ASCE Manual 28 96 1996

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Manual of Practice No. 28: Hydrology Handbook

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASCE	1996	825

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Description

This new edition of the Hydrology Handbook (Manual No. 28) incorporates the many changes and advances that have occurred in the areas of planning, development, and management of water resources since the publication of the original manual in 1949. The first six chapters, Chapters 2 through 7, relate to the natural phenomena in the hydrologic cycle, while the next three chapters describe the predictions and effects of the phenomena previously described. The final chapter reviews the applications of hydrology starting with study formulation, then reviews data management, then discusses calibration and verification of hydrologic models, and concludes with accessing accuracy and reliability of results. With this new edition, academic and practicing hydrologists have a thorough and up-to-date guide to the field of hydrologic engineering.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
6	Acknowledgments
10	Contents
40	Conversion to SI Units
42	Chapter 1: Introduction to the New Handbook of Hydrology I. Historical Summary II. Purpose of the New Handbook III. Scope of the New Handbook
43	IV. The Hydrologic Cycle
46	Chapter 2: Precipitation I. Introduction II. Formation and Types of Precipitation A. Mechanisms
47	B. Types of Precipitation
48	C. Principal Causes of Precipitation
50	III. Variations in Precipitation A. Geographic Distribution
56	B. Time Variation
58	C. Extreme Precipitation Events IV. The Measurement of Precipitation
63	A. Uses of Precipitation Measurements B. Measurement of Precipitation with Gages
67	C. Measurement Error with Precipitation Gages
75	D. Direct or In Situ Measurements of Snow
79	E. Remote Sensing Measurements of Precipitation
87	F. Data Comparability
88	V. Processing and Interpreting Precipitation Records A. Processing Precipitation Data
89	B. Station Relocation Considerations
90	C. Estimation of Missing Records D. Temporal and Spatial Extrapolation of Precipitation Data
94	VI. Precipitation Frequency Analysis
95	A. Rain Gage Data for Frequency Analysis B. Frequency Analysis Techniques
97	C. Point Precipitation Frequency Analysis
99	D. Frequency Analysis for Area-Averaged Precipitation E. Storm Hyetographs
100	F. New Technologies for Precipitation Frequency Analysis VII. Weather Modification
101	VIII. Synthetic Weather Generation
102	IX. References
115	X. Glossary
116	Chapter 3: Infiltration I. Introduction II. Principles of Infiltration
117	III. Factors Affecting Infiltration/Rainfall Excess
118	A. Soil
122	B. Surface
123	C. Management
129	D. Natural
132	III. Infiltration/Rainfall Excess Models for Practical Applications A. Rainfall Excess Models
144	B. Infiltration Models
156	C. Applications of Infiltration/Rainfall Excess Models
157	IV. Measurement of Infiltration A. Areal Measurement B. Point Measurement
161	V. References
165	VI. Glossary
166	Chapter 4: Evaporation and Transpiration I. Introduction II. Physics and Theory of Evaporation A. Surface-Air Energy Exchanges
170	B. Radiation Balance
176	C. Energy Balance
177	D. Sensible Heat Flux Density—Soil
179	III. Interaction of Surfaces and Meteorological Factors A. Energy Balance—Air Mass Interactions
186	IV. Evaporation from Water Surfaces A. Introduction B. Methods of Estimating Water Surface Evaporation
192	V. Evapotranspiration from Land Surfaces A. Introduction
193	B. Volumetric Measurements for Estimating Land Surface ET
201	C. Energy Balance and Mass Transfer Methods
218	D. Reference Crop ET Methods
223	VI. Evapotranspiration from Land Surfaces—General Applications A. The “Crop” Coefficient
