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ASCE 7 10:2010 Edition

ASCE 7 10:2010 Edition

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ASCE/SEI 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, Third Printing

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ASCE 2010 656
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Prepared by the Committee on Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures of the Codes and Standards Activities Division of the Structural Engineering Institute of ASCE. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI 7-10, provides requirements for general structural design and includes means for determining dead, live, soil, flood, snow, rain, atmospheric ice, earthquake, and wind loads, as well as their combinations, which are suitable for inclusion in building codes and other documents. This Standard, a revision of ASCE/SEI 7-05, offers a complete update and reorganization of the wind load provisions, expanding them from one chapter into six. The Standard contains new ultimate event wind maps with corresponding reductions in load factors, so that the loads are not affected, and updates the seismic loads with new risk-targeted seismic maps. The snow, live, and atmospheric icing provisions are updated as well. In addition, the Standard includes a detailed Commentary with explanatory and supplementary information designed to assist building code committees and regulatory authorities. The third printing of Standard ASCE/SEI 7-10 incorporates errata and includes Supplement 1. In addition, the seismic commentary has been expanded and completely revised. Standard ASCE/SEI 7 is an integral part of building codes in the United States. Many of the load provisions are substantially adopted by reference in the International Building Code and the NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code. Structural engineers, architects, and those engaged in preparing and administering local building codes will find the structural load requirements essential to their practice.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
1 Cover
4 STANDARDS
6 FOREWORD
8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
12 DEDICATION
14 CONTENTS
44 1 General
1.1 Scope
1.2 Definitions and Symbols
1.2.1 Definitions
1.2.2 Symbols
45 1.3 Basic Requirements
1.3.1 Strength and Stiffness
46 1.3.2 Serviceability
1.3.3 Self-Straining Forces
1.3.4 Analysis
1.3.5 Counteracting Structural Actions
1.4 General Structural Integrity
1.4.1 Load Combinations of Integrity Loads
1.4.2 Load Path Connections
1.4.3 Lateral Forces
1.4.4 Connection to Supports
1.4.5 Anchorage of Structural Walls
47 1.4.6 Extraordinary Loads and Events
1.5 Classification of Buildings and Other Structures
1.5.1 Risk Categorization
1.5.2 Multiple Risk Categories
1.5.3 Toxic, Highly Toxic, and Explosive Substances
1.6 Additions and Alterations to Existing Structures
48 1.7 Load Tests
1.8 Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents
50 2 Combinations of Loads
2.1 General
2.2 Symbols
2.3 Combining Factored Loads Using Strength Design
2.3.1 Applicability
2.3.2 Basic Combinations
2.3.3 Load Combinations Including Flood Load
2.3.4 Load Combinations Including Atmospheric Ice Loads
2.3.5 Load Combinations Including Self-Straining Loads
51 2.3.6 Load Combinations for Nonspecified Loads
2.4 Combining Nominal Loads Using Allowable Stress Design
2.4.1 Basic Combinations
2.4.2 Load Combinations Including Flood Load
2.4.3 Load Combinations Including Atmospheric Ice Loads
2.4.4 Load Combinations Including Self-Straining Loads
2.5 Load Combinations for Extraordinary Events
2.5.1 Applicability
2.5.2 Load Combinations
2.5.3 Stability Requirements
52 3 Dead Loads, Soil Loads, and Hydrostatic Pressure
3.1 Dead Loads
3.1.1 Definition
3.1.2 Weights of Materials and Constructions
3.1.3 Weight of Fixed Service Equipment
3.2 Soil Loads and Hydrostatic Pressure
3.2.1 Lateral Pressures
3.2.2 Uplift on Floors and Foundations
54 4 Live Loads
4.1 Definitions
4.2 Loads Not Specified
4.3 Uniformly Distributed Live Loads
4.3.1 Required Live Loads
4.3.2 Provision for Partitions
4.3.3 Partial Loading
4.4 Concentrated Live Loads
4.5 Loads on Handrail, Guardrail, Grab Bar and Vehicle Barrier Systems, and Fixed Ladders
4.5.1 Loads on Handrail and Guardrail Systems
55 4.5.2 Loads on Grab Bar Systems
4.5.3 Loads on Vehicle Barrier Systems
4.5.4 Loads on Fixed Ladders
4.6 Impact Loads
4.6.1 General
4.6.2 Elevators
4.6.3 Machinery
4.7 Reduction in Live Loads
4.7.1 General
4.7.2 Reduction in Uniform Live Loads
4.7.3 Heavy Live Loads
4.7.4 Passenger Vehicle Garages
4.7.5 Assembly Uses
4.7.6 Limitations on One-Way Slabs
4.8 Reduction in Roof Live Loads
4.8.1 General
4.8.2 Flat, Pitched, and Curved Roofs
59 4.8.3 Special Purpose Roofs
4.9 Crane Loads
4.9.1 General
4.9.2 Maximum Wheel Load
4.9.3 Vertical Impact Force
4.9.4 Lateral Force
4.9.5 Longitudinal Force
4.10 Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents
60 5 Flood Loads
5.1 General
5.2 Definitions
5.3 Design Requirements
5.3.1 Design Loads
5.3.2 Erosion and Scour
5.3.3 Loads on Breakaway Walls
5.4 Loads During Flooding
5.4.1 Load Basis
5.4.2 Hydrostatic Loads
61 5.4.3 Hydrodynamic Loads
5.4.4 Wave Loads
62 5.4.5 Impact Loads
63 5.5 Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents
64 6 Reserved for Future Provisions
66 7 Snow Loads
7.1 Symbols
7.2 Ground Snow Loads, p[sub(g)]
7.3 Flat Roof Snow Loads, p[sub(f)]
7.3.1 Exposure Factor, C[sub(e)]
7.3.2 Thermal Factor, C[sub(t)]
7.3.3 Importance Factor, I[sub(s)]
7.3.4 Minimum Snow Load for Low-Slope Roofs, p[sub(m)]
7.4 Sloped Roof Snow Loads, p[sub(s)]
67 7.4.1 Warm Roof Slope Factor, C[sub(s)]
7.4.2 Cold Roof Slope Factor, C[sub(s)]
7.4.3 Roof Slope Factor for Curved Roofs
7.4.4 Roof Slope Factor for Multiple Folded Plate, Sawtooth, and Barrel Vault Roofs
7.4.5 Ice Dams and Icicles Along Eaves
7.5 Partial Loading
7.5.1 Continuous Beam Systems
