2008 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC SytemsandEquipment TOC
$16.25
ASHRAE HVAC Sytems and Equipment Handbook
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ASHRAE | 2008 | 810 |
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 1 | I-P_S08_Ch01 Fig. 1 Process Flow Diagram Fig. 1 Process Flow Diagram Selecting a System |
| 2 | Additional Goals System Constraints Constructability Constraints |
| 3 | Narrowing the Choices Selection Report HVAC Systems and Equipment Decentralized System Characteristics |
| 4 | Table 1 Sample HVAC System Analysis and Selection Matrix (0 to 10 Score) Centralized System Characteristics |
| 5 | Primary Equipment Refrigeration Equipment Heating Equipment Air Delivery Equipment Space Requirements |
| 6 | Equipment Rooms Fan Rooms Horizontal Distribution Vertical Shafts |
| 7 | Rooftop Equipment Equipment Access Air Distribution Air Terminal Units Duct Insulation Ceiling and Floor Plenums |
| 8 | Pipe Distribution Pipe Systems Pipe Insulation Security Automatic Controls and Building Management System Maintenance Management System |
| 9 | Building System Commissioning References |
| 10 | I-P_S08_Ch02 System Characteristics Advantages |
| 11 | Disadvantages Design Considerations Air-Side Economizer Water-Side Economizer |
| 12 | Window-Mounted and Through-the-Wall Room HVAC Units and Air-Cooled Heat Pumps Advantages Disadvantages Design Considerations |
| 13 | Water-Source Heat Pump Systems Advantages Disadvantages Design Considerations Fig. 1 Multiple-Unit Systems Using Single-Zone Unitary HVAC Equipment Fig. 1 Multiple-Unit Systems Using Single-Zone Unitary HVAC Equipment Multiple-Unit Systems |
| 14 | Advantages Disadvantages Design Considerations Fig. 2 Vertical Self-Contained Unit Fig. 2 Vertical Self-Contained Unit Fig. 3 Multiroom, Multistory office Building with Unitary Core and Through-the-Wall Perimeter Air Conditioners (Combination Similar to Figure 1) Fig. 3 Multiroom, Multistory Office Building with Unitary Core and Through-the-Wall Perimeter Air Conditioners (Combination Similar to Figure 1) |
| 15 | Residential and Light Commercial Split Systems Advantages Disadvantages Design Considerations Commercial Self-Contained (Floor-by-Floor) Systems Advantages |
| 16 | Fig. 4 Commercial Self-Contained Unit with Discharge Plenum Fig. 4 Commercial Self-Contained Unit with Discharge Plenum Disadvantages Design Considerations |
| 17 | Commercial Outdoor Packaged Systems Advantages Disadvantages Design Considerations |
| 18 | Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems Maintenance Management Building System Commissioning |
| 19 | Bibliography |
| 20 | I-P_S08_Ch03 System Characteristics Advantages |
| 21 | Disadvantages Design Considerations Cooling and Heating Loads System Flow Design |
| 22 | Fig. 1 Primary Variable-Flow System Fig. 1 Primary Variable-Flow System Fig. 2 Primary (Limited) Variable-Flow System Using Head Pressure Control Fig. 2 Primary (Limited) Variable-Flow System Using Distribution Pressure Control Energy Recovery and Thermal Storage Equipment Primary Refrigeration Equipment |
| 23 | Fig. 3 Primary/Secondary Pumping Chilled-Water System Fig. 3 Primary/Secondary Pumping Chilled-Water System Fig. 4 Primary/Secondary Pumping Hot-Water System Fig. 4 Primary/Secondary Pumping Hot-Water System Ancillary Refrigeration Equipment |
| 24 | Primary Heating Equipment Ancillary Heating Equipment |
| 25 | Distribution Systems Acoustic, Vibration, and Seismic Considerations Sound and Vibration |
| 26 | Seismic Issues Space Considerations |
| 27 | Location of Central Plant and Equipment Central Plant Security Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems |
| 28 | Instrumentation Maintenance Management Systems Building System Commissioning References |
| 29 | I-P_S08_Ch04 Advantages Disadvantages |
| 30 | Heating and Cooling Calculations Zoning Space Heating Air Temperature Versus Air Quantity |
| 31 | Space Pressure Other Considerations First, Operating, and Maintenance Costs Energy Air-Handling Units Fig. 1 Typical Air-Handling Unit Configurations Fig. 1 Typical Air-Handling Unit Configurations |
| 32 | Primary Equipment Air-Handling Equipment Central Mechanical Equipment Rooms (MERs) Decentralized MERs Fans Air-Handling Unit Psychrometric Processes Cooling Fig. 2 Direct-Expansion or Chilled Water Cooling and Dehumidification Fig. 2 Direct-Expansion or Chilled-Water Cooling and Dehumidification |
| 33 | Fig. 3 Direct Spray of Water in Airstream Cooling Fig. 3 Direct Spray of Water in Airstream Cooling Heating Fig. 4 Indirect Evaporative Cooling Fig. 4 Supersaturated Evaporative Cooling Fig. 5 Steam, Hot-Water, and Electric Heating, and Direct and Indirect Gas- and Oil-Fired Heat Exchangers Fig. 5 Steam, Hot-Water, and Electric Heating, and Direct and Indirect Gas- and Oil-Fired Heat Exchangers Humidification Dehumidification |
| 34 | Fig. 6 Direct Spray of Recirculated Water Fig. 6 Direct Spray Humidification Fig. 7 Steam Injection Humidification Fig. 7 Steam Injection Humidification Fig. 8 Chemical Humidification Fig. 8 Chemical Dehumidification Air Mixing or Blending Air-Handling Unit Components Return Air Fan |
| 35 | Relief Air Fan Automatic Dampers Relief Openings Return Air Dampers Outside Air Intakes Economizers Mixing Plenums |
| 36 | Static Air Mixers Filter Section Preheat Coil Cooling Coil |
| 37 | Reheat Coil Humidifiers Dehumidifiers Energy Recovery Devices Sound Control Devices Supply Air Fan |
| 38 | Miscellaneous Components Air Distribution Ductwork Design Single-Duct Systems Constant Volume |
| 39 | Fig. 9 Constant-Volume System with Reheat and Fan-Powered Terminal Unit Fig. 9 Constant-Volume System with Reheat Variable Air Volume (VAV) Fig. 10 Variable-Air-Volume System with Reheat and Induction and Fan-Powered Devices Fig. 10 Variable-Air-Volume System with Reheat and Induction and Fan-Powered Devices |
| 40 | Fig. 11 Single-Fan, Dual-Duct System Fig. 11 Single-Fan, Dual-Duct System Dual-Duct Systems Constant Volume Variable Air Volume Fig. 12 Variable Air Volume, Dual Duct, Dual Fan Fig. 12 Dual-Fan, Dual-Duct System |
| 41 | Multizone Systems Fig. 13 Multizone System Fig. 13 Multizone System Special Systems Primary/Secondary |
| 42 | Fig. 14 Primary/Secondary System Fig. 14 Primary/Secondary System Dedicated Outdoor Air Underfloor Air Distribution Fig. 15 Underfloor Air Displacement Fig. 15 Underfloor Air Distribution |
| 43 | Wetted Duct/Supersaturated Fig. 16 Supersaturated/Wetted Coil Fig. 16 Supersaturated/Wetted Coil Compressed-Air and Water Spray Low-Temperature Smoke Management Terminal Units |
| 44 | Constant-Volume Reheat Variable Air Volume |
| 45 | Terminal Humidifiers Terminal Filters Air Distribution System Controls |
| 46 | Automatic Controls and Building Management System Maintenance Management System Building System Commissioning References Bibliography |
| 47 | I-P_S08_Ch05 System Characteristics |
| 48 | Heating and Cooling Calculations Space Heating Central Ventilation Systems Piping Distribution Other Considerations First, Operating, and Maintenance Costs |
| 49 | Energy System Components and Configurations Components Configurations Piping Arrangements Four-Pipe Distribution |
| 50 | Fig. 1 Typical Fan-Coil Unit Arrangements Fig. 1 Typical Fan-Coil Arrangements Two-Pipe Distribution Three-Pipe Distribution Fan-Coil Unit Systems |
| 51 | Fig. 2 Typical Fan-Coil Unit Fig. 2 Typical Fan-Coil Unit Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Wiring Condensate |
| 52 | Capacity Control Maintenance Unit Ventilator Systems Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Wiring |
| 53 | Condensate Capacity Control Maintenance Chilled-Beam Systems Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Wiring Condensate Capacity Control Maintenance |
| 54 | Radiant-Panel Heating Systems Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Wiring Capacity Control Maintenance Other Radiant Panel Options Radiant-Floor Heat Systems Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Wiring Capacity Control Maintenance Induction-Unit Systems |
| 55 | Supplemental Heating Units Central Plant Equipment Ventilation Fig. 3 IP Fig. 3 Ventilation from Separate Duct System |
| 56 | Primary-Air Systems Fig. 4 Primary-air System Fig. 4 Primary-Air System Performance Under Varying Load |
| 57 | Fig. 5 Solar Radiation Variations with Seasons Fig. 5 Solar Radiation Variations with Seasons Changeover Temperature Refrigeration Load |
| 58 | Two-Pipe Systems with Central Ventilation Fig. 6 IP Fig. 6 Capacity Ranges of In-Room Terminal Operating on Two-Pipe System Critical Design Elements |
| 59 | Fig. 7 IP Fig. 7 Primary-Air Temperature Versus Outside Air Temperature Changeover Temperature Considerations Fig. 8 IP Fig. 8 Psychrometric Chart, Two-Pipe System, Off-Season Cooling Fig. 9 IP Fig. 9 Typical Changeover System Temperature Variation Nonchangeover Design |
| 60 | Fig. 10 IP Fig. 10 Typical Nonchangeover System Variations Zoning Room Control Evaluation Electric Heat for Two-Pipe Systems Four-Pipe Systems |
| 61 | Fig. 11 Fan Coil Unit Control Fig. 11 Fan-Coil Unit Control Zoning Room Control Evaluation Secondary-Water Distribution Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems |
| 62 | Maintenance Management Systems Building System Commissioning References Bibliography |
| 63 | I-P_S08_Ch06 Principles of Thermal Radiation General Evaluation |
| 64 | Heat Transfer by Panel Surfaces Heat Transfer by Thermal Radiation |
| 65 | Fig. 1 IP Fig. 1 Radiation Heat Flux at Heated Ceiling, Floor, or Wall Panel Surfaces Fig. 2 IP Fig. 2 Heat Removed by Radiation at Cooled Ceiling or Wall Panel Surface Heat Transfer by Natural Convection |
| 66 | Fig. 3 IP Fig. 3 Natural-Convection Heat Transfer at Floor, Ceiling, and Wall Panel Surfaces Fig. 4 IP Fig. 4 Empirical Data for Heat Removal by Ceiling Cooling Panels from Natural Convection |
| 67 | Combined Heat Flux (Thermal Radiation and Natural Convection) Fig. 5 IP Fig. 5 Relation of Inside Surface Temperature to Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Fig. 6 IP Fig. 6 Inside Surface Temperature Correction for Exposed Wall at Dry-Bulb Air Temperatures Other Than 70ËšF Fig. 7 IP Fig. 7 Cooled Ceiling Panel Performance in Uniform Environment with No Infiltration and No Internal Heat Sources |
| 68 | General Design Considerations Panel Thermal Resistance Table 1 Thermal Resistance of Ceiling Panels |
| 69 | Effect of Floor Coverings Table 2 Thermal Conductivity of Typical Tube Material Table 3 Thermal Resistance of Floor Coverings Panel Heat Losses or Gains |
| 70 | Fig. 8 IP Fig. 8 Downward and Edgewise Heat Loss Coefficient for Concrete Floor Slabs on Grade Panel Performance Panel Design |
| 71 | Fig. 9 IP Fig. 9 Design Graph for Sensible Heating and Cooling with Floor and Ceiling Panels Heating and Cooling Panel Systems |
| 72 | Fig. 10 IP Fig. 10 Design Graph for Heating with Aluminum Ceiling and Wall Panels Special Cases |
| 73 | Hydronic Panel Systems Design Considerations Fig. 11 Both Fig. 11 Primary/Secondary Water Distribution System with Mixing Control |
| 74 | Fig. 12 Both Fig. 12 Split Panel Piping Arrangement for Two-Pipe and Four-Pipe Systems |
| 75 | Hydronic Metal Ceiling Panels Fig. 13 IP Fig. 13 Metal Ceiling Panels Attached to Pipe Laterals Fig. 14 Both Fig. 14 Metal Ceiling Panels Bonded to Copper Tubing |
| 76 | Fig. 15 Both Fig. 15 Extruded Aluminum Panels with Integral Copper Tube Fig. 16 IP Fig. 16 Permitted Design Ceiling Surface Temperatures at Various Ceiling Heights Distribution and Layout Fig. 17 Both Fig. 17 Coils in Structural Concrete Slab |
| 77 | Fig. 18 IP Fig. 18 Coils in Plaster Above Lath Fig. 19 Both Fig. 19 Coils in Plaster Below Lath Hydronic Wall Panels Fig. 20 Both Fig. 20 Coils in Floor Slab on Grade Hydronic Floor Panels |
