ACI 445.2 2021

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ACI PRC-445.2-21: Strut-and-Tie Method Guidelines for ACI 318-19 – Guide

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ACI	2021

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Category: ACI

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Description

Strut-and-tie models (STMs) were first used at the end of the nineteenth century as a concrete design method. The method was added to ACI 318 in 2002 as Appendix A. In 2014, STM provisions were moved into the main body of the code as Chapter 23, Strut-and-Tie Method. This document focuses on the ACI 318-19 implementation of strut-and-tie modeling. The main objectives of this document are to: 1) explain the intent and application of ACI 318 STM provisions; 2) provide additional design guidance for the STM based on other design codes, specifications, and committee documents; and 3) present design recommendations from recent research publications. This document provides practical guidance to the structural design community. Keywords: D-regions; design; disturbed regions; model; node; strut; tie.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
3	TITLE PAGE
4	CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION 1.1—Background 1.2—Objectives CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS 2.1—Notation
6	2.2—Definitions
7	CHAPTER 3—OVERVIEW OF THE STRUT-AND-TIE MODEL DESIGN PROCEDURE 3.1—Introduction 3.2—Overview of the strut-and-tie method
8	3.3—Conceptual example
11	3.4—Historical development of the strut-and-tie method
12	CHAPTER 4—DESIGN STRENGTH OF STRUTS, TIES, AND NODES 4.1—Overview
13	4.2—Strut and node types and factors influencing strength
16	4.3—STM strength requirements 4.4—Strength and requirements for struts
19	4.5—Strength and requirements for ties
21	4.6—Strength and requirements for nodes
25	CHAPTER 5—MODELING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 5.1—Introduction 5.2—Influence of model topology on performance of complex D-regions
27	5.3—Guidance to selection of STM shapes
30	5.4—Calculating member forces and stresses in complex D-regions
32	5.5—Comparison of sectional and STM design of transverse reinforcement in a B-region
33	5.6—Refined models for cracking of struts and the size effect
34	5.7—States of stress in nodes
36	5.8—Maximum shear stress limits in beams
38	5.9—Member dimensions and constitutive relationships
39	5.10—Reinforcement arrangement in relation to tie orientation 5.11—Consideration of prestressing
41	5.12—Capacity evaluation of existing structures
42	5.13—Computer-based design aids
43	CHAPTER 6—SERVICEABILITY CONSIDERATIONS 6.1—Introduction 6.2—Cracking at service limit states
44	6.3—Determination of required distributed reinforcement 6.4—Distributed reinforcement placement and detailing
45	6.5—Deflections
46	CHAPTER 7—IMPLEMENTATION OF STM DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 7.1—Introduction 7.2—Deep beams
48	7.3—Frame corners and beam-column joints
50	7.4—Corbels
52	7.5 Dapped-end beams
55	7.6—Beams supporting beams (indirect supports)
58	7.7—Inverted T-beams
60	7.8—Walls and beams with openings
62	7.9—Coupling beams
64	7.10—Footings 7.11—Pile caps
66	7.12—Post-tensioned anchorage zones
68	CHAPTER 8—OTHER STM DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, CODES, AND GUIDE DOCUMENTS 8.1—Introduction 8.2—Strut-and-tie design requirements in CSA A23.3-19
71	8.3 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
73	8.4—FIP Recommendations (FIP 1999)
76	8.5—Eurocode 2
77	8.6—fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 (fib 2013) CHAPTER 9—REFERENCES
78	9.1—Referenced standards and reports 9.2—Authored references