68 7.5.2 Other Structural Systems
7.6 Unbalanced Roof Snow Loads
7.6.1 Unbalanced Snow Loads for Hip and Gable Roofs
7.6.2 Unbalanced Snow Loads for Curved Roofs
7.6.3 Unbalanced Snow Loads for Multiple Folded Plate, Sawtooth, and Barrel Vault Roofs
7.6.4 Unbalanced Snow Loads for Dome Roofs
7.7 Drifts on Lower Roofs (Aerodynamic Shade)
7.7.1 Lower Roof of a Structure
7.7.2 Adjacent Structures
7.8 Roof Projections and Parapets
69 7.9 Sliding Snow
7.10 Rain-on-Snow Surcharge Load
7.11 Ponding Instability
7.12 Existing Roofs
78 8 Rain Loads
8.1 Symbols
8.2 Roof Drainage
8.3 Design Rain Loads
8.4 Ponding Instability
8.5 Controlled Drainage
80 9 Reserved for Future Provisions
82 10 Ice Loads—Atmospheric Icing
10.1 General
10.1.1 Site-Specific Studies
10.1.2 Dynamic Loads
10.1.3 Exclusions
10.2 Definitions
10.3 Symbols
83 10.4 Ice Loads Due to Freezing Rain
10.4.1 Ice Weight
10.4.2 Nominal Ice Thickness
10.4.3 Height Factor
10.4.4 Importance Factors
10.4.5 Topographic Factor
10.4.6 Design Ice Thickness for Freezing Rain
10.5 Wind on Ice-Covered Structures
10.5.1 Wind on Ice-Covered Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures
10.5.2 Wind on Ice-Covered Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Signs
10.5.3 Wind on Ice-Covered Open Signs and Lattice Frameworks
10.5.4 Wind on Ice-Covered Trussed Towers
10.5.5 Wind on Ice-Covered Guys and Cables
10.6 Design Temperatures for Freezing Rain
10.7 Partial Loading
10.8 Design Procedure
84 10.9 Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents
92 11 Seismic Design Criteria
11.1 General
11.1.1 Purpose
11.1.2 Scope
11.1.3 Applicability
11.1.4 Alternate Materials and Methods of Construction
11.2 Definitions
95 11.3 Symbols
97 11.4 Seismic Ground Motion Values
11.4.1 Mapped Acceleration Parameters
98 11.4.2 Site Class
11.4.3 Site Coefficients and Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE[sub(R)]) Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters
11.4.4 Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters
11.4.5 Design Response Spectrum
99 11.4.6 Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE[sub(R)]) Response Spectrum
11.4.7 Site-Specific Ground Motion Procedures
11.5 Importance Factor and Risk Category
11.5.1 Importance Factor
11.5.2 Protected Access for Risk Category IV
11.6 Seismic Design Category
11.7 Design Requirements for Seismic Design Category A
11.8 Geologic Hazards and Geotechnical Investigation
11.8.1 Site Limitation for Seismic Design Categories E and F
11.8.2 Geotechnical Investigation Report Requirements for Seismic Design Categories C through F
100 11.8.3 Additional Geotechnical Investigation Report Requirements for Seismic Design Categories D through F
102 12 Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures
12.1 Structural Design Basis
12.1.1 Basic Requirements
12.1.2 Member Design, Connection Design, and Deformation Limit
12.1.3 Continuous Load Path and Interconnection
12.1.4 Connection to Supports
12.1.5 Foundation Design
12.1.6 Material Design and Detailing Requirements
12.2 Structural System Selection
12.2.1 Selection and Limitations
105 12.2.2 Combinations of Framing Systems in Different Directions
12.2.3 Combinations of Framing Systems in the Same Direction
106 12.2.4 Combination Framing Detailing Requirements
12.2.5 System-Specific Requirements
108 12.3 Diaphragm Flexibility, Configuration Irregularities, and Redundancy
12.3.1 Diaphragm Flexibility
12.3.2 Irregular and Regular Classification
12.3.3 Limitations and Additional Requirements for Systems with Structural Irregularities
110 12.3.4 Redundancy
12.4 Seismic Load Effects and Combinations
12.4.1 Applicability
12.4.2 Seismic Load Effect
112 12.4.3 Seismic Load Effect Including Overstrength Factor
113 12.4.4 Minimum Upward Force for Horizontal Cantilevers for Seismic Design Categories D through F
12.5 Direction of Loading
12.5.1 Direction of Loading Criteria
12.5.2 Seismic Design Category B
12.5.3 Seismic Design Category C
12.5.4 Seismic Design Categories D through F
12.6 Analysis Procedure Selection
12.7 Modeling Criteria
12.7.1 Foundation Modeling
12.7.2 Effective Seismic Weight
114 12.7.3 Structural Modeling
12.7.4 Interaction Effects
12.8 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
12.8.1 Seismic Base Shear
115 12.8.2 Period Determination
12.8.3 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces
116 12.8.4 Horizontal Distribution of Forces
12.8.5 Overturning
12.8.6 Story Drift Determination
117 12.8.7 P-Delta Effects
118 12.9 Modal Response Spectrum Analysis
12.9.1 Number of Modes
12.9.2 Modal Response Parameters
12.9.3 Combined Response Parameters
12.9.4 Scaling Design Values of Combined Response
12.9.5 Horizontal Shear Distribution
12.9.6 P-Delta Effects
12.9.7 Soil Structure Interaction Reduction
12.10 Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
12.10.1 Diaphragm Design
12.10.2 Collector Elements
119 12.11 Structural Walls and Their Anchorage
12.11.1 Design for Out-of-Plane Forces
12.11.2 Anchorage of Structural Walls and Transfer of Design Forces into Diaphragms
120 12.12 Drift and Deformation
12.12.1 Story Drift Limit
12.12.2 Diaphragm Deflection
12.12.3 Structural Separation
12.12.4 Members Spanning between Structures
121 12.12.5 Deformation Compatibility for Seismic Design Categories D through F
12.13 Foundation Design
12.13.1 Design Basis
12.13.2 Materials of Construction
12.13.3 Foundation Load-Deformation Characteristics
12.13.4 Reduction of Foundation Overturning
12.13.5 Requirements for Structures Assigned to Seismic Design Category C
12.13.6 Requirements for Structures Assigned to Seismic Design Categories D through F
122 12.14 Simplified Alternative Structural Design Criteria for Simple Bearing Wall or Building Frame Systems
12.14.1 General
125 12.14.2 Design Basis
12.14.3 Seismic Load Effects and Combinations
126 12.14.4 Seismic Force-Resisting System
127 12.14.5 Diaphragm Flexibility
12.14.6 Application of Loading
12.14.7 Design and Detailing Requirements