| 78 | Fig. 21 IP Fig. 21 Embedded Tube in Thin Slab Fig. 22 Both Fig. 22 Tube in Subfloor Fig. 23 Both Fig. 23 Tube Under Subfloor Electrically Heated Panel Systems Electric Ceiling Panels |
| 79 | Table 4 Characteristics of Typical Electric Panels Fig. 24 Both Fig. 24 Electric Heating Panels |
| 80 | Fig. 25 IP Fig. 25 Electric Heating Panel for Wet Plaster Ceiling Electric Wall Panels Electric Floor Panels |
| 81 | Fig. 26 IP Fig. 26 Electric Heating Cable in Concrete Slab Air-Heated or Air-Cooled Panels Fig. 27 Both Fig. 27 Warm Air Floor Panel Construction Fig. 28 Both Fig. 28 Typical Hybrid Panel Construction Controls |
| 82 | Sensible Cooling Panel Controls Heating Slab Controls Hybrid (Load-Sharing) HVAC Systems Fig. 29 Both Fig. 29 Typical Residential Hybrid HVAC System |
| 83 | References Bibliography |
| 84 | I-P_S08_Ch07 Fig. 1 Cogeneration Cycles Fig. 1 CHP Cycles |
| 85 | Table 1 Applications and Markets for DG/CHP Systems Terminology |
| 86 | CHP System Concepts Custom-Engineered Systems Packaged and Modular Systems |
| 87 | Load Profiling and Prime Mover Selection Peak Shaving Continuous-Duty Standby Fig. 2 Dual-Service Applications Fig. 2 Dual-Service Applications Power Plant Incremental Heat Rate |
| 88 | Performance Parameters Heating Value CHP Electric Effectiveness Power and Heating Systems |
| 89 | Table 2 Values of a for Conventional Thermal Generation Technologies Fig. 3 Conventional Boiler for Example 1 Fig. 3 Conventional Boiler for Example 1 Fig. 4 Power-Only Generator for Example 1 Fig. 4 Power-Only Generator for Example 1 Fig. 5 Performance Parameters for Combined System for Example 2 Fig. 5 Performance Parameters for Combined System for Example 2 Fig. 6 CHP Power and Heating Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 2 Fig. 6 CHP Power and Heating Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 2 |
| 90 | Fig. 7 Performance Parameters for Example 3 Fig. 7 Performance Parameters for Example 3 Fig. 8 CHP Power and Direct Heating Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 3 Fig. 8 CHP Power and Direct Heating Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 3 Fig. 9 Performance Parameters for Example 4 Fig. 9 Performance Parameters for Example 4 Fig. 10 CHP Power and HRSG Heating Without Duct Burner Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 4 Fig. 10 CHP Power and HRSG Heating Without Duct Burner Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 4 Fig. 11 Cofiring Performance Parameters for Example 4 Fig. 11 Cofiring Performance Parameters for Example 4 |
| 91 | Fig. 12 CHP Power and HRSG Heating with Duct Burner Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 5 Fig. 12 CHP Power and HRSG Heating with Duct Burner Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 5 Table 3 Summary of Results from Examples 1 to 5 Table 4 Summary of Results Assuming 33% Efficient Combustion Turbine Table 5 Typical y Values Fig. 13 Electric Effectiveness Versus Overall Efficiency Fig. 13 Electric Effectiveness hE Versus Overall Efficiency hO Fuel Energy Savings |
| 92 | Table 6 Summary of Fuel Energy Savings for 25% Power Generator in Examples 1 to 5 Table 7 Summary of Fuel Energy Savings for 33% Power Generator in Examples 1 to 5 Fuel-to-Power Components Reciprocating Engines Types Table 8 Reciprocating Engine Types by Speed (Available Ratings) |
| 93 | Performance Characteristics Fig. 14 Efficiency (HHV) of Spark Ignition Engines Fig. 14 Efficiency (HHV) of Spark Ignition Engines Fig. 15 Heat Rate (HHV) of Spark Ignition Engines Fig. 15 Heat Rate (HHV) of Spark Ignition Engines Fuels and Fuel Systems |
| 94 | Fig. 16 Thermal-to-Electric Ratio of Spark Ignition Engines (Jacket and Exhaust Energy) Fig. 16 Thermal-to-Electric Ratio of Spark Ignition Engines (Jacket and Exhaust Energy) Fig. 17 Part-Load Heat Rate (HHV) of 1430, 425, and 85 kW Gas Engines Fig. 17 Part-Load Heat Rate (HHV) of 1430, 425, and 85 kW Gas Engines Fig. 18 Part-Load Thermal-to-Electric Ratio of 1430, 425, and 85 kW Gas Engines Fig. 18 Part-Load Thermal-to-Electric Ratio of 1430, 425, and 85 kW Gas Engines |
| 95 | Table 9 Line Regulator Pressures Combustion Air Lubricating Systems |
| 96 | Table 10 Ventilation Air for Engine Equipment Rooms Starting Systems Cooling Systems |
| 97 | Exhaust Systems |
| 98 | Table 11 Exhaust Pipe Diameter* Emissions Instruments and Controls Noise and Vibration |
| 99 | Fig. 19 Typical Reciprocating Engine Exhaust Noise Curves Fig. 19 Typical Reciprocating Engine Exhaust Noise Curves Fig. 20 Typical Attenuation Curves for Engine Silencers Fig. 20 Typical Attenuation Curves for Engine Silencers Installation Ventilation Requirements |
| 100 | Table 12 Ventilation Air for Engine Equipment Rooms Operation and Maintenance Table 13 Recommended Engine Maintenance |
| 101 | Combustion Turbines Types Advantages Disadvantages Gas Turbine Cycle Fig. 21 Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Brayton Cycle Fig. 21 Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Brayton Cycle Components |
| 102 | Fig. 22 Simple-Cycle Single-Shaft Turbine Fig. 22 Simple-Cycle Single-Shaft Turbine Fig. 23 Split-Shaft Turbines Fig. 23 Simple-Cycle Dual-Shaft Turbines Performance Characteristics Fig. 24 Turbine Engine Performance Characteristics Fig. 24 Turbine Engine Performance Characteristics |
| 103 | Fig. 25 Gas Turbine Refrigeration System Using Exhaust Heat Fig. 25 Gas Turbine Refrigeration System Using Exhaust Heat Fig. 26 CHP System Boundary Fig. 26 CHP System Boundary Fuels and Fuel Systems Combustion Air Fig. 27 Relative Turbine Power Output and Heat Rate Versus Inlet Air Temperature Fig. 27 Relative Turbine Power Output and Heat Rate Versus Inlet Air Temperature |
| 105 | Lubricating Systems Starting Systems Exhaust Systems Emissions Instruments and Controls Noise and Vibration Operation and Maintenance Fuel Cells Types |
| 106 | Table 14 Overview of Fuel Cell Characteristics Fig. 28 PAFC Cell Fig. 28 PAFC Cell Fig. 29 SOFC Cell Fig. 29 SOFC Cell |
| 107 | Fig. 30 MCFC Cell Fig. 30 MCFC Cell Fig. 31 PEMFC Cell Fig. 31 PEMFC Cell Fig. 32 AFC Cell Fig. 32 AFC Cell |
| 108 | Thermal-To-Power Components Steam Turbines Types Fig. 33 Basic Types of Axial Flow Turbines Fig. 33 Basic Types of Axial Flow Turbines |
| 109 | Performance Characteristics Fig. 34 Isentropic Versus Actual Turbine Process Fig. 34 Isentropic Versus Actual Turbine Process |
| 110 | Fig. 35 Efficiency of Typical Multistage Turbines Fig. 35 Efficiency of Typical Multistage Turbines Fig. 36 Effect of Inlet Pressure and Superheat on Condensing Turbine Fig. 36 Effect of Inlet Pressure and Superheat on Condensing Turbine Fig. 37 Effect of Exhaust Pressure on Noncondensing Turbine Fig. 37 Effect of Exhaust Pressure on Noncondensing Turbine Fig. 38 Single-Stage Noncondensing Turbine Efficiency Fig. 38 Single-Stage Noncondensing Turbine Efficiency |
| 111 | Table 15 Theoretical Steam Rates for Steam Turbines at Common Conditions, lb/kWh Fig. 39 Effect of Extraction Rate on Condensing Turbine Fig. 39 Effect of Extraction Rate on Condensing Turbine Fuel Systems Lubricating Oil Systems |
| 112 | Power Systems Exhaust Systems Instruments and Controls Fig. 40 Oil Relay Governor Fig. 40 Oil Relay Governor |
| 113 | Fig. 41 Part-Load Turbine Performance Showing Effect of Auxiliary Valves Fig. 41 Part-Load Turbine Performance Showing Effect of Auxiliary Valves Fig. 42 Multivalve Oil Relay Governor Fig. 42 Multivalve Oil Relay Governor Table 16 NEMA Classification of Speed Governors |
| 114 | Operation and Maintenance Organic Rankine Cycles Expansion Engines/Turbines |
| 115 | Stirling Engines Types Fig. 43 Cut-Away Core of a Kinematic Stirling Engine Fig. 43 Cutaway Core of a Kinematic Stirling Engine Fig. 44 Cut-Away Core of a Free-Piston Stirling Engine Fig. 44 Cutaway Core of a Free-Piston Stirling Engine Performance Characteristics Fuel Systems Power Systems |
| 116 | Exhaust Systems Coolant Systems Operation and Maintenance Thermal-to-Thermal Components Thermal Output Characteristics Reciprocating Engines Fig. 45 Heat Balance for Naturally Aspirated Engine Fig. 45 Heat Balance for Naturally Aspirated Engine |
| 117 | Fig. 46 Heat Balance for Turbocharged Engine Fig. 46 Heat Balance for Turbocharged Engine Combustion Turbines Heat Recovery Reciprocating Engines Fig. 47 Hot Water Heat Recovery Fig. 47 Hot-Water Heat Recovery |
| 118 | Fig. 48 Hot Water Engine Cooling with Steam Heat Recovery (Forced Recirculation) Fig. 48 Hot-Water Engine Cooling with Steam Heat Recovery (Forced Recirculation) Fig. 49 Engine Cooling with Gravity Circulation and Steam Heat Recovery Fig. 49 Engine Cooling with Gravity Circulation and Steam Heat Recovery Fig. 50 Lubricant and Aftercooler System Fig. 50 Lubricant and Aftercooler System Fig. 51 Exhaust Heat Recovery with Steam Separator Fig. 51 Exhaust Heat Recovery with Steam Separator |
| 119 | Fig. 52 Effect of Soot on Energy Recovery from Flue Gas Recovery Unit on Diesel Engine Fig. 52 Effect of Soot on Energy Recovery from Flue Gas Recovery Unit on Diesel Engine Fig. 53 Automatic Boiler System with Overriding Exhaust Temperature Control Fig. 53 Automatic Boiler System with Overriding Exhaust Temperature Control Fig. 54 Combined Exhaust and Jacket Water Heat Recovery System Fig. 54 Combined Exhaust and Jacket Water Heat Recovery System |
| 120 | Fig. 55 Effect of Lowering Exhaust Temperature below 300ËšF Fig. 55 Effect of Lowering Exhaust Temperature below 300ËšF Table 17 Temperatures Normally Required for Various Heating Applications Table 18 Full-Load Exhaust Mass Flows and Temperatures for Various Engines Combustion Turbines Steam Turbines |
| 121 | Fig. 56 Back Pressure Turbine Fig. 56 Back-Pressure Turbine Fig. 57 Integration of Back Pressure Turbine with Facility Fig. 57 Integration of Back-Pressure Turbine with Facility Fig. 58 Condensing Automatic Extraction Turbine Fig. 58 Condensing Automatic Extraction Turbine |
| 122 | Fig. 59 Automatic Extraction Turbine Cogeneration System Fig. 59 Automatic Extraction Turbine CHP System Fig. 60 Performance Map of Automatic Extraction Turbine Fig. 60 Performance Map of Automatic Extraction Turbine Thermally Activated Technologies Heat-Activated Chillers Fig. 61 Hybrid Heat Recovery Absorption Chiller-Heater Fig. 61 Hybrid Heat Recovery Absorption Chiller-Heater |
| 123 | Desiccant Dehumidification Hot Water and Steam Heat Recovery Thermal Energy Storage Technologies Electrical Generators and Components Generators |
| 124 | Fig. 62 Typical Generator Efficiency Fig. 62 Typical Generator Efficiency |
| 125 | Table 19 Generator Control Functions System Design CHP Electricity-Generating Systems Thermal Loads Prime Mover Selection Fig. 63 Typical Heat Recovery Cycle for Gas Turbine Fig. 63 Typical Heat Recovery Cycle for Gas Turbine |
| 126 | Air Systems Hydronic Systems Service Water Heating District Heating and Cooling |
| 127 | Utility Interfacing Power Quality Output Energy Streams |
| 128 | CHP Shaft-Driven HVAC and Refrigeration Systems Engine-Driven Systems Table 20 Coefficient of Performance (COP) of Engine-Driven Chillers |
| 129 | Fig. 64 Performance Curve for Typical, Gas Engine-Driven, Reciprocating Chiller Fig. 64 Performance Curve for Typical 100 Ton, Gas-Engine-Driven, Reciprocating Chiller Table 21 Typical Efficiency of Engine-Driven Refrigeration Equipment (Ammonia Screw Compressor) Combustion-Turbine-Driven Systems Fig. 65 Typical Gas Turbine Refrigeration Cycle Fig. 65 Typical Gas Turbine Refrigeration Cycle |
| 130 | Steam-Turbine-Driven Systems Fig. 66 Condensing Turbine-Driven Centrifugal Compressor Fig. 66 Condensing Turbine-Driven Centrifugal Compressor Fig. 67 Combination Centrifugal-Absorption System Fig. 67 Combination Centrifugal-Absorption System |