237	VII. Evapotranspiration from Land Surfaces—Direct Penman-Monteith A. Types of Applications
271	VIII. Regional Evapotranspiration A. Introduction B. Theory
272	C. Applications
274	IX. Selecting the Appropriate Evapotranspiration Method
275	X. References
290	XI. Glossary
294	Chapter 5: Ground Water I. Introduction
295	II. Source and Occurrence of Ground Water
297	III. Ground Water Reservoirs
298	A. Essential Hydrologic Characteristics B. Principal Types of Aquifers
300	C. Principal Types of Basins
301	IV. The Subsurface Medium
302	A. Porous Medium B. Medium with Secondary Openings
305	V. Movement of Water
306	A. Velocity
307	B. Quantity of Flow C. Flow of Ground Water in Three Dimensions
308	D. Flow Nets VI. Ground Water Basin Yield Concepts
309	A. Perennial Yield
310	B. Mining Yield
311	C. Sustained Yield D. Deferred Perennial Yield
312	E. Maximum Perennial Yield VII. Evaluation of Ground Water Basin Yield A. The Hydrologic Balance
315	B. Perennial Yield Estimates
322	VIII. Recharge
323	A. Natural Recharge B. Artificial Recharge
327	IX. Ground Water Quality A. Water Quality Requirements
328	B. Waste Disposal Considerations C. Other Water Quality Factors
333	D. Water Quality Monitoring
334	X. Ground Water Models A. Model Formulation
335	B. Solution Techniques
338	C. Model Development
339	D. Family of Models Technique
340	E. Hydraulic Model Calibration and Verification F. Model Application G. Ground Water Quality Models
346	XI. Ground Water Management
348	A. Alternative Plans for Ground Water Management
355	B. Implementation of Management Plans XII. References
360	XIII. Notations
361	XIV. Glossary
372	Chapter 6: Runoff, Stream Flow, Reservoir Yield, and Water Quality I. Introduction A. Description of Runoff Process
377	B. Variability of Runoff
379	II. Measurement of Stream Flow A. Direct Measurement
383	B. Indirect Measurements
387	C. Continuous Records of Stream Flow
389	D. Gaging Stations Using Index Velocity E. Partial Record Stations
390	III. Hydrographs A. Hydrograph Components
391	B. Drainage Basin Effects
392	C. Estimation of Precipitation Losses
395	D. Hydrograph Recession and Baseflow Separation
397	E. Time Parameters
401	F. Unit Hydrograph
410	G. Unit Hydrograph Durations
411	H. Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph
413	I. Runoff Hydrograph Development
414	IV. Overland Flow A. Sources B. Use in Runoff Modeling C. Steady-State Solutions
418	D. Unsteady Flow Problems
420	E. Other Solutions
421	V. Stream Flow Routing
422	A. Open Channel Flow Principles
425	B. Methods of Stream Flow Routing
437	C. Stream Flow Routing Models
440	VI. Reservoir Storage—Yield Analysis A. Reservoir Yield B. Preliminary and Final Design Procedures
441	C. Reservoir Capacity Determination—Mass Curve Analysis
443	D. Reservoir Operation Study
445	E. Sequential Flow Generation Method
446	F. Reservoir Design by Simulation
447	G. Probability Matrix Methods H. Methods Based on the Distribution of the Range
448	I. Dependability and Risk Analysis
449	J. Sequential and Nonsequential Droughts
451	K. Flow Duration Curves
452	VII. Runoff Quality A. Overview
457	B. Water Quality Monitoring
463	C. Modeling of Runoff Quality
466	VIII. References
473	IX. Notation
474	X. Glossary
476	A. Special Terms for Reservoir Storage-Yield Analysis
478	Chapter 7: Snow and Snowmelt I. Introduction II. Overview of Physical Processes A. Precipitation, Snowfall, and Snow Accumulation
479	B. Snow Metamorphism C. Snowmelt
481	III. Data Requirements, Collection, and Sources A. Data Requirements
482	B. Data Collection and Utilization
484	C. Data Sources IV. Snow Accumulation and Distribution A. Overview
486	B. Snow Water Equivalent Estimate from Historic Data
