>\n | Figure 55 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed in the total time (511,8 h) by age (based on means of Table 34) 4.5.6 Toy-to-mouth contact duration for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed Table 35 \u2014 Toy-to-mouth contact duration for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 64<\/td>\n | Figure 56 \u2014 Toy-to-mouth contact duration in seconds for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed (based on means of Table 35) 4.5.7 Toy-to-mouth contact for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age Table 36 \u2014 Toy-to-mouth contact duration for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age (mean values) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 65<\/td>\n | Figure 57 \u2014 Toy-to-mouth contact duration for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed in seconds by age (based on means of Table 36) 4.6 Toy categories 4.6.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 66<\/td>\n | 4.6.2 Frequency children mouthed toys by toy category Table 37 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys per hour, by toy category <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 67<\/td>\n | 4.6.3 Time children spent mouthing toys by toy category Table 38 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a toy in the total time (511,8 h) by toy category <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 68<\/td>\n | 4.7 Bite marks left on toys Table 39 \u2014 Bite marks left on toys by age Figure 58 \u2014 Bite marks left on toys <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 69<\/td>\n | Figure 59 \u2014 Toys with EVA material 4.8 Degree of salivation 4.8.1 General Table 40 \u2014 Degree of salivation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 70<\/td>\n | Figure 60 \u2014 Degree of salivation in toy mouthing behaviour 4.8.2 Toys that contributed to high degrees of salivation Figure 61 \u2014 Toys with higher levels of salivation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 71<\/td>\n | 5 Estimations 5.1 General 5.2 Results of ethnographic study 5.2.1 Time children are awake and not eating Table 41 \u2014 Time children are awake and not eating (non-working days) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 72<\/td>\n | Table 42 \u2014 Time children are awake and not eating (working days) Table 43 \u2014 Time children are awake and not eating (non-working days vs working days) Figure 62 \u2014 Time children are awake and not eating in hours (based on means in Table 43) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 73<\/td>\n | 5.2.2 Time children are in contact with toys Table 44 \u2014 Time children are in contact with toys (non-working days) Table 45 \u2014 Time children are in contact with toys (working days) Table 46 \u2014 Time children are in contact with toys (non-working days vs working days) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 74<\/td>\n | Figure 63 \u2014 Time children are in contact with toys in hours (based on means in Table 46) 5.3 Estimation formula 5.4 Estimation of frequency children mouth toys 5.4.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 75<\/td>\n | Figure 64 \u2014 Mean frequency children mouth toys for each scenario 5.4.2 Estimation of frequency children mouth toys by age Table 47 \u2014 Frequency children mouth objects (scenario 1), total time 511,8 h <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 76<\/td>\n | Table 48 \u2014 Frequency children mouth toys (scenario 2), total time 511,8 h 5.5 Estimation of time children spend mouthing toys 5.5.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 77<\/td>\n | Figure 65 \u2014 Mean time children spend mouthing toys for each scenario 5.5.2 Estimation of time children spend mouthing toys by age Table 49 \u2014 Time children spend mouthing objects (scenario 1), total time 511,8 h <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 78<\/td>\n | Table 50 \u2014 Time children spend mouthing toys (scenario 2), total time 511,8 h 6 Discussion 6.1 Frequency children mouthed toys <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 79<\/td>\n | 6.2 Time children spent mouthing toys <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 80<\/td>\n | Table 51 \u2014 Comparison of results of Norris and Smith 2002 [8] and this study on time children spent mouthing toys 6.3 Time available to mouth toys per day <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 81<\/td>\n | Figure 66 \u2014 Estimation of number of minutes of mouthing behaviour with toys per day <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 82<\/td>\n | 6.4 Type of mouthing 6.5 Elastomeric toys 6.6 Toys intended and not intended to be mouthed 6.7 Mouthing toys by categories <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 83<\/td>\n | 6.8 Bite marks left on toys 6.9 Degree of salivation 7 Summary 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Literature review <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 84<\/td>\n | 7.3 Design of the research 7.4 Results 7.4.1 Frequency children mouthed toys 7.4.2 Time spent mouthing toys <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 85<\/td>\n | 7.5 Estimations 7.5.1 The frequency children mouthed toys 7.5.2 Time spent