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ACI 318 2011

ACI 318 2011

$159.79

318-11: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
ACI 2011 510
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The “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete” (“Code”) covers the materials, design, and construction of structural concrete used in buildings and where applicable in nonbuilding Structures. The Code also covers the strength evaluation of existing concrete structures.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
6 CONTENTS
11 INTRODUCTION
13 CHAPTER 1 — GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1.1 — Scope
1.1.1
14 1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
15 1.1.6
1.1.7
16 1.1.8 — Concrete on steel deck
1.1.8.1
1.1.8.2
1.1.9 —Provisions for earthquake resistance
1.1.9.1
17 1.1.9.2
1.1.10
18 1.2 — Contract documents
1.2.1
1.2.2
19 1.3 — Inspection
1.3.1
20 1.3.2
21 1.3.3
1.3.4
1.3.5
1.4 — Approval of special systems of design or construction
23 CHAPTER 2 — NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS
2.1 — Code notation
33 2.2 — Definitions
47 CHAPTER 3 — MATERIALS
3.1 — Tests of materials
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.2 — Cementitious materials
3.2.1
3.2.2
48 3.3 — Aggregates
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.4 — Water
3.4.1
49 3.4.2
3.5 — Steel reinforcement
3.5.1
3.5.2
50 3.5.3 — Deformed reinforcement
3.5.3.1
51 3.5.3.2
3.5.3.3
3.5.3.4
3.5.3.5
3.5.3.6
3.5.3.7
52 3.5.3.8
3.5.3.9
3.5.3.10
3.5.3.11
3.5.4 — Plain reinforcement
3.5.4.1
3.5.4.2
53 3.5.5 — Headed shear stud reinforcement
3.5.5.1
3.5.6 — Prestressing steel
3.5.6.1
3.5.6.2
3.5.7 — Structural steel, steel pipe, or tubing
3.5.7.1
54 3.5.7.2
3.5.8
3.5.9
3.6 — Admixtures
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
55 3.6.5
3.7 — Storage of materials
3.7.1
3.7.2
3.8 — Referenced standards
3.8.1
60 3.8.2
3.8.3
3.8.4
3.8.5
3.8.6
3.8.7
3.8.8
3.8.9
3.8.10
61 CHAPTER 4 — DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS
4.1 — General
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.2 — Exposure categories and classes
62 4.2.1
63 4.3 — Requirements for concrete mixtures
4.3.1
66 4.4 — Additional requirements for freezing- and- thawing exposure
4.4.1
67 4.4.2
4.5 — Alternative cementitious materials for sulfate exposure
4.5.1
69 CHAPTER 5 — CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING
5.1 — General
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
70 5.1.6
5.2 — Selection of concrete proportions
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.3 — Proportioning on the basis of field experience or trial mixtures, or both
72 5.3.1 — Sample standard deviation
5.3.1.1
5.3.1.2
73 5.3.2 — Required average strength
5.3.2.1
74 5.3.2.2
5.3.3 — Documentation of average compressive strength
5.3.3.1
5.3.3.2
75 5.4 — Proportioning without field experience or trial mixtures
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.5 — Average compressive strength reduction
76 5.6 — Evaluation and acceptance of concrete
5.6.1
5.6.2 — Frequency of testing
5.6.2.1
77 5.6.2.2
5.6.2.3
5.6.2.4
5.6.3 — Standard-cured specimens
5.6.3.1
5.6.3.2
78 5.6.3.3
5.6.3.4
79 5.6.4 — Field-cured specimens
5.6.4.1
5.6.4.2
5.6.4.3
5.6.4.4
5.6.5 — Investigation of low-strength test results
5.6.5.1
5.6.5.2
80 5.6.5.3
5.6.5.4
5.6.5.5
81 5.6.6 — Steel fiber-reinforced concrete
5.6.6.1
5.6.6.2
5.7 — Preparation of equipment and place of deposit
5.7.1
82 5.8 — Mixing
5.8.1
5.8.2
5.8.3
5.9 — Conveying
5.9.1
5.9.2
83 5.10 — Depositing
5.10.1
5.10.2
5.10.3
5.10.4
5.10.5
5.10.6
5.10.7
5.10.8
5.11 — Curing
5.11.1
5.11.2
84 5.11.3 — Accelerated curing
5.11.3.1
5.11.3.2
5.11.3.3
5.11.4
5.12 — Cold weather requirements
5.12.1
5.12.2
5.12.3
85 5.13 — Hot weather requirements
87 CHAPTER 6 — FORMWORK, EMBEDMENTS, AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
6.1 — Design of formwork
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.5
6.1.6
6.2 — Removal of forms, shores, and reshoring
6.2.1 — Removal of forms
6.2.2 — Removal of shores and reshoring
6.2.2.1
88 6.2.2.2