128 12.14.8 Simplified Lateral Force Analysis Procedure
130 13 Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components
13.1 General
13.1.1 Scope
13.1.2 Seismic Design Category
13.1.3 Component Importance Factor
13.1.4 Exemptions
13.1.5 Application of Nonstructural Component Requirements to Nonbuilding Structures
13.1.6 Reference Documents
13.1.7 Reference Documents Using Allowable Stress Design
131 13.2 General Design Requirements
13.2.1 Applicable Requirements for Architectural, Mechanical, and Electrical Components, Supports, and Attachments
13.2.2 Special Certification Requirements for Designated Seismic Systems
13.2.3 Consequential Damage
13.2.4 Flexibility
13.2.5 Testing Alternative for Seismic Capacity Determination
13.2.6 Experience Data Alternative for Seismic Capacity Determination
13.2.7 Construction Documents
13.3 Seismic Demands on Nonstructural Components
13.3.1 Seismic Design Force
132 13.3.2 Seismic Relative Displacements
13.4 Nonstructural Component Anchorage
133 13.4.1 Design Force in the Attachment
13.4.2 Anchors in Concrete or Masonry
13.4.3 Installation Conditions
13.4.4 Multiple Attachments
13.4.5 Power Actuated Fasteners
13.4.6 Friction Clips
13.5 Architectural Components
13.5.1 General
13.5.2 Forces and Displacements
13.5.3 Exterior Nonstructural Wall Elements and Connections
13.5.4 Glass
13.5.5 Out-of-Plane Bending
134 13.5.6 Suspended Ceilings
135 13.5.7 Access Floors
13.5.8 Partitions
13.5.9 Glass in Glazed Curtain Walls, Glazed Storefronts, and Glazed Partitions
13.6 Mechanical and Electrical Components
13.6.1 General
137 13.6.2 Component Period
13.6.3 Mechanical Components
13.6.4 Electrical Components
13.6.5 Component Supports
138 13.6.6 Utility and Service Lines
13.6.7 Ductwork
139 13.6.8 Piping Systems
13.6.9 Boilers and Pressure Vessels
13.6.10 Elevator and Escalator Design Requirements
140 13.6.11 Other Mechanical and Electrical Components
142 14 Material Specific Seismic Design and Detailing Requirements
14.0 Scope
14.1 Steel
14.1.1 Reference Documents
14.1.2 Structural Steel
14.1.3 Cold-Formed Steel
14.1.4 Cold-Formed Steel Light-Frame Construction
14.1.5 Steel Deck Diaphragms
143 14.1.6 Steel Cables
14.1.7 Additional Detailing Requirements for Steel Piles in Seismic Design Categories D through F
14.2 Concrete
14.2.1 Reference Documents
14.2.2 Modifications to ACI 318
14.2.3 Additional Detailing Requirements for Concrete Piles
145 14.3 Composite Steel And Concrete Structures
14.3.1 Reference Documents
146 14.3.2 General
14.3.3 Seismic Requirements for Composite Steel and Concrete Structures
14.3.4 Metal-Cased Concrete Piles
14.4 Masonry
14.4.1 Reference Documents
14.4.2 R Factors
14.4.3 Modifications to Chapter 1 of TMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5
14.4.4 Modifications to Chapter 2 of TMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5
14.4.5 Modifications to Chapter 3 of TMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5
147 14.4.6 Modifications to Chapter 6 of TMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5
14.4.7 Modifications to TMS 602/ACI 530.1/ASCE 6
14.5 Wood
14.5.1 Reference Documents
148 15 Seismic Design Requirements for Nonbuilding Structures
15.1 General
15.1.1 Nonbuilding Structures
15.1.2 Design
15.1.3 Structural Analysis Procedure Selection
15.2 Reference Documents
15.3 Nonbuilding Structures Supported by Other Structures
15.3.1 Less than 25% Combined Weight Condition
15.3.2 Greater than or Equal to 25% Combined Weight Condition
149 15.3.3 Architectural, Mechanical, and Electrical Components
15.4 Structural Design Requirements
15.4.1 Design Basis
15.4.2 Rigid Nonbuilding Structures
150 15.4.3 Loads
15.4.4 Fundamental Period
15.4.5 Drift Limitations
15.4.6 Materials Requirements
15.4.7 Deflection Limits and Structure Separation
15.4.8 Site-Specific Response Spectra
152 15.4.9 Anchors in Concrete or Masonry
15.5 Nonbuilding Structures Similar to Buildings
15.5.1 General
15.5.2 Pipe Racks
15.5.3 Steel Storage Racks
153 15.5.4 Electrical Power Generating Facilities
15.5.5 Structural Towers for Tanks and Vessels
15.5.6 Piers and Wharves
154 15.6 General Requirements for Nonbuilding Structures Not Similar to Buildings
15.6.1 Earth-Retaining Structures
15.6.2 Stacks and Chimneys
15.6.3 Amusement Structures
15.6.4 Special Hydraulic Structures
15.6.5 Secondary Containment Systems
155 15.6.6 Telecommunication Towers
15.7 Tanks and Vessels
15.7.1 General
15.7.2 Design Basis
15.7.3 Strength and Ductility
15.7.4 Flexibility of Piping Attachments
156 15.7.5 Anchorage
157 15.7.6 Ground-Supported Storage Tanks for Liquids
159 15.7.7 Water Storage and Water Treatment Tanks and Vessels
15.7.8 Petrochemical and Industrial Tanks and Vessels Storing Liquids
15.7.9 Ground-Supported Storage Tanks for Granular Materials
160 15.7.10 Elevated Tanks and Vessels for Liquids and Granular Materials
161 15.7.11 Boilers and Pressure Vessels
15.7.12 Liquid and Gas Spheres
162 15.7.13 Refrigerated Gas Liquid Storage Tanks and Vessels
15.7.14 Horizontal, Saddle-Supported Vessels for Liquid or Vapor Storage
164 16 Seismic Response History Procedures
16.1 Linear Response History Procedure
16.1.1 Analysis Requirements
16.1.2 Modeling
16.1.3 Ground Motion
16.1.4 Response Parameters
165 16.1.5 Horizontal Shear Distribution
16.2 Nonlinear Response History Procedure
16.2.1 Analysis Requirements
16.2.2 Modeling
16.2.3 Ground Motion and Other Loading
16.2.4 Response Parameters
16.2.5 Design Review
166 17 Seismic Design Requirements for Seismically Isolated Structures
17.1 General
17.1.1 Variations in Material Properties
17.1.2 Definitions
17.1.3 Notation
167 17.2 General Design Requirements
17.2.1 Importance Factor
17.2.2 MCE[sub(R)] Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters, S[sub(MS)] and [sub(M1)]
17.2.3 Configuration
17.2.4 Isolation System
168 17.2.5 Structural System
17.2.6 Elements of Structures and Nonstructural Components
17.3 Ground Motion for Isolated Systems