| 131 | Codes and Installation General Installation Parameters Utility Interconnection Air Permits |
| 132 | Building, Zoning, and Fire Codes Zoning Building Code/Structural Design Mechanical/Plumbing Code Fire Code Electrical Connection Economic Feasibility Economic Assessment |
| 133 | Preliminary Feasibility Bin Analysis Examples First Estimates Load Duration Curve Analysis |
| 134 | Fig. 68 Hypothetical Steam Load Profile Fig. 68 Hypothetical Steam Load Profile Fig. 69 Load Duration Curve Fig. 69 Load Duration Curve |
| 135 | Fig. 70 Load Duration Curve with Multiple Generators Fig. 70 Load Duration Curve with Multiple Generators Fig. 71 Hypothetical Peaking Generator Fig. 71 Hypothetical Peaking Generator Two-Dimensional Load Duration Curve |
| 136 | Fig. 72 Example of Two-Dimensional Load Duration Curve Fig. 72 Example of Two-Dimensional Load Duration Curve Analysis by Simulations References |
| 137 | Bibliography |
| 138 | I-P_S08_Ch08 Terminology Applied Heat Pump Systems Heat Pump Cycles |
| 139 | Fig. 1 Closed Vapor Compression Cycle Fig. 1 Closed Vapor Compression Cycle Fig. 2 Mechanical Vapor Recompression Cycle with Heat Exchanger Fig. 2 Mechanical Vapor Recompression Cycle with Heat Exchanger Fig. 3 Open Vapor Recompression Cycle Fig. 3 Open Vapor Recompression Cycle Fig. 4 Heat-Driven Rankine Cycle Fig. 4 Heat-Driven Rankine Cycle Heat Sources and Sinks Air |
| 140 | Table 1 Heat Pump Sources and Sinks |
| 141 | Water Ground Solar Energy Types of Heat Pumps |
| 142 | Fig. 5 Heat Pump Types |
| 143 | Heat Pump Components Compressors |
| 144 | Fig. 6 Comparison of Parallel and Staged Operation for Air-Source Heat Pumps Fig. 6 Comparison of Parallel and Staged Operation for Air-Source Heat Pumps Fig. 7 Suction Line Separator for Protection Against Liquid Floodback Fig. 7 Suction Line Separator for Protection Against Liquid Floodback Heat Transfer Components Fig. 8 Liquid Subcooling Coil in Ventilation Air Supply to Increase Heating Effect and Heating COP Fig. 8 Liquid Subcooling Coil in Ventilation Air Supply to Increase Heating Effect and Heating COP Fig. 9 Typical Increase in Heating Capacity Resulting from Use of Liquid Subcooling Coil Fig. 9 Typical Increase in Heating Capacity Resulting from Using Liquid Subcooling Coil Refrigeration Components |
| 145 | Controls Supplemental Heating Industrial Process Heat Pumps |
| 146 | Closed-Cycle Systems Fig. 10 Dehumidification Heat Pump Fig. 10 Dehumidification Heat Pump Fig. 11 Cooling Tower Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 11 Cooling Tower Heat Recovery Heat Pump |
| 147 | Fig. 12 Effluent Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 12 Effluent Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 13 Refrigeration Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 13 Refrigeration Heat Recovery Heat Pump |
| 148 | Fig. 14 Closed-Cycle Vapor Compression System Fig. 14 Closed-Cycle Vapor Compression System Fig. 15 Recompression of Boiler-Generated Process Steam Fig. 15 Recompression of Boiler-Generated Process Steam Open-Cycle and Semi-Open-Cycle Heat Pump Systems Fig. 16 Single-Effect Heat Pump Evaporator Fig. 16 Single-Effect Heat Pump Evaporator |
| 149 | Fig. 17 Multiple-Effect Heat Pump Evaporator Fig. 17 Multiple-Effect Heat Pump Evaporator Fig. 18 Distillation Heat Pump System Fig. 18 Distillation Heat Pump System Heat Recovery Design Principles |
| 150 | Fig. 19 Heat Recovery Heat Pump System in a Rendering Plant Fig. 19 Heat Recovery Heat Pump System in a Rendering Plant Fig. 20 Semi-Open Cycle Heat Pump in a Textile Plant Fig. 20 Semi-Open-Cycle Heat Pump in a Textile Plant Applied Heat Recovery Systems Waste Heat Recovery Fig. 21 Heat Recovery Heat Pump Fig. 21 Heat Recovery Heat Pump |
| 151 | Fig. 22 Heat Recovery Chiller with Double-Bundle Condenser Fig. 22 Heat Recovery Chiller with Double-Bundle Condenser Fig. 23 Heat Recovery Chiller with Storage Tank Fig. 23 Heat Recovery Chiller with Storage Tank Fig. 24 Multistage (Cascade) Heat Transfer System Fig. 24 Multistage (Cascade) Heat Transfer System Water Loop Heat Pump Systems Description |
| 152 | Fig. 25 Heat Loss and Heat Gain for Exterior Zones During Occupied Periods Fig. 25 Heat Loss and Heat Gain for Exterior Zones During Occupied Periods Fig. 26 Heat Loss and Heat Gain for Interior Zones During Occupied Periods Fig. 26 Heat Loss and Heat Gain for Interior Zones During Occupied Periods Fig. 27 Internal Heat Available for Recovery During Occupied Periods Fig. 27 Internal Heat Available for Recovery During Occupied Periods Fig. 28 Heat Recovery System Using Water-to-Air Heat Pumps in a Closed Loop Fig. 28 Heat Recovery System Using Water-to-Air Heat Pumps in a Closed Loop |
| 153 | Fig. 29 Closed-Loop Heat Pump System with Thermal Storage and Optional Solar-Assist Collectors Fig. 29 Closed-Loop Heat Pump System with Thermal Storage and Optional Solar-Assist Collectors Fig. 30 Secondary Heat Recovery from WLHP System Fig. 30 Secondary Heat Recovery from WLHP System Design Considerations |
| 155 | Fig. 31 Cooling Tower with Heat Exchanger Fig. 31 Cooling Tower with Heat Exchanger Controls Advantages of a WLHP System Limitations of a WLHP System Balanced Heat Recovery Systems Definition |
| 156 | Heat Redistribution Heat Balance Concept Heat Balance Studies Fig. 32 Major Load Components Fig. 32 Major Load Components |
| 157 | Fig. 33 Composite Plot of Loads in Figure 32 (Adjust for Internal Motor Heat) Fig. 33 Composite Plot of Loads in Figure 32 (Adjust for Internal Motor Heat) Fig. 34 Non-Heat-Recovery System Fig. 34 Non-Heat-Recovery System General Applications |
| 158 | Multiple Buildings References Bibliography |
| 159 | I-P_S08_Ch09 Components Heating and Cooling Units Accessory Equipment |
| 160 | Fig. 1 Both Fig. 1 Heating and Cooling Components Ducts |
| 161 | Duct Sealing Supply and Return Registers and Grilles Controls Design |
| 162 | Estimating Heating and Cooling Loads Locating Outlets, Returns, Ducts, and Equipment Fig. 2 Both Fig. 2 Preferred Return Locations for Various Supply Outlet Positions |
| 163 | Table 1 General Characteristics of Supply Outlets Fig. 3 Both Fig. 3 Best Compromise Return Locations for Year-Round Heating and Cooling Determining Heating and Cooling Loads Selecting Equipment Determining Airflow Requirements |
| 164 | Detailing the Duct Configuration Fig. 4 Both Fig. 4 Sample Floor Plans for Locating Ductwork in Second Floor of (A) Two-Story House and (B) Townhouse |
| 165 | Fig. 5 Both Fig. 5 Sample Floor Plans for One-Story House with (A) Dropped Ceilings, (B) Ducts in Conditioned Spaces, and (C) Right-Sized Air Distribution in Conditioned Spaces Detailing the Distribution Design |
| 166 | Fig. 6 Both Fig. 6 (A) Ducts in Unconditioned Spaces and (B) Standard Air Distribution System in Unconditioned Spaces Table 2 Recommended Division of Duct Pressure Loss Duct Design Recommendations |
| 167 | Zone Control for Small Systems Duct Sizing for Zone Damper Systems Box Plenum Systems Using Flexible Duct Embedded Loop Ducts |
| 168 | Fig. 7 Both Fig. 7 Entrance Fittings to Eliminate Unstable Airflow in Box Plenum Fig. 8 IP Fig. 8 Dimensions for Efficient Box Plenum Selecting Supply and Return Grilles and Registers Commercial Systems Air Distribution in Small Commercial Buildings |
| 169 | Controlling Airflow in New Buildings Testing for Duct Efficiency Data Inputs Data Output System Performance |
| 170 | “HOUSE” Dynamic Simulation Model System Performance Factors Equipment-Component Efficiency Factors Equipment-System Performance Factors Equipment-Load Interaction Factors Energy Cost Factors Implications |
| 171 | Table 3 Definitions of System Performance Factors |
| 172 | System Performance Examples Table 4 System Performance Examples Table 5 Base Case Assumptions for Simulation Predictions |
| 173 | Table 6 Effect of Furnace Type on Annual Heating Performance Table 7 Effect of Climate and Night Setback on Annual Heating Performance Effect of Furnace Type Effect of Climate and Night Setback Effect of Furnace Sizing |
| 174 | Table 8 Effect of Sizing, Setback, and Design Parameters on Annual Heating Performance-Conventional, Natural-Draft Furnace Table 9 Effect of Furnace Sizing on Annual Heating Performance-Condensing Furnace with Preheat Effects of Furnace Sizing and Night Setback Table 10 Effect of Duct Treatment on System Performance Table 11 Effect of Duct Treatment and Basement Configuration on System Performance |
| 175 | References Bibliography |
| 178 | I-P_S08_Ch10 Advantages Fundamentals |
| 179 | Table 1 Properties of Saturated Steam Effects of Water , Air , and Gases Heat Transfer Basic Steam System Design Steam Source |
| 180 | Boilers Heat Recovery and Waste Heat Boilers Fig. 1 Exhaust Heat Boiler Fig. 1 Exhaust Heat Boiler Heat Exchangers Boiler Connections Supply Piping Return Piping |
| 181 | Fig. 2 Typical Boiler Connections Fig. 2 Typical Boiler Connections Fig. 3 Boiler with Gravity Return Fig. 3 Boiler with Gravity Return Design Steam Pressure |
| 182 | Piping Supply Piping Design Considerations Fig. 4 Method of Dripping Steam Mains Fig. 4 Method of Dripping Steam Mains Fig. 5 Trap Discharging to Overhead Return Fig. 5 Trap Discharging to Overhead Return |
| 183 | Fig. 6 Trapping Strainers Fig. 6 Trapping Strainers Terminal Equipment Piping Design Considerations Fig. 7 Trapping Multiple Coils Fig. 7 Trapping Multiple Coils Return Piping Design Considerations Fig. 8 Recommended Steam Trap Piping Fig. 8 Recommended Steam Trap Piping Condensate Removal from Temperature-Regulated Equipment |
| 184 | Fig. 9 Trapping Temperature-Regulated Coils Fig. 9 Trapping Temperature-Regulated Coils Steam Traps Thermostatic Traps |
| 185 | Fig. 10 Thermostatic Traps Fig. 10 Thermostatic Traps Mechanical Traps |
| 186 | Kinetic Traps Pressure-Reducing Valves Installation Fig. 11 Pressure-Reducing Valve Connections- Low Pressure Fig. 11 Pressure-Reducing Valve Connections- Low Pressure |
| 187 | Fig. 12 Pressure-Reducing Valve Connections- High Pressure Fig. 12 Pressure-Reducing Valve Connections- High Pressure Fig. 13 Steam Supply Fig. 13 Steam Supply Fig. 14 Two-Stage Pressure-Regulating Valve Fig. 14 Two-Stage Pressure-Regulating Valve Valve Size Selection |
| 188 | Terminal Equipment Selection Natural Convection Units Forced-Convection Units Convection Steam Heating One-Pipe Steam Heating Systems |
| 189 | Fig. 15 One-Pipe System Fig. 15 One-Pipe System Two-Pipe Steam Heating Systems Fig. 16 Two-Pipe System Fig. 16 Two-Pipe System Steam Distribution |
| 190 | Fig. 17 Inlet Orifice Fig. 17 Inlet Orifice Fig. 18 Orifice Capacities for Different Pressure Differentials Fig. 18 Orifice Capacities for Different Pressure Differentials Temperature Control |
| 191 | Table 2 Pressure Differential Temperature Control Heat Recovery Fig. 19 Flash Steam Fig. 19 Flash Steam Fig. 20 Flash Tank Diameters Fig. 20 Flash Tank Diameters Flash Steam |
| 192 | Fig. 21 Vertical Flash Tank Fig. 21 Vertical Flash Tank Direct Heat Recovery Combined Steam and Water Systems Commissioning References |
| 193 | I-P_S08_Ch11 Applicability Components Fig. 1 Major Components of District Heating System Fig. 1 Major Components of District Heating System Benefits Environmental Benefits |
| 194 | Consumer Economic Benefits Producer Economics Initial Capital Investment |
| 195 | Central Plant Heating and Cooling Production Heating Medium Heat Production |
| 196 | Cooling Supply Thermal Storage Auxiliaries |
| 197 | Fig. 2 Layout for Hot Water/Chilled Water Plant Fig. 2 Layout for Hot-Water/Chilled-Water Plant Distribution Design Considerations Constant Flow Fig. 3 Constant Flow Primary Distribution with Secondary Pumping Fig. 3 Constant-Flow Primary Distribution with Secondary Pumping Variable Flow |