6.2.2.3
89 6.3 — Embedments in concrete
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5
6.3.5.1
6.3.5.2
90 6.3.5.3
6.3.6
6.3.6.1
6.3.6.2
6.3.6.3
6.3.7
6.3.8
6.3.9
6.3.10
6.3.11
6.3.12
6.4 — Construction joints
6.4.1
91 6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4
6.4.5
6.4.6
6.4.7
93 CHAPTER 7 — DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT
7.1 — Standard hooks
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4
7.2 — Minimum bend diameters
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
94 7.3 — Bending
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.4 — Surface conditions of reinforcement
7.4.1
7.4.2
95 7.4.3
7.5 — Placing reinforcement
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.5.2.1
7.5.2.2
96 7.5.3
7.5.4
7.6 — Spacing limits for reinforcement
7.6.1
7.6.2
7.6.3
7.6.4
7.6.5
7.6.6 — Bundled bars
7.6.6.1
7.6.6.2
7.6.6.3
97 7.6.6.4
7.6.6.5
7.6.7 — Tendons and ducts
7.6.7.1
7.6.7.2
7.7 — Concrete protection for reinforcement
7.7.1 — Cast-in-place concrete (nonprestressed)
98 7.7.2 — Cast-in-place concrete (prestressed)
7.7.3 — Precast concrete (manufactured under plant control conditions)
99 7.7.4 — Bundled bars
7.7.5 — Headed shear stud reinforcement
100 7.7.6 — Corrosive environments
7.7.6.1
7.7.7 — Future extensions
7.7.8 — Fire protection
7.8 — Reinforcement details for columns
7.8.1 — Offset bars
7.8.1.1
7.8.1.2
7.8.1.3
101 7.8.1.4
7.8.1.5
7.8.2 — Steel cores
7.8.2.1
7.8.2.2
7.8.2.3
7.8.2.4
7.9 — Connections
7.9.1
7.9.2
102 7.10 — Transverse reinforcement for compression members
7.10.1
7.10.2
7.10.3
7.10.4 — Spirals
7.10.4.1
7.10.4.2
7.10.4.3
7.10.4.4
7.10.4.5
103 7.10.4.6
7.10.4.7
7.10.4.8
7.10.4.9
7.10.5 — Ties
7.10.5.1
7.10.5.2
7.10.5.3
104 7.10.5.4
7.10.5.5
7.10.5.6
105 7.10.5.7
7.11 — Transverse reinforcement for flexural members
7.11.1
7.11.2
7.11.3
7.12 — Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
7.12.1
7.12.1.1
7.12.1.2
106 7.12.2
7.12.2.1
7.12.2.2
7.12.2.3
7.12.3
7.12.3.1
7.12.3.2
107 7.12.3.3
7.12.3.4
7.12.3.5
108 7.13 — Requirements for structural integrity
7.13.1
7.13.2
7.13.2.1
7.13.2.2
7.13.2.3
7.13.2.4
109 7.13.2.5
7.13.2.6
7.13.2.7
7.13.3
7.13.4
111 CHAPTER 8 — ANALYSIS AND DESIGN — GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
8.1 — Design methods
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.2 — Loading
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
112 8.2.4
8.3 — Methods of analysis
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
113 8.3.4
8.4 — Redistribution of moments in continuous flexural members
8.4.1
8.4.2
114 8.4.3
115 8.5 — Modulus of elasticity
8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.3
8.6 — Lightweight concrete
8.6.1
116 8.7 — Stiffness
8.7.1
8.7.2
8.8 — Effective stiffness to determine lateral deflections
8.8.1
8.8.2
117 8.8.3
8.9 — Span length
8.9.1
118 8.9.2
8.9.3
8.9.4
8.10 — Columns
8.10.1
8.10.2
8.10.3
8.10.4
8.11 — Arrangement of live load
8.11.1
8.11.2
119 8.12 — T-beam construction
8.12.1
8.12.2
8.12.3
8.12.4
8.12.5
8.12.5.1
8.12.5.2
120 8.13 — Joist construction
8.13.1
8.13.2
8.13.3
8.13.4
8.13.5
8.13.5.1
8.13.5.2
8.13.5.3
8.13.6
8.13.6.1
8.13.6.2
8.13.7
121 8.13.8
8.14 — Separate floor finish
8.14.1
8.14.2
123 CHAPTER 9 — STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS
9.1 — General
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
9.2 — Required strength
9.2.1
125 9.2.2 — Impact effects
9.2.3 — Self-straining effects
9.2.4 — Fluid loads
9.2.5 — Lateral soil pressure
126 9.2.6 — Flood and ice loads
9.2.7 — Prestressing steel jacking force
9.3 — Design strength
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.2.1
127 9.3.2.2
128 9.3.2.3
9.3.2.4
9.3.2.5
9.3.2.6
9.3.2.7
129 9.3.3
9.3.4
130 9.3.5
9.4 — Design strength for reinforcement
9.5 — Control of deflections
9.5.1
131 9.5.2 — One-way construction (nonprestressed)
9.5.2.1
9.5.2.2
132 9.5.2.3
9.5.2.4
9.5.2.5
133 9.5.2.6
9.5.3 — Two-way construction (nonprestressed)
9.5.3.1
134 9.5.3.2
9.5.3.3
135 9.5.3.4
9.5.4 — Prestressed concrete construction
9.5.4.1
9.5.4.2
136 9.5.4.3
9.5.4.4
9.5.5 — Composite construction