17.3.1 Design Spectra
169 17.3.2 Ground Motion Histories
17.4 Analysis Procedure Selection
17.4.1 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
17.4.2 Dynamic Procedures
17.5 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
17.5.1 General
17.5.2 Deformation Characteristics of the Isolation System
17.5.3 Minimum Lateral Displacements
170 17.5.4 Minimum Lateral Forces
171 17.5.5 Vertical Distribution of Force
17.5.6 Drift Limits
17.6 Dynamic Analysis Procedures
17.6.1 General
17.6.2 Modeling
17.6.3 Description of Procedures
172 17.6.4 Minimum Lateral Displacements and Forces
17.7 Design Review
17.8 Testing
17.8.1 General
173 17.8.2 Prototype Tests
17.8.3 Determination of Force-Deflection Characteristics
17.8.4 Test Specimen Adequacy
174 17.8.5 Design Properties of the Isolation System
176 18 Seismic Design Requirements for Structures with Damping Systems
18.1 General
18.1.1 Scope
18.1.2 Definitions
18.1.3 Notation
178 18.2 General Design Requirements
18.2.1 Seismic Design Category A
18.2.2 System Requirements
18.2.3 Ground Motion
18.2.4 Procedure Selection
179 18.2.5 Damping System
18.3 Nonlinear Procedures
18.3.1 Nonlinear Response-History Procedure
18.3.2 Nonlinear Static Procedure
18.4 Response-Spectrum Procedure
18.4.1 Modeling
180 18.4.2 Seismic Force-Resisting System
18.4.3 Damping System
181 18.5 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
18.5.1 Modeling
18.5.2 Seismic Force-Resisting System
182 18.5.3 Damping System
183 18.6 Damped Response Modification
18.6.1 Damping Coefficient
18.6.2 Effective Damping
184 18.6.3 Effective Ductility Demand
185 18.6.4 Maximum Effective Ductility Demand
18.7 Seismic Load Conditions and Acceptance Criteria
18.7.1 Nonlinear Procedures
18.7.2 Response-Spectrum and Equivalent Lateral Force Procedures
187 18.8 Design Review
18.9 Testing
18.9.1 Prototype Tests
188 18.9.2 Production Testing
190 19 Soil-Structure Interaction for Seismic Design
19.1 General
19.2 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
19.2.1 Base Shear
191 19.2.2 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces
19.2.3 Other Effects
192 19.3 Modal Analysis Procedure
19.3.1 Modal Base Shears
19.3.2 Other Modal Effects
19.3.3 Design Values
194 20 Site Classification Procedure for Seismic Design
20.1 Site Classification
20.2 Site Response Analysis for Site Class F Soil
20.3 Site Class Definitions
20.3.1 Site Class F
20.3.2 Soft Clay Site Class E
20.3.3 Site Classes C, D, and E
20.3.4 Shear Wave Velocity for Site Class B
20.3.5 Shear Wave Velocity for Site Class A
20.4 Definitions of Site Class Parameters
20.4.1 v;[sub(s)], Average Shear Wave Velocity
195 20.4.2 N, Average Field Standard Penetration Resistance and N[sub(ch)], Average Standard Penetration Resistance for Cohesionless Soil Layers
20.4.3 s[sub(u)], Average Undrained Shear Strength
196 21 Site-Specific Ground Motion Procedures for Seismic Design
21.1 Site Response Analysis
21.1.1 Base Ground Motions
21.1.2 Site Condition Modeling
21.1.3 Site Response Analysis and Computed Results
21.2 Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE[sub(R)]) Ground Motion Hazard Analysis
21.2.1 Probabilistic (MCE[sub(R)]) Ground Motions
197 21.2.2 Deterministic (MCE[sub(R)]) Ground Motions
21.2.3 Site-Specific MCE[sub(R)]
21.3 Design Response Spectrum
198 21.4 Design Acceleration Parameters
21.5 Maximum Considered Earthquake Geometric Mean (MCE[sub(G)]) Peak Ground Acceleration
21.5.1 Probabilistic (MCE[sub(G)]) Peak Ground Acceleration
21.5.2 Deterministic (MCE[sub(G)]) Peak Ground Acceleration
21.5.3 Site-Specific (MCE[sub(G)]) Peak Ground Acceleration
200 22 Seismic Ground Motion Long-Period Transition and Risk Coefficient Maps
222 23 Seismic Design Reference Documents
23.1 Consensus Standards and Other Reference Documents
230 26 Wind Loads: General Requirements
26.1 Procedures
26.1.1 Scope
26.1.2 Permitted Procedures
26.2 Definitions
232 26.3 Symbols
233 26.4 General
26.4.1 Sign Convention
26.4.2 Critical Load Condition
26.4.3 Wind Pressures Acting on Opposite Faces of Each Building Surface
26.5 Wind Hazard Map
26.5.1 Basic Wind Speed
26.5.2 Special Wind Regions
26.5.3 Estimation of Basic Wind Speeds from Regional Climatic Data
242 26.5.4 Limitation
26.6 Wind Directionality
26.7 Exposure
26.7.1 Wind Directions and Sectors
26.7.2 Surface Roughness Categories
26.7.3 Exposure Categories
26.7.4 Exposure Requirements
26.8 Topographic Effects
26.8.1 Wind Speed-Up over Hills, Ridges, and Escarpments
245 26.8.2 Topographic Factor
26.9 Gust Effects
26.9.1 Gust-Effect Factor
26.9.2 Frequency Determination
26.9.3 Approximate Natural Frequency
26.9.4 Rigid Buildings or Other Structures
26.9.5 Flexible or Dynamically Sensitive Buildings or Other Structures
247 26.9.6 Rational Analysis
26.9.7 Limitations
26.10 Enclosure Classification
26.10.1 General
26.10.2 Openings
26.10.3 Protection of Glazed Openings
26.10.4 Multiple Classifications
26.11 Internal Pressure Coefficient
26.11.1 Internal Pressure Coefficients
250 27 Wind Loads on Buildings—MWFRS (Directional Procedure)
27.1 Scope
27.1.1 Building Types
27.1.2 Conditions
27.1.3 Limitations
27.1.4 Shielding
27.1.5 Minimum Design Wind Loads
Part 1: Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Open Buildings of All Heights
27.2 General Requirements
251 27.2.1 Wind Load Parameters Specified in Chapter 26
27.3 Velocity Pressure
27.3.1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
27.3.2 Velocity Pressure
27.4 Wind Loads—Main Wind Force-Resisting System
27.4.1 Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Rigid Buildings
27.4.2 Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Flexible Buildings
27.4.3 Open Buildings with Monoslope, Pitched, or Troughed Free Roofs
27.4.4 Roof Overhangs
27.4.5 Parapets
262 27.4.6 Design Wind Load Cases
Part 2: Enclosed Simple Diaphragm Buildings with h ≤ 160 ft (48.8 m)
27.5 General Requirements
27.5.1 Design Procedure
27.5.2 Conditions
27.5.3 Wind Load Parameters Specified in Chapter 26
