ASCE Manual 97 00 2000

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Manual of Practice No. 97: Hydraulic Modeling

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASCE	2000	409

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Description

This Manual is intended to serve as a useful reference for people who engage in hydraulic modeling or who directly use the results obtained from hydraulic models. Early chapters provide a brief history of hydraulic modeling, outline strategies for designing models, and explain the underlying concepts of similitude and dimensional analysis. Those concepts are applied subsequently to various situations, beginning with single-phase flow of fluids; water and air are the fluids primarily considered in the Manual. Subsequent chapters address the more complicated situations in which resort must be made to hydraulic models for engineering or technical information. One chapter covers the use of hydraulic models to investigate sediment transport by flow, especially alluvial-sediment transport, and flow in loose-boundary channels. Other chapters cover modeling of gas-liquid flows (notably air in water) and flows involving ice and debris transport. The Manual also addresses hydraulic modeling of situations it terms environmental flows, which essentially encompass buoyancy-modified flows (plumes, stratified flows, mixing) and flow of immiscible fluids (for instance, oil and water). Hydraulic modeling of coastal processes, hydroelastic vibrations, and hydraulic machinery are explained in chapters devoted to those topics. One chapter discusses practical aspects of designing and operating hydraulic models. The Manual’s final chapter presents five case study examples.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
6	TABLE OF CONTENTS
12	PREFACE
14	NOTATION
17	Greek Symbols
18	Subscripts
20	1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Hydraulic Modeling
25	1.2 Purpose of the Manual
26	1.3 Layout of the Manual
27	1.4 Convention on Scales
28	1.5 Brief History 1.5.1 Models, Laboratories, and Other Novelties
35	1.5.2 Similitude and Dimensional Analysis
37	1.5.3 Instrumentation
38	1.5.4 A Mega-Model
40	1.6 Modeling Strategy 1.6.1 Similitude and Scaling
41	1.6.2 Model Layout
42	1.6.3 Hydraulic and Numerical Models in Concert
48	2 SIMILITUDE AND DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS 2.1 Introduction
49	2.2 Dimensions of Flow and Fluid Properties 2.3 Dimensional Homogeneity
52	2.4 Similitude
55	2.5 Direct Establishment of Dynamic Similitude Criteria
57	2.6 Dynamic Similitude Deduced from Flow Equations
62	2.7 Dimensional Analysis
64	2.7.1 The Π Theorem
70	2.8 Most Meaningful Set of Parameters
72	3 SINGLE-PHASE FLOW 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Processes
74	3.3 Local Patterns and Distributions of Free-Surface Flow
75	3.3.1 Gravity
77	3.3.2 Fluid Viscosity
81	3.3.3 Surface Tension
82	3.4 Free-Surface Flow Profiles and Resistance
86	3.5 Vertical Distortion of Free-Surface Flows
92	3.6 Flow around Bodies and Closed-Conduit Flows
95	3.7 Cavitation
96	3.8 Using Alternate Fluids
97	3.9 Examples
98	3.9.1 Flow Distribution in Water-Intake Pump Bays
103	3.9.2 Water-Surface Profiles and Flow Resistance in a Complex River Reach
104	3.9.3 Head-Loss Coefficients for a Penstock Bifurcation
108	4 LOOSE-BOUNDARY FLOW 4.1 Introduction
109	4.2 Processes
110	4.3 Dynamic Similitude
115	4.3.1 Flow over a Loose Planar Bed
117	4.3.2 Flow with Bedforms
119	4.3.3 Sediment Transport Rate
121	4.3.4 Local Patterns of Flow and Sediment Movement
122	4.4 Distorted Models
124	4.5 Model Sediment Materials
126	4.6 Examples 4.6.1 Sediment Control at a Water Intake
129	4.6.2 Flow Profiles in an Alluvial River
133	4.6.3 Local Scour around Bridge Piers and Abutments
138	5 ICE 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Processes
139	5.3 Dynamic Similitude
140	5.3.1 Flow Resistance 5.3.2 Ice-Piece Drift
143	5.3.3 Floating Ice Accumulations
146	5.3.4 Wind
147	5.3.5 Ice-Sheet Loads and Failure
149	5.4 Model Distortion
151	5.5 Model-Ice Materials
152	5.5.1 Unbreakable Sheets 5.5.2 Unbreakable Ice Pieces
155	5.5.3 Breakable Ice
161	5.6 Examples 5.6.1 Ice Accumulation near a Hydropower Intake
162	5.6.2 Ice Loads against Bridge Piers
170	6 DEBRIS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Processes
172	6.3 Dynamic Similitude Criteria 6.3.1 Free Drift of Debris
174	6.3.2 Debris Accumulation
175	6.4 Vertical Distortion 6.5 Model Debris Materials 6.6 Example
176	6.6.1 Debris-Accumulation Boom
180	7 GAS-LIQUID FLOWS 7.1 Introduction