9.5.5.1 — Shored construction
137 9.5.5.2 — Unshored construction
9.5.5.3
139 CHAPTER 10 — FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS
10.1 — Scope
10.2 — Design assumptions
10.2.1
10.2.2
10.2.3
10.2.4
140 10.2.5
10.2.6
10.2.7
10.2.7.1
10.2.7.2
141 10.2.7.3
10.3 — General principles and requirements
10.3.1
10.3.2
10.3.3
142 10.3.4
10.3.5
143 10.3.5.1
10.3.6
10.3.6.1
10.3.6.2
10.3.6.3
10.3.7
144 10.4 — Distance between lateral supports of flexural members
10.4.1
10.4.2
10.5 — Minimum reinforcement of flexural members
10.5.1
10.5.2
145 10.5.3
10.5.4
10.6 — Distribution of flexural reinforcement in beams and one- way slabs
10.6.1
146 10.6.2
10.6.3
10.6.4
10.6.5
10.6.6
10.6.7
147 10.7 — Deep beams
10.7.1
10.7.2
10.7.3
148 10.8 — Design dimensions for compression members
10.8.1 — Isolated compression member with multiple spirals
10.8.2 — Compression member built monolithically with wall
10.8.3 — Equivalent circular compression member
10.8.4 — Limits of section
10.9 — Limits for reinforcement of compression members
10.9.1
149 10.9.2
150 10.9.3
10.10 — Slenderness effects in compression members
10.10.1
151 10.10.1.1
10.10.1.2
152 10.10.2
10.10.2.1
10.10.2.2
10.10.3 — Nonlinear second-order analysis
153 10.10.4 — Elastic second-order analysis
10.10.4.1
154 10.10.4.2
10.10.5 — Moment magnification procedure
10.10.5.1
10.10.5.2
155 10.10.6 — Moment magnification procedure — Nonsway
10.10.6.1
156 10.10.6.2
10.10.6.3
10.10.6.4
10.10.6.5
157 10.10.7 — Moment magnification procedure — Sway
10.10.7.1
10.10.7.2
10.10.7.3
158 10.10.7.4
10.11 — Axially loaded members supporting slab system
10.12 — Transmission of column loads through floor system
159 10.12.1
10.12.2
10.12.3
10.13 — Composite compression members
10.13.1
10.13.2
160 10.13.3
10.13.4
10.13.5
10.13.6 — Structural steel-encased concrete core
10.13.6.1
10.13.6.2
10.13.7 — Spiral reinforcement around structural steel core
161 10.13.7.1
10.13.7.2
10.13.7.3
10.13.7.4
10.13.8 — Tie reinforcement around structural steel core
10.13.8.1
10.13.8.2
10.13.8.3
10.13.8.4
10.13.8.5
10.13.8.6
10.13.8.7
162 10.14 — Bearing strength
10.14.1
10.14.2
165 CHAPTER 11 — SHEAR AND TORSION
11.1 — Shear strength
11.1.1
11.1.1.1
11.1.1.2
11.1.2
166 11.1.2.1
11.1.3
11.1.3.1
168 11.1.3.2
11.1.4
11.2 — Shear strength provided by concrete for nonprestressed members
11.2.1
11.2.1.1
11.2.1.2
169 11.2.1.3
11.2.2
11.2.2.1
11.2.2.2
170 11.2.2.3
11.2.3
11.3 — Shear strength provided by concrete for prestressed members
11.3.1
11.3.2
11.3.3
171 11.3.3.1
11.3.3.2
173 11.3.4
11.3.5
11.4 — Shear strength provided by shear reinforcement
11.4.1 — Types of shear reinforcement
11.4.1.1
11.4.1.2
174 11.4.2
11.4.3
11.4.4
11.4.5 — Spacing limits for shear reinforcement
11.4.5.1
11.4.5.2
11.4.5.3
11.4.6 — Minimum shear reinforcement
11.4.6.1
176 11.4.6.2
11.4.6.3
11.4.6.4
177 11.4.7 — Design of shear reinforcement
11.4.7.1
11.4.7.2
11.4.7.3
11.4.7.4
11.4.7.5
178 11.4.7.6
11.4.7.7
11.4.7.8
11.4.7.9
11.5 — Design for torsion
179 11.5.1 — Threshold torsion
180 11.5.1.1
11.5.2 — Calculation of factored torsional moment
11.5.2.1
11.5.2.2
182 11.5.2.3
11.5.2.4
11.5.2.5
11.5.3 — Torsional moment strength
11.5.3.1
183 11.5.3.2
11.5.3.3
11.5.3.4
11.5.3.5
184 11.5.3.6
185 11.5.3.7
186 11.5.3.8
11.5.3.9
11.5.3.10
187 11.5.3.11
11.5.4 — Details of torsional reinforcement
11.5.4.1
11.5.4.2
188 11.5.4.3
11.5.4.4
11.5.5 — Minimum torsion reinforcement
11.5.5.1
11.5.5.2
189 11.5.5.3
11.5.6 — Spacing of torsion reinforcement
11.5.6.1
11.5.6.2
11.5.6.3
11.5.7 — Alternative design for torsion
190 11.6 — Shear-friction
11.6.1
11.6.2
11.6.3
11.6.3.1
191 11.6.4 — Shear-friction design method
11.6.4.1
11.6.4.2
192 11.6.4.3
11.6.5
11.6.6
11.6.7
193 11.6.8
11.6.9
11.6.10
11.7 — Deep beams
11.7.1
194 11.7.2
11.7.3
11.7.4
11.7.4.1
11.7.4.2
11.8 — Provisions for brackets and corbels
11.8.1
195 11.8.2
11.8.3
11.8.3.1
196 11.8.3.2
11.8.3.2.1
11.8.3.2.2
11.8.3.3
11.8.3.4
11.8.3.5
11.8.4
197 11.8.5
11.8.6
11.8.7
198 11.9 — Provisions for walls
11.9.1
11.9.2
11.9.3
11.9.4
11.9.5
11.9.6
199 11.9.7
11.9.8
11.9.9 — Design of shear reinforcement for walls
11.9.9.1
11.9.9.2