| 198 | Fig. 4 Variable Flow Primary/Secondary Systems Fig. 4 Variable-Flow Primary/Secondary Systems Design Guidelines Distribution System Hydraulic Considerations Objectives of Hydraulic Design |
| 199 | Water Hammer Pressure Losses Pipe Sizing Network Calculations Condensate Drainage and Return |
| 200 | Thermal Considerations Thermal Design Conditions Thermal Properties of Pipe Insulation and Soil Table 1 Comparison of Commonly Used Insulations in Underground Piping Systems |
| 201 | Table 2 Effect of Moisture on Underground Piping System Insulations Table 3 Soil Thermal Conductivities Methods of Heat Transfer Analysis |
| 202 | Calculation of Undisturbed Soil Temperatures |
| 203 | Convective Heat Transfer at Ground Surface Single Uninsulated Buried Pipe Fig. 5 Single Uninsulated Buried Pipe Fig. 5 Single Uninsulated Buried Pipe Single Buried Insulated Pipe |
| 204 | Fig. 6 Single Buried Insulated Pipe Fig. 6 Single Insulated Buried Pipe Single Buried Pipe in Conduit with Air Space Single Buried Pipe with Composite Insulation |
| 205 | Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space Fig. 7 Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space Fig. 7 Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space |
| 206 | Two Buried Pipes or Conduits Fig. 8 Two Buried Pipes or Conduits Fig. 8 Two Buried Pipes or Conduits |
| 207 | Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels Fig. 9 Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels Fig. 9 Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels |
| 208 | Pipes in Shallow Trenches Buried Pipes with Other Geometries |
| 209 | Pipes in Air Economical Thickness for Pipe Insulation |
| 210 | Expansion Provisions Pipe Supports, Guides, and Anchors Distribution System Construction |
| 211 | Piping Materials and Standards Aboveground Systems |
| 212 | Underground Systems Fig. 10 Walk-Through Tunnel Fig. 10 Walk-Through Tunnel |
| 213 | Fig. 11 Concrete Surface Trench Fig. 11 Concrete Surface Trench Fig. 12 Deep-Bury Small Tunnel Fig. 12 Deep-Bury Small Tunnel Fig. 13 Poured Insulation System Fig. 13 Poured Insulation System |
| 214 | Fig. 14 Field Installed Direct-Buried Cellular Glass Insulated System Fig. 14 Field-Installed, Direct-Buried Cellular Glass Insulated System Conduits Fig. 15 Conduit System Components Fig. 15 Conduit System Components |
| 215 | Fig. 16 Corrosion Rate in Aggressive Environment Similar to Mild Steel Casings in Soil Fig. 16 Corrosion Rate in Aggressive Environment Similar to Mild Steel Casings in Soil Fig. 17 Conduit System with Annular Air Space and Single Carrier Pipe Fig. 17 Conduit System with Annular Air Space and Single Carrier Pipe Fig. 18 Conduit System with Two Carrier Pipes and Annular Air Space Fig. 18 Conduit System with Two Carrier Pipes and Annular Air Space Fig. 19 Conduit System with Single Carrier Pipe and No Air Space Fig. 19 Conduit System with Single Carrier Pipe and No Air Space (WSL) |
| 216 | Fig. 20 Conduit Casing Temperature Versus Soil Thermal Conductivity Fig. 20 Conduit Casing Temperature Versus Soil Thermal Conductivity Cathodic Protection of Direct-Buried Conduits |
| 217 | Leak Detection Valve Vaults and Entry Pits |
| 219 | Consumer Interconnections Direct Connection Fig. 21 Direct Connection of Building System to District Hot Water Fig. 21 Direct Connection of Building System to District Hot Water |
| 220 | Indirect Connection Components Heat Exchangers Fig. 22 Basic Heating System Schematic Fig. 22 Basic Heating-System Schematic |
| 221 | Flow Control Devices Instrumentation Controller |
| 222 | Pressure Control Devices Fig. 23 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Recovery Steam System Fig. 23 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Recovery Steam System Heating Connections Steam Connections Fig. 24 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Exchange Steam System Fig. 24 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Exchange Steam System |
| 223 | Fig. 25 District/Building Indirect Interconnection Hot Water System Fig. 25 District/Building Indirect Interconnection Hot-Water System Fig. 26 District/Building Direct Interconnection Hot Water System Fig. 26 District/Building Direct Interconnection Hot-Water System Hot-Water Connections Fig. 27 Building Indirect Connection for Both Heating and Domestic Hot Water Fig. 27 Building Indirect Connection for Both Heating and Domestic Hot Water |
| 224 | Building Conversion to District Heating Table 4 Conversion Suitability of Heating System by Type Chilled-Water Connections Fig. 28 Typical Chilled Water Piping and Metering Diagram Fig. 28 Typical Chilled-Water Piping and Metering Diagram |
| 225 | Temperature Differential Control Metering |
| 226 | Table 5 Flowmeter Characteristics Operation and Maintenance References |
| 227 | Bibliography |
| 228 | I-P_S08_Ch12 Principles Temperature Classifications |
| 229 | Closed Water Systems Fig. 1 Hydronic System-Fundamental Components Fig. 1 Fundamental Components of Hydronic System Method of Design Thermal Components Loads |
| 230 | Terminal Heating and Cooling Units |
| 231 | Source Expansion Chamber |
| 232 | Fig. 2 Henry’s Constant Versus Temperature for Air and Water Fig. 2 Henry’s Constant Versus Temperature for Air and Water Fig. 3 Solubility Versus Temperature and Pressure for Air/Water Solutions Fig. 3 Solubility Versus Temperature and Pressure for Air/Water Solutions |
| 233 | Hydraulic Components Pump or Pumping System Fig. 4 Pump Curve and System Curve Fig. 4 Example of Manufacturer’s Published Pump Curve Fig. 5 Shift of System Curve due to Circuit Unbalance Fig. 5 Pump Curve and System Curve Fig. 6 Operating Conditions for Parallel Pump Installation Fig. 6 Shift of System Curve Caused by Circuit Unbalance |
| 234 | Fig. 7 General Pump Operating Condition Effects Fig. 7 General Pump Operating Condition Effects Fig. 8 Operating Conditions for Series Pump Installation Fig. 8 Operating Conditions for Parallel-Pump Installation Fig. 9 Operating Conditions for Series Pump Installation Fig. 9 Operating Conditions for Series-Pump Installation |
| 235 | Fig. 10 Compound Pumping (Primary-Secondary Pumping) Fig. 10 Compound Pumping (Primary-Secondary Pumping) Variable-Speed Pumping Application |
| 236 | Fig. 11 Example of Variable-Speed Pump System Schematic Fig. 11 Example of Variable-Speed Pump System Schematic Fig. 12 Example of Variable-Speed Pump and System Curves Fig. 12 Example of Variable-Speed Pump and System Curves Fig. 13 System Curve with System Static Pressure (Control Area) Fig. 13 System Curve with System Static Pressure (Control Area) |
| 237 | Pump Connection Distribution System |
| 238 | Fig. 14 Typical System Curves for Closed System Fig. 14 Typical System Curves for Closed System Expansion Chamber Fig. 15 Tank Pressure Related to “System” Pressure Fig. 15 Tank Pressure Related to System Pressure Fig. 16 Effect of Expansion Tank Location with Respect to Pump Pressure Fig. 16 Effect of Expansion Tank Location with Respect to Pump Pressure Piping Circuits |
| 239 | Fig. 17 Flow Diagram of Simple Series Circuit Fig. 17 Flow Diagram of Simple Series Circuit Fig. 18 Series Loop System Fig. 18 Series Loop System Fig. 19 One-Pipe Diverting Tee System Fig. 19 One-Pipe Diverting Tee System Fig. 20 Series Circuit with Load Pumps Fig. 20 Series Circuit with Load Pumps |
| 240 | Fig. 21 Direct- and Reverse-Return Two-Pipe Systems Fig. 21 Direct- and Reverse-Return Two-Pipe Systems Capacity Control of Load System Fig. 22 Load Control Valves Fig. 22 Load Control Valves |
| 241 | Fig. 23 System Flow with Two-Way and Three-Way Valves Fig. 23 System Flow with Two-Way and Three-Way Valves Sizing Control Valves Fig. 24 Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 24 Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 25 Equal-Percentage Valve Characteristic with Authority Fig. 25 Equal-Percentage Valve Characteristic with Authority |
| 242 | Fig. 26 Control Valve and Coil Response, Inherent and 50% Authority Fig. 26 Control Valve and Coil Response, Inherent and 50% Authority Fig. 27 Control Valve and Coil Response, 33% Authority Fig. 27 Control Valve and Coil Response, 33% Authority Fig. 28 Coil Valve and Coil Response, 10% Authority Fig. 28 Coil Valve and Coil Response, 10% Authority |
| 243 | Fig. 29 Load Pumps with Valve Control Fig. 29 Load Pumps with Valve Control Alternatives to Control Valves Fig. 30 Schematic of Variable-Speed Pump Coil Control Fig. 30 Schematic of Variable-Speed Pump Coil Control Low-Temperature Heating Systems Nonresidential Heating Systems |
| 244 | Fig. 31 Example of Series-Connected Loading Fig. 31 Example of Series-Connected Loading Fig. 32 Heat Emission Versus Flow Characteristic of Typical Hot Water Heating Coil Fig. 32 Heat Emission Versus Flow Characteristic of Typical Hot Water Heating Coil Chilled-Water Systems Table 1 Chilled-Water Coil Performance |
| 245 | Fig. 33 Generic Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 33 Generic Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic Fig. 34 Recommendations for Coil Flow Tolerance to Maintain 97.5% Design Heat Transfer Fig. 34 Recommendations for Coil Flow Tolerance to Maintain 97% Design Heat Transfer |
| 246 | Fig. 35 Constant Flow Chilled Water System Fig. 35 Constant-Flow Chilled-Water System Fig. 36 Variable Flow Chilled Water System Fig. 36 Variable-Flow Chilled-Water System Dual-Temperature Systems Two-Pipe Systems Fig. 37 Simplified Diagram of Two-Pipe System Fig. 37 Simplified Diagram of Two-Pipe System |
| 247 | Four-Pipe Common Load Systems Fig. 38 Four-Pipe Common Load System Fig. 38 Four-Pipe Common Load System Four-Pipe Independent Load Systems Fig. 39 Four-Pipe Independent Load System Fig. 39 Four-Pipe Independent Load System Other Design Considerations Makeup and Fill Water Systems Safety Relief Valves Fig. 40 Typical Makeup Water and Expansion Tank Piping Configuration for Plain Steel Expansion Tank Fig. 40 Typical Makeup Water and Expansion Tank Piping Configuration for Plain Steel Expansion Tank |
| 248 | Fig. 41 Pressure Increase Resulting from Thermal Expansion as Function of Temperature Increase Fig. 41 Pressure Increase Resulting from Thermal Expansion as Function of Temperature Increase Air Elimination Drain and Shutoff Balance Fittings |
| 249 | Pitch Strainers Thermometers Flexible Connectors and Pipe Expansion Compensation Gage Cocks Insulation Condensate Drains Common Pipe Other Design Procedures Preliminary Equipment Layout Fig. 12 Combined Coil/Fill Evaporative Condenser |
| 250 | Final Pipe Sizing and Pressure Drop Determination Freeze Prevention Antifreeze Solutions Effect on Heat Transfer and Flow Effect on Heat Source or Chiller |
| 251 | Fig. 42 Example of Effect of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions on Heat Exchanger Output Fig. 42 Example of Effect of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions on Heat Exchanger Output Effect on Terminal Units Effect on Pump Performance Fig. 43 Effect of Viscosity on Pump Characteristics Fig. 43 Effect of Viscosity on Pump Characteristics Fig. 44 Pressure Drop Correction for Glycol Solutions Fig. 44 Pressure Drop Correction for Glycol Solutions Effect on Piping Pressure Loss Installation and Maintenance |
| 252 | References Bibliography |
| 253 | I-P_S08_Ch13 Once-Through City Water Systems Fig. 1 Condenser Connections for Once-Through City Water System Fig. 1 Condenser Connections for Once-Through City Water System Open Cooling Tower Systems |
