ACI MNL 15 2020
$134.88
ACI MNL-15(20): Field Reference Manual
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ACI | 2020 | 714 |
The American Concrete Institute’s Field Reference Manual is a compilation of ACI 301-20 Specifications for Concrete Construction and additional ACI documents on measuring, mixing, transporting, and placing concrete; concrete pumping methods; hot- and cold-weather concreting; consolidation; and concrete formwork. ACI 301-20 requires that the contractor keep a copy of this manual in the field office of any project where ACI 301 is specified.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 2 | 00–Frontmatter |
| 4 | TITLE PAGE |
| 6 | SECTION 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1.1—Scope 1.2—Interpretation 1.3—Definitions |
| 8 | 1.4—Referenced standards |
| 11 | 1.5—Submittals 1.6—Preconstruction conference 1.7—Testing and inspection |
| 13 | 1.8—Acceptance of structure |
| 14 | 1.9—Protection of in-place concrete |
| 15 | SECTION 2—FORMWORK AND FORMWORK ACCESSORIES 2.1—General 2.2—Products |
| 16 | 2.3—Execution |
| 17 | SECTION 3—REINFORCEMENT AND REINFORCEMENT SUPPORTS 3.1—General |
| 18 | 3.2—Products |
| 19 | 3.3—Execution |
| 21 | SECTION 4—CONCRETE MIXTURES 4.1—General |
| 22 | 4.2—Products |
| 27 | 4.3—Execution SECTION 5—HANDLING, PLACING, AND CONSTRUCTING 5.1—General |
| 28 | 5.2—Products 5.3—Execution |
| 32 | SECTION 6—ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE 6.1—General |
| 33 | 6.2—Products |
| 34 | 6.3—Execution |
| 35 | SECTION 7—LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE 7.1—General 7.2—Products 7.3—Execution SECTION 8—MASS CONCRETE 8.1—General |
| 36 | 8.2—Products 8.3—Execution SECTION 9—POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE 9.1—General |
| 38 | 9.2—Products |
| 39 | 9.3—Execution |
| 42 | SECTION 10—SHRINKAGE-COMPENSATING CONCRETE FOR INTERIOR SLABS 10.1—General 10.2—Products |
| 43 | 10.3—Execution SECTION 11—INDUSTRIAL FLOOR SLABS 11.1—General 11.2—Products |
| 44 | 11.3—Execution |
| 45 | SECTION 12—TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION 12.1—General 12.2—Products 12.3—Execution |
| 47 | SECTION 13—PRECAST STRUCTURAL CONCRETE 13.1—General |
| 48 | 13.2—Products |
| 51 | 13.3—Execution |
| 53 | SECTION 14—PRECAST ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE 14.1—General |
| 54 | 14.2—Products |
| 56 | 14.3—Execution NOTES TO SPECIFIER General notes |
| 57 | Foreword to checklists |
| 58 | Authored references |
| 59 | MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST |
| 62 | OPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST |
| 73 | TITLE PAGE |
| 74 | CONTENTS |
| 75 | INTRODUCTION |
| 77 | SECTION 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1.1—Scope 1.2—Requirements |
| 79 | 1.3—Definitions |
| 83 | 1.4—Referenced standards |
| 85 | SECTION 2—MATERIALS 2.1—Reinforcing steel fabrication and assembly |
| 89 | 2.2—Reinforcement location |
| 94 | 2.3—Placement of embedded items, excluding dowels in slabs-on-ground |
| 95 | 2.4—Concrete batching 2.5—Concrete properties |
| 97 | SECTION 3—FOUNDATIONS 3.1—Deviation from plumb |
| 98 | 3.2—Deviation from location |
| 100 | 3.3—Deviation from elevation 3.4—Deviation from plane |
| 101 | 3.5—Deviation from cross-sectional dimensions offoundations |
| 103 | SECTION 4—CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE FOR BUILDINGS 4.1—Deviation from plumb |
| 105 | 4.2—Deviation from location |
| 106 | 4.3—Not used 4.4—Deviation from elevation |
| 107 | 4.5—Deviation from cross-sectional dimensions |
| 109 | 4.6—Deviation from formed opening width or height 4.7—Deviation from relative elevations or widths for stairs 4.8—Deviation from slope or plane |
| 116 | 4.9—Sawcut depth in slab-on-ground |
| 117 | SECTION 5—CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE AT INTERFACE WITH PRECAST CONCRETE (EXCEPT TILT-UP CONCRETE) 5.1—Deviation from elevation—cast-in-place concrete |
| 119 | 5.2—Deviation from location—cast-in-place concrete |
| 120 | 5.3—Deviation from dimension—cast-in-place concrete |
| 121 | 5.4—Deviation from plane at bearing surface—cast-inplaceconcrete measured over length or width ofbearing surface |
| 123 | SECTION 6—MASONRY |
| 125 | SECTION 7—CAST-IN-PLACE, VERTICALLY SLIPFORMED BUILDING ELEMENTS 7.1—Deviation from plumb for buildings and cores 7.2—Horizontal deviation |
| 126 | 7.3—Cross-sectional dimensions 7.4—Openings through elements 7.5—Embedded plates 7.6—Deviation from plumb for slipformed and jumpformedsilos |
| 127 | SECTION 8—MASS CONCRETE 8.1—Deviation from plumb 8.2—Horizontal deviation 8.3—Vertical deviation 8.4—Cross-sectional dimension 8.5—Deviation from plane |
| 129 | SECTION 9—CANAL LINING 9.1—Horizontal deviation 9.2—Vertical deviation 9.3—Cross-sectional dimensions |
| 131 | SECTION 10—MONOLITHIC WATER-CONVEYING TUNNELS, SIPHONS, CONDUITS, AND SPILLWAYS 10.1—Horizontal deviation 10.2—Vertical deviation 10.3—Cross-sectional dimensions 10.4—Deviation from plane |
| 133 | SECTION 11—CAST-IN-PLACE BRIDGES 11.1—Deviation from plumb 11.2—Horizontal deviation 11.3—Vertical deviation 11.4—Length, width, or depth of specified elements |
| 134 | 11.5—Deviation from plane 11.6—Deck reinforcement cover 11.7—Bearing pads |
| 135 | SECTION 12—EXTERIOR PAVEMENTS AND SIDEWALKS 12.1—Horizontal deviation 12.2—Vertical deviation of surface |
| 137 | SECTION 13—CHIMNEYS AND COOLING TOWERS 13.1—Deviation from plumb 13.2—Outside shell diameter 13.3—Wall thickness |
| 139 | SECTION 14—CAST-IN-PLACE NONREINFORCED PIPE 14.1—Wall thickness 14.2—Pipe diameter 14.3—Offsets 14.4—Surface indentations 14.5—Grade and alignment 14.6—Concrete slump |
| 141 | SECTION 15—TILT-UP CONCRETE 15.1—Panel forming 15.2—Deviation from plumb |
| 142 | 15.3—Deviation from elevation 15.4—Deviation from location 15.5—Deviation from slope or plane |
| 143 | 15.6—Deviation from relative widths |
| 145 | NOTES TO SPECIFIER General notes |
| 147 | FORWORD TO CHECKLISTS MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST |
| 148 | OPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST |
| 150 | CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1—Introduction 1.2—Scope 1.3—Unit conversions CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS 2.1—Definitions |