11.9.9.3
11.9.9.4
11.9.9.5
200 11.10 — Transfer of moments to columns
11.10.1
11.10.2
11.11 — Provisions for slabs and footings
11.11.1
11.11.1.1
11.11.1.2
201 11.11.1.3
11.11.2
11.11.2.1
11.11.2.2
202 11.11.3
11.11.3.1
11.11.3.2
204 11.11.3.3
11.11.3.4
11.11.4
11.11.4.1
205 11.11.4.2
11.11.4.3
11.11.4.4
11.11.4.5
11.11.4.6
11.11.4.7
206 11.11.4.8
11.11.4.9
207 11.11.4.10
11.11.5
11.11.5.1
11.11.5.2
208 11.11.5.3
11.11.5.4
209 11.11.6 — Openings in slabs
11.11.6.1
11.11.6.2
11.11.7 — Transfer of moment in slab-column connections
11.11.7.1
210 11.11.7.2
211 11.11.7.3
213 CHAPTER 12 — DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT
12.1 — Development of reinforcement — General
12.1.1
12.1.2
12.1.3
214 12.2 — Development of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension
12.2.1
12.2.2
12.2.3
215 12.2.4
216 12.2.5 — Excess reinforcement
12.3 — Development of deformed bars and deformed wire in compression
12.3.1
12.3.2
12.3.3
217 12.4 — Development of bundled bars
12.4.1
12.4.2
12.5 — Development of standard hooks in tension
12.5.1
12.5.2
12.5.3
219 12.5.4
220 12.5.5
12.6 — Development of headed and mechanically anchored deformed bars in tension
12.6.1
12.6.2
222 12.6.3
12.6.4
12.7 — Development of welded deformed wire reinforcement in tension
12.7.1
223 12.7.2
12.7.3
12.7.4
224 12.8 — Development of welded plain wire reinforcement in tension
12.9 — Development of prestressing strand
12.9.1
12.9.1.1
226 12.9.2
12.9.3
12.10 — Development of flexural reinforcement — General
12.10.1
12.10.2
12.10.3
227 12.10.4
228 12.10.5
12.10.5.1
12.10.5.2
12.10.5.3
12.10.6
229 12.11 — Development of positive moment reinforcement
12.11.1
12.11.2
12.11.3
230 12.11.4
12.12 — Development of negative moment reinforcement
12.12.1
12.12.2
231 12.12.3
12.12.4
12.13 — Development of web reinforcement
12.13.1
12.13.2
232 12.13.2.1
12.13.2.2
12.13.2.3
233 12.13.2.4
12.13.2.5
12.13.3
12.13.4
234 12.13.5
12.14 — Splices of reinforcement — General
12.14.1
12.14.2 — Lap splices
12.14.2.1
12.14.2.2
12.14.2.3
12.14.3 — Mechanical and welded splices
12.14.3.1
12.14.3.2
12.14.3.3
235 12.14.3.4
12.14.3.5
12.15 — Splices of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension
12.15.1
12.15.2
236 12.15.3
12.15.4
12.15.5
12.15.5.1
12.15.5.2
237 12.15.5.3
12.15.6
12.16 — Splices of deformed bars in compression
12.16.1
238 12.16.2
12.16.3
12.16.4 — End-bearing splices
12.16.4.1
12.16.4.2
12.16.4.3
12.17 — Splice requirements for columns
12.17.1
239 12.17.2 — Lap splices in columns
12.17.2.1
12.17.2.2
12.17.2.3
12.17.2.4
12.17.2.5
12.17.3 — Mechanical or welded splices in columns
240 12.17.4 — End-bearing splices in columns
12.18 — Splices of welded deformed wire reinforcement in tension
12.18.1
12.18.2
12.18.3
241 12.19 — Splices of welded plain wire reinforcement in tension
12.19.1
12.19.1.1
12.19.1.2
243 CHAPTER 13 — TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS
13.1 — Scope
13.1.1
13.1.2
13.1.3
13.1.4
244 13.2 — General
13.2.1
13.2.2
13.2.3
13.2.4
13.2.5
13.2.6
245 13.3 — Slab reinforcement
13.3.1
13.3.2
13.3.3
13.3.4
13.3.5
13.3.6
13.3.6.1
13.3.6.2
13.3.6.3
13.3.6.4
246 13.3.7
13.3.8 — Details of reinforcement in slabs without beams
13.3.8.1
13.3.8.2
247 13.3.8.3
13.3.8.4
13.3.8.5
248 13.3.8.6
13.4 — Openings in slab systems
13.4.1
13.4.2
13.4.2.1
13.4.2.2
13.4.2.3
13.4.2.4
13.5 — Design procedures
13.5.1
249 13.5.1.1
13.5.1.2
13.5.1.3
250 13.5.2
13.5.3
13.5.3.1
13.5.3.2
13.5.3.3
251 13.5.3.4
13.5.4
13.6 — Direct design method
252 13.6.1 — Limitations
13.6.1.1
13.6.1.2
13.6.1.3
13.6.1.4
13.6.1.5
13.6.1.6
253 13.6.1.7
13.6.1.8
13.6.2 — Total factored static moment for a span
13.6.2.1
13.6.2.2
13.6.2.3
13.6.2.4
13.6.2.5
13.6.3 — Negative and positive factored moments
13.6.3.1
254 13.6.3.2
13.6.3.3
255 13.6.3.4
13.6.3.5
13.6.3.6
13.6.4 — Factored moments in column strips
13.6.4.1
13.6.4.2
256 13.6.4.3
13.6.4.4
13.6.4.5
13.6.5 — Factored moments in beams
13.6.5.1
13.6.5.2
13.6.5.3
13.6.6 — Factored moments in middle strips
13.6.6.1
13.6.6.2
13.6.6.3
257 13.6.7 — Modification of factored moments
13.6.8 — Factored shear in slab systems with beams