487	C. Watershed Definition in Detailed Simulation D. Simulation of Snow Accumulation V. Snowmelt Analysis and Simulation A. Overview of Applications and Approaches
488	B. Snowmelt
494	C. Snow Condition
497	D. Snow Accounting During Snowmelt
498	E. Snowmelt Simulation VI. Water Supply Forecasting A. Background B. Regression Approaches
501	C. Conceptual Modeling Approach
502	VII. Computer Programs Available A. HEC-1, HEC-1F B. National Weather Service River Forecast System (NWSRFS) C. Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) D. Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM)
503	E. Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation (SSARR) VIII. Sample Applications A. Example #1—Hypothetical Flood, Rain-on-snow, Temperature Index
506	B. Example #2—Design Flood Derivation for a Partly Forested Basin
511	C. Example #3—Model Calibration, Continuous Simulation, Temperature Index
515	IX. References
516	X. Notation
518	Chapter 8: Floods I. Introduction A. Flood and Flood Characteristics B. Causes of Floods and Flooding
520	C. Measurement of Flood Magnitude D. Flood Hazards
521	E. Flood Warnings F. Flood Information II. Flood Analysis
522	A. Basic Approaches B. Design Floods C. Regulatory Floods
523	III. Statistical Analysis for Estimating Floods A. Frequency Analysis
526	B. Selection of a Flood Frequency Distribution
528	C. Bulletin 17B Frequency Analysis Method
531	D. Record Augmentation E. Risk from Coincidental Events F Analysis of Mixed Populations
532	G. Regional Analysis
533	H. Historical Information and Paleofloods
534	I. Partial Duration Series
535	J. Bayesian Risk Analysis IV. Estimating Flood from Rainfall
536	A. Synopsis of Major Historical Rainstorms
538	B. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Storm Precipitation C. Snowmelt Contribution
544	D. Antecedent and Subsequent Storms
545	E. Baseflow F. Transformation of Rainfall Excess to Flood
548	V. Probable Maximum Flood A. Basic Concepts and Definitions
549	B. Estimation of PMP
553	C. Transformation of PMP to PMF D. Greatest Rainfalls and Floods of Record E. Conservatism of PMF Estimates
556	F. Standard Project Flood VI. Flood Hazard and Flood Warning
557	A. Evaluation of Potential Hazards
567	B. Real-Time Forecast and Warning
570	C. Emergency Action Plan
571	VII. Microcomputer Software for Flood Analyses
573	A. Event-oriented Precipitation-runoff Models
574	B. Continuous Precipitation-Runoff Models
575	C. Steady-Flow Flood Routing Models
576	D. Unsteady-Flow Flood Routing Models
577	E. Reservoir Regulation Models
578	F. Flood Frequency Analysis Models
579	VIII. References
583	IX. Glossary
588	Chapter 9: Urban Hydrology I. Introduction
590	A. Overview of Urban Hydrology Methods and Processes B. The Effects of Urbanization on Flood Peaks
593	C. A Method for Adjusting a Hood Record
595	D. Design-Storm Approach
596	II. Precipitation in the Urban Watershed
597	A. Continuous Simulation and Single Events
598	B. Elements of a Design Storm C. Intensity-Duration-Frequency Relations
601	D. Temporal Distribution of Rainfall and Design Storms E. Soil Conservation Service Distributions F. Other Design Storm Hyetographs
604	III. Hydrologic Losses in Developing Watersheds
605	A. Interception
608	B. Depression Storage
609	C. Infiltration D. The Φ-Index
610	E. The Horton Equation
611	F. Modified Horton Example
612	G. Green and Ampt Equation
615	IV. Urban Runoff Estimating Methods
616	A. Overland Flow Routing by Kinematic Wave Technique
620	B. Overview of the Rational Formula
621	C. Modified Rational Method
622	D. Universal Rational Method
623	E. Concluding Comment on Rational Method F. Synthetic Unit Hydrographs for Urban Watershed
624	G. Time of Concentration in the Urban Watersheds
626	H. Example Travel Time Computation I. Storage Routing Through Stormwater Detention Ponds