| 151 | CHAPTER 3—TOLERANCE COORDINATION AND RESPONSIBILITY 3.1—Tolerance coordination meetings 3.2—Responsibilities |
| 152 | 3.3—Review and approval 3.4—Measurements |
| 153 | CHAPTER 4—CREATING TOLERANCE COMPATIBILITY 4.1—Steps toward tolerance compatibility 4.2—More restrictive tolerances |
| 154 | 4.3—Tolerance limit considerations |
| 156 | 4.4—Coordinating architectural layouts with structural framing |
| 159 | 4.5—Communicating information CHAPTER 5—TOLERANCES AND METHODS OF ACCOMMODATING TOLERANCES |
| 164 | 5.2—Elevator cores and hoistways |
| 165 | 5.3—Openings in slabs and walls |
| 170 | 5.4—Manufactured couplers and splicing systems for reinforcing bars |
| 171 | 5.5—Cast-in-place stairs |
| 172 | 5.6—Cladding systems |
| 185 | 5.7—Infill wall systems |
| 189 | 5.8—Surface accessibility |
| 191 | 5.9—Finish floor coverings |
| 192 | 5.10—Expansion joints |
| 193 | CHAPTER 6—REFERENCES |
| 194 | Cited references |
| 197 | CONTENTS CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1—General 1.2—Scope CHAPTER 2— NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS 2.1—Notation 2.2—Definitions CHAPTER 3— MATERIALS AND PRODUCTION 3.1—Quality of constituent materials 3.2—Submittal information |
| 198 | CHAPTER 4— CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTIONS 4.1—Proportioning 4.2—Quantities by weight 4.3—Quantities by volume CHAPTER 5— DOCUMENTATION OF SPECIFIED PROPERTIES 5.1—Freshly mixed concrete properties 5.2—Required average strength fcr′ 5.3—Past performance record submittal 5.4—Trial batch record submittal 5.5—Specific properties other than strength |
| 199 | 5.6—Resubmittals CHAPTER 6— ADDITIONAL SUGGESTED DOCUMENTATION 6.1—Transmittal letter 6.2—Submittal forms CHAPTER 7—REFERENCES |
| 200 | APPENDIX A—PRESCRIPTIVE SUBMITTAL NO. 1 (SINGLE MIXTURE, MULTIPLE PLANTS) |
| 206 | APPENDIX B— PRESCRIPTIVE SUBMITTAL NO. 2 (MULTIPLE MIXTURES, MULTIPLE PLANTS) |
| 209 | APPENDIX C— PERFORMANCE SUBMITTAL |
| 210 | CONTENTS |
| 211 | PREFACE CHAPTER 1— CAUSES AND CONTROL OF CRACKING 1.1— Introduction 1.2—Cracking of plastic concrete 1.2.1 Plastic shrinkage cracking 1.2.2 Settlement cracking |
| 212 | 1.3—Cracking of hardened concrete 1.3.1 Drying shrinkage |
| 213 | 1.3.2 Thermal stresses 1.3.3 Chemical reaction |
| 214 | 1.3.4 Weathering 1.3.5 Corrosion of reinforcement |
| 215 | 1.3.6 Poor construction practices 1.3.7 Construction overloads |
| 216 | 1.3.8 Errors in design and detailing |
| 217 | 1.3.9 Externally applied loads |
| 218 | CHAPTER 2— EVALUATION OF CRACKING 2.1— Introduction 2.2—Determination of location and extent of concrete cracking 2.2.1 Direct and indirect observation |
| 220 | 2.2.2 Nondestructive testing |
| 221 | 2.2.3 Tests on concrete cores 2.2.4 Review of drawings and construction data |
| 222 | 2.3—Selection of repair procedures CHAPTER 3— METHODS OF CRACK REPAIR 3.1— Introduction 3.2—Epoxy injection |
| 223 | 3.3—Routing and sealing |
| 224 | 3.4—Near-surface reinforcing and pinning 3.5—Additional reinforcement 3.5.1 Conventional reinforcement |
| 225 | 3.5.2 Prestressing steel 3.6—Drilling and plugging 3.7—Gravity filling |
| 226 | 3.8—Grouting 3.8.1 Portland-cement grouting 3.8.2 Chemical grouting 3.9—Drypacking 3.10—Crack arrest |
| 227 | 3.11—Polymer impregnation 3.12—Overlay and surface treatments 3.13—Autogenous healing CHAPTER 4— REFERENCES 4.1— Referenced standards and reports |
| 228 | 4.2—Cited references |
| 232 | TITLE PAGE |
| 234 | CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION 1.1—Purpose 1.2—Scope CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS CHAPTER 3—PREBID AND PRECONSTRUCTION MEETINGS 3.1—Prebid meeting 3.2—Preconstruction meeting |
| 235 | CHAPTER 4—CLASSES OF FLOORS 4.1—Classification of floors 4.2—Single-course monolithic floors: Classes 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 4.3—Two-course floors: Classes 3, 7, and 8 |
| 237 | 4.4—Class 9 floors 4.5—Special finish floors CHAPTER 5—DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 5.1—Scope 5.2—Slabs-on-ground |
| 242 | 5.3—Suspended slabs |
| 244 | 5.4—Miscellaneous details |
| 245 | CHAPTER 6—SITE PREPARATION AND PLACING ENVIRONMENT 6.1—Soil-support system preparation |
| 247 | 6.2—Suspended slabs 6.3—Bulkheads 6.4—Setting screed guides 6.5—Installation of auxiliary materials 6.6—Concrete placement conditions |
| 248 | CHAPTER 7—ASSOCIATED MATERIALS 7.1—Introduction 7.2—Reinforcement |
| 249 | 7.3—Special-purpose aggregates 7.4—Monomolecular films 7.5—Curing materials |
| 250 | 7.6—Gloss-imparting waxes 7.7—Liquid surface treatments |
| 251 | 7.8—Joint materials 7.9—Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) CHAPTER 8—CONCRETE MATERIALS AND MIXTURE PROPORTIONING 8.1—Introduction 8.2—Concrete 8.3—Concrete properties |
| 252 | 8.4—Recommended concrete mixture |
| 254 | 8.5—Aggregates |
| 255 | 8.6—Portland cement |
| 256 | 8.7—Water 8.8—Admixtures |
| 258 | 8.9—Concrete mixture analysis |
| 262 | CHAPTER 9—BATCHING, MIXING, AND TRANSPORTING 9.1—Batching |
| 263 | 9.2—Mixing 9.3—Transporting |
| 264 | CHAPTER 10—PLACING, CONSOLIDATING, AND FINISHING 10.1—Placing operations |
| 265 | 10.2—Tools for spreading, consolidating, and finishing |
| 268 | 10.3—Spreading, consolidating, and finishing operations |
| 275 | 10.4—Finishing Class 1, 2, and 3 floors 10.5—Finishing Class 4 and 5 floors 10.6—Finishing Class 6 floors and monolithic-surface treatments for wear resistance |
| 277 | 10.7—Finishing Class 7 floors |
| 278 | 10.8—Finishing Class 8 floors (two-course unbonded) 10.9—Finishing Class 9 floors |
| 279 | 10.10—Toppings for precast floors 10.11—Finishing lightweight concrete |
| 281 | 10.12—Nonslip floors 10.13—Decorative and nonslip treatments |
| 283 | 10.14—Grinding as repair procedure 10.15—Floor flatness and levelness |
| 287 | 10.16—Treatment when bleeding is a problem |
| 288 | 10.17—Delays in cold-weather finishing CHAPTER 11—CURING, PROTECTION, AND JOINT FILLING 11.1—Purpose of curing 11.2—Methods of curing |
| 289 | 11.3—Curing at joints 11.4—Curing special concrete |
| 290 | 11.5—Length of curing 11.6—Preventing plastic shrinkage cracking 11.7—Curing after grinding 11.8—Protection of slab during construction 11.9—Temperature drawdown in cold storage and freezer rooms |
| 291 | 11.10—Joint filling and sealing CHAPTER 12—QUALITY CONTROL CHECKLIST 12.1—Introduction 12.2—Partial list of important items to be observed |