mouthing toys 7.6 Childcare articles <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 86<\/td>\n | Annex A (informative) Summary of previous quantitative studies on children\u2019s mouthing behaviour Table A.1 \u2014 Summary of previous quantitative studies on children\u2019s mouthing behaviour <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 94<\/td>\n | Annex B (informative) Results of children\u2019s mouthing behaviour in contact with childcare articles B.1 Introduction B.2 Design of the research B.2.1 General objective <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 95<\/td>\n | Table B.1 \u2014 Sample error B.2.2 Data collection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 96<\/td>\n | Table B.2 \u2014 Methodology B.2.3 Sample of children and products <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 97<\/td>\n | Figure B.3 \u2014 Country <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 98<\/td>\n | Table B.3 \u2014 Childcare article sample B.3 Frequency children mouthed childcare articles B.3.1 General B.3.2 By age Table B.4 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed childcare articles per hour by age <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 99<\/td>\n | Figure B.4 \u2014 Frequency of mouthing behaviour of childcare articles per hour (based on means of Table B.4) B.3.3 By country Table B.5 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed childcare articles per hour by country Figure B.5 \u2014 Frequency of mouthing behaviour for childcare articles per hour (based on means of Table B.5) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 100<\/td>\n | B.3.4 By age and country Table B.6 \u2014 Frequency of mouthing behaviour for childcare articles per hour by country and age (mean values) B.4 Time children spent mouthing childcare articles B.4.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 101<\/td>\n | B.4.2 By age Table B.7 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a childcare article in the total time observed (50,2 h) by age Figure B.7 \u2014 Time children spent mouthing childcare articles (total time 50,2 h) based on means of Table B.7 B.4.3 By country Table B.8 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed a childcare articles in the total time observed (50,2 h) by country <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 102<\/td>\n | Figure B.8 \u2014 Time children spent mouthing childcare articles (total time 50,2 h) based on means of Table B.8 B.4.4 By country and age Table B.9 \u2014 Percentage of time children spent mouthing childcare articles in the total time observed (50,2 h) by country and age <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 103<\/td>\n | Figure B.9 \u2014 Percentage of time children spent mouthing childcare articles in the total time observed (50,2 h) by country and age (based on means of Table B.9) B.4.5 Childcare-article-to-mouth contact duration by age Table B.10 \u2014 Childcare-article-to-mouth contact duration by age <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 104<\/td>\n | Figure B.10 \u2014 Childcare-article-to-mouth contact duration in seconds by age (based on means of Table B.10) B.5 Type of mouthing lip\/tongue, suck\/engulf, bite\/chew B.5.1 Frequency by type of mouthing Table B.11 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed childcare articles per hour by type of mouthing (multiple answer) Figure B.11 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed childcare articles per hour by type of mouthing (based on means of Table B.11) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 105<\/td>\n | B.5.2 Frequency by type of mouthing and age Table B.12 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed childcare articles per hour by type of mouthing and age (mean values) Figure B.12 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed childcare articles per hour by type of mouthing and age (based on means of Table B.12) B.5.3 Time children spent mouthing by type of mouthing Table B.13 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed childcare articles in the total time (50,2 h) by type of mouthing (multiple answer) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 106<\/td>\n | Figure B.13 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed childcare articles in the total time (50,2 h) by type of mouthing B.5.4 Time children spent mouthing childcare articles by type of mouthing and age Table B.14 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed childcare articles in the total time (50,2 h) by type of mouthing and age (mean values) Figure B.14 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed childcare articles in the total time (50,2 h) by type of mouthing and age (based on means of Table B.14) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 107<\/td>\n | B.6 Childcare article category B.6.1 General B.6.2 Frequency children mouthed childcare articles by childcare article categories Table B.15 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed childcare articles per hour by childcare article category B.6.3 Time children spent mouthing childcare articles by childcare article categories Table B.16 \u2014 Percentage of time children mouthed childcare articles in the total time (50,2 h) by childcare