| 254 | Fig. 2 Cooling Tower Piping System Fig. 2 Cooling Tower Piping System Air and Vapor Precautions Piping Practice Fig. 3 Schematic Piping Layout Showing Static and Suction Head Fig. 3 Schematic Piping Layout Showing Static and Suction Head Water Treatment |
| 255 | Freeze Protection Fig. 4 Cooling Tower Piping to Avoid Freeze-Up Fig. 4 Cooling Tower Piping to Avoid Freeze-Up Low-Temperature (Water Economizer) Systems Fig. 5 Closed-Circuit Cooler System Fig. 5 Closed-Circuit Cooler System Closed-Circuit Evaporative Coolers Overpressure caused by Thermal Fluid Expansion |
| 256 | I-P_S08_Ch14 Fig. 1 Relation of Saturation Pressure and Enthalpy to Water Temperature Fig. 1 Relation of Saturation Pressure and Enthalpy to Water Temperature System Characteristics |
| 257 | Basic System Fig. 2 Elements of High-Temperature Water System Fig. 2 Elements of High-Temperature Water System Design Considerations Direct-Fired High-Temperature Water Generators |
| 258 | Table 1 Properties of Water, 212 to 400ËšF Fig. 3 Density and Specific Heat of Water Fig. 3 Density and Specific Heat of Water Fig. 4 Arrangement of Boiler Piping Fig. 4 Arrangement of Boiler Piping |
| 259 | Fig. 5 Piping Connections for Two or More Boilers in HTW System Pressurized by Steam Fig. 5 Piping Connections for Two or More Boilers in HTW System Pressurized by Steam Expansion and Pressurization Fig. 6 HTW Piping for Combined (One-Pump) System (Steam Pressurized) Fig. 6 HTW Piping for Combined (One-Pump) System (Steam Pressurized) |
| 260 | Fig. 7 HTW Piping for Separate (Two-Pump) System (Steam Pressurized) Fig. 7 HTW Piping for Separate (Two-Pump) System (Steam Pressurized) Fig. 8 Inert Gas Pressurization for One-Pump System Fig. 8 Inert Gas Pressurization for One-Pump System Fig. 9 Inert Gas Pressurization for Two-Pump System Fig. 9 Inert Gas Pressurization for Two-Pump System |
| 261 | Fig. 10 Inert Gas Pressurization Using Variable Gas Quantity with Gas Recovery Fig. 10 Inert Gas Pressurization Using Variable Gas Quantity with Gas Recovery Direct-Contact Heaters (Cascades) Fig. 11 Cascade HTW System Fig. 11 Cascade HTW System Fig. 12 Cascade HTW System Combined with Boiler Feedwater Preheating Fig. 12 Cascade HTW System Combined with Boiler Feedwater Preheating System Circulating Pumps |
| 262 | Fig. 13 Typical HTW System with Push-Pull Pumping Fig. 13 Typical HTW System with Push-Pull Pumping Distribution Piping Design |
| 263 | Heat Exchangers Air Heating Coils Space Heating Equipment Instrumentation and Controls |
| 264 | Fig. 14 Control Diagram for HTW Generator Fig. 14 Control Diagram for HTW Generator Water Treatment Fig. 15 Heat Exchanger Connections Fig. 15 Heat Exchanger Connections Heat Storage Safety Considerations References |
| 265 | Bibliography |
| 266 | I-P_S08_Ch15 Energy Conservation Infrared Energy Sources Gas Infrared |
| 267 | Fig. 1 Both Fig. 1 Types of Gas-Fired Infrared Heaters Table 1 Characteristics of Typical Gas-Fired Infrared Heaters Electric Infrared |
| 268 | Fig. 2 Both Fig. 2 Common Electric Infrared Heaters Table 2 Characteristics of Four Electric Infrared Elements Oil Infrared System Efficiency |
| 269 | Reflectors Controls Precautions |
| 270 | Maintenance Design Considerations for Beam Radiant Heaters Fig. 3 IP Fig. 3 Relative Absorptance and Reflectance of Skin and Typical Clothing Surfaces |
| 271 | Fig. 4 Both Fig. 4 Projected Area Factor for Seated Persons, Nude and Clothed Fig. 5 Both Fig. 5 Projected Area Factor for Standing Persons, Nude and Clothed Fig. 6 IP Fig. 6 Radiant Heat Flux Distribution Curve of Typical Narrow-Beam High-Intensity Electric Infrared Heaters Fig. 7 IP Fig. 7 Radiant Heat Flux Distribution Curve of Typical Broad-Beam High-Intensity Electric Infrared Heaters |
| 272 | Fig. 8 IP Fig. 8 Radiant Heat Flux Distribution Curve of Typical Narrow-Beam High-Intensity Atmospheric Gas-Fired Infrared Heaters Fig. 9 IP Fig. 9 Radiant Heat Flux Distribution Curve of Typical Broad-Beam High-Intensity Atmospheric Gas-Fired Infrared Heaters Fig. 10 IP Fig. 10 Calculation of Total ERF from Three Gas-Fired Heaters on Worker Standing at Positions A Through E |
| 273 | References Bibliography |
| 274 | I-P_S08_Ch16 Fig. 1 Relative Germicidal Efficiency Fig. 1 Relative Germicidal Efficiency Terminology |
| 275 | UVGI Fundamentals Microbial Dose Response Susceptibility of Microorganisms to UV Energy Fig. 2 General Ranking of Susceptibility to UVC Inactivation of Microorganisms by Group Fig. 2 General Ranking of Susceptibility to UVC Inactivation of Microorganisms by Group |
| 276 | Table 1 Representative Members of Organism Groups Lamps and Ballasts Types of Germicidal Lamps Fig. 3 Typical UVGI Lamp Fig. 3 Typical UVGI Lamp |
| 277 | Germicidal Lamp Ballasts |
| 278 | Germicidal Lamp Cooling and Heating Effects Fig. 4 Example of Lamp Efficiency as Function of Cold-Spot Temperature Fig. 4 Example of Lamp Efficiency as Function of Cold-Spot Temperature Fig. 5 Windchill Effect on UVC Lamp Efficiency Fig. 5 Windchill Effect on UVC Lamp Efficiency Germicidal Lamp Aging UVGI Lamp Irradiance Fig. 6 Fig. 6 Diagram of Irradiance Calculation Application Ultraviolet Fixture Configurations |
| 279 | In-Duct Airstream Disinfection Table 2 Material Reflectivity Air Handler Component Surface Disinfection |
| 280 | Table 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of UVC Fixture Location Relative to Coil Fig. 7 UV Lamps Upstream or Downstream of Coil and Drain Pan Fig. 7 UV Lamps Upstream or Downstream of Coil and Drain Pan Fig. 8 Typical Installation at Coil Fig. 8 Horizontal Lamp Placement for Coil Surface Disinfection Upper-Air UVGI Systems Fig. 9 Typical Elevation View Fig. 9 Typical Elevation View |
| 281 | Fig. 10 Room Distribution Fig. 10 Room Distribution UV Photodegradation of Materials Maintenance Lamp Replacement Lamp Disposal Visual Inspection Safety Hazards of Ultraviolet Radiation to Humans |
| 282 | Sources of UV Exposure Exposure Limits Table 4 Permissible Exposure Times for Given Effective Irradiance Levels of UVC Energy at 253.7 nm UV Radiation Measurements Safety Design Guidance |
| 283 | Personnel Safety Training Lamp Breakage Unit Conversions References |
| 285 | I-P_S08_Ch17 Fig. 1 Effect of Ambient Temperature on CT Output Fig. 1 Effect of Ambient Temperature on CT Output Fig. 2 Effect of Ambient Temperature on CT Heat Rate Fig. 2 Effect of Ambient Temperature on CT Heat Rate Fig. 3 Effects of Ambient Temperature on Thermal Energy, Mass Flow Rate and Temperature of CT Exhaust Gases Fig. 3 Effects of Ambient Temperature on Thermal Energy, Mass Flow Rate and Temperature of CT Exhaust Gases |
| 286 | Fig. 4 Typical Hourly Power Demand Profile Fig. 4 Typical Hourly Power Demand Profile Fig. 5 Example of Daily System Load and Electric Energy Pricing Profiles Fig. 5 Example of Daily System Load and Electric Energy Pricing Profiles Advantages Economic Benefits Environmental Benefits Disadvantages Definition and Theory |
| 287 | Table 1 Examples of Emissions from Typical Combined- Cycle, Simple-Cycle, and Steam Turbine Systems Fig. 6 Schematic Flow Diagram of Typical Combustion Turbine System Fig. 6 Schematic Flow Diagram of Typical Combustion Turbine System System Types Evaporative Systems |
| 288 | Chiller Systems LNG Vaporization Systems Calculation of Power Capacity Enhancement and Economics |
| 290 | References Bibliography |
| 291 | I-P_S08_Ch18 Building Code Requirements Fig. 1 Hierarchy of Building Codes and Standards Fig. 1 Hierarchy of Building Codes and Standards Classifications |
| 292 | Table 1 Recommended Duct Seal Levels* Table 2 Duct Seal Levels* Duct Cleaning Leakage Table 3 Residential Metal Duct Construction1 Residential Duct Construction Commercial Duct Construction Materials Rectangular and Round Ducts |
| 293 | Table 4A Galvanized Sheet Thickness Table 4B Uncoated Steel Sheet Thickness Table 4C Stainless Steel Sheet Thickness Table 5 Steel Angle Weight per Unit Length (Approximate) Flat Oval Ducts Fibrous Glass Ducts Flexible Ducts |
| 294 | Plenums and Apparatus Casings Acoustical Treatment Hangers Industrial Duct Construction Materials |
| 295 | Round Ducts Rectangular Ducts Construction Details Hangers Antimicrobial-Treated Ducts Duct Construction for Grease- and Moisture-Laden Vapors Rigid Plastic Ducts |
| 296 | Fabric Ducts Underground Ducts Ducts Outside Buildings Seismic Qualification Sheet Metal Welding Thermal Insulation Master Specifications References |
| 298 | Bibliography |
| 299 | I-P_S08_Ch19 Fig. 1 Designations for Inlet and Outlet Supply Outlets Fully Mixed Systems |
| 300 | Fig. 2 Classification of Air Distribution Strategies Fig. 2 Classification of Air Distribution Strategies Outlet Selection Procedure Factors that Influence Selection |
| 301 | Fully Stratified Systems Outlet Selection Procedure Factors that Influence Selection Partially Mixed Systems |
| 302 | Outlet Selection Procedures Factors that Influence Selection Types of Supply Air Outlets Grilles |
| 303 | Table 1 Typical Applications for Supply Air Outlets Fig. 3 Accessory Controls for Supply Air Grilles Fig. 3 Accessory Controls for Supply Air Grilles |
| 304 | Nozzles Diffusers |
| 305 | Fig. 4 Accessory Controls for Ceiling Diffusers Fig. 4 Accessory Controls for Ceiling Diffusers Return and Exhaust Air Inlets Types of Inlets V-Bar Grille Lightproof Grille Stamped Grilles Eggcrate and Perforated-Face Grilles Applications |
| 306 | Terminal Units General Single-Duct Terminal Units Dual-Duct Terminal Units Air-to-Air Induction Terminal Units |
| 307 | Chilled Beams Fan-Powered Terminal Units |
| 308 | Bypass Terminal Units References Bibliography |
| 309 | I-P_S08_Ch20 Types of Fans Fig. 1 Centrifugal Fan Components Fig. 1 Centrifugal Fan Components Fig. 2 Axial Fan Components Fig. 2 Axial Fan Components Principles of Operation |
| 310 | Table 1 Types of Fans |
| 311 | Table 1 Types of Fans (Concluded) |
| 312 | Testing and Rating Fig. 3 Method of Obtaining Fan Performance Curves Fig. 3 Method of Obtaining Fan Performance Curves Fan Laws Table 2 Fan Laws |
| 313 | Fig. 4 IP Fig. 4 Example Application of Fan Laws Fig. 5 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Outlet System Only Fig. 5 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Outlet System Only Fan and System Pressure Relationships Fig. 6 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Inlet System Only Fig. 6 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Inlet System Only Fig. 7 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Equal-Sized Inlet and Outlet Systems Fig. 7 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Equal-Sized Inlet and Outlet Systems Fig. 8 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Diverging Cone Outlet Fig. 8 Pressure Relationships of Fan with Diverging Cone Outlet |
| 314 | Temperature Rise Across Fans Duct System Characteristics Fig. 9 Simple Duct System with Resistance to Flow Represented by Three 90Ëš Elbows Fig. 9 Simple Duct System with Resistance to Flow Represented by Three 90Ëš Elbows Fig. 10 IP Fig. 10 Example System Total Pressure Loss (DP ) Curves Fig. 11 Both Fig. 11 Resistance Added to Duct System of Figure 9 |
| 315 | Fig. 12 Both Fig. 12 Resistance Removed from Duct System of Figure 9 System Effects Selection Fig. 13 IP Fig. 13 Conventional Fan Performance Curve Used by Most Manufacturers Parallel Fan Operation |
| 316 | Fig. 14 IP Fig. 14 Desirable Combination of Ptf and DP Curves Fig. 15 IP Fig. 15 Two Forward-Curved Centrifugal Fans in Parallel Operation Noise Vibration Vibration Isolation Arrangement and Installation |
| 317 | Fan Isolation Control Fig. 16 Effect of Inlet Vane Control on Backward- Curved Centrifugal Fan Performance Fig. 16 Effect of Inlet Vane Control on Backward- Curved Centrifugal Fan Performance Fig. 17 Effect of Blade Pitch on Controllable Pitch Vaneaxial Fan Performance Fig. 17 Effect of Blade Pitch on Controllable-Pitch Vaneaxial Fan Performance Symbols References |