| 292 | CHAPTER 13—CAUSES OF FLOOR AND SLAB SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS 13.1—Introduction |
| 293 | 13.2—Random cracking |
| 296 | 13.3—Low wear resistance 13.4—Dusting |
| 297 | 13.5—Scaling |
| 298 | 13.6—Popouts |
| 299 | 13.7—Blisters and delamination |
| 300 | 13.8—Spalling |
| 301 | 13.9—Discoloration |
| 302 | 13.10—Low spots and poor drainage 13.11—Slab edge curling |
| 304 | 13.12—Evaluation of slab surface imperfections CHAPTER 14—REFERENCES |
| 306 | Authored documents |
| 308 | 07–302.2R-06 CONTENTS |
| 309 | CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1.1— Introduction 1.2—Flooring moisture issues 1.3—Concrete slabs that receive flooring materials 1.4—Changes in construction methods and materials that affect floor systems |
| 310 | 1.5—Floor flatness changes with time |
| 311 | 1.6—Other considerations |
| 312 | CHAPTER 2— CONCRETE MOISTURE BASICS 2.1— Introduction 2.2—Moisture movement 2.2.1 Drying of concrete slab-on-ground 2.2.2 Drying of suspended concrete slab |
| 313 | 2.2.3 Drying of concrete slab-on-ground with water or water vapor below 2.3—Concrete drying profiles 2.3.1 Hanson (1968) 2.3.2 Abrams and Orals (1965) 2.3.3 Carrier et al. (1975) |
| 314 | 2.3.4 Initial moisture profile 2.4—Effects of moisture movement 2.4.1 Slab curling |
| 315 | 2.4.2 Joint bulging |
| 316 | 2.4.3 Moisture movement effects on testing |
| 317 | 2.5—Equilibrium moisture content 2.6—Drying and wetting of concrete 2.6.1 Adsorption and desorption effects |
| 318 | 2.6.2 Effect of sorption hysteresis on testing 2.6.3 Rewetting of concrete |
| 319 | 2.7—Moisture loss during drying CHAPTER 3— CONCRETE MOISTURE TESTING 3.1— Introduction 3.2—Standard guides and test methods |
| 320 | 3.3—Qualitative and quantitative tests 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Plastic sheet test 3.3.3 Mat and primer tests |
| 321 | 3.3.4 Moisture meters 3.3.5 Calcium chloride tests |
| 322 | 3.3.6 Relative humidity test 3.4—Test parameters 3.4.1 Test frequency |
| 323 | 3.4.2 Test location 3.4.3 Test environment |
| 324 | 3.4.4 Surface preparation 3.4.5 Responsible testing party 3.4.6 Acceptance criteria |
| 325 | 3.4.7 Using multiple test methods 3.4.8 Modified surface testing 3.4.9 Testing with no vapor retarder/barrier directly under concrete 3.5—Underlayment testing 3.6—Comments on moisture vapor emission rate tests |
| 326 | CHAPTER 4— CONCRETE pH TESTING 4.1— Introduction |
| 327 | 4.2—Test methods 4.3—ASTM test differences 4.4—Factors affecting pH test results 4.4.1 Wetting time 4.4.2 Test kit components 4.4.3 Carbonation 4.4.4 Surface preparation |
| 328 | 4.4.5 Adhesive water 4.4.6 Number of tests CHAPTER 5— FLOOR COVERING AND ADHESIVE MANUFACTURER’S RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1— Introduction 5.2—Manufacturer’s recommendations 5.2.1 Vapor retarder/barrier |
| 329 | 5.2.2 Concrete materials and properties 5.2.3 Curing 5.2.4 Surface finish 5.2.5 Floor flatness 5.2.6 Moisture condition 5.2.7 pH 5.2.8 Surface preparation |
| 330 | 5.2.9 Repairs 5.3—Dealing with multiple floor covering requirements CHAPTER 6— DRYING OF CONCRETE 6.1— Introduction |
| 331 | 6.2—Concrete drying with no external source of moisture 6.3—Concrete drying: exposed to moisture from below |
| 332 | 6.4—Concrete drying: exposed to moisture from above 6.5—Concrete drying from both sides |
| 333 | 6.6—Effect of concrete-making materials 6.7—Effect of fresh and hardened concrete properties 6.8—Effect of thickness 6.9—Effect of curing |
| 334 | 6.10—Drying of mature concrete 6.11—Effect of drying environment |
| 335 | 6.12—Drying at exposed edge 6.13—Drying of lightweight concrete CHAPTER 7— VAPOR RETARDER/BARRIER 7.1— Introduction 7.1.1 Composition |
| 336 | 7.1.2 Vapor retarders and vapor barriers 7.2—Vapor retarder/barrier location 7.2.1 Benefits of concrete placed on granular layer 7.2.2 Benefits of concrete placed directly on vapor retarder/barrier 7.2.3 Granular layer as water reservoir |
| 337 | 7.2.4 ACI 302/360 Task Group recommendations on vapor retarder/barrier location 7.3—Vapor transmission through retarder/barrier 7.3.1 Perm rating 7.3.2 Water vapor transmission through punctures |
| 339 | 7.3.3 Puncture resistance 7.3.4 Effectiveness of vapor retarder/barrier in reducing water vapor inflow 7.3.5 CHAPTER 8— FLOOR COVERING MATERIALS 8.1— Introduction |
| 340 | 8.2—Communication between architect and engineer 8.3—Floor covering technical resources 8.4—Floor adhesives and coverings 8.4.1 Adhesives 8.4.2 Floor coverings |
| 341 | 8.5—Effect of moisture in flooring adhesives 8.6—Effect of concrete moisture on adhesive performance |
| 342 | CHAPTER 9— DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION RECOMMENDATIONS 9.1— Introduction 9.2—Testing |
| 343 | 9.3—Vapor retarder/barrier |
| 344 | 9.4—Concrete materials 9.5—Concrete properties 9.5.1 Selecting a w/cm 9.6—Surface finish |
| 345 | 9.6.1 Floor flatness 9.7—Curing 9.8—Surface preparation |
| 346 | 9.9—Repairs 9.10—Protection 9.11—Moisture mitigation CHAPTER 10— REFERENCES 10.1— Referenced standards and reports |
| 347 | 10.2—Cited references |
| 348 | APPENDIX— TWO CASE STUDIES OF MOISTURE-RELATED FLOORING PROBLEMS A.1— Value engineering results in flooring failure |
| 349 | A.2— Postconstruction trench drains results in flooring failure |
| 350 | CONTENTS |
| 351 | CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2— DEFINITIONS |
| 352 | CHAPTER 3— ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS 3.1—Architectural features 3.1.1 General acceptance criteria 3.1.2 Measurement 3.1.3 Variations in color and shading 3.1.4 Finishes 3.2—Architectural design 3.2.1 General criteria 3.2.2 Details of architectural design 3.2.2.1 Unchamfered corners |
| 353 | 3.2.2.2 Chamfered corners 3.2.2.3 Joints 3.2.2.4 Soffits 3.2.2.5 Sloped surfaces |
| 354 | 3.2.3 Combination with precast concrete 3.3—Coatings and sealers 3.3.1 Purpose |
| 355 | 3.4—Joint sealants 3.5—Specifications 3.5.1 General 3.5.2 Design reference sample 3.5.3 Mandatory prebid conference 3.5.4 Preconstruction mockup |
| 356 | 3.5.5 Shop drawings 3.5.6 Inspection and quality control 3.5.6.1 General 3.5.6.2 Qualification of the inspector 3.5.6.3 Duties of the inspector 3.5.6.4 Final acceptance CHAPTER 4— STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS |
| 357 | 4.1—Spalling 4.2—Deflections 4.3—Cracking 4.4—Joints 4.5—Beams and slabs |
| 358 | 4.6—Columns 4.7—Walls |
| 359 | CHAPTER 5— FORMS 5.1—General 5.2—Materials |
| 360 | 5.2.1 Lumber 5.2.2 Plywood 5.2.3 Metals |
| 361 | 5.2.4 Plastics 5.2.5 Plaster waste molds 5.3—Economics 5.4—Formwork accuracy |
| 362 | 5.4.1 Bracing and walers 5.4.2 Tolerances 5.5—Form joints 5.5.1 Prevention of leakage 5.5.2 Fins 5.6—Textures and patterns 5.6.1 Form marks |
| 363 | 5.6.2 Form liners 5.7—Formwork accessories 5.7.1 Ties |
| 364 | 5.7.2 Tie removal 5.8—Form coatings and sealers 5.8.1 Function |
| 365 | 5.8.2 Types of coatings and sealers 5.8.2.1 Mill-sealed form panels 5.8.2.2 Field-applied coatings 5.9—Form release agents 5.9.1 General 5.9.2 Selection 5.9.3 Types of release agents |
| 366 | 5.9.4 Influence of form materials 5.9.5 Site storage 5.9.6 Application of release agents |
| 367 | 5.10—Form removal 5.10.1 General 5.10.2 Protection of concrete 5.10.3 Procedures for form removal 5.10.4 Protection and care of forms CHAPTER 6— REINFORCEMENT 6.1—General |
| 368 | 6.2—Clear space 6.2.1 Clear spacing between bars 6.3—Reinforcement supports and spacers 6.4—Tie wire 6.5—Zinc-coated (galvanized) steel reinforcement |
| 369 | 6.6—Epoxy-coated reinforcing bars CHAPTER 7— CONCRETE MATERIALS AND MIXTURE PROPORTIONING 7.1—General 7.2—Materials 7.2.1 Portland cements and special cements 7.2.2 Aggregates |
| 370 | 7.2.3 Admixtures 7.2.3.1 Air-entraining agents 7.2.3.2 Accelerating admixtures 7.2.3.3 Water-reducing and set-retarding admixtures 7.2.3.4 Pozzolans and slag 7.2.4 Pigments and color admixtures 7.2.5 Water |
| 371 | 7.3—Proportioning, mixing, and temperature control 7.3.1 Temperature CHAPTER 8— PLACING AND CONSOLIDATION 8.1—Conveying and placing 8.1.1 General 8.1.2 Conveying 8.1.3 Depositing in the form 8.2—Consolidation 8.2.1 General 8.2.2 Internal (immersion) vibration |
| 372 | 8.2.3 Form vibration 8.2.4 Revibration 8.2.5 Spading CHAPTER 9— CURING 9.1—General |
| 373 | 9.2—Curing in forms 9.3—Moist curing 9.4—Membrane curing 9.5—Hot weather curing CHAPTER 10— TREATED ARCHITECTURAL SURFACES 10.1—Surface retarders 10.2—High-pressure water jet 10.3—Acid wash |
| 374 | 10.4—Abrasive blasting 10.5—Tooling or other mechanical treatments |
| 375 | 10.5.1 Bush-hammering 10.5.2 Grinding 10.5.3 Manual treatment CHAPTER 11— FINISHING AND FINAL CLEANUP 11.1—General 11.2—Tie holes 11.3—Blemish repair |
| 376 | 11.4—Stain removal 11.5—Sealers and coatings CHAPTER 12— REFERENCES |
| 377 | 12.2—Cited references |
| 378 | APPENDIX A— ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE PHOTOS |
| 382 | 09–304R-00(09) CONTENTS |
| 383 | CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION 1.1— Scope 1.2—Objective |
| 384 | 1.3—Other considerations CHAPTER 2— CONTROL, HANDLING, AND STORAGE OF MATERIALS 2.1— General considerations 2.2—Aggregates 2.2.1 Coarse aggregate 2.2.1.1 Sizes 2.2.1.2 Control of undersized material 2.2.2 Fine aggregate (sand) |
| 386 | 2.2.3 Storage 2.2.4 Moisture control 2.2.5 Samples for test 2.3—Cement |
| 387 | 2.4—Ground slag and pozzolans 2.5—Admixtures 2.6—Water and ice 2.7—Fiber reinforcement CHAPTER 3— MEASUREMENT AND BATCHING 3.1— General requirements 3.1.1 Objectives 3.1.2 Tolerances |
| 388 | 3.2—Bins and weigh batchers 3.3—Plant type 3.3.1 Manual weigh batching 3.3.2 Partially automatic weigh batching 3.3.3 Semiautomatic weigh batching 3.3.4 Automatic weigh batching 3.3.4.1 Cumulative automatic weigh batching 3.3.4.2 Individual automatic weigh batching 3.3.5 Volumetric batching |
| 390 | 3.4—Cementitious materials 3.4.1 Batching 3.4.2 Discharging 3.5—Water and ice measurement 3.5.1 Batching equipment 3.5.2 Aggregate moisture determination and compensation 3.5.3 Total mixing water 3.6—Measurement of admixtures |
| 391 | 3.7—Measurement of materials for small jobs 3.8—Other considerations CHAPTER 4— MIXING AND TRANSPORTING 4.1— General requirements 4.2—Mixing equipment 4.2.1 Tilting drum mixer 4.2.2 Nontilting drum mixer 4.2.3 Vertical shaft mixer 4.2.4 Pugmill mixers 4.2.5 Truck mixers 4.2.6 Continuous mixing equipment |
| 392 | 4.2.7 Separate paste mixing 4.3—Central-mixed concrete 4.4—Truck-mixed concrete 4.5—Charging and mixing 4.5.1 Central mixing 4.5.2 Truck mixing |
| 393 | 4.5.3 Water 4.5.3.1 Mixing water 4.5.3.2 Addition of water on the job 4.5.3.3 Wash water 4.6—Mixture temperature |
| 394 | 4.7—Discharging 4.8—Mixer performance 4.9—Maintenance 4.10—General considerations for transporting concrete 4.10.1 General 4.10.2 Revolving drum 4.10.3 Truck body with and without an agitator 4.10.4 Concrete buckets on trucks or railroad cars |
| 395 | 4.10.5 Other methods 4.11—Returned concrete 4.11.1 Admixtures 4.11.2 Mechanical methods CHAPTER 5— PLACING CONCRETE 5.1— General considerations 5.2—Planning |
| 399 | 5.3—Reinforcement and embedded items 5.4—Placing 5.4.1 Precautions 5.4.2 Equipment 5.4.2.1 Buckets and hoppers 5.4.2.2 Manual or motor-propelled buggies 5.4.2.3 Chutes and drop chutes |
| 400 | 5.4.2.4 Paving equipment 5.4.2.5 Slipforming 5.5—Consolidation 5.6—Mass concreting CHAPTER 6— FORMS, JOINT PREPARATION, AND FINISHING 6.1— Forms |
| 402 | 6.2—Joint preparation 6.3—Finishing unformed surfaces |
| 403 | CHAPTER 7— PREPLACED-AGGREGATE CONCRETE 7.1—General considerations 7.2—Materials 7.2.1 Cement 7.2.2 Coarse aggregate 7.2.3 Fine aggregate 7.2.4 Pozzolan 7.2.5 Admixtures 7.2.5.1 Grout fluidifier 7.2.5.2 Calcium chloride |
| 404 | 7.3—Grout proportioning 7.3.1 Cementitious materials 7.3.2 Fine aggregate 7.3.3 Proportioning requirements 7.3.4 Consistency of grout 7.4—Temperature control 7.5—Forms 7.6—Grout pipe systems 7.6.1 Delivery pipes 7.6.2 Grout insertion pipes |
| 405 | 7.6.3 Vent pipes 7.7—Coarse aggregate placement 7.7.1 Preparation for placement 7.7.2 Aggregate placement 7.7.3 Contamination 7.8—Grout mixing and pumping 7.8.1 Mixers 7.8.2 Pumps 7.8.3 Grout injection |
| 406 | 7.8.4 Grout surface determination 7.9—Joint construction 7.9.1 Cold joints 7.9.2 Construction joints 7.10—Finishing 7.11—Quality control CHAPTER 8— CONCRETE PLACED UNDER WATER 8.1— General considerations |