article category B.7 Summary <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 109<\/td>\n | Annex C (informative) Statistical results C.1 Normal distribution test Table C.1 \u2014 Toy-to-mouth contact duration – Normal distribution test Table C.2 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys – Normal distribution test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 110<\/td>\n | Table C.3 \u2014 Time children spent mouthing toys – Normal distribution test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 111<\/td>\n | C.2 Significance test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 112<\/td>\n | Table C.4 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys \u2013 Significance test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 113<\/td>\n | Table C.5 \u2014 Time children spent mouthing toys \u2013 Significance test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 115<\/td>\n | Table C.6 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys (lip) \u2013 Significance test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 116<\/td>\n | Table C.7 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys (suck) \u2013 Significance test Table C.8 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys (bite) \u2013 Significance test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 117<\/td>\n | Table C.9 \u2014 Time children spent mouthing (lip) \u2013 Significance test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 118<\/td>\n | Table C.10 \u2014 Time children spent mouthing (suck) \u2013 Significance test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 119<\/td>\n | Table C.11 \u2014 Time children spent mouthing (bite) \u2013 Significance test Table C.12 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys by material \u2013 Significance test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 120<\/td>\n | Table C.13 \u2014 Time children spent mouthing toys by material \u2013 Significance test Table C.14 \u2014 Toy-to-mouth contact duration by material \u2013 Significance test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 121<\/td>\n | Table C.15 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed \u2013 Significance test Table C.16 \u2014 Time children spent mouthing toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed \u2013 Significance test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 122<\/td>\n | Table C.17 \u2014 Toy-to-mouth contact for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed \u2013 Significance test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 123<\/td>\n | Table C.18 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys by toy category \u2013 Significance test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 124<\/td>\n | Table C.19 \u2014 Time children spent mouthing toys by toy category \u2013 Significance test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 125<\/td>\n | C.3 Mean weighted by year C.3.1 Frequency children mouthed toys Table C.20 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys (per hour) by age Table C.21 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys (per hour) by gender and age Table C.22 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys (per hour) by country and age <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 126<\/td>\n | C.3.2 Time children spent mouthing toys Table C.23 \u2014 Time children spent mouthing by age Table C.24 \u2014 Time children spent mouthing by gender and age Table C.25 \u2014 Time children spent mouthing by country and age <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 127<\/td>\n | Table C.26 \u2014 Toy-to-mouth contact duration by age C.3.3 Type of mouthing: lip\/tongue, suck\/engulf, bite\/chew Table C.27 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys by type of mouthing and age <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 128<\/td>\n | Table C.28 \u2014 Time children spent mouthing toys by type of mouthing and age C.3.4 Elastomeric vs not elastomeric material Table C.29 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys (per hour) by material and age Table C.30 \u2014 Time children spent mouthing toys by material and age <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 129<\/td>\n | Table C.31 \u2014 Toy-to-mouth contact duration by material and age C.3.5 Toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed Table C.32 \u2014 Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed (per hour) by age Table C.33 \u2014 Time children spent mouthing toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 130<\/td>\n | Table C.34 \u2014 Toy-to-mouth contact for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age C.4 Observational periods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 131<\/td>\n | Table C.35 \u2014 Normal distribution test Table C.36 \u2014 Significance test Table C.37 \u2014 Sample observations distribution Table C.38 \u2014 Results <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 132<\/td>\n | Annex D (informative) Glossary of terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | ||||||
| 134<\/td>\n | Bibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Safety of toys. Children’s mouthing behaviour in contact with toys<\/b><\/p>\n |