13.6.8.1
13.6.8.2
13.6.8.3
13.6.8.4
13.6.8.5
258 13.6.9 — Factored moments in columns and walls
13.6.9.1
13.6.9.2
13.7 — Equivalent frame method
13.7.1
13.7.1.1
13.7.1.2
13.7.2 — Equivalent frame
13.7.2.1
259 13.7.2.2
13.7.2.3
13.7.2.4
13.7.2.5
13.7.2.6
13.7.3 — Slab-beams
13.7.3.1
13.7.3.2
13.7.3.3
13.7.4 — Columns
13.7.4.1
13.7.4.2
260 13.7.4.3
13.7.5 — Torsional members
13.7.5.1
13.7.5.2
261 13.7.6 — Arrangement of live load
13.7.6.1
13.7.6.2
13.7.6.3
13.7.6.4
262 13.7.7 — Factored moments
13.7.7.1
13.7.7.2
13.7.7.3
13.7.7.4
13.7.7.5
263 CHAPTER 14 — WALLS
14.1 — Scope
14.1.1
14.1.2
14.2 — General
14.2.1
14.2.2
14.2.3
14.2.4
14.2.5
14.2.6
14.2.7
14.2.8
264 14.3 — Minimum reinforcement
14.3.1
14.3.2
14.3.3
14.3.4
14.3.5
14.3.6
14.3.7
265 14.4 — Walls designed as compression members
14.5 — Empirical design method
14.5.1
14.5.2
266 14.5.3 — Minimum thickness of walls designed by empirical design method
14.5.3.1
14.5.3.2
14.6 — Nonbearing walls
14.6.1
14.7 — Walls as grade beams
14.7.1
14.7.2
267 14.8 — Alternative design of slender walls
14.8.1
14.8.2
14.8.2.1
14.8.2.2
14.8.2.3
14.8.2.4
14.8.2.5
14.8.2.6
268 14.8.3
14.8.4
271 CHAPTER 15 — FOOTINGS
15.1 — Scope
15.1.1
15.1.2
15.2 — Loads and reactions
15.2.1
15.2.2
15.2.3
272 15.3 — Footings supporting circular or regular polygon- shaped columns or pedestals
15.4 — Moment in footings
15.4.1
15.4.2
15.4.3
15.4.4
15.4.4.1
15.4.4.2
273 15.5 — Shear in footings
15.5.1
15.5.2
15.5.3
15.5.4
15.5.4.1
15.5.4.2
15.5.4.3
274 15.6 — Development of reinforcement in footings
15.6.1
15.6.2
15.6.3
15.7 — Minimum footing depth
15.8 — Transfer of force at base of column, wall, or reinforced pedestal
15.8.1
15.8.1.1
275 15.8.1.2
15.8.1.3
15.8.1.4
15.8.2
15.8.2.1
15.8.2.2
15.8.2.3
276 15.8.2.4
15.8.3
15.8.3.1
15.8.3.2
15.8.3.3
15.9 — Sloped or stepped footings
15.9.1
15.9.2
277 15.10 — Combined footings and mats
15.10.1
15.10.2
15.10.3
15.10.4
279 CHAPTER 16 — PRECAST CONCRETE
16.1 — Scope
16.1.1
16.2 — General
16.2.1
16.2.2
16.2.3
280 16.2.4
16.3 — Distribution of forces among members
16.3.1
16.3.2
16.3.2.1
16.3.2.2
16.4 — Member design
16.4.1
281 16.4.2
16.5 — Structural integrity
16.5.1
16.5.1.1
16.5.1.2
16.5.1.3
282 16.5.1.4
16.5.2
16.5.2.1
283 16.5.2.2
16.5.2.3
16.5.2.4
16.5.2.5
16.6 — Connection and bearing design
16.6.1
16.6.1.1
16.6.1.2
284 16.6.2
16.6.2.1
16.6.2.2
16.6.2.3
285 16.7 — Items embedded after concrete placement
16.7.1
16.7.1.1
16.7.1.2
16.7.1.3
16.8 — Marking and identification
16.8.1
16.8.2
16.9 — Handling
16.9.1
16.9.2
16.10 — Strength evaluation of precast construction
16.10.1
286 16.10.1.1
16.10.1.2
16.10.2
287 CHAPTER 17 — COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS
17.1 — Scope
17.1.1
17.1.2
17.2 — General
17.2.1
17.2.2
17.2.3
17.2.4
17.2.5
17.2.6
17.2.7
288 17.3 — Shoring
17.4 — Vertical shear strength
17.4.1
17.4.2
17.4.3
17.5 — Horizontal shear strength
17.5.1
17.5.2
17.5.3
17.5.3.1
17.5.3.2
289 17.5.3.3
17.5.3.4
17.5.4
17.5.4.1
17.5.5
17.6 — Ties for horizontal shear
17.6.1
17.6.2
17.6.3
291 CHAPTER 18 — PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
18.1 — Scope
18.1.1
18.1.2
18.1.3
292 18.2 — General
18.2.1
18.2.2
293 18.2.3
18.2.4
18.2.5
18.2.6
18.3 — Design assumptions
18.3.1
18.3.2
294 18.3.2.1
18.3.2.2
18.3.3
18.3.4
18.3.5
18.4 — Serviceability requirements — Flexural members
18.4.1
295 18.4.2
296 18.4.3
18.4.4
18.4.4.1
18.4.4.2
18.4.4.3
18.4.4.4
297 18.5 — Permissible stresses in prestressing steel
18.5.1
18.6 — Loss of prestress
18.6.1
18.6.2 — Friction loss in post-tensioning tendons
18.6.2.1
298 18.6.2.2
18.6.2.3
18.6.3
18.7 — Flexural strength
18.7.1
18.7.2
299 18.7.3
300 18.8 — Limits for reinforcement of flexural members
18.8.1
18.8.2
18.8.3
18.9 — Minimum bonded reinforcement
18.9.1
301 18.9.2
18.9.2.1
18.9.2.2
18.9.3
18.9.3.1
18.9.3.2
18.9.3.3
302 18.9.4
18.9.4.1
18.9.4.2
18.9.4.3
18.10 — Statically indeterminate structures
18.10.1
18.10.2
18.10.3
303 18.10.4 — Redistribution of moments in continuous prestressed flexural members
18.10.4.1
18.10.4.2
18.11 — Compression members — Combined flexure and axial loads
18.11.1