181	7.2 Processes
182	7.2.1 Free-Surface Flows
183	7.2.2 Siphon Spillways and Dropshafts 7.2.3 High Head Gates and Conduit Flows 7.2.4 Hydraulic Jumps in Closed Conduits and Air Transport 7.2.5 Bubble Plumes and Aerators
184	7.3 Dynamic Similitude
188	7.4 Ascent of Single Bubbles 7.4.1 Single Bubbles in Unconfined Space
189	7.4.2 Long Bubbles in Vertical Tubes
190	7.5 Scaling Issues and Model-Prototype Conformity
193	7.5.1 Siphon Spillways
194	7.5.2 Dropshafts
197	7.5.3 Spillway Chutes and Slot Aerators
199	7.6 Cavitation
200	7.6.1 Cavitation Similitude
202	7.6.2 Cavitation Inception
203	7.6.3 Importance of Nuclei Measurement and Control
205	7.6.4 Influence of Dissolved Gas
206	7.6.5 Facilities and Techniques
211	7.7 Examples 7.7.1 A Gas-Liquid Flow with Four Significant Forces
212	7.7.2 Spillway Cavitation
214	8 ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS 8.1 Introduction
216	8.2 Processes
218	8.3 Dynamic Similitude for Buoyancy Modified Flows
220	8.3.1 Similitude Criteria from Equations of Motion
222	8.3.2 Dynamic Similitude Parameters
225	8.4 Examples of Buoyancy Modified Flows 8.4.1 Mixing of Effluent from Coastal Outfalls
228	8.4.2 Purging of Seawater from Coastal Outfall Conduits
232	8.4.3 Thermal Dispersion from Diffuser Pipes
237	8.4.4 Cooling Tower and Smokestack Plumes
238	8.4.5 Tidal Flushing in Estuaries, Bays, and Marinas
242	8.4.6 Dredged Material Dispersion
245	8.4.7 Lakes and Reservoirs
248	8.4.8 Mechanical Mixing Devices 8.4.9 Groundwater Flows 8.5 Slicks and Immiscible Flows
250	8.5.1 Dynamic Similitude for Oil Spills
253	8.5.2 Example: Oil Spills under Ice Covers
254	9 COASTAL AND ESTUARY PROCESSES 9.1 Introduction
257	9.2 Processes
258	9.3 Dynamic Similitude of Fluid Motion
264	9.4 Dynamic Similitude of Sediment Movement 9.4.1 Planar Bed Offshore
268	9.4.2 Planar Bed in the Breaking Zone
269	9.4.3 Bedforms
270	9.4.4 Suspended-Sediment Movement
271	9.5 Vertical Distortion
275	9.6 Stratified Fluids in Estuaries 9.7 Special Facilities 9.7.1 Wave Generation
278	9.7.2 Tide Generation 9.8 Examples 9.8.1 Erosion of Sand Islands
284	9.8.2 Local Scour at a Jetty Due to Waves and Tidal Currents 9.8.3 Wave Forces on a Submerged Water-Intake Cap
290	10 HYDROELASTIC VIBRATIONS 10.1 Introduction
291	10.2 Processes
293	10.3 Assessment of Need for a Hydroelastic Model
294	10.4 Dynamic Similitude
295	10.4.1 Parameters
298	10.4.2 Scaling
301	10.5 Model Material and Construction
303	10.6 Scale Effects and Damping
304	10.7 Examples 10.7.1 Trashrack Vibration
308	10.7.2 Fatigue of Baffle Blocks in a Stilling Basin
312	11 HYDRAULIC MACHINERY 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Processes
313	11.3 Dynamic Similitude
314	11.4 Turbine Constants
315	11.5 Model Efficiency Step-Up
317	11.6 Special Facilities
318	11.7 Example 11.7.1 Turbine and Draft-Tube Surging
324	12 DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND OPERATION OF HYDRAULIC MODELS 12.1 Introduction 12.2 General Considerations
325	12.3 Identifying the Appropriate Model
326	12.4 Establishing Extent of Model
327	12.5 Determining Model Scales 12.5.1 Scale Effects
329	12.5.2 Facility Limitations 12.5.3 Instrumentation Limitations 12.5.4 Construction Considerations
330	12.6 Building the Model
331	12.6.1 Horizontal and Vertical Control 12.6.2 Elements of the Model
332	12.6.3 Materials
335	12.7 Computer Control and Computer-Aided Modeling
336	12.8 Instrumentation and Data Acquisition
338	12.8.1 Discharge 12.8.2 Velocity
339	12.8.3 Pressure
342	12.8.4 Water Level 12.8.5 Tide and Wave Generation 12.8.6 Other Parameters 12.9 Flow Visualization and Recording
344	12.10 Model Operation 12.10.1 Model Calibration 12.10.2 Verification 12.10.3 Validation
345	12.10.4 Uncertainty Analysis
346	13 CASE STUDIES 13.1 Introduction 13.2 River-Channel Modifications for White-Water Kayaking
347	13.2.1 Background 13.2.2 Model Design 13.2.3 Calibration
349	13.2.4 Testing 13.3 Fish Diversion at a Powerhouse
350	13.3.1 Background
353	13.3.2 Model Design
355	13.3.3 Calibration 13.3.4 Testing
357	13.4 Mitigating Sediment Concerns at a Navigation Lock 13.4.1 Background
358	13.4.2 Model Design
361	13.4.3 Calibration
363	13.4.4 Testing
366	13.5 Performance of a Tunneled Ocean Outfall Diffuser 13.5.1 Background 13.5.2 Model Design
370	13.5.3 Calibration
371	13.5.4 Testing
374	13.6 Salinity and Shoaling in an Estuarine River
375	13.6.1 Background
376	13.6.2 Model Design
377	13.6.3 Calibration
378	13.6.4 Testing
380	REFERENCES
400	APPENDIX: WATER PROPERTIES
402	INDEX A B C
403	D E
404	F G H
405	I J K L M
406	N O P
407	R S
408	T U V
409	W