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ACI 351.3R 04:2004 Edition

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351.3R-04: Foundations for Dynamic Equipment (Reapproved 2011)

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
ACI 2004 63
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This report presents general guidance for the various design criteria, methods, and procedures of analysis, design, and construction applied to dynamic equipment foundations. As an engineering aid to those persons engaged in the design of foundations for machinery, this document presents many current practices in the engineering, construction, repair, and upgrade of dynamic equipment foundations. Keywords: amplitude; concrete; foundation; reinforcement; vibration.

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PDF Pages PDF Title
1 CONTENTS
2 CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION
1.1— Background
1.2—Purpose
1.3—Scope
1.4—Notation
4 CHAPTER 2— FOUNDATION AND MACHINE TYPES
2.1— General considerations
2.2—Machine types
2.2.1 Rotating machinery
2.2.2 Reciprocating machinery
5 2.2.3 Impulsive machinery
2.2.4 Other machine types
6 2.3—Foundation types
2.3.1 Block-type foundation (Fig. 2.4)
2.3.2 Combined block-type foundation (Fig. 2.5)
2.3.3 Tabletop-type foundation (Fig. 2.6)
2.3.4 Tabletop with isolators (Fig. 2.7)
2.3.5 Spring-mounted equipment (Fig. 2.8)
2.3.6 Inertia block in structure (Fig. 2.9)
2.3.7 Pile foundations (Fig. 2.10)
7 CHAPTER 3— DESIGN CRITERIA
3.1— Overview of design criteria
3.2—Foundation and equipment loads
8 3.2.1 Static loads
3.2.1.1 Dead loads
3.2.1.2 Live loads
3.2.1.3 Wind loads
3.2.1.4 Seismic loads
3.2.1.5 Static operating loads
9 3.2.1.6 Special loads for elevated-type foundations
3.2.1.7 Erection and maintenance loads
3.2.1.8 Thermal loads
10 3.2.2 Rotating machine loads
3.2.2.1 Dynamic loads due to unbalanced masses
3.2.2.1a Dynamic load provided by the manufacturer
3.2.2.1b Machine unbalance provided by the manufacturer
3.2.2.1c Machine unbalance meeting industry criteria
11 3.2.2.1d Dynamic load determined from an empirical formula
12 3.2.2.1e Machine unbalance determined from trip vibration level and effective bearing stiffness
3.2.2.2 Loads from multiple rotating machines
3.2.3 Reciprocating machine loads
3.2.3.1 Primary and secondary reciprocating loads
13 3.2.3.2 Compressor gas loads
14 3.2.3.3 Reciprocating inertia loads for multicylinder
machines
15 3.2.3.4 Estimating reciprocating inertia forces from multicylinder machines
3.2.4 Impulsive machine loads
3.2.5 Loading conditions
3.2.6 Load combinations
16 3.3—Dynamic soil properties
3.3.1 Poisson’s ratio
3.3.2 Dynamic shear modulus
17 3.3.2.1 Field determination
3.3.2.2 Laboratory determination
18 3.3.2.3 Correlation to other soil properties
3.3.3 Damping of soil
19 3.4—Vibration performance criteria
3.4.1 Machine limits
21 3.4.2 Physiological limits
22 3.4.3 Frequency ratios
3.4.4 Transmissibility
23 3.5—Concrete performance criteria
3.6—Performance criteria for machine-mounting systems
25 3.7—Method for estimating inertia forces from multicylinder machines
26 CHAPTER 4— DESIGN METHODS AND MATERIALS
4.1— Overview of design methods
4.1.1 General considerations
4.1.2 Summary of design methods for resisting dynamic loads
27 4.1.2.1 Rule-of-thumb method
28 4.1.2.2 Equivalent static loading method
4.1.2.3 Dynamic analysis
29 4.2—Impedance provided by the supporting media
32 4.2.1 Uniform soil conditions
4.2.1.1 Richart-Whitman models
33 4.2.1.2 Veletsos models
34 4.2.1.3 Other models
4.2.2 Adjustments to theoretical values
35 4.2.3 Embedment effects
36 4.2.4 Material damping
4.2.5 Pile foundations
37 4.2.5.1 Single piles
38 4.2.5.2 Pile groups
41 4.2.5.3 Battered piles
42 4.2.6 Transformed impedance relative to center of gravity
4.3—Vibration analysis
4.3.1 Foundation stiffness
43 4.3.2 Single degree-of-freedom system
4.3.3 Two degree-of-freedom system
4.3.4 Three or more degree-of-freedom system
4.3.4.1 Mathematical models
4.3.4.2 Frequency analysis
44 4.3.4.3 Forced response analysis
4.3.5 Dynamic analysis using computer codes
4.4—Structural foundation design and materials
4.4.1 Reinforced concrete
45 4.4.1.1 Fatigue issues
4.4.1.2 Dynamic modulus of elasticity
4.4.1.3 Forging hammer foundations
46 4.4.1.4 Thermal effects
4.4.1.5 Compressor block post-tensioning
4.4.2 Machine anchorage
4.4.2.1 Performance criteria/anchor bolts
47 4.4.2.2 Capacity
4.4.2.3 Anchor bolt preload
48 4.4.2.4 Monitoring preload
4.4.2.5 Depth/length/style
4.4.3 Grout
49 4.5—Use of isolation systems
4.5.1 Direct support systems
4.5.2 Inertia block systems
4.6—Repairing and upgrading foundations
4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Upgrading
4.6.3 Accomplishing repairs and upgrades
50 4.7—Sample impedance calculations
53 CHAPTER 5— CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS
5.1— Subsurface preparation and improvement
5.1.1 General considerations
5.1.2 Specific subsurface preparation and improvements
54 5.2—Foundation placement tolerances
5.3—Forms and shores
5.3.1 General requirements for forms
5.3.2 Shoring
5.3.3 Shoring systems and formwork for large elevated foundations
55 5.4—Sequence of construction and construction joints
5.5—Equipment installation and setting
5.5.1
5.5.2
56 5.6—Grouting
5.6.1 Types of grout
5.6.2 Applications
5.7—Concrete materials (ACI 211.1, ACI 301)
5.8—Quality control
57 CHAPTER 6— REFERENCES
6.1— Referenced standards and reports
59 6.2—Cited references
60 6.3—Software sources and other references
61 6.4—Terminology
ACI 351.3R 04
$54.44