18.11.2 — Limits for reinforcement of prestressed compression members
18.11.2.1
18.11.2.2
304 18.11.2.3
18.12 — Slab systems
18.12.1
18.12.2
18.12.3
305 18.12.4
18.12.5
18.12.6
18.12.7
306 18.12.8
18.13 — Post-tensioned tendon anchorage zones
18.13.1 — Anchorage zone
307 18.13.2 — Local zone
18.13.2.1
18.13.2.2
18.13.2.3
308 18.13.3 — General zone
18.13.3.1
18.13.3.2
18.13.3.3
309 18.13.4 — Nominal material strengths
18.13.4.1
18.13.4.2
18.13.4.3
18.13.5 — Design methods
18.13.5.1
18.13.5.2
310 18.13.5.3
311 18.13.5.4
18.13.5.5
18.13.5.6
18.13.5.7
18.13.5.8
18.13.6 — Detailing requirements
18.14 — Design of anchorage zones for monostrand or single 5/ 8 in. diameter bar tendons
18.14.1 — Local zone design
312 18.14.2 — General-zone design for slab tendons
18.14.2.1
18.14.2.2
18.14.2.3
18.14.2.4
18.14.3 — General-zone design for groups of monostrand tendons in beams and girders
313 18.15 — Design of anchorage zones for multistrand tendons
18.15.1 — Local zone design
18.15.2 — Use of special anchorage devices
18.15.3 — General-zone design
18.16 — Corrosion protection for unbonded tendons
18.16.1
18.16.2
18.16.3
18.16.4
314 18.17 — Post-tensioning ducts
18.17.1
18.17.2
18.17.3
18.17.4
18.18 — Grout for bonded tendons
18.18.1
18.18.2
18.18.2.1
18.18.2.2
18.18.2.3
18.18.2.4
315 18.18.3 — Selection of grout proportions
18.18.3.1
18.18.3.2
18.18.3.3
18.18.3.4
18.18.4 — Mixing and pumping grout
18.18.4.1
18.18.4.2
18.18.4.3
18.19 — Protection for prestressing steel
18.20 — Application and measurement of prestressing force
18.20.1
316 18.20.2
18.20.3
18.20.4
18.21 — Post-tensioning anchorages and couplers
18.21.1
317 18.21.2
18.21.3
18.21.4
18.22 — External post-tensioning
18.22.1
18.22.2
18.22.3
318 18.22.4
319 CHAPTER 19 — SHELLS AND FOLDED PLATE MEMBERS
19.1 — Scope and definitions
19.1.1
19.1.2
19.1.3 — Thin shells
19.1.4 — Folded plates
19.1.5 — Ribbed shells
320 19.1.6 — Auxiliary members
19.1.7 — Elastic analysis
19.1.8 — Inelastic analysis
19.1.9 — Experimental analysis
321 19.2 — Analysis and design
19.2.1
19.2.2
19.2.3
19.2.4
19.2.5
19.2.6
322 19.2.7
19.2.8
19.2.9
19.2.10
323 19.2.11
19.3 — Design strength of materials
19.3.1
19.3.2
19.4 — Shell reinforcement
19.4.1
19.4.2
324 19.4.3
19.4.4
19.4.5
19.4.6
19.4.7
19.4.8
325 19.4.9
19.4.10
19.4.11
19.4.12
19.5 — Construction
19.5.1
19.5.2
327 CHAPTER 20 — STRENGTH EVALUATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
20.1 — Strength evaluation — General
20.1.1
20.1.2
20.1.3
328 20.1.4
20.2 — Determination of required dimensions and material properties
20.2.1
20.2.2
20.2.3
329 20.2.4
20.2.5
20.3 — Load test procedure
20.3.1 — Load arrangement
20.3.2 — Load intensity
330 20.3.3
20.4 — Loading criteria
20.4.1
20.4.2
20.4.3
20.4.4
20.4.5
20.4.6
20.5 — Acceptance criteria
20.5.1
331 20.5.2
20.5.3
20.5.4
332 20.5.5
20.6 — Provision for lower load rating
20.7 — Safety
20.7.1
20.7.2
333 CHAPTER 21 — EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT STRUCT
21.1 — General requirements
21.1.1 — Scope
21.1.1.1
21.1.1.2
21.1.1.3
21.1.1.4
21.1.1.5
21.1.1.6
21.1.1.7
334 21.1.1.8
335 21.1.2 — Analysis and proportioning of structural members
21.1.2.1
21.1.2.2
336 21.1.2.3
21.1.3 — Strength reduction factors
21.1.4 — Concrete in special moment frames and special structural walls
21.1.4.1
21.1.4.2
21.1.4.3
337 21.1.5 — Reinforcement in special moment frames and special structural walls
21.1.5.1
21.1.5.2
21.1.5.3
21.1.5.4
21.1.5.5
338 21.1.6 — Mechanical splices in special moment frames and special structural walls
21.1.6.1
21.1.6.2
21.1.7 — Welded splices in special moment frames and special structural walls
21.1.7.1
21.1.7.2
21.1.8 — Anchoring to concrete
339 21.2 — Ordinary moment frames
21.2.1 — Scope
21.2.2
21.2.3
21.3 — Intermediate moment frames
21.3.1 — Scope
21.3.2
21.3.3 — Shear strength
21.3.3.1
21.3.3.2
340 21.3.4 — Beams
21.3.4.1
21.3.4.2
21.3.4.3
21.3.5 — Columns
21.3.5.1
21.3.5.2
341 21.3.5.3
21.3.5.4
21.3.5.5
21.3.5.6
21.3.6 — Two-way slabs without beams
21.3.6.1
21.3.6.2
21.3.6.3
21.3.6.4
342 21.3.6.5
21.3.6.6
21.3.6.7
343 21.3.6.8
21.4 — Intermediate precast structural walls
21.4.1 — Scope
21.4.2
21.4.3