| 407 | 8.1.1 Scope 8.1.2 Methods available 8.1.3 Basic technique 8.2—Materials 8.2.1 General requirements 8.2.2 Aggregates 8.2.3 Admixtures 8.3—Mixture proportioning 8.3.1 Basic proportions 8.3.2 Final selection 8.4—Concrete production and testing 8.4.1 Production sampling and testing 8.4.2 Concrete temperature 8.5—Tremie equipment and placement procedure 8.5.1 Tremie pipes |
| 408 | 8.5.2 Placement procedures 8.5.2.1 Pipe spacing 8.5.2.2 Starting placements 8.5.2.3 Placing 8.5.2.4 Horizontal distribution of concrete |
| 409 | 8.5.3 Postplacement evaluation 8.6—Direct pumping 8.7—Concrete characteristics 8.8—Precautions 8.8.1 Inspection 8.8.2 Loss of seal 8.8.3 Go-devils 8.8.4 Laitance |
| 410 | 8.8.5 Cracking 8.8.5.1 Cement content 8.8.5.2 Placement environment 8.8.5.3 Volume 8.8.5.4 Restraint 8.8.6 Detailing 8.8.7 Preplacement planning 8.8.8 Personnel 8.9—Special applications 8.9.1 Fabric forming 8.9.2 Diaphragm-wall construction |
| 411 | 8.10—Antiwashout admixtures CHAPTER 9— PUMPING CONCRETE 9.1— General considerations 9.2—Pumping equipment 9.3—Pipeline and accessories 9.3.1 General |
| 412 | 9.3.2 Pipeline components 9.4—Proportioning pumpable concrete 9.4.1 Basic considerations 9.4.2 Coarse aggregate 9.4.3 Fine aggregate 9.4.4 Combined normalweight aggregates 9.4.5 Water |
| 413 | 9.4.6 Cementitious materials 9.4.7 Admixtures 9.5—Field practice 9.6—Field Control CHAPTER 10— CONVEYING CONCRETE 10.1— General considerations 10.2—Conveyor operation |
| 414 | 10.3—Conveyor design 10.4—Types of concrete conveyors 10.4.1 Portable conveyors |
| 415 | 10.4.2 Feeder conveyors 10.4.3 Spreading conveyors 10.4.3.1 Radial spreaders 10.4.3.2 Side-discharge conveyors 10.4.3.3 Conveyor combinations 10.5—Field practice |
| 416 | CHAPTER 11— HEAVYWEIGHT AND RADIATION- SHIELDING CONCRETE 11.1—General considerations 11.2—Materials 11.2.1 General 11.2.2 Aggregate 11.2.3 Proprietary premixed mortar 11.3—Concrete characteristics 11.3.1 Physical properties |
| 417 | 11.3.2 Mixture proportioning 11.4—Mixing equipment 11.5—Formwork 11.6—Placement 11.6.1 Conventional method |
| 418 | 11.6.2 Preplaced-aggregate method 11.7—Quality control 11.7.1 Samples and testing 11.7.2 Control tests |
| 419 | 11.7.3 Inspection CHAPTER 12— LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURAL CONCRETE 12.1— General considerations 12.2—Measuring and batching 12.2.1 Free water and absorbed water 12.2.2 Unit-weight variations 12.2.3 Volume-weight batching of coarse aggregate |
| 420 | 12.2.3.1 Calibrating the weighing hopper 12.2.4 Batching lightweight fine aggregate 12.3—Mixing 12.3.1 Charging mixers 12.3.1.1 Stationary mixers 12.3.1.2 Truck mixers 12.3.2 Mixer operation |
| 421 | 12.4—Job controls CHAPTER 13— VOLUMETRIC-MEASURING AND CONTINUOUS- MIXING CONCRETE EQUIPMENT 13.1— General Considerations 13.2—Operations 13.3—Fresh concrete properties |
| 422 | CHAPTER 14— REFERENCES 14.1— Referenced standards and reports |
| 423 | 14.2—Cited references |
| 425 | TITLE PAGE |
| 426 | CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1—Introduction 1.2—Scope CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS CHAPTER 3—PUMPING CONCRETE 3.1—Mixture component distribution |
| 427 | 3.2—Disruptions to flow |
| 428 | CHAPTER 4—PUMPING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS 4.1—Piston pumps 4.2—Valve types |
| 429 | 4.3—Trailer pumps 4.4—Truck-mounted concrete pumps |
| 430 | 4.5—Separate placing booms 4.6—Specialized equipment 4.7—Pipeline and accessories |
| 433 | 4.8—Flexible system hose types and applications 4.9—Concrete placing system accessories |
| 435 | CHAPTER 5—PUMPABLE CONCRETE 5.1—Basic considerations 5.2—Normalweight aggregate |
| 436 | 5.3—Lightweight aggregate concrete 5.4—Water and slump |
| 438 | 5.5—Cementitious materials 5.6—Admixtures 5.7—Fiber reinforcement |
| 439 | 5.8—Trial mixtures and pumpability testing 5.9—Estimating performance CHAPTER 6—FIELD PRACTICES 6.1—General |
| 440 | 6.2—Pipeline concrete placement |
| 441 | 6.3—Powered boom placement |
| 442 | 6.4—Equipment and operational safety 6.5—Reduction in air content |
| 443 | CHAPTER 7—FIELD CONTROL CHAPTER 8—REFERENCES Authored documents |
| 445 | 304.4R-20.pdf TITLE PAGE |
| 446 | CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION 1.1—General 1.2—History 1.3—Concrete conveyor development CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS CHAPTER 3—DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 3.1—General requirements |
| 447 | 3.2—Concrete ribbon parameters |
| 448 | 3.3—Belt charging 3.4—Belt discharge 3.5—Belt conveyor design principles |
| 450 | 3.6—Concrete mixture proportioning for conveying |
| 451 | 3.7—Specifications CHAPTER 4—TYPES OF CONVEYORS AND FUNCTIONS 4.1—General 4.2—Portable conveyors 4.3—Feeder conveyors |
| 453 | 4.4—Spreading conveyors |
| 455 | 4.5—Conveyor combinations 4.6—Special belt conveyors |
| 456 | 4.7—Truck-mounted conveyors |
| 457 | 4.8—Economics of conveyor placement |
| 458 | CHAPTER 5—FIELD PRACTICE 5.1—Selection of conveyors 5.2—Actual capacity 5.3—Conveyor charging |
| 459 | 5.4—Discharge control 5.5—Maintenance |
| 460 | CHAPTER 6—INSPECTION AND TESTING 6.1—Concrete inspection 6.2—Testing CHAPTER 7—REFERENCES Authored references |
| 461 | TITLE PAGE |
| 462 | CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1—Introduction 1.2—Scope CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS 2.1—Notation |
| 463 | 2.2—Definitions CHAPTER 3—POTENTIAL PROBLEMS AND PRACTICES 3.1—Potential problems in hot weather 3.2—Potential problems related to other factors 3.3—Practices for hot weather concreting |
| 464 | CHAPTER 4—EFFECTS OF HOT WEATHER ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES 4.1—General |
| 467 | 4.2—Calculating estimated evaporation rate |
| 469 | 4.3—Effects of temperature of concrete 4.4—Maximum ambient and concrete temperature |
| 470 | 4.5—Water |
| 471 | 4.6—Cement |
| 472 | 4.7—Supplementary cementitious materials 4.8—Chemical admixtures |
| 474 | 4.9—Aggregates 4.10—Fibers |
| 475 | 4.11—Proportioning |
| 476 | CHAPTER 5—PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY 5.1—General 5.2—Temperature control of concrete |
| 477 | 5.3—Batching and mixing |
| 478 | 5.4—Delivery 5.5—Slump adjustment 5.6—Properties of concrete mixtures 5.7—Retempering CHAPTER 6—PLACING AND CURING 6.1—General 6.2—Preparations for placing and curing |
| 479 | 6.3—Placement and finishing |
| 480 | 6.4—Curing and protection |