27.5.4 Diaphragm Flexibility
27.6 Wind Loads—Main Wind Force-Resisting System
27.6.1 Wall and Roof Surfaces—Class 1 and 2 Buildings
263 27.6.2 Parapets
27.6.3 Roof Overhangs
286 28 Wind Loads on Buildings—MWFRS (Envelope Procedure)
28.1 Scope
28.1.1 Building Types
28.1.2 Conditions
28.1.3 Limitations
28.1.4 Shielding
Part 1: Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Low-Rise Buildings
28.2 General Requirements
28.2.1 Wind Load Parameters Specified in Chapter 26
28.3 Velocity Pressure
28.3.1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
28.3.2 Velocity Pressure
287 28.4 Wind Loads—Main Wind-Force Resisting System
28.4.1 Design Wind Pressure for Low-Rise Buildings
28.4.2 Parapets
28.4.3 Roof Overhangs
28.4.4 Minimum Design Wind Loads
Part 2: Enclosed Simple Diaphragm Low-Rise Buildings
28.5 General Requirements
28.5.1 Wind Load Parameters Specified in Chapter 26
28.6 Wind Loads—Main Wind-Force Resisting System
28.6.1 Scope
291 28.6.2 Conditions
28.6.3 Design Wind Loads
28.6.4 Minimum Design Wind Loads
296 29 Wind Loads on Other Structures and Building Appurtenances—MWFRS
29.1 Scope
29.1.1 Structure Types
29.1.2 Conditions
29.1.3 Limitations
29.1.4 Shielding
29.2 General Requirements
29.2.1 Wind Load Parameters Specified in Chapter 26
29.3 Velocity Pressure
29.3.1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
29.3.2 Velocity Pressure
29.4 Design Wind Loads—Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Signs
29.4.1 Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Freestanding Signs
297 29.4.2 Solid Attached Signs
29.5 Design Wind Loads—Other Structures
29.5.1 Rooftop Structures and Equipment for with h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)
29.6 Parapets
29.7 Roof Overhangs
29.8 Minimum Design Wind Loading
304 30 Wind Loads—Components and Cladding (C&C)
30.1 Scope
30.1.1 Building Types
30.1.2 Conditions
30.1.3 Limitations
30.1.4 Shielding
30.1.5 Air-Permeable Cladding
30.2 General Requirements
30.2.1 Wind Load Parameters Specified in Chapter 26
30.2.2 Minimum Design Wind Pressures
30.2.3 Tributary Areas Greater than 700 ft[sup(2)] (65 m[sup(2)])
30.2.4 External Pressure Coefficients
30.3 Velocity Pressure
30.3.1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
305 30.3.2 Velocity Pressure
307 Part 1: Low-Rise Buildings
30.4 Building Types
30.4.1 Conditions
30.4.2 Design Wind Pressures
308 Part 2: Low-Rise Buildings (Simplified)
30.5 Building Types
30.5.1 Conditions
30.5.2 Design Wind Pressures
309 Part 3: Buildings with h > 60 ft (18.3 m)
30.6 Building Types
30.6.1 Conditions
30.6.2 Design Wind Pressures
310 Part 4: Buildings with h ≤ 160 ft (48.8 M) (Simplified)
30.7 Building Types
30.7.1 Wind Loads—Components and Cladding
320 Part 5: Open Buildings
30.8 Building Types
30.8.1 Conditions
30.8.2 Design Wind Pressures
321 Part 6: Building Appurtenances and Rooftop Structures and Equipment
30.9 Parapets
30.10 Roof Overhangs
30.11 Rooftop Structures and Equipment for Buildings with h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)
346 31 Wind Tunnel Procedure
31.1 Scope
31.2 Test Conditions
31.3 Dynamic Response
31.4 Load Effects
31.4.1 Mean Recurrence Intervals of Load Effects
31.4.2 Limitations on Wind Speeds
31.4.3 Limitations on Loads
31.5 Wind-Borne Debris
348 Appendix 11A: Quality Assurance Provisions
11A.1 Quality Assurance
11A.1.1 Scope
11A.1.2 Quality Assurance Plan
349 11A.1.3 Special Inspection and Testing
350 11A.2 Testing
11A.2.1 Reinforcing and Prestressing Steel
11A.2.2 Structural Concrete
11A.2.3 Structural Masonry
11A.2.4 Structural Steel
11A.2.5 Seismic-Isolated Structures
11A.2.6 Mechanical and Electrical Equipment
11A.3 Structural Observations
11A.4 Reporting and Compliance Procedures
352 Appendix 11B: Existing Building Provisions
11B.1 Scope
11B.2 Structurally Independent Additions
11B.3 Structurally Dependent Additions
11B.4 Alterations
11B.5 Change of Use
354 Appendix C: Serviceability Considerations
C.1 Serviceability Considerations
C.2 Deflection, Vibration, and Drift
C.2.1 Vertical Deflections
C.2.2 Drift of Walls and Frames
C.2.3 Vibrations
C.3 Design for Long-Term Deflection
C.4 Camber
C.5 Expansion and Contraction
C.6 Durability
356 Appendix D: Buildings Exempted from Torsional Wind Load Cases
D1.0 Scope
D1.1 One and Two Story Buildings Meeting the Following Requirements
D1.2 Buildings Controlled by Seismic Loading
D1.2.1 Buildings with Diaphragms at Each Level that Are Not Flexible
D1.2.2 Buildings with Diaphragms at Each Level that Are Flexible
D1.3 Buildings Classified as Torsionally Regular under Wind Load
D1.4 Buildings with Diaphragms that Are Flexible and Designed for Increased Wind Loading
D1.5 Class 1 and Class 2 Simple Disphragm Buildings (h < 160 ft.) Meeting the Following Requirements
D1.5.1 Case A – Class 1 and Class 2 Buildings
D1.5.2 Case B – Class 1 and Class 2 Buildings
357 D1.5.3 Case C – Class 1 and Class 2 Buildings
D1.5.4 Case D – Class 1 and Class 2 Buildings
D1.5.5 Case E – Class 1 and Class 2 Buildings
D1.5.6 Case F – Class 1 Buildings
360 Commentary to American Society of Civil Engineers/Structural Engineering Institute Standard 7-10
362 C1 General
C1.1 Scope
C1.3 Basic Requirements
C1.3.1 Strength and Stiffness
365 C1.3.2 Serviceability
C1.3.3 Self-Straining Forces
C1.4 General Structural Integrity
367 C1.5 Classification of Buildings and Other Structures
C1.5.1 Risk Categorization
369 C1.5.3 Toxic, Highly Toxic, and Explosive Substances
370 C1.7 Load Tests
References
372 C2 Combinations of Loads
C2.1 General
C2.2 Symbols
C2.3 Combining Factored Loads Using Strength Design
C2.3.1 Applicability
C2.3.2 Basic Combinations
373 C2.3.3 Load Combinations Including Flood Load
C2.3.4 Load Combinations Including Atmospheric Ice Loads
374 C2.3.5 Load Combinations Including Self-Straining Loads
C2.3.6 Load Combinations for Nonspecified Loads
375 C2.4 Combining Nominal Loads Using Allowable Stress Design
C2.4.1 Basic Combinations
