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ACI 224R 01:2001 Edition

ACI 224R 01:2001 Edition

$43.06

224R-01: Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures (Reapproved 2008)

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
ACI 2001 49
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The principal causes of cracking and recommended crack-control procedures are presented. The current state of knowledge in microcracking and fracture of concrete is reviewed. The control of cracking due to drying shrinkage and crack control in flexural members, overlays, and mass concrete construction are covered in detail. Long-term effects on cracking are considered and crack-control procedures used in construction are presented. Information is presented to assist in the development of practical and effective crack-control programs for concrete structures. Extensive references are provided. Keywords: aggregates; anchorage (structural); bridge decks; cementaggregate reactions; concrete construction; concrete pavements; concrete slabs; cooling; corrosion; crack propagation; cracking (fracturing); crack width and spacing; drying shrinkage; shrinkage-compensating concrete; heat of hydration; mass concrete; microcracking; polymer-modified concrete; prestressed concrete; reinforced concrete; restraint; shrinkage; temperature; tensile stresses; thermal expansion; volume change.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
3 CONTENTS
4 CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2— CRACK MECHANISMS IN CONCRETE
2.1—Introduction
5 2.2—Compressive microcracking
8 2.3—Fracture
2.3.1 Applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics
9 2.3.2 Nonlinear fracture models for concrete
11 2.3.3 Nonlinear fracture models based on adaptation of
LEFM
12 2.3.4 Size effect of fracture
2.3.5 Effect of material properties on fracture
13 CHAPTER 3— CONTROL OF CRACKING DUE TO DRYING SHRINKAGE
3.1—Introduction
3.2—Cause of cracking due to drying shrinkage
3.3—Drying shrinkage
14 3.4—Factors controlling drying shrinkage of concrete
3.4.1 Relative humidity and drying time
15 3.4.2 Influence of quantity and type of aggregate on
shrinkage
16 3.4.3 Paste content and w/cm
3.4.4 Influence of member size
3.4.5 Effect of curing on shrinkage
17 3.4.6 Effect of admixtures
18 3.5—Control of shrinkage cracking
3.5.1 Reduction of cracking tendency
3.5.2 Reinforcement
3.5.3 Joints
3.6—Shrinkage-compensating concrete
19 CHAPTER 4— CONTROL OF CRACKING IN FLEXURAL MEMBERS
4.1—Introduction
4.2—Crack-control equations for reinforced concrete beams
4.2.1 ACI approach through ACI 318-95
20 4.2.2 ACI 318-99 approach
4.2.3 CEB-FIP and Eurocode EC2 recommendations
21 4.2.3.1 CEB-FIP 1990 provisions
4.2.3.2 Eurocode EC2 provisions
22 4.3—Crack control in two-way slabs and plates
23 4.4—Tolerable crack widths versus exposure conditions in reinforced concrete
4.5—Flexural cracking in prestressed concrete
4.5.1 Crack-prediction equations
24 4.5.2 Crack widths
25 4.6—Anchorage-zone cracking in prestressed concrete
4.7—Crack control in deep beams
4.8—Tension cracking
26 CHAPTER 5— LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON CRACKING
5.1—Introduction
5.2—Effects of long-term loading
5.3—Environmental effects
27 5.4—Aggregate and other effects
5.5—Use of polymers in improving cracking characteristics
CHAPTER 6— CONTROL OF CRACKING IN OVERLAYS
6.1—Introduction
28 6.2—Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) overlays
6.2.1 Steel fiber concrete bond to underlying concrete
6.2.2 Fiber size and volume
29 6.2.3 Fiber type and shape
6.2.4 Fibers in open cracks
6.2.5 Mixture proportioning considerations
6.2.6 Overlays over joints
6.3—Latex- and epoxy-modified concrete overlays
6.4—Polymer-impregnated concrete (PIC) systems
6.5—Epoxy and other polymer concrete overlays
30 CHAPTER 7— CONTROL OF CRACKING IN MASS CONCRETE
7.1—Introduction
7.1.1 Definition of mass concrete
7.1.2 Types of cracks
7.2—Methods of crack control
31 7.3—Design
7.3.1 Safety against sliding
7.3.2 Economy
7.3.2.1 Selection of aggregates
7.3.2.2 Aggregate size
7.3.2.3 Water content
32 7.3.2.4 Pozzolan
7.3.3 Durability
7.3.4 Material properties
7.3.4.1 Modulus of elasticity
7.3.4.2 Crack resistance
7.3.4.3 Tensile-strain capacity
33 7.3.4.4 Thermal properties
7.3.4.5 Adiabatic temperature rise
7.4—Construction
7.4.1 Basic considerations for construction
7.4.2 Thermal effects
34 7.4.2.1 Artificial cooling
35 7.4.2.2 Natural cooling
7.4.3 Autogenous volume change
7.5—Operation
36 7.5.1 Concrete creep
37 CHAPTER 8— CONTROL OF CRACKING BY PROPER CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES
8.1—Introduction
8.2—Restraint
8.3—Shrinkage
8.3.1 Effect of water content
8.3.2 Surface drying
38 8.3.3 Plastic shrinkage
8.3.4 Surface cooling
39 8.4—Settlement
8.5—Construction
8.5.1 Concrete aggregates
8.5.2 Shrinkage-compensating cement
8.5.3 Handling and batching
8.5.4 Cold concrete
8.5.5 Revibration
8.5.6 Finishing
8.5.7 Curing and protection
8.5.8 Miscellaneous
40 8.6—Specifications to minimize drying shrinkage
8.6.1 Concrete materials
8.6.2 Concrete mixtures
8.6.3 Concrete handling and placing
8.6.4 Finishing
8.6.5 Forms
8.6.6 Contraction joints
8.6.7 Curing and protection
41 8.7—Conclusion
CHAPTER 9— REFERENCES
9.1—Referenced standards and reports
42 9.2—Cited references
47 9.3—Other references

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