| 481 | CHAPTER 7—TESTING AND INSPECTION 7.1—Testing 7.2—Inspection |
| 482 | CHAPTER 8—REFERENCES 8.1—Referenced standards and reports |
| 483 | 8.2—Cited references |
| 485 | APPENDIX A—ESTIMATING CONCRETE TEMPERATURE A.1—Estimating temperature of freshly mixed concrete A.2—Estimating temperature of concrete with ice APPENDIX B—METHODS FOR COOLING FRESH CONCRETE B.1—Cooling with chilled mixing water B.2—Liquid nitrogen cooling of mixing water B.3—Cooling concrete with ice |
| 486 | B.4—Cooling mixed concrete with liquid nitrogen B.5—Cooling of coarse aggregates |
| 488 | SECTION 1—GENERAL 1.1—Scope 1.2––Definitions 1.3—Reference Standards 1.4—Submittals |
| 489 | 1.5––Quality assurance, quality control, and acceptance of work SECTION 2—PRODUCTS 2.1—General SECTION 3—EXECUTION 3.1—General 3.2—Maximum temperature of fresh concrete at time of discharge 3.3—Qualification of concrete mixture |
| 490 | 3.4—Concrete production and delivery 3.5—Concrete placement and finishing 3.6—Concrete bleed-water evaporation 3.7—Concrete curing 3.8—Concrete protection NOTES TO SPECIFIER General notes |
| 491 | Foreword to checklists |
| 492 | APPENDIX A––EXAMPLE OF UNO EQUATION USED TO DETERMINE SURFACE EVAPORATION RATE OF FRESH CONCRETE APPENDIX B––EXAMPLE OF NRMCA NOMOGRAPH FOR ESTIMATING SURFACE EVAPORATION RATE ON THE BASIS OF MENZEL FORMULA |
| 494 | TITLE PAGE |
| 495 | CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1—Introduction 1.2—Scope CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS 2.1—Notation |
| 496 | 2.2—Definitions CHAPTER 3—OBJECTIVES, PRINCIPLES, AND ECONOMY 3.1—Objectives 3.2—Principles |
| 497 | 3.3—Economy CHAPTER 4—GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1—Planning 4.2—Protection during unexpected freezing 4.3—Concrete temperature 4.4—Temperature records |
| 498 | 4.5—Heated enclosures 4.6—Slab finishing 4.7—Concrete workability CHAPTER 5—TEMPERATURE OF CONCRETE AS MIXED AND PLACED, AND HEATING OF MATERIALS 5.1—Placement temperature |
| 499 | 5.2—Mixing temperature 5.3—Heating mixing water 5.4—Heating aggregates |
| 500 | 5.5—Steam heating of aggregates 5.6—Overheating of aggregates 5.7—Calculation of mixture temperature 5.8—Temperature loss during delivery |
| 501 | CHAPTER 6—PREPARATION BEFORE CONCRETING 6.1—Preparation of surfaces in contact with fresh concrete 6.2—Massive metallic embedments 6.3—Subgrade condition CHAPTER 7—PROTECTION AGAINST FREEZING FOR CONCRETE NOT REQUIRING CONSTRUCTION SUPPORTS 7.1—Protection methods |
| 502 | 7.2—Protection period 7.3—Protection period for durability 7.4—Protection for strength gain 7.5—Temperature drop after removal of protection |
| 503 | 7.6—Allowable temperature differential during stripping CHAPTER 8—PROTECTION AGAINST FREEZING FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE REQUIRING CONSTRUCTION SUPPORTS 8.1—Introduction 8.2—Field-cured cylinders 8.3—In-place testing 8.4—Maturity testing |
| 505 | 8.5—Attainment of design strength 8.6—Increasing early strength |
| 506 | 8.7—Cooling concrete 8.8—Estimating strength development 8.9—Removal of forms and supports |
| 507 | 8.10—Estimating strength development: modeling cold weather placements CHAPTER 9—EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, AND METHODS OF TEMPERATURE PROTECTION 9.1—Introduction 9.2—Insulating materials 9.3—Selection of insulation when supplementary heat is not used |
| 512 | 9.4—Selection of insulation for use with hydronic heaters 9.5—Heaters 9.6—Enclosures |
| 513 | 9.7—Internal heating 9.8—Temperature monitoring 9.9—Temporary removal of protection 9.10—Insulated forms CHAPTER 10—CURING RECOMMENDATIONS AND METHODS 10.1—Introduction 10.2—Curing during the protection period inside an enclosure |
| 514 | 10.3—Curing following the protection period CHAPTER 11—ACCELERATION OF SETTING AND STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT 11.1—Introduction 11.2—Accelerating admixtures |
| 515 | 11.3—Cold weather admixture systems (CWASs) 11.4—Rapid setting cements CHAPTER 12—REFERENCES |
| 516 | Authored documents |
| 517 | 15–306.1-90(02) FOREWORD F1. F2. F3. F4. PREFACE TO SPECIFICATION CHECKLIST P1. P2. P3. P4. P5. P6. |
| 519 | CONTENTS 1 – GENERAL 1.1 – Scope 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.2. – Definitions 1.3 – Reference organizations 1.4 – Reference standards 1.4.1 ACI Standards 1.4.2 ASTM Standards |
| 520 | 1.5 – Submittal of procedures 1.5.1 Detailed procedures 2 – MATERIALS 2.1 Scheduling protection materials 2.2 – Concrete 3 – EXECUTION 3.1 – Preparation before concreting 3.2 – Concrete temperature 3.2.1 Placement temperature 3.2.2 Protection temperature 3.2.3 Termination of protection 3.3 – Curing of concrete 3.4 – Protection of concrete 3.4.1 Combustion heaters 3.4.2 Overheating and drying 3.4.3 Maximum air temperature 3.4.4 Protection against freezing 3.4.5 Protection for structural safety |
| 521 | 3.4.6 Protection deficiency APPENDIX – METRIC CONVERSIONS |
| 522 | TITLE PAGE |
| 523 | CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION 1.1—Introduction 1.2—Curing 1.3—Curing and hydration of portland cement |
| 526 | 1.4—Deliberate curing procedures |
| 531 | 1.5—Curing-affected zone |
| 532 | 1.6—Concrete properties influenced by curing |
| 533 | 1.7—Effects of elevated temperature |
| 535 | 1.8—Sustainability |
| 536 | CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS CHAPTER 3—CURING METHODS AND MATERIALS 3.1—Scope 3.2—Use of water for curing concrete 3.3—Initial curing methods |
| 537 | 3.4—Final curing measures |
| 541 | 3.5—Termination of curing measures 3.6—Cold-weather protection and curing |
| 542 | 3.7—Hot-weather protection and curing 3.8—Accelerated curing 3.9—Minimum curing requirements |
| 543 | 3.10—Temperature limits during curing |
| 544 | CHAPTER 4—CURING FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION 4.1—Pavements and other slabs on ground 4.2—Buildings, bridges, and other structures |
| 545 | 4.3—Mass concrete |
| 546 | 4.4—Curing colored concrete floors and slabs 4.5—Specialty constructions CHAPTER 5—MONITORING CURING AND CURING EFFECTIVENESS 5.1—General 5.2—Evaluating environmental conditions |
| 549 | 5.3—Means to verify application of curing 5.4—Impact of curing procedures on immediate environment |
| 550 | 5.5—Impact of curing procedures on moisture and temperature within concrete 5.6—Maturity method 5.7—Assessing curing effectiveness |