376 C2.4.2 Load Combinations Including Flood Load
C2.4.3 Load Combinations Including Atmospheric Ice Loads
C2.4.4 Load Combinations Including Self-Straining Loads
C2.5 Load Combinations for Extraordinary Events
377 References
378 C3 Dead Loads, Soil Loads, and Hydrostatic Pressure
C3.1.2 Weights of Materials and Constructions
C3.2 Soil Loads and Hydrostatic Pressure
C3.2.1 Lateral Pressures
C3.2.2 Uplift on Floors and Foundations
Reference
386 C4 Live Loads
C4.3 Uniformly Distributed Live Loads
C4.3.1 Required Live Loads
387 C4.3.2 Provision for Partitions
C4.3.3 Partial Loading
C4.4 Concentrated Live Loads
C4.5 Loads on Handrail, Guardrail, Grab Bar, and Vehicle Barrier Systems, and Fixed Ladders
C4.5.1 Loads on Handrail and Guardrail Systems
C4.5.2 Loads on Grab Bar Systems
388 C4.5.3 Loads on Vehicle Barrier Systems
C4.5.4 Loads on Fixed Ladders
C4.6 Impact Loads
C4.7 Reduction In Live Loads
C4.7.1 General
C4.7.3 Heavy Live Loads
C4.7.4 Passenger Vehicle Garages
C4.7.6 Limitations on One-Way Slabs
389 C4.8 Reduction in Roof Live Loads
C4.8.2 Flat, Pitched, and Curved Roofs
C4.8.3 Special Purpose Roofs
C4.9 Crane Loads
References
392 C5 Flood Loads
C5.1 General
C5.2 Definitions
393 C5.3 Design Requirements
C5.3.1 Design Loads
C5.3.2 Erosion and Scour
C5.3.3 Loads on Breakaway Walls
C5.4.1 Load Basis
C5.4.2 Hydrostatic Loads
C5.4.3 Hydrodynamic Loads
394 C5.4.4 Wave Loads
C5.4.5 Impact Loads
397 References
400 C7 Snow Loads
C7.0 Snow Loads
C7.2 Ground Snow Loads, p[sub(g)]
401 C7.3 Flat-Roof Snow Loads, p[sub(f)]
402 C7.3.1 Exposure Factor, C[sub(e)]
C7.3.2 Thermal Factor, C[sub(t)]
403 C7.3.3 Importance Factor, I[sub(s)]
C7.3.4 Minimum Snow Load for Low-Slope Roofs, p[sub(m)]
C7.4 Sloped Roof Snow Loads, p[sub(s)]
404 C7.4.3 Roof Slope Factor for Curved Roofs
C7.4.4 Roof Slope Factor for Multiple Folded Plate, Sawtooth, and Barrel Vault Roofs
C7.4.5 Ice Dams and Icicles Along Eaves
C7.5 Partial Loading
C7.6 Unbalanced Roof Snow Loads
C7.6.1 Unbalanced Snow Loads for Hip and Gable Roofs
405 C7.6.2 Unbalanced Snow Loads for Curved Roofs
C7.6.3 Unbalanced Snow Loads for Multiple Folded Plate, Sawtooth, and Barrel Vault Roofs
C7.6.4 Unbalanced Snow Loads for Dome Roofs
C7.7 Drifts on Lower Roofs (Aerodynamic Shade)
406 C7.7.2 Adjacent Structures
C7.8 Roof Projections and Parapets
C7.9 Sliding Snow
C7.10 Rain-on-Snow Surcharge Load
C7.11 Ponding Instability
407 C7.12 Existing Roofs
C7.13 Other Roofs and Sites
408 References
418 C8 Rain Loads
C8.1 Symbols
C8.2 Roof Drainage
C8.3 Design Rain Loads
C8.4 Ponding Instability
C8.5 Controlled Drainage
419 References
424 C10 Ice Loads—Atmospheric Icing
C10.1 General
C10.1.1 Site-Specific Studies
425 C10.1.2 Dynamic Loads
C10.1.3 Exclusions
C10.2 Definitions
426 C10.4 Ice Loads Due to Freezing Rain
C10.4.1 Ice Weight
C10.4.2 Nominal Ice Thickness
428 C10.4.4 Importance Factors
C10.4.6 Design Ice Thickness for Freezing Rain
C10.5 Wind on Ice-Covered Structures
C10.5.5 Wind on Ice-Covered Guys and Cables
429 C10.6 Design Temperatures for Freezing Rain
C10.7 Partial Loading
References
432 C11 Seismic Design Criteria
C11.1 General
433 C11.1.1 Purpose
C11.1.2 Scope
C11.1.3 Applicability
C11.1.4 Alternate materials and Methods of Construetion
C11.2 Definitions
436 C11.4 Seismic Ground Motion Values
438 C11.4.1 Mapped Acceleration Parameters
C11.4.3 Site Coefficients and Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE[sub(R)]) Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters
C11.4.4 Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters
C11.4.5 Design Response Spectrum
C11.4.7 Site-Specific Ground Motion Procedures
439 C11.5 Importance Factor and Risk Category
C11.5.1 Importance Factor I[sub(e)]
440 C11.5.2 Protected Access for Risk Category IV
C11.6 Seismic Design Categories
441 C11.7 Design Requirements for Seismic Design Category A
C11.8 Geologic Hazards and Geotechnical Investigation
C11.8.1 Site Limitation for Seismic Design Categories E and F
C11.8.2 Geotechnical Investigation Report Requirements for Seismic Design Categories C through F
442 C11.8.3 Additional Geotechnical Investigation Report Requirements for Seismic Design Categories D through F
443 References
Other References
444 C12 Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures
C12.1 Structural Design Basis
C12.1.1 Basic Requirements
447 C12.1.2 Member Design, Connection Design, and Deformation Limit
C12.1.3 Continuous Load Path and Interconnection
C12.1.4 Connection to Supports
C12.1.5 Foundation Design
C12.1.6 Material Design and Detailing Requirements
C12.2 Structural System Selection
C12.2.1 Selection and Limitations
448 C12.2.2 Combinations of Framing Systems in Different Directions
C12.2.3 Combinations of Framing Systems in the Same Direction
C12.2.4 Combination Framing Detailing Requirements
C12.2.5 System Specific Requirements
451 C12.3 Diaphragm Flexibility, Configuration Irregularities, and Redundancy
C12.3.1 Diaphragm Flexibility
C12.3.2 Irregular and Regular Classification
453 C12.3.3 Limitations and Additional Requirements for Systems with Structural Irregularities
455 C12.3.4 Redundancy
C12.4 Seismic Load Effects and Combinations
C12.4.1 Applicability
C12.4.2 Seismic Load Effect
457 C12.4.3 Seismic Load Effect Including Overstrength Factor
C12.4.4 Minimum Upward Force for Horizontal Cantilevers for Seismic Design Categories D through F
C12.5 Direction of Loading
C12.5.1 Direction of Loading Criteria
C12.5.2 Seismic Design Category B
458 C12.5.3 Seismic Design Category C
C12.5.4 Seismic Design Categories D through F
C12.6 Analysis Procedure Selection
459 C12.7 Modeling Criteria
C12.7.1 Foundation Modeling
C12.7.2 Effective Seismic Weight
C12.7.3 Structural Modeling
460 C12.7.4 Interaction Effects
C12.8 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
C12.8.1 Seismic Base Shear
461 C12.8.2 Period Determination
463 C12.8.3 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces
C12.8.4 Horizontal Distribution of Forces
465 C12.8.5 Overturning