21.4.4
344 21.5 — Flexural members of special moment frames
21.5.1 — Scope
21.5.1.1
21.5.1.2
21.5.1.3
21.5.1.4
21.5.2 — Longitudinal reinforcement
21.5.2.1
345 21.5.2.2
21.5.2.3
346 21.5.2.4
21.5.2.5
21.5.3 — Transverse reinforcement
21.5.3.1
347 21.5.3.2
21.5.3.3
21.5.3.4
21.5.3.5
21.5.3.6
348 21.5.4 — Shear strength requirements
21.5.4.1 — Design forces
21.5.4.2 — Transverse reinforcement
350 21.6 — Special moment frame members subjected to bending and axial load
21.6.1 — Scope
21.6.1.1
21.6.1.2
21.6.2 — Minimum flexural strength of columns
21.6.2.1
21.6.2.2
21.6.2.3
351 21.6.3 — Longitudinal reinforcement
21.6.3.1
21.6.3.2
21.6.3.3
21.6.4 — Transverse reinforcement
21.6.4.1
21.6.4.2
352 21.6.4.3
21.6.4.4
353 21.6.4.5
21.6.4.6
21.6.4.7
354 21.6.5 — Shear strength requirements
21.6.5.1 — Design forces
21.6.5.2 — Transverse reinforcement
21.7 — Joints of special moment frames
21.7.1 — Scope
21.7.2 — General requirements
21.7.2.1
21.7.2.2
355 21.7.2.3
21.7.3 — Transverse reinforcement
21.7.3.1
21.7.3.2
21.7.3.3
21.7.4 — Shear strength
21.7.4.1
356 21.7.4.2
357 21.7.5 — Development length of bars in tension
21.7.5.1
21.7.5.2
21.7.5.3
21.7.5.4
358 21.8 — Special moment frames constructed using precast concrete
21.8.1 — Scope
21.8.2
21.8.3
360 21.8.4
21.9 — Special structural walls and coupling beams
21.9.1 — Scope
361 21.9.2 — Reinforcement
21.9.2.1
21.9.2.2
21.9.2.3
21.9.3 — Design forces
21.9.4 — Shear strength
21.9.4.1
362 21.9.4.2
21.9.4.3
21.9.4.4
21.9.4.5
363 21.9.5 — Design for flexure and axial loads
21.9.5.1
21.9.5.2
21.9.6 — Boundary elements of special structural walls
21.9.6.1
21.9.6.2
364 21.9.6.3
21.9.6.4
365 21.9.6.5
366 21.9.7 — Coupling beams
21.9.7.1
21.9.7.2
21.9.7.3
21.9.7.4
368 21.9.8 — Wall piers
21.9.8.1
369 21.9.8.2
21.9.9 — Construction joints
21.9.10 — Discontinuous walls
21.10 — Special structural walls constructed using precast concrete
21.10.1 — Scope
21.10.2
21.10.3
370 21.11 — Structural diaphragms and trusses
21.11.1 — Scope
21.11.2 — Design forces
371 21.11.3 — Seismic load path
21.11.3.1
21.11.3.2
21.11.4 — Cast-in-place composite-topping slab diaphragms
372 21.11.5 — Cast-in-place topping slab diaphragms
21.11.6 — Minimum thickness of diaphragms
21.11.7 — Reinforcement
21.11.7.1
21.11.7.2
373 21.11.7.3
21.11.7.4
21.11.7.5
21.11.7.6
21.11.8 — Flexural strength
374 21.11.9 — Shear strength
21.11.9.1
21.11.9.2
21.11.9.3
375 21.11.9.4
21.11.10 — Construction joints
21.11.11 — Structural trusses
21.11.11.1
21.11.11.2
21.12 — Foundations
21.12.1 — Scope
21.12.1.1
21.12.1.2
21.12.2 — Footings, foundation mats, and pile caps
21.12.2.1
21.12.2.2
376 21.12.2.3
21.12.2.4
21.12.2.5
21.12.3 — Grade beams and slabs-on-ground
21.12.3.1
21.12.3.2
21.12.3.3
21.12.3.4
21.12.4 — Piles, piers, and caissons
21.12.4.1
377 21.12.4.2
21.12.4.3
21.12.4.4
21.12.4.5
21.12.4.6
21.12.4.7
378 21.13 — Members not designated as part of the seismic- force- resisting system
21.13.1 — Scope
21.13.2
21.13.3
21.13.3.1
21.13.3.2
21.13.3.3
21.13.4
379 21.13.4.1
21.13.4.2
21.13.4.3
21.13.5
21.13.6
380 21.13.7
381 CHAPTER 22 — STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE
22.1 — Scope
22.1.1
22.1.2
22.1.3
382 22.2 — Limitations
22.2.1
22.2.2
22.2.3 — Minimum specified strength
22.2.4 — Lightweight concrete
22.3 — Joints
22.3.1
383 22.3.2
22.4 — Design method
22.4.1
22.4.2
22.4.3
22.4.4
22.4.5
22.4.6
22.4.7
384 22.5 — Strength design
22.5.1
22.5.2
22.5.3
22.5.4
385 22.5.5
22.6 — Walls
22.6.1
22.6.2
22.6.3
22.6.4
386 22.6.5 — Empirical design method
22.6.5.1
22.6.5.2
22.6.6 — Limitations
22.6.6.1
22.6.6.2
22.6.6.3
22.6.6.4
22.6.6.5
22.7 — Footings
22.7.1
22.7.2
387 22.7.3
22.7.4
22.7.5
22.7.6 — Shear in plain concrete footings
22.7.6.1
22.7.6.2
22.7.7
388 22.7.8
22.8 — Pedestals
22.8.1
22.8.2
22.8.3
22.9 — Precast members
22.9.1
22.9.2
22.9.3
22.9.4
22.10 — Plain concrete in earthquake-resisting structures
22.10.1
391 APPENDIX A — STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS
A.1 — Definitions
398 A.2 — Strut-and-tie model design procedure
A.2.1
A.2.2
A.2.3
399 A.2.4
A.2.5
400 A.2.6
A.3 — Strength of struts
A.3.1
A.3.2
A.3.2.1