630	V. Typical Urban Drainage Design Calculations A. Sizing the Collection and Conveyance Systems
631	B. Rational Method Pre-Design Data
632	C. Steps in Use of Rational Method for Storm Sewer Design
633	D. Fair Oaks Estates Storm Sewer Design
637	E. Sizing of Stormwater Storage Facilities
639	F. Types of Urban Stormwater Storage Facilities G. Detention Basin Design Considerations
640	H. Detention Storage Calculations for Fair Oaks Estates Subdivision
641	VI. Computer Model Applications A. Overview of Urban Hydrology Software
643	B. Model Application to Basin-Wide Stormwater Management and Master Planning
645	C. Storm Sewer Analysis and Design
646	D. EPA Stormwater Management Model
652	E. Illinois Urban Drainage Area Simulation
656	F. Detention Basin Analysis and Design
662	VII. References
665	VIII. Notation
668	Chapter 10: Water Waves I. Introduction II. Wave Theory A. Fundamentals and Classification
669	B. Linear (Airy) Wave Theory
672	C. Nonlinear Wave Theories D. Stokes Theory E. Shallow Water Theories F. Solitary Wave Theory
673	G. Conoidal Wave Theory H. Numerical Models I. Shoaling/Refraction
674	J. Diffraction K. Wave Breaking
676	III. Wind Waves A. Description of Irregular Waves
677	B. Wave Measurements
678	C. Wave Analysis and Statistics
680	D. Wind Parameters and Fetch
681	E. Deep Water Wave Prediction
682	F. Shallow Water Wave Growth G. Computer Modeling
683	IV. Ship-Generated Waves A. Ship Wave Patterns
684	B. Ship Wave Characteristics
685	V. Wave-Structure Interaction
686	A. Regular Wave Runup and Rundown
692	B. Irregular Wave Runup and Rundown C. Wave Overtopping
696	D. Wave Transmission E. Wave Forces on Structures
697	F. Morison Equation
699	G. Froude-Krylov Theory H. Diffraction Theory I. Wave Forces on Vertical Walls
701	J. Prediction of Irregular Wave Forces
703	VI. Waves and Currents A. Nearshore Currents B. Mathematical Modeling
705	C. Wave-Current Interaction
708	VII. Tides and Tidal Datums A. Astronomical Tides
712	B. Tidal Datums VIII. Storm Surges
714	A. Characteristics of Storm Surges
718	B. Storm Surge Generation and Prediction
721	IX. Basin Oscillations and Tsunamis A. Basin Oscillations
722	B. System Resonance
723	C. Two-Dimensional Basins
725	D. Three-Dimensional Basins
728	E. Helmholtz Resonance F. Tsunamis
729	X. Water Surface Probability Analysis A. Open Coast Water Levels
735	B. Lakes and Inland Waters
736	C. Statistics D. Flood Insurance Considerations
737	XI. Selection of Design Waves and Water Levels A. Design Philosophy and Design Criteria
743	B. Design Wave Conditions
746	C. Design Water Levels
751	XII. References
757	XIII. Notation
759	XIV. Glossary A. Terms Pertaining to Ship-Generated Waves B. Terms Pertaining to Tides C. Terms Pertaining to Water Levels
760	D. Terms Pertaining to Hurricanes and Storm Surges
761	E. Terms Pertaining to Basin Oscillations
762	Chapter 11: Hydrologic Study Formulation and Assessment I. Introduction II. Study Formulation
764	A. Study Purpose and Scope
765	B. Level of Detail
766	C. Selection of Methods and Tools D. Preparation of a Technical Study Work Plan
767	III. Data Management A. Data Management Concepts
769	B. Geographic Information Systems
773	C. Conclusion
774	IV. Calibration and Verification of Hydrologic Models A. What Is Calibration? B. Calibrating a Model with Process Input and Output Data Available
778	C. Estimating Model Parameters in the Ungaged Case
784	D. Validating Estimated Model Parameters
785	V. Assessing Accuracy and Reliability of Study Results
786	A. Quantitative Measures of Reliability
793	B. Sensitivity Analysis
806	VI. References
808	VII. Glossary
810	Index A B
811	C
812	D E
813	F
814	G
815	H I
816	J K L
817	M N
818	O P
819	Q R
820	S
823	T
824	U V W
825	Y Z