C12.8.6 Story Drift Determination
466 C12.8.7 P-Delta Effects
469 C12.9 Modal Response Spectrum Analysis
C12.9.1 Number of Modes
C12.9.2 Modal Response Parameters
C12.9.3 Combined Response Parameters
C12.9.4 Scaling Design Values of Combined Response
C12.9.5 Horizontal Shear Distribution
470 C12.9.6 P-Delta Effects
C12.9.7 Soil Structure Interaction Reduction
C12.10 Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
C12.10.1 Diaphragm Design
471 C12.11 Structural Walls and Their Anchorage
C12.11.1 Design for Out-of-Plane Forces
C12.11.2 Anchorage of Structural Walls and Transfer of Design Forces into Diaphragms
472 C12.12 Drift and Deformation
473 C12.12.3 Structural Separation
C12.12.4 Members Spanning between Structures
474 C12.12.5 Deformation Compatibility for Seismic Design Categories D through F
C12.13 Foundation Design
C12.13.3 Foundation Load-Deformation Characteristics
C12.13.4 Reduction of Foundation Overturning
475 C12.13.5 Requirements for Structures Assigned to Seismic Design Category C
C12.13.6 Requirements for Structures Assigned to Seismic Design Categories D through F
476 C12.14 Simplified Alternative Structural Design Criteria for Simple Bearing Wall or Building Frame Systems
C12.14.1 General
C12.14.3 Seismic Load Effects and Combinations
C12.14.7 Design and Detailing Requirements
C12.14.8 Simplified Lateral Force Analysis Procedure
477 References
478 Other References (Not Cited)
480 C13 Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components
C13.1 General
C13.1.1 Scope
481 C13.1.2 Seismic Design Category
C13.1.3 Component Importance Factor
482 C13.1.4 Exemptions
483 C13.1.5 Application of Nonstructural Component Requirements to Nonbuilding Structures
C13.1.6 Reference Documents
C13.1.7 Reference Documents Using Allowable Stress Design
C13.2 General Design Requirements
C13.2.1 Applicable Requirements for Architectural, Mech anical, and Electrical Components, Supports, and Attachments
484 C13.2.2 Special Certification Requirements for Designated Seismic Systems
C13.2.3 Consequential Damage
C13.2.4 Flexibility
485 C13.2.5 Testing Alternative for Seismic Capacity Determination
486 C13.2.6 Experience Data Alternative for Seismic Capacity Determination
C13.2.7 Construction Documents
C13.3 Seismic Demands on Nonstructural Components
C13.3.1 Seismic Design Force
488 C13.3.2 Seismic Relative Displacements
C13.4 Nonstructural Component Anchorage
489 C13.4.1 Design Force in the Attachment
C13.4.2 Anchors in Concrete or Masonry
490 C13.4.3 Installation Conditions
C13.4.4 Multiple Attachments
C13.4.5 Power Actuated Fasteners
C13.4.6 Friction Clips
491 C13.5 Architectural Components
C13.5.1 General
C13.5.2 Forces and Displacements
C13.5.3 Exterior Nonstructural Wall Elements and Connections
492 C13.5.5 Out-of-Plane Bending
C13.5.6 Suspended Ceilings
495 C13.5.7 Access Floors
C13.5.8 Partitions
C13.5.9 Glass in Glazed Curtain Walls, Glazed Storefronts, and Glazed Partitions
C13.6 Mechanical and Electrical Components
496 C13.6.1 General
C13.6.2 Component Period
497 C13.6.3 Mechanical Components and C13.6.4 Electrical Components
C13.6.5 Component Supports
498 C13.6.6 Utility and Service Lines
C13.6.7 Ductwork
C13.6.8 Piping Systems
500 C13.6.9 Boilers and Pressure Vessels
C13.6.10 Elevator and Escalator Design Requirements
C13.6.11 Other Mechanical and Electrical Components
References
501 Other References (Not Cited)
502 C14 Material-Specific Seismic Design and Detailing Requirements
C14.0 Scope
C14.1 Steel
C14.1.1 Reference Documents
C14.1.2 Structural Steel
C14.1.3 Cold-Formed Steel
503 C14.1.4 Cold-Formed Steel Light-Frame Construction
C14.1.5 Steel Deck Diaphragms
C14.1.6 Steel Cables
C14.1.7 Additional Detailing Requirements for Steel Piles in Seismic Design Categories D through F
C14.2 Concrete
504 C14.2.3 Additional Detailing Requirements for Concrete Piles
C14.3 Composite Steel And Concrete Structures
505 C14.3.1 Reference Documents
C14.3.4 Metal-Cased Concrete Piles
C14.4 Masonry
C14.5 Wood
C14.5.1 Reference Documents
References
508 C15 Seismic Design Requirements for Nonbuilding Structures
C15.1 General
C15.1.1 Nonbuilding Structures
C15.1.2 Design
C15.1.3 Structural Analysis Procedure Selection
510 C15.2 Reference Documents
C15.3 Nonbuilding Structures Supported by Other Structures
C15.3.1 Less than 25% Combined Weight Condition
511 C15.3.2 Greater Than or Equal to 25% Combined Weight Condition
C15.4 Structural Design Requirements
512 C15.4.1 Design Basis
C15.4.2 Rigid Nonbuilding Structures
C15.4.3 Loads
C15.4.4 Fundamental Period
C15.4.8 Site-Specific Response Spectra
C15.4.9 Anchors in Concrete or Masonry
C15.5 Nonbuilding Structures Similar to Buildings
C15.5.1 General
513 C15.5.2 Pipe Racks
C15.5.3 Steel Storage Racks
C15.5.4 Electrical Power Generating Facilities
C15.5.5 Structural Towers for Tanks and Vessels
C15.5.6 Piers and Wharves
514 C15.6 General Requirements for Nonbuilding Structures Not Similar to Buildings
C15.6.1 Earth-Retaining Structures
C15.6.2 Stacks and Chimneys
C15.6.4 Special Hydraulic Structures
C15.6.5 Secondary Containment Systems
515 C15.6.6 Telecommunication Towers
C15.7 Tanks and Vessels
C15.7.1 General
C15.7.2 Design Basis
516 C15.7.3 Strength and Ductility
C15.7.4 Flexibility of Piping Attachments
C15.7.5 Anchorage
517 C15.7.6 Ground-Supported Storage Tanks for Liquids
518 C15.7.7 Water Storage and Water Treatment Tanks and Vessels
C15.7.8 Petrochemical and Industrial Tanks and Vessels Storing Liquids
519 C15.7.9 Ground-Supported Storage Tanks for Granular Materials
C15.7.10 Elevated Tanks and Vessels for Liquids and Granular Materials
521 C15.7.11 Boilers and Pressure Vessels
C15.7.12 Liquid and Gas Spheres
C15.7.13 Refrigerated Gas Liquid Storage Tanks and Vessels
524 C15.7.14 Horizontal, Saddle-Supported Vessels for Liquid or Vapor Storage
References
526 C16 Seismic Response History Procedures
C16.1 Linear Response History Procedure
C16.1.1 Analysis Requirements
C16.1.2 Modeling
527 C16.1.3 Ground Motion