A.3.2.2
A.3.2.3
401 A.3.2.4
A.3.3
A.3.3.1
402 A.3.3.2
A.3.4
A.3.5
403 A.4 — Strength of ties
A.4.1
A.4.2
A.4.3
A.4.3.1
A.4.3.2
A.4.3.3
404 A.4.3.4
A.5 — Strength of nodal zones
A.5.1
405 A.5.2
A.5.2.1
A.5.2.2
A.5.2.3
A.5.3
407 APPENDIX B — ALTERNATIVE PROVISIONS FOR REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLEXURAL AND COMPRESSION MEMBERS
B.1 — Scope
B.8.4 — Redistribution of moments in continuous nonprestressed flexural members
B.8.4.1
B.8.4.2
B.8.4.3
408 B.10.3 — General principles and requirements
B.10.3.3
409 B.18.1 — Scope
B.18.1.3
411 B.18.8 — Limits for reinforcement of flexural members
B.18.8.1
B.18.8.2
B.18.8.3
412 B.18.10 — Statically indeterminate structures
B.18.10.1
B.18.10.2
B.18.10.3
B.18.10.4 — Redistribution of moments in continuous prestressed flexural members
B.18.10.4.1
B.18.10.4.2
413 B.18.10.4.3
415 APPENDIX C — ALTERNATIVE LOAD AND STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS
C.9.1 — Scope
C.9.2 — Required strength
C.9.2.1
C.9.2.2
C.9.2.3
416 C.9.2.4
C.9.2.5
C.9.2.6
C.9.2.7
417 C.9.3 — Design strength
C.9.3.1
C.9.3.2
C.9.3.2.1
C.9.3.2.2
418 C.9.3.2.3
C.9.3.2.4
C.9.3.2.5
C.9.3.2.6
419 C.9.3.2.7
C.9.3.3
C.9.3.4
C.9.3.5
421 APPENDIX D — ANCHORING TO CONCRETE
D.1 — Definitions
425 D.2 — Scope
D.2.1
426 D.2.2
D.2.3
D.2.4
D.3 — General requirements
D.3.1
427 D.3.1.1
D.3.2
D.3.3 — Seismic design requirements
D.3.3.1
428 D.3.3.2
D.3.3.3
D.3.3.4 — Requirements for tensile loading
D.3.3.4.1
D.3.3.4.2
429 D.3.3.4.3
430 D.3.3.4.4
D.3.3.4.5
431 D.3.3.5 — Requirements for shear loading
D.3.3.5.1
D.3.3.5.2
432 D.3.3.5.3
D.3.3.5.4
D.3.3.6
D.3.3.7
D.3.4
D.3.5
433 D.3.6
D.3.7
434 D.4 — General requirements for strength of anchors
D.4.1
D.4.1.1
436 D.4.1.2
D.4.1.3
D.4.2
437 D.4.2.1
438 D.4.2.2
D.4.2.3
D.4.3
439 D.4.4
440 D.5 — Design requirements for tensile loading
D.5.1 — Steel strength of anchor in tension
D.5.1.1
D.5.1.2
441 D.5.2 — Concrete breakout strength of anchor in tension
D.5.2.1
442 D.5.2.2
443 D.5.2.3
444 D.5.2.4
445 D.5.2.5
D.5.2.6
D.5.2.7
446 D.5.2.8
D.5.2.9
447 D.5.3 — Pullout strength of cast-in, post-installed expansion and undercut anchors in tension
D.5.3.1
D.5.3.2
448 D.5.3.3
D.5.3.4
D.5.3.5
D.5.3.6
D.5.4 — Concrete side-face blowout strength of a headed anchor in tension
D.5.4.1
449 D.5.4.2
D.5.5 — Bond strength of adhesive anchor in tension
D.5.5.1
450 D.5.5.2
453 D.5.5.3
D.5.5.4
D.5.5.5
454 D.6 — Design requirements for shear loading
D.6.1 — Steel strength of anchor in shear
D.6.1.1
D.6.1.2
D.6.1.3
D.6.2 — Concrete breakout strength of anchor in shear
D.6.2.1
458 D.6.2.2
459 D.6.2.3
D.6.2.4
460 D.6.2.5
461 D.6.2.6
D.6.2.7
462 D.6.2.8
D.6.2.9
464 D.6.3 — Concrete pryout strength of anchor in shear
D.6.3.1
465 D. 7 — Interaction of tensile and shear forces
D.7.1
D.7.2
D.7.3
466 D.8 — Required edge distances, spacings, and thicknesses to preclude splitting failure
D.8.1
D.8.2
D.8.3
D.8.4
D.8.5
467 D.8.6
D.8.7
D.9 — Installation and inspection of anchors
D.9.1
468 D.9.2
D.9.2.1
469 D.9.2.2
D.9.2.3
D.9.2.4
471 APPENDIX E — STEEL REINFORCEMENT INFORMATION
ASTM STANDARD REINFORCING BARS
ASTM STANDARD PRESTRESSING TENDONS
472 WRI STANDARD WIRE REINFORCEMENT*
473 APPENDIX F — EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN SI-METRIC, MKS-METRIC, AND U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS OF NONHOMOGENOUS EQUATIONS IN THE CODE
481 COMMENTARY REFERENCES
References, Chapter 1
References, Chapter 3
482 References, Chapter 4
References, Chapter 5
483 References, Chapter 6
References, Chapter 7
484 References, Chapter 8
References, Chapter 9
485 References, Chapter 10
487 References, Chapter 11
489 References, Chapter 12
490 References, Chapter 13
491 References, Chapter 14
References, Chapter 15
References, Chapter 16
492 References, Chapter 17
493 References, Chapter 18
494 References, Chapter 19
495 References, Chapter 20
References, Chapter 21
497 References, Appendix A
References, Appendix B
498 References, Appendix C
References, Appendix D
501 INDEX

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ACI 318 2011
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