| 318 | Bibliography |
| 319 | I-P_S08_Ch21 Environmental Conditions Human Comfort Fig. 1 Optimum Humidity Range for Human Comfort and Health Fig. 1 Optimum Humidity Range for Human Comfort and Health Prevention and Treatment of Disease Potential Bacterial Growth Electronic Equipment Process Control and Materials Storage |
| 320 | Static Electricity Sound Wave Transmission Miscellaneous Enclosure Characteristics Vapor Retarders Visible Condensation Fig. 2 Limiting Relative Humidity for No Window Condensation Fig. 2 Limiting Relative Humidity for No Window Condensation |
| 321 | Table 1 Maximum Relative Humidity In a Space for No Condensation on Windows Concealed Condensation Energy Considerations Load Calculations Design Conditions |
| 322 | Ventilation Rate Additional Moisture Losses Internal Moisture Gains Supply Water for Humidifiers Scaling Equipment |
| 323 | Residential Humidifiers for Central Air Systems Fig. 3 Residential Humidifiers Fig. 3 Residential Humidifiers Residential Humidifiers for Nonducted Applications |
| 324 | Fig. 4 Industrial Humidifiers Fig. 4 Industrial Humidifiers Industrial and Commercial Humidifiers for Central Air Systems |
| 325 | Controls Mechanical Controls Electronic Controllers |
| 326 | Fig. 5 Recommended Humidity Controller Location Fig. 5 Recommended Humidity Controller Location Humidity Control in Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems Control Location References Bibliography |
| 327 | I-P_S08_Ch22 Uses for Coils Coil Construction and Arrangement Fig. 1 Typical Water Circuit Arrangement |
| 328 | Water and Aqueous Glycol Coils Direct-Expansion Coils |
| 329 | Control of Coils Fig. 2 Arrangements for Coils with Multiple Thermostatic Expansion Valves Fig. 2 Arrangements for Coils with Multiple Thermostatic Expansion Valves Flow Arrangement |
| 330 | Fig. 3 Typical Coil Hand Designation Fig. 3 Typical Coil Hand Designation Applications Fig. 4 Typical Arrangement of Cooling Coil Assembly in Built-Up or Packaged Central Station Air Handler Fig. 4 Typical Arrangement of Cooling Coil Assembly in Built-Up or Packaged Central Station Air Handler Fig. 5 Coil Bank Arrangement with Intermediate Condensate Pan Fig. 5 Coil Bank Arrangement with Intermediate Condensate Pan |
| 331 | Fig. 6 Sprayed-Coil System with Air Bypass Fig. 6 Sprayed-Coil System with Air Bypass Coil Selection |
| 332 | Performance and Ratings Airflow Resistance Heat Transfer |
| 333 | Performance of Sensible Cooling Coils |
| 335 | Performance of Dehumidifying Coils |
| 336 | Fig. 7 Two-Component Driving Force Between Dehumidifying Air and Coolant Fig. 7 Two-Component Driving Force Between Dehumidifying Air and Coolant Fig. 8 Surface Temperature Chart Fig. 8 Surface Temperature Chart Fig. 9 Thermal Diagram for General Case When Coil Surface Operates Partially Dry Fig. 9 Thermal Diagram for General Case When Coil Surface Operates Partially Dry |
| 338 | Fig. 10 Leaving Air Dry-Bulb Temperature Determination for Air-Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils Fig. 10 Leaving Air Dry-Bulb Temperature Determination for Air-Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils Fig. 11 Typical Total Metal Thermal Resistance of Fin and Tube Assembly Fig. 11 Typical Total Metal Thermal Resistance of Fin and Tube Assembly |
| 339 | Fig. 12 Typical Air-Side Application Rating Data Determined Experimentally for Cooling and Dehumidifying Water Coils Fig. 12 Typical Air-Side Application Rating Data Determined Experimentally for Cooling and Dehumidifying Water Coils |
| 340 | Determining Refrigeration Load Fig. 13 Psychrometric Performance of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coil Fig. 13 Psychrometric Performance of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coil |
| 341 | Maintenance |
| 342 | Symbols References Bibliography |
| 343 | I-P_S08_Ch23 Methods of Dehumidification Fig. 1 Methods of Dehumidification Fig. 1 Methods of Dehumidification Compression |
| 344 | Cooling Liquid Desiccants Fig. 2 Flow Diagram for Liquid-Absorbent Dehumidifier Fig. 2 Flow Diagram for Liquid-Absorbent Dehumidifier Fig. 3 Flow Diagram for Liquid-Absorbent Unit with Extended Surface Air Contact Medium Fig. 3 Flow Diagram for Liquid-Absorbent Unit with Extended Surface Air Contact Medium Fig. 4 Lithium Chloride Equilibrium Fig. 4 Lithium Chloride Equilibrium Solid Sorption Desiccant Dehumidification |
| 345 | Liquid-Desiccant Equipment Heat Removal Regeneration Fig. 5 Liquid Desiccant System with Multiple Conditioners Fig. 5 Liquid Desiccant System with Multiple Conditioners |
| 346 | Fig. 6 Liquid Desiccant Regenerator Capacity Fig. 6 Liquid Desiccant Regenerator Capacity Solid-Sorption Equipment Rotary Solid-Desiccant Dehumidifiers Operation Fig. 7 Typical Rotary Dehumidification Wheel Fig. 7 Typical Rotary Dehumidification Wheel |
| 347 | Fig. 8 Effect of Changes in Process Air Velocity on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 8 Effect of Changes in Process Air Velocity on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 9 Effect of Changes in Process Air Inlet Moisture on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 9 Effect of Changes in Process Air Inlet Moisture on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 10 Effect of Changes in Reactivation Air Inlet Temperature on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 10 Effect of Changes in Reactivation Air Inlet Temperature on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture Fig. 11 Effect of Changes in Process Air Inlet Moisture on Dehumidifier Outlet Temperature Fig. 11 Effect of Changes in Process Air Inlet Moisture on Dehumidifier Outlet Temperature Fig. 12 Effect of Changes in Reactivation Air Inlet Temperature on Dehumidifier Outlet Temperature Fig. 12 Effect of Changes in Reactivation Air Inlet Temperature on Dehumidifier Outlet Temperature |
| 348 | Fig. 13 Interactive Desiccant Wheel Performance Estimator Fig. 13 Interactive Desiccant Wheel Performance Estimator Use of Cooling Using Units in Series Industrial Rotary Desiccant Dehumidifier Performance |
| 349 | Fig. 14 Typical Performance Data for Rotary Solid Desiccant Dehumidifier Fig. 14 Typical Performance Data for Rotary Solid Desiccant Dehumidifier Equipment Operating Recommendations Process Air Filters Reactivation/Regeneration Filters Reactivation/Regeneration Ductwork Leakage Airflow Indication and Control Commissioning |
| 350 | Owners’ and Operators’ Perspectives Applications for Atmospheric- Pressure Dehumidification Preservation of Materials in Storage Process Dehumidification Ventilation Air Dehumidification |
| 351 | Fig. 15 Typical Peak Moisture Loads for Medium-Sized Retail Store Located in Atlanta Fig. 15 Typical Peak Moisture Loads for Medium-Sized Retail Store in Atlanta, Georgia Fig. 16 Predrying Ventilation Air to Dehumidify a Commercial Building Fig. 16 Predrying Ventilation Air to Dehumidify a Commercial Building Fig. 17 Typical Rooftop Arrangement for Drying Ventilation Air Centrally, Removing Moisture Load from Cooling Units Fig. 17 Typical Rooftop Arrangement for Drying Ventilation Air Centrally, Removing Moisture Load from Cooling Units |
| 352 | Condensation Prevention Dry Air-Conditioning Systems Indoor Air Quality Contaminant Control Testing Desiccant Drying at Elevated Pressure Equipment Absorption Adsorption |
| 353 | Fig. 18 Typical Performance Data for Solid Desiccant Dryers at Elevated Pressures Fig. 18 Typical Performance Data for Solid Desiccant Dryers at Elevated Pressures Fig. 19 Typical Adsorption Dryer for Elevated Pressures Fig. 19 Typical Adsorption Dryer for Elevated Pressures Applications Material Preservation Process Drying of Air and Other Gases Equipment Testing |
| 354 | References Bibliography Additional Information |
| 355 | I-P_S08_Ch24 Mechanical Dehumidifiers Psychrometrics of Dehumidification |
| 356 | Fig. 1 Dehumidification Process Points Fig. 1 Dehumidification Process Points Fig. 2 Psychrometric Diagram of Typical Dehumidification Process Fig. 2 Psychrometric Diagram of Typical Dehumidification Process Domestic Dehumidifiers Fig. 3 Typical Dehumidifier Unit Fig. 3 Typical Domestic Dehumidifier |
| 357 | Fig. 4 General-Purpose Dehumidifier Fig. 4 Typical General-Purpose Dehumidifier General-Purpose Dehumidifiers Makeup Air Dehumidifiers Fig. 5 Makeup Air Dehumidifier Fig. 5 Typical Makeup Air Dehumidifier |
| 358 | Fig. 6 Typical Makeup Air Dehumidifier with Exhaust Air Heat/Energy Recovery Fig. 6 Typical Makeup Air Dehumidifier with Exhaust Air Heat/Energy Recovery Indoor Swimming Pool Dehumidifiers |
| 359 | Fig. 7 Typical Single-Blower Pool Dehumidifier Fig. 7 Typical Single-Blower Pool Dehumidifier Fig. 8 Typical Double-Blower Pool Dehumidifier Fig. 8 Typical Double-Blower Pool Dehumidifier with DX Coil in Supply Air Section |
| 360 | Fig. 9 Typical Double-Blower Pool Dehumidifier with DX Coil in Return Air Section Fig. 10 Supply Blower and Double Exhaust Blower Pool Dehumidifier Ice Rink Dehumidifiers |
| 361 | Fig. 11 Typical Installation of Ice Rink Dehumidifiers Installation and Service Considerations Wraparound Heat Exchangers Fig. 12 Dehumidification Enhancement with Wraparound Heat Pipe |
| 362 | Fig. 9 Heat Pipe Dehumidification Fig. 13 Enhanced Dehumidification with a Wraparound Heat Pipe Fig. 10 Dehumidification Enhancement with Wraparound Heat Pipe Fig. 14 Slide-in Heat Pipe for Rooftop Air Conditioner Refit References Bibliography |
| 363 | I-P_S08_Ch25 Applications Table 1 Applications for Air-to-Air Energy Recovery |
| 364 | Basic Relations Fig. 1 Airstream Numbering Convention Fig. 1 Airstream Numbering Convention Heat Recovery Ventilators Energy Recovery Ventilators |
| 366 | Ideal Air-to-Air Energy Exchange Airflow Arrangements |
| 367 | Fig. 2 Heat Exchanger Airflow Configurations Fig. 2 Heat Exchanger Airflow Configurations Effectiveness Rate of Energy Transfer |
| 368 | Additional Technical Considerations Air Leakage Fig. 3 Air Leakage in Energy Recovery Units Fig. 3 Air Leakage in Energy Recovery Units Air Capacity of Ventilator Fans |
| 369 | Pressure Drop Maintenance Filtration Controls Fouling Corrosion Condensation and Freeze-Up |
| 370 | Frost Blockage and Control in Air-to-Air Exchangers |
| 371 | Performance Ratings Design Considerations of Various ERV Systems Fixed-Plate Heat Exchangers |
| 372 | Fig. 4 Fixed-Plate Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger Fig. 4 Fixed-Plate Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger Fig. 5 Variation of Pressure Drop and Effectiveness with Air Flow Rates for a Membrane Plate Exchanger Fig. 5 Variation of Pressure Drop and Effectiveness with Air Flow Rates for a Membrane Plate Exchanger Fig. 6 Rotary Air-to-Air Energy Exchanger Fig. 6 Rotary Air-to-Air Energy Exchanger Rotary Air-to-Air Energy Exchangers |
| 373 | Fig. 7 Effectiveness of Counterflow Regenerator Fig. 7 Effectiveness of Counterflow Regenerator Coil Energy Recovery (Runaround) Loops Fig. 8 Coil Energy Recovery Loop Fig. 8 Coil Energy Recovery Loop |
| 374 | Fig. 9 Energy Recovery Capacity Versus Outside Air Temperature for Typical Loop Fig. 9 Energy Recovery Capacity Versus Outside Air Temperature for Typical Loop Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers |
| 375 | Fig. 10 Heat Pipe Assembly Fig. 10 Heat Pipe Assembly Fig. 11 Heat Pipe Operation Fig. 11 Heat Pipe Operation Fig. 12 Heat Pipe Exchanger Effectiveness Fig. 12 Heat Pipe Exchanger Effectiveness |