| 551 | CHAPTER 6—REFERENCES |
| 552 | Authored references |
| 558 | 17–308.1-11 FOREWORD TO CHECKLISTS |
| 559 | NOTES TO SPECIFIER Preface Mandatory requirements checklist |
| 560 | MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST OPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST SUBMITTALS CHECKLIST |
| 561 | SUBMITTALS CHECKLIST (cont.) CONTENTS PART 1— GENERAL 1.1— Scope 1.1.1 Work specified 1.1.2 Exclusions 1.1.3 Units 1.2—Reference standards |
| 562 | 1.3—Definitions 1.4—Submittals 1.4.1 Curing materials 1.4.1.1 Fogging equipment 1.4.1.2 Sheet material 1.4.1.3 Liquid membrane-forming curing compound 1.4.1.4 Water 1.4.1.5 Dike material 1.4.1.6 Absorbent materials 1.4.1.7 Watering equipment 1.4.1.8 Insulation materials 1.4.1.9 Heating equipment 1.4.1.10 Evaporation retardant 1.4.2 Curing procedures 1.5—Quality assurance 1.5.1 General 1.5.2 Testing agencies 1.5.3 Support PART 2— PRODUCTS 2.1— Physical protection 2.1.1 Liquid membrane-forming curing compound |
| 563 | 2.1.2 Evaporation retardants 2.1.3 Sheet material 2.1.4 Temperature protection 2.1.5 Wind protection 2.2—Water application 2.2.1 Ponding 2.2.2 Sprinkling systems 2.2.3 Fogging systems 2.2.4 Absorbent materials 2.2.4.1 2.2.4.2 PART 3— EXECUTION 3.1— Initial curing 3.1.1 Fogging 3.1.2 Evaporation retardant 3.2—Final curing 3.2.1 Sheet material 3.2.1.1 3.2.1.2 3.2.2 Liquid membrane-forming curing compounds 3.2.2.1 3.2.2.2 3.2.3 Ponding 3.2.3.1 3.2.3.2 3.2.4 Sprinkling 3.2.4.1 3.2.4.2 3.2.5 Fogging |
| 564 | 3.2.6 Absorbent material 3.3—Termination of curing 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.2.1 General testing requirements 3.3.2.1.1 Nondestructive test method 3.3.2.1.2 Molded cylinder method 3.3.2.1.3 Maturity method 3.4—Protection from mechanical injury 3.5—Cold weather curing 3.5.1 General 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 3.5.6 3.6—Hot weather curing 3.6.1 General 3.6.2 Final curing |
| 565 | CONTENTS |
| 566 | CHAPTER 1— GENERAL |
| 567 | CHAPTER 2— EFFECT OF MIXTURE PROPORTIONS ON CONSOLIDATION 2.1—Mixture proportions 2.2—Workability and consistency |
| 568 | 2.3—Workability requirements CHAPTER 3— METHODS OF CONSOLIDATION 3.1—Manual methods |
| 569 | 3.2—Mechanical methods 3.3—Methods used in combination CHAPTER 4— CONSOLIDATION OF CONCRETE BY VIBRATION 4.1—Vibratory motion 4.2—Process of consolidation |
| 570 | CHAPTER 5— EQUIPMENT FOR VIBRATION 5.1—Internal vibrators 5.1.1 Flexible-shaft type |
| 571 | 5.1.2 Electric motor-in-head type |
| 572 | 5.1.3 Pneumatic vibrators 5.1.4 Hydraulic vibrators 5.1.5 Selecting an internal vibrator for the job |
| 573 | 5.1.6 Special shapes of vibrator heads 5.1.7 Data to be supplied by manufacturer |
| 574 | 5.2—Form vibrators 5.2.1 General description 5.2.2 Types of form vibrators 5.2.2.1 Rotary 5.2.2.2 Reciprocating 5.2.2.3 Other types 5.2.3 Selecting external vibrators for vertical forms |
| 575 | 5.3—Vibrating tables |
| 576 | 5.4—Surface vibrators 5.5—Vibrator maintenance |
| 577 | 5.5.1 Preventive maintenance program CHAPTER 6— FORMS 6.1—General 6.2—Sloping surfaces 6.3—Surface blemishes 6.4—Form tightness |
| 578 | 6.5—Forms for external vibration 6.5.1 General 6.5.2 Forming material 6.5.3 Design and construction |
| 579 | CHAPTER 7— RECOMMENDED VIBRATION PRACTICES FOR GENERAL CONSTRUCTION 7.1—General 7.2—Procedure for internal vibration |
| 580 | 7.3—Adequacy of internal vibration 7.4—Vibration of reinforcement 7.5—Revibration |
| 581 | 7.6—Form vibration 7.7—Consequences of improper vibration 7.7.1 Honeycomb |
| 582 | 7.7.2 Excessive entrapped-air voids 7.7.3 Sand streaking |
| 583 | 7.7.4 Placement lines 7.7.5 Cold joints 7.7.6 Subsidence cracking 7.7.7 7.7.8 CHAPTER 8— STRUCTURAL CONCRETE 8.1— Design and detailing prerequisites |
| 584 | 8.2—Mixture requirements 8.3—Internal vibration 8.4—Form vibration 8.5—Tunnel linings CHAPTER 9— MASS CONCRETE |
| 585 | 9.1—Mixture requirements 9.2—Vibration equipment 9.3—Forms 9.4—Vibration practices |
| 586 | 9.5—Roller-compacted concrete CHAPTER 10— NORMAL-DENSITY CONCRETE FLOOR SLABS 10.1—Mixture requirements |
| 587 | 10.2—Equipment 10.3—Structural slabs 10.4—Slabs on ground 10.4.1 Internal vibration 10.4.2 Surface vibration 10.5—Heavy-duty industrial floors 10.6—Vacuum dewatering |
| 588 | CHAPTER 11— PAVEMENTS 11.1— General 11.2—Mixture requirements 11.3—Equipment 11.3.1 Selection of equipment 11.3.2 General requirements 11.3.3 Internal vibrators |
| 589 | 11.3.4 Surface vibrators 11.4—Vibration procedures 11.4.1 Internal vibrations using gang-mounted vibrators |
| 590 | 11.4.2 Surface vibration 11.4.2.1 11.4.2.2 11.4.3 Manual vibration 11.5—Special precautions |
| 591 | CHAPTER 12— PRECAST PRODUCTS 12.1— General 12.2—Mixture requirements 12.3—Forming material 12.4—Choice of consolidation method |
| 592 | 12.5—Placing methods CHAPTER 13— STRUCTURAL LOW- DENSITY CONCRETE 13.1— General 13.2—Mixture requirements 13.3—Behavior of structural low-density concrete during vibration 13.4—Consolidation equipment and procedures 13.5—Floors |
| 593 | CHAPTER 14— HIGH-DENSITY CONCRETE 14.1— General 14.2—Mixture requirements 14.3—Placing techniques 14.3.1 Conventional placing techniques 14.3.2 Special placing techniques CHAPTER 15— SELF-CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE 15.1—General CHAPTER 16— QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 16.1—General |
| 594 | 16.2—Adequacy equipment and procedures 16.3—Checking equipment performance 16.3.1 Frequency of internal vibrators 16.3.2 Amplitude of internal vibrators |
| 595 | 16.3.3 Frequency and amplitude for external vibration CHAPTER 17— CONSOLIDATION OF TEST SPECIMENS 17.1— Strength |
| 596 | 17.2—Density 17.3—Air content 17.4—Consolidating very stiff concrete in laboratory specimens CHAPTER 18— CONSOLIDATION IN CONGESTED AREAS 18.1—Common placing problems 18.1.1 Congestion of reinforcement 18.1.2 Electrical conduit, pipe sleeves, and otherembedded items 18.1.3 Boxouts 18.2—Consolidation techniques 18.2.1 Placing and consolidation techniques |
| 597 | 18.2.2 Use of chemical admixtures 18.2.3 Use of modified mixtures 18.2.4 Conclusion CHAPTER 19— REFERENCES 19.1— Referenced standards and reports |
| 598 | 19.2—Cited references |