528 C16.1.4 Response Parameters
C16.2 Nonlinear Response History Procedure
C16.2.1 Analysis Requirements
529 C16.2.2 Modeling
C16.2.3 Ground Motion and Other Loading
C16.2.4 Response Parameters
530 C16.2.5 Design Review
References
Other References (Not Cited)
532 C17 Seismic Design Requirements for Seismically Isolated Structures
C17.1 General
C17.1.1 Variations in Material Properties
C17.2 General Design Requirements
533 C17.2.4 Isolation System
534 C17.2.5 Structural System
C17.2.6 Elements of Structures and Nonstructural Components
C17.3 Ground Motion for Isolated Systems
C17.3.1 Design Spectra
C17.3.2 Ground Motion Histories
C17.4 Analysis Procedure Selection
535 C17.5 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
C17.5.3 Minimum Lateral Displacements
536 C17.5.4 Minimum Lateral Forces
C17.5.5 Vertical Distribution of Force
C17.5.6 Drift Limits
537 C17.6 Dynamic Analysis Procedures
C17.7 Design Review
C17.8 Testing
538 C17.8.5 Design Properties of the Isolation System
References
540 C18 Seismic Design Requirements for Structures with Damping Systems
C18.1 General
C18.2 General Design Requirements
C18.2.2 System Requirements
C18.2.4 Procedure Selection
541 C18.3 Nonlinear Procedures
C18.4 Response-Spectrum Procedure and C18.5 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
Effective Damping
542 Linear Analysis Methods
543 C18.6 Damped Response Modification
C18.6.1 Damping Coefficient
544 C18.6.2 Effective Damping
C18.7 Seismic Load Conditions and Acceptance Criteria
References
Other References (Not Cited)
546 C19 Soil–Structure Interaction for Seismic Design
C19.1 General
547 C19.2 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
C19.2.1 Base Shear
549 C19.2.2 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces
C19.2.3 Other Effects
C19.3 Modal Analysis Procedure
References
550 C20 Site Classification Procedure for Seismic Design
C20.1 Site Classification
C20.3 Site Class Definitions
C20.3.1 Site Class F
Sections C20.3.2 through C20.3.5
C20.4 Definition of Site Class Parameters
552 C21 Site-Specific Ground Motion Procedures for Seismic Design
C21.0 General
C21.1 Site Response Analysis
C21.1.1 Base Ground Motions
C21.1.2 Site Condition Modeling
553 C21.1.3 Site Response Analysis and Computed Results
C21.2 Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE[sub(R)]) Ground Motion Hazard Analysis
C21.2.1 Probabilistic (MCE[sub(R)]) Ground Motions
554 C21.2.2 Deterministic (MCE[sub(R)]) Ground Motions
C21.2.3 Site-Specific MCE[sub(R)]
C21.3 Design Response Spectrum
C21.4 Design Acceleration Parameters
C21.5 Maximum Considered Earthquake Geometric Mean (MCE[sub(R)]) Peak Ground Acceleration
References
555 Other Refernces (Not Cited)
556 C22 Seismic Ground Motion, Long-Period Transition and Risk Coefficient Maps
Risk-Adjusted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE[sub(R)]) Ground Motions Maps
557 Maximum Considered Earthquake Geometric Mean (MCE[sub(R)]) PGA Maps
Long-Period Transition Maps
Risk Coefficient Maps
Ground Motion Software Tool
558 References
560 C26 Wind Loads—General Requirements
C26.1 General
C26.1.1 Scope
C26.1.2 Permitted Procedures
561 C26.2 Definitions
562 C26.3 Symbols
C26.4.3 Wind Pressures Acting on Opposite Faces of Each Building Surface
C26.5.1 Basic Wind Speed
565 C26.5.2 Special Wind Regions
C26.5.3 Estimation of Basic Wind Speeds from Regional Climatic Data
C26.5.4 Limitation
566 C26.6 Wind Directionality
C26.7 Exposure
568 C26.7.4 Exposure Requirements
C26.8 Topographic Effects
570 C26.9 Gust Effects
574 C26.10 Enclosure Classification
575 C26.11 Internal Pressure Coefficient
References
577 Additional References of Interest
594 C27 Wind Loads on Buildings—MWFRS Directional Procedure
Part 1: Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Open Buildings of All Heights
C27.3.1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
596 C27.3.2 Velocity Pressure
C27.4 Wind Loads—Main Wind Force-Resisting System
C27.4.1 Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Rigid Buildings
598 C27.4.3 Open Buildings with Monoslope, Pitched, or Troughed Free Roofs
599 C27.4.6 Design Wind Load Cases
C27.4.7 Minimum Design Wind Loads
Part 2: Enclosed Simple Diaphragm Building with h ≤ 160 ft (48.4 m)
C27.6.1 Wall and Roof Surfaces—Class 1 and 2 Buildings
600 C27.6.2 Parapets
C27.6.3 Roof Overhangs
References
602 C28 Wind Loads on Buildings—MWFRS (Envelope Procedure)
Part 1: Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Low-Rise Buildings
C28.3.1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
C28.3.2 Velocity Pressure
604 C28.4.4 Minimum Design Wind Loading
Part 2: Enclosed Simple Diaphragm Low-Rise Buildings
605 References
606 C29 Wind Loads on Other Structures and Building Appurtenances—MWFRS
C29.3.1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
C29.3.2 Velocity Pressure
C29.4.2 Solid Attached Signs
607 C29.5.1 Rooftop Structures and Equipment for Buildings with h ≤ 60 ft
C29.6 Parapets
608 C29.8 Minimum Design Wind Loading
References
610 C30 Wind Loads—Components and Cladding (C&C)
C30.1.5 Air-Permeable Cladding
611 C30.3.1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
C30.3.2 Velocity Pressure
612 Part 1: Low-Rise Buildings
Part 3: Buildings With h > 60 ft (18.3 m)
Part 4: Buildings With h ≤ 60 ft (Simplified)
Part 5: Open Buildings
References
614 C31 Wind Tunnel Procedure
615 C31.4.1 Mean Recurrence Intervals of Load Effects
C31.4.2 Limitations
References
618 Commentary Appendix C: Serviceability Considerations
CC.1 Serviceability Considerations
CC.1.1 Vertical Deflections
619 CC.1.2 Drift of Walls and Frames
CC.1.3 Vibrations
620 CC.2 Design for Long-Term Deflection
CC.3 Camber
CC.4 Expansion and Contraction
CC.5 Durability
References
630 Commentary Chapter: Appendix D: Buildings Exempted from Torsional Wind Load Cases
632 INDEX
A
B
633 C
D
634 E
F
635 G
H
I
636 J
L
M
637 N
O
P
638 Q
R
S
640 T
641 U
V
W

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