| 376 | Fig. 13 Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger with Tilt Control Fig. 13 Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger with Tilt Control Twin-Tower Enthalpy Recovery Loops Fig. 14 Twin-Tower Enthalpy Recovery Loop Fig. 14 Twin-Tower Enthalpy Recovery Loop Thermosiphon Heat Exchangers |
| 377 | Fig. 15 Sealed-Tube Thermosiphons Fig. 15 Sealed-Tube Thermosiphons Fig. 16 Coil-Type Thermosiphon Loops Fig. 16 Coil-Type Thermosiphon Loops Fig. 17 Typical Performance of Two-Phase Thermosiphon Loop Fig. 17 Typical Performance of Two-Phase Thermosiphon Loop Comparison of Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Systems |
| 378 | Table 2 Comparison of Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Devices Long-Term Performance of Heat or Energy Recovery Ventilators Selection of Heat or Energy Recovery Ventilators |
| 379 | Energy and/or Mass Recovery Calculation Procedure Fig. 18 Maximum Sensible and Latent Heat from Process A-B Fig. 18 Maximum Sensible and Latent Heat from Process A-B |
| 380 | Fig. 19 Sensible Heat Recovery in Winter (Example 2) Fig. 19 Sensible Heat Recovery in Winter (Example 4) |
| 381 | Fig. 20 Total Heat Recovery in Summer (Example 4) Fig. 20 Sensible Heat Recovery in Winter with Condensate (Example 5) |
| 382 | Fig. 21 Total Heat Recovery in Summer (Example 4) Fig. 21 Total Heat Recovery in Summer (Example 6) Fig. 22 Total Heat Recovery in Summer (Example 4) Fig. 22 Total Energy Recovery with EATR ¹ 0 and OACF ¹ 1 (Example 7) |
| 383 | Fig. 23 Total Heat Recovery in Summer (Example 4) Fig. 23 Actual Airflow Rates at Various State Points (Example 7) Indirect Evaporative Air Cooling Fig. 24 Indirect Evaporative Cooling Recovery (Example 5) Fig. 24 Indirect Evaporative Cooling Recovery (Example 8) |
| 384 | Precooling Air Reheater (Series Application) Fig. 25 Precooling Air Reheater Fig. 25 Precooling Air Reheater Fig. 26 Precooling Air Reheater Dehumidifier (Example 6) Fig. 26 Precooling Air Reheater Dehumidifier (Example 9) Economic Considerations |
| 385 | Symbols |
| 386 | References Bibliography |
| 388 | I-P_S08_Ch26 Coil Construction and Design Steam Coils |
| 389 | Table 1 Preferred Operating Limits for Continuous- Duty Steam Coil Materials in Commercial and Institutional Applications Water/Aqueous Glycol Heating Coils |
| 390 | Volatile Refrigerant Heat Reclaim Coils Electric Heating Coils Coil Selection Coil Ratings |
| 391 | Overall Requirements Table 2 Typical Maximum Condensate Loads Installation Guidelines |
| 392 | Coil Maintenance References |
| 393 | I-P_S08_Ch27 Unit Ventilators Application |
| 394 | Fig. 1 Typical Unit Ventilators Fig. 1 Typical Unit Ventilators Fig. 2 Methods of Preventing Downdraft along Windows Fig. 2 Methods of Preventing Downdraft along Windows |
| 395 | Selection Capacity Table 1 Typical Unit Ventilator Capacities Control |
| 396 | Unit Heaters Application Selection Heating Medium Type of Unit |
| 397 | Fig. 3 Typical Unit Heaters Fig. 3 Typical Unit Heaters |
| 398 | Location for Proper Heat Distribution Sound Level in Occupied Spaces Ratings of Unit Heaters Filters |
| 399 | Fig. 4 Hot Water and Steam Connections for Unit Heaters Fig. 4 Hot Water and Steam Connections for Unit Heaters Control Piping Connections |
| 400 | Maintenance Makeup Air Units Description and Applications Other Applications Selection Location |
| 401 | Heating and Cooling Media Filters Control Applicable Codes and Standards Commissioning |
| 402 | Maintenance Bibliography |
| 403 | I-P_S08_Ch28 Atmospheric Dust Aerosol Characteristics |
| 404 | Air-Cleaning Applications Mechanisms of Particle Collection Evaluating Air Cleaners |
| 405 | Air Cleaner Test Methods Arrestance Test Atmospheric Dust-Spot Efficiency Test |
| 406 | Fig. 1 Typical Performance Curves for Fixed Cartridge-Type Filter According to ASHRAE Standard 52.1 Fig. 1 Typical Performance Curves for Fixed Cartridge-Type Filter According to ASHRAE Standard 52.1 Dust-Holding Capacity Test Fig. 2 Typical Dust-Loading Graph for Self-Renewable Air Filter Fig. 2 Typical Dust-Loading Graph for Self-Renewable Air Filter Particle Size Removal Efficiency Test |
| 407 | DOP Penetration Test Leakage (Scan) Tests Specialized Performance Test Other Performance Tests Environmental Tests ARI Standards Types of Air Cleaners |
| 408 | Filter Types and Performance Panel Filters |
| 409 | Electronic Air Cleaners |
| 410 | Table 1 Performance of Renewable Media Filters (Steady-State Values) Fig. 3 Cross Section of Ionizing Electronic Air Cleaner Fig. 3 Cross Section of Ionizing Electronic Air Cleaner Selection and Maintenance |
| 411 | Residential Air Cleaners VAV Systems Antimicrobial Treatment of Filter Media Air Cleaner Installation |
| 412 | Table 2 Typical Filter Applications Classified by Filter Efficiency and Typea |
| 413 | Table 3 Cross-Reference and Application Guidelines (Table E-1, ASHRAE Standard 52.2) |
| 414 | Safety Considerations References Bibliography |
| 416 | I-P_S08_Ch29 Equipment Selection Regulations and Monitoring Gas-Cleaning Regulations |
| 417 | Measuring Gas Streams and Contaminants Gas Flow Distribution Monitors and Controls Particulate Contaminant Control |
| 418 | Table 1 Intended Duty of Gas-Cleaning Equipment Table 2 Principal Types of Particulate Control Equipment Collector Performance Mechanical Collectors Settling Chambers |
| 419 | Table 3 Measures of Performance for Gas-Cleaning Equipment Inertial Collectors Fig. 1 Typical Louver and Baffle Collectors Fig. 1 Typical Louver and Baffle Collectors |
| 420 | Table 4 Collectors Used in Industry |
| 421 | Table 4 Collectors Used in Industry (Continued) |
| 422 | Table 5 Terminal Settling Velocities of Particles, fps Electrostatic Precipitators |
| 423 | Fig. 2 Typical Cyclone Collectors Fig. 2 Typical Cyclone Collectors Fig. 3 Cyclone Efficiency Fig. 3 Cyclone Efficiency Fig. 4 Typical Single-Stage Electrostatic Precipitator Fig. 4 Typical Single-Stage Electrostatic Precipitator Fig. 5 Typical Two-Stage Electrostatic Precipitators Fig. 5 Typical Two-Stage Electrostatic Precipitators Single-Stage Designs |
| 424 | Fig. 6 Typical Single-Stage Precipitators Fig. 6 Typical Single-Stage Precipitators Two-Stage Designs |
| 425 | Fig. 7 Condensing Precipitator Systems for Control of Hot Organic Smokes Fig. 7 Condensing Precipitator Systems for Control of Hot Organic Smokes Fabric Filters Principle of Operation |
| 426 | Pressure-Volume Relationships Fig. 8 Time Dependence of Pressure Drop Across Fabric Filter Fig. 8 Time Dependence of Pressure Drop Across Fabric Filter Electrostatic Augmentation Fabrics |
| 427 | Table 6 Temperature Limits and Characteristics of Fabric Filter Media Types of Self-Cleaning Mechanisms for Fabric Dust Collectors Fig. 9 Bag-Type Shaker Collector Fig. 9 Bag-Type Shaker Collector Fig. 10 Envelope-Type Shaker Collector Fig. 10 Envelope-Type Shaker Collector |
| 428 | Fig. 11 Pressure Drop Across Shaker Collector Versus Time Fig. 11 Pressure Drop Across Shaker Collector Versus Time Fig. 12 Draw-Through Reverse Flow Cleaning of Fabric Filter Fig. 12 Draw-Through Reverse-Flow Cleaning of Fabric Filter Fig. 13 Typical Pulse Jet Fabric Filter Fig. 13 Typical Pulse Jet Fabric Filter |
| 429 | Fig. 14 Pulse Jet Cartridge Filters (Upflow Design with Vertical Filters) Fig. 14 Pulse Jet Cartridge Filters (Upflow Design with Vertical Filters) Granular-Bed Filters Principle of Operation |
| 430 | Fig. 15 Typical granular-bed filter Fig. 15 Typical Granular-Bed Filter Particulate Scrubbers (Wet Collectors) Principle of Operation Spray Towers and Impingement Scrubbers |
| 431 | Fig. 16 Fractional Efficiency of Several Wet Collectors Fig. 16 Fractional Efficiency of Several Wet Collectors Fig. 17 Efficiency of Venturi Scrubber Fig. 17 Efficiency of Venturi Scrubber Fig. 18 Typical Spray Tower Fig. 18 Typical Spray Tower Fig. 19 Typical Impingement Scrubber Fig. 19 Typical Impingement Scrubber Centrifugal-Type Collectors Orifice-Type Collectors Venturi Scrubber |
| 432 | Fig. 20 Typical Orifice-Type Wet Collector Fig. 20 Typical Orifice-Type Wet Collector Fig. 21 Typical High-Energy Venturi Scrubber Fig. 21 Typical High-Energy Venturi Scrubber Electrostatically Augmented Scrubbers Fig. 22 Typical Electrostatically Augmented Scrubber Fig. 22 Typical Electrostatically Augmented Scrubber Gaseous Contaminant Control Spray Dry Scrubbing |
| 433 | Principle of Operation Equipment Wet-Packed Scrubbers Scrubber Packings |
| 434 | Table 7 Packing Factor F for Various Scrubber Packing Materials Fig. 23 Typical Packings for Scrubbers Fig. 23 Typical Packings for Scrubbers Arrangements of Packed Scrubbers Fig. 24 Flow Arrangements Through Packed Beds Fig. 24 Flow Arrangements Through Packed Beds |
| 435 | Fig. 25 Typical Countercurrent Packed Scrubber Fig. 25 Typical Countercurrent Packed Scrubber Fig. 26 Horizontal Flow Scrubber with Extended Surface Fig. 26 Horizontal Flow Scrubber with Extended Surface Fig. 27 Vertical Flow Scrubber with Extended Surface Fig. 27 Vertical Flow Scrubber with Extended Surface Pressure Drop Fig. 28 Pressure Drop Versus Gas Rate for Typical Packing Fig. 28 Pressure Drop Versus Gas Rate for Typical Packing Absorption Efficiency |
| 436 | Table 8 Mass Transfer Coefficients (KG a) for Scrubber Packing Materials Table 9 Relative KG a for Various Contaminants in Liquid-Film-Controlled Scrubbers Fig. 29 Generalized Pressure Drop Curves for Packed Beds Fig. 29 Generalized Pressure Drop Curves for Packed Beds |
| 437 | Fig. 30 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 120 fpm (Liquid Film Controlled) Fig. 30 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 120 fpm (Liquid-Film-Controlled) Fig. 31 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 120 fpm (Gas Film Controlled) Fig. 31 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 240 fpm (Liquid-Film-Controlled) Fig. 32 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 240 fpm (Gas Film Controlled) Fig. 32 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 360 fpm (Liquid-Film-Controlled) Fig. 33 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 360 fpm (Gas Film Controlled) Fig. 33 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 120 fpm (Gas-Film-Controlled) |
| 438 | Fig. 34 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 240 fpm (Gas Film Controlled) Fig. 34 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 240 fpm (Gas-Film-Controlled) Fig. 35 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 360 fpm (Gas Film Controlled) Fig. 35 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 360 fpm (Gas-Film-Controlled) Table 10 Relative KG a for Various Contaminants in Gas-Film-Controlled Scrubbers |
| 439 | General Efficiency Comparisons Liquid Effects Adsorption of Gaseous Contaminants Fig. 36 Adsorption Isotherms on Activated Carbon Fig. 36 Adsorption Isotherms on Activated Carbon |
| 440 | Equipment for Adsorption Fig. 37 Fluidized Bed Adsorption Equipment Fig. 37 Fluidized-Bed Adsorption Equipment Solvent Recovery Fig. 38 Schematic of Two-Unit Fixed Bed Adsorber Fig. 38 Schematic of Two-Unit Fixed Bed Adsorber |
| 441 | Odor Control Fig. 39 Moving Bed Adsorber Fig. 39 Moving-Bed Adsorber Fig. 40 Typical Odor Adsorber Fig. 40 Typical Odor Adsorber |
| 442 | Applications of Fluidized Bed Adsorbers Incineration of Gases and Vapors Thermal Oxidizers Catalytic Oxidizers Applications of Oxidizers |
| 443 | Adsorption and Oxidation Auxiliary Equipment Ducts Temperature Controls Fans |
| 444 | Dust- and Slurry-Handling Equipment Hoppers Dust Conveyors Dust Disposal Slurry Treatment Operation and Maintenance Corrosion Fires and Explosions |
| 445 | References Bibliography |
| 446 | I-P_S08_Ch30 General Considerations Terminology System Application |
| 447 | Safety Efficiency and Emission Ratings Steady-State and Cyclic Efficiency Emissions |
| 448 | Gas-Burning Appliances Gas-Fired Combustion Systems Burners Fig. 1 Partially Aerated (Bunsen) Burner Fig. 1 Partially Aerated (Bunsen) Burner Fig. 2 Premix Burner Fig. 2 Premix Burner Combustion System Flow |
| 449 | Fig. 3 Forced-Draft Combustion System Fig. 3 Forced-Draft Combustion System Fig. 4 Induced-Draft Combustion System Fig. 4 Induced-Draft Combustion System Fig. 5 Packaged Power Burner Fig. 5 Packaged Power Burner Ignition Input Rate Control |
| 450 | Fig. 6 Combustion System and Linked Air and Gas Flow Fig. 6 Combustion System with Linked Air and Gas Flow Fig. 7 Tracking Combustion System with Zero Regulator Fig. 7 Tracking Combustion System with Zero Regulator Residential Appliances Boilers Forced-Air Furnaces Water Heaters |
| 451 | Combination Space- and Water-Heating Appliances Pool Heaters Conversion Burners Fig. 8 Typical Single-Port Upshot Gas Conversion Burner Fig. 8 Typical Single-Port Upshot Gas Conversion Burner Commercial-Industrial Appliances Boilers Space Heaters |
| 452 | Water Heaters Pool Heaters Applications Location Gas Supply and Piping Air for Combustion and Ventilation Draft Control |
| 453 | Venting Building Depressurization Gas Input Rate |
| 454 | Effect of Gas Temperature and Barometric Pressure Changes on Gas Input Rate Fuel Gas Interchangeability |
| 455 | Altitude Fig. 9 Altitude Effects on Gas Combustion Appliances Fig. 9 Altitude Effects on Gas Combustion Appliances |
| 456 | Oil-Burning Appliances Residential Oil Burners Fig. 10 High-Pressure Atomizing Gun Oil Burner Fig. 10 High-Pressure Atomizing Gun Oil Burner |
| 457 | Fig. 11 Details of High-Pressure Atomizing Oil Burner Fig. 11 Details of High-Pressure Atomizing Oil Burner Commercial/Industrial Oil Burners Pressure-Atomizing Oil Burners |
| 458 | Table 1 Classification of Atomizing Oil Burners Return-Flow Pressure-Atomizing Oil Burners Air-Atomizing Oil Burners Horizontal Rotary Cup Oil Burners Steam-Atomizing Oil Burners (Register Type) |
| 459 | Mechanical Atomizing Oil Burners (Register Type) Return-Flow Mechanical Atomizing Oil Burners Dual-Fuel Gas/Oil Burners Equipment Selection Fuel Oil Storage Systems |
| 460 | Table 2 Guide for Fuel Oil Grades Versus Firing Rate Fig. 12 Typical Oil Storage Tank (No. 6 Oil) Fig. 12 Typical Oil Storage Tank (No. 6 Oil) Fuel-Handling Systems |
| 461 | Fig. 13 Industrial Burner Auxiliary Equipment Fig. 13 Industrial Burner Auxiliary Equipment Fuel Oil Preparation System |
| 462 | Solid-Fuel-Burning Appliances Capacity Classification of Stokers Fig. 14 Horizontal Underfeed Stoker with Single Retort Fig. 14 Horizontal Underfeed Stoker with Single Retort Stoker Types by Fuel-Feed Methods Spreader Stokers |
| 463 | Table 3 Characteristics of Various Types of Stokers (Class 5) Fig. 15 Spreader Stoker, Traveling Grate Type Fig. 15 Spreader Stoker, Traveling Grate Type Underfeed Stokers Chain and Traveling Grate Stokers |
| 464 | Fig. 16 Chain Grate Stoker Fig. 16 Chain Grate Stoker Fig. 17 Vibrating Grate Stoker Fig. 17 Vibrating Grate Stoker Vibrating Grate Stokers Controls Fig. 18 Basic Control Circuit for Fuel-Burning Appliance Fig. 18 Basic Control Circuit for Fuel-Burning Appliance Safety Controls and Interlocks |
| 465 | Ignition and Flame Monitoring Draft Proving Limit Controls Other Safety Controls Prescriptive Requirements for Safety Controls Reliability of Safety Controls |
| 466 | Operating Controls Fig. 19 Control Characteristics of Three-Stage System Fig. 19 Control Characteristics of Three-Stage System |
| 467 | Integrated and Programmed Controls Fig. 20 Integrated Control System for Gas-Fired Appliance Fig. 20 Integrated Control System for Gas-Fired Appliance References |
| 468 | Bibliography |
| 469 | I-P_S08_Ch31 Classifications Working Pressure and Temperature Fuel Used Construction Materials |
| 470 | Fig. 1 Residential Boilers Fig. 1 Residential Boilers Fig. 2 Cast-Iron Commercial Boilers Fig. 2 Cast-Iron Commercial Boilers |
| 471 | Fig. 3 Scotch Marine Commercial Boilers Fig. 3 Scotch Marine Commercial Boilers Fig. 4 Commercial Fire-Tube and Water-Tube Boilers Fig. 4 Commercial Fire-Tube and Water-Tube Boilers Type of Draft Condensing or Noncondensing |
| 472 | Fig. 5 Commercial Condensing Boilers Fig. 5 Commercial Condensing Boilers Fig. 6 Effect of Inlet Water Temperature on Efficiency of Condensing Boilers Fig. 6 Effect of Inlet Water Temperature on Efficiency of Condensing Boilers Fig. 7 Relationship of Dew Point, Carbon Dioxide, and Combustion Efficiency for Natural Gas Fig. 7 Relationship of Dew Point, Carbon Dioxide, and Combustion Efficiency for Natural Gas Wall Hung Boilers Integrated (Combination) Boilers Electric Boilers |
| 473 | Selection Parameters Efficiency: Input and Output Ratings Fig. 8 Boiler Efficiency as Function of Fuel and Air Input Fig. 8 Boiler Efficiency as Function of Fuel and Air Input Performance Codes and Standards |
| 474 | Sizing Burner Types BOILER CONTROLS Operating Controls |
| 475 | Water Level Controls Flame Safeguard Controls References Bibliography |
| 476 | I-P_S08_Ch32 Fig. 1 Induced-Draft Gas Furnace Fig. 1 Induced-Draft Gas Furnace Components Casing or Cabinet Heat Exchangers |
| 477 | Combustion Venting Components Circulating Blowers and Motors Filters and Other Accessories |
| 478 | Airflow Variations Fig. 2 Upflow Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 2 Upflow Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 3 Downflow (Counterflow) Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 3 Downflow (Counterflow) Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 4 Horizontal Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 4 Horizontal Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 5 Basement (Lowboy) Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower Fig. 5 Basement (Lowboy) Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower |
| 479 | Combustion System Variations Fig. 6 Terminology Used to Describe Fan-Assisted Combustion Fig. 6 Terminology Used to Describe Fan-Assisted Combustion Indoor/Outdoor Furnace Variations Heat Source Types Natural Gas and Propane Furnaces Oil Furnaces Electric Furnaces |
| 480 | Fig. 7 Electric Forced-Air Furnace Fig. 7 Electric Forced-Air Furnace Commercial Equipment Ducted Equipment Unducted Heaters Fig. 8 Standing Floor Furnace Fig. 8 Standing Floor Furnace Controls and Operating Characteristics External to Furnace |
| 481 | Internal to Furnace Equipment Selection Distribution System Equipment Location Forced-Air System Primary Use |
| 482 | Fuel Selection Combustion Air and Venting Equipment Sizing Types of Furnaces Consumer Considerations |
| 483 | Selecting Furnaces for Commercial Buildings Calculations |
| 484 | Table 1 Typical Values of Efficiency Technical Data Natural Gas Furnaces |
| 485 | Propane Furnaces Oil Furnaces Electric Furnaces Commercial Furnaces Installation |
| 486 | Agency Listings References |
| 487 | Bibliography |
| 488 | I-P_S08_Ch33 Gas In-Space Heaters Room Heaters Fig. 1 Room Heater Fig. 1 Room Heater Wall Furnaces |
| 489 | Fig. 2 Wall Furnace Fig. 2 Wall Furnace Fig. 3 Floor Furnace Fig. 3 Floor Furnace Floor Furnaces Table 1 Efficiency Requirements in the United States for Gas-Fired Direct Heating Equipment United States Minimum Efficiency Requirements Controls Valves Thermostats |
| 490 | Table 2 Gas Input Required for In-Space Supplemental Heaters Vent Connectors Sizing Units Oil and Kerosene In-Space Heaters Vaporizing Oil Pot Heaters Fig. 4 Oil-Fueled Heater with Vaporizing Pot-Type Burner Fig. 4 Oil-Fueled Heater with Vaporizing Pot-Type Burner Powered Atomizing Heaters Portable Kerosene Heaters Electric In-Space Heaters Wall, Floor, Toe Space, and Ceiling Heaters Baseboard Heaters |
| 491 | Radiant Heating Systems Heating Panels and Heating Panel Sets Embedded Cable and Storage Heating Systems Cord-Connected Portable Heaters Controls Solid-Fuel In-Space Heaters Fireplaces Simple Fireplaces Factory-Built Fireplaces |
| 492 | Table 3 Solid-Fuel In-Space Heaters Freestanding Fireplaces Stoves Conventional Wood Stoves Advanced-Design Wood Stoves Fireplace Inserts |
| 493 | Pellet-Burning Stoves General Installation Practices Table 4 Chimney Connector Wall Thickness* Safety with Solid Fuels Utility-Furnished Energy Products of Combustion |
| 494 | Agency Testing References Bibliography |
| 495 | I-P_S08_Ch34 Terminology Draft Operating Principles |
| 496 | Chimney Functions Start-Up Air Intakes |
| 497 | Vent Size Draft Control Pollution Control Equipment Location Wind Effects Safety Factors Steady-State Chimney Design Equations |
| 498 | 1. Mass Flow of Combustion Products in Chimneys and Vents Table 1 Mass Flow Equations for Common Fuels Fig. 1 Graphical Evaluation of Rate of Vent Gas Flow from Percent CO2 and Fuel Rate Fig. 1 Graphical Evaluation of Rate of Vent Gas Flow from Percent CO2 and Fuel Rate |
| 499 | Table 2 Typical Chimney and Vent Design Conditionsa Fig. 2 Flue Gas Mass and Volumetric Flow Fig. 2 Flue Gas Mass and Volumetric Flow Table 3 Mass Flow for Incinerator Chimneys 2. Mean Chimney Gas Temperature and Density |
| 500 | Table 4 Mean Chimney Gas Temperature for Various Appliances Table 5 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients of Various Chimneys and Vents Fig. 3 Temperature Multiplier Cu for Compensation of Heat Losses in Connector Fig. 3 Temperature Multiplier Cu for Compensation of Heat Losses in Connector |
| 501 | 3. Theoretical Draft Table 6 Approximate Theoretical Draft of Chimneys Fig. 4 Theoretical Draft Nomograph Fig. 4 Theoretical Draft Nomograph |
| 502 | Table 7 Input Altitude Factor for Equation (21) Theoretical Draft 4. System Pressure Loss Caused by Flow Table 8 Pressure Equations for Dp 5. Available Draft 6. Chimney Gas Velocity |
| 503 | Table 9 Resistance Loss Coefficients 7. System Resistance Coefficient |
| 504 | Fig. 5 Friction Factor for Commercial Iron and Steel Pipe Fig. 5 Friction Factor for Commercial Iron and Steel Pipe Configuration and Manifolding Effects |
| 505 | Fig. 6 Connector Design Fig. 6 Connector Design 8. Input, Diameter, and Temperature Relationships |
| 506 | 9. Volumetric Flow in Chimney or System 10. Graphical Solution of Chimney or Vent System Steady-State Chimney Design Graphical Solutions |
| 507 | Fig. 7 Design Chart for Vents, Chimneys, and Ducts Fig. 7 Design Chart for Vents, Chimneys, and Ducts |
| 508 | Vent and Chimney Capacity Calculation Examples Fig. 8 Gas Vent with Lateral Fig. 8 Gas Vent with Lateral |
| 509 | Fig. 9 Draft-Regulated Appliance with 0.10 in. of water gage Available Draft Required Fig. 9 Draft-Regulated Appliance with 0.10 in. of water Available Draft Required Fig. 10 Forced-Draft Appliance with Neutral (Zero) Draft (Negative Pressure Lateral) Fig. 10 Forced-Draft Appliance with Neutral (Zero) Draft (Negative Pressure Lateral) Fig. 11 Forced-Draft Appliance with Positive Outlet Pressure Fig. 11 Forced-Draft Appliance with Positive Outlet Pressure (Negative Draft) |
| 510 | Fig. 12 Illustration for Example 2 Fig. 12 Illustration for Example 2 Fig. 13 Illustration for Example 3 Fig. 13 Illustration for Example 3 |
| 511 | Fig. 14 Illustration for Example 4 Fig. 14 Illustration for Example 4 |
| 512 | Fig. 15 Illustration for Example 5 Fig. 15 Illustration for Example 5 |
| 513 | Fig. 16 Illustration for Example 7 Fig. 16 Illustration for Example 7 Gas Appliance Venting |
| 514 | Fig. 17 Typical Fan Operating Data and System Curves Fig. 17 Typical Fan Operating Data and System Curves Vent Connectors Masonry Chimneys for Gas Appliances Type B and Type L Factory-Built Venting Systems |
| 515 | Gas Appliances Without Draft Hoods Conversion to Gas Oil-Fired Appliance Venting Condensation and Corrosion |
| 516