| 599 | APPENDIX— FUNDAMENTALS OF VIBRATION A.1— Principles of simple harmonic motion A.2—Action of a rotary vibrator A.3—Vibratory motion in the concrete |
| 601 | TITLE PAGE SECTION 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1.1—Scope |
| 602 | 1.2—Qualifications 1.3—Definitions 1.4—Referenced standards 1.5—Certification and accreditation organizations |
| 603 | 1.6—Units of measurement SECTION 2—TESTING READY MIXED CONCRETE 2.1—Sampling 2.2—Frequency of sampling and testing 2.3—Tests 2.4—Number of strength test specimens 2.5—Curing of strength test specimens 2.6—Testing for strength SECTION 3—TRANSMITTALS 3.1—Scope 3.2—Reports 3.3—Report information |
| 604 | NOTES TO SPECIFIERS General notes FOREWORD TO CHECKLISTS |
| 605 | MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST OPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST SUBMITTALS CHECKLIST |
| 606 | TITLE PAGE |
| 607 | CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 1.1—Introduction 1.2—Scope CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS 2.1—Notation 2.2—Definitions |
| 608 | CHAPTER 3—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 3.1—Achieving economy in formwork |
| 609 | 3.2—Contract documents |
| 610 | CHAPTER 4—DESIGN 4.1—General |
| 611 | 4.2—Loads |
| 614 | 4.3—Member capacities 4.4—Safety factors for accessories |
| 615 | 4.5—Shores 4.6—Bracing and lacing 4.7—Foundations for formwork 4.8—Settlement CHAPTER 5—CONSTRUCTION 5.1—Safety precautions |
| 617 | 5.2—Construction practices and workmanship |
| 618 | 5.3—Tolerances |
| 619 | 5.4—Irregularities in formed surfaces 5.5—Shoring and centering 5.6—Inspection and adjustment of formwork |
| 620 | 5.7—Removal of forms and supports |
| 622 | 5.8—Shoring and reshoring of multistory structures |
| 623 | CHAPTER 6—MATERIALS 6.1—General |
| 624 | 6.2—Properties of materials 6.3—Accessories |
| 626 | 6.4—Form coatings and release agents CHAPTER 7—ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE 7.1—Introduction 7.2—Role of architect |
| 628 | 7.3—Materials and accessories 7.4—Design |
| 629 | 7.5—Construction |
| 630 | 7.6—Form removal CHAPTER 8—SPECIAL STRUCTURES 8.1—Discussion 8.2—Bridges and viaducts, including high piers 8.3—Structures designed for composite action |
| 631 | 8.4—Folded plates, thin shells, and long-span roof structures |
| 632 | 8.5—Mass concrete structures |
| 633 | 8.6—Underground structures |
| 634 | CHAPTER 9—SPECIAL METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION 9.1—Preplaced-aggregate concrete 9.2—Slipforms |
| 636 | 9.3—Permanent forms |
| 637 | 9.4—Forms for prestressed concrete construction 9.5—Forms for site precasting |
| 638 | 9.6—Use of precast concrete for forms 9.7—Forms for concrete placed under water |
| 639 | CHAPTER 10—REFERENCES |
| 640 | Authored references |
| 642 | Contents |
| 643 | CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS CHAPTER 3—FORMED CONCRETE SURFACE DESCRIPTIONS 3.1—General |
| 646 | 3.2—Examples and determination of surface void ratio |
| 648 | CHAPTER 4—BASICS OF LAYOUT AND DESIGN 4.1—General 4.2—Design and construction recommendations |
| 649 | 4.3—Planning and detailing |
| 650 | 4.4—Formwork and facing selection |
| 652 | 4.5—Premanufactured panelized formwork 4.6—Job-built formwork |
| 655 | 4.7—Design with form liners 4.8—Post-construction treated concrete surfaces CHAPTER 5—SPECIFICATIONS 5.1—General description 5.2—Design features 5.3—Surface finish limitations |
| 656 | CHAPTER 6—CONSTRUCTION 6.1—Formwork 6.2—Reinforcement and inserts 6.3—Concrete mixture |
| 657 | 6.4—Concrete placement 6.5—Concrete surface team CHAPTER 7—EVALUATION OF FORMED CONCRETE SURFACES 7.1—Basics 7.2—Overall impression 7.3—Procedure in case of deviations |
| 658 | CHAPTER 8—REFERENCES Authored references |
| 659 | 22–364.17T-18 Introduction Question Answer Proposed method |
| 660 | Discussion |
| 661 | Summary |
| 662 | References Authored documents |
| 663 | Appendix A—ASTM F710 pH Test Procedure |
| 664 | 23–423.7-14 TITLE PAGE |
| 665 | 1—SCOPE 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2—DEFINITIONS 2.1 |
| 666 | 3—REFERENCED STANDARDS 3.1—American Concrete Institute 3.2—ASTM International 3.3—International Organization for Standardization 3.4—Federal Test Method Standard 4—ORDERING INFORMATION 4.1 |
| 667 | 5—MATERIALS 5.1—Prestressing steel 5.2—Post-tensioning (PT) coating 5.3—Sheathing 5.4—Anchorages and couplers 5.5—Connecting components 5.6—Tape 6—MANUFACTURE 6.1—Minimum quantity of post-tensioning (PT) coating 6.2—Manufacturing processes 6.3—Sheathing coverage |
| 668 | 6.4—Nonencapsulated systems 6.5—Encapsulated systems 7—MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 7.1—Prestressing steel 7.2—Post-tensioning (PT) coating 8—DIMENSIONS, DENSITY, AND PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS 8.1—Prestressing steel 8.2—Sheathing 8.3—Anchorages |
| 669 | 8.4—Connecting components |
| 670 | 9—ANCHORAGE ASSEMBLY TESTING 9.1—Validation 9.2—Components 9.3—Encapsulated systems 9.4—Static test 9.5—Fatigue test 9.6—Hydrostatic test 10—TESTING SERVICES 10.1—Prestressing steel 10.2—Anchorage assembly 11—CERTIFICATION 11.1 |
| 671 | 12—PACKAGING AND IDENTIFICATION 12.1—Bundling and banding 12.2—Identification of components 13—HANDLING, STORAGE, AND SHIPPING 13.1—Handling 13.2—Storage before shipping 13.3—Shipping 13.4—Protection from moisture 14—INSTALLATION DRAWINGS |
| 672 | 24–ITG-7-09 CONTENTS |
| 673 | SECTION 1— GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1.1—Scope 1.1.1 Work specified 1.1.2 Work not specified 1.1.3 Units 1.2—Requirements 1.2.1 Accumulation of tolerances 1.2.2 Sign definition 1.2.3 Exceeding tolerances 1.3—Definitions |
| 675 | 1.4—Referenced standards |
| 676 | SECTION 2— STRUCTURAL PRODUCT TOLERANCES 2.1— Scope 2.2—Tolerances |
| 692 | SECTION 3— STRUCTURAL PRODUCT ERECTION TOLERANCES 3.1— Scope 3.2—Tolerances |
| 700 | SECTION 4— NONSTRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCT TOLERANCES 4.1— Scope 4.2—Tolerances |
| 706 | SECTION 5— NONSTRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURAL PRODUCT ERECTION TOLERANCES 5.1— Scope 5.2—Tolerances |
| 708 | NOTES TO SPECIFIER General notes FOREWORD TO CHECKLISTS MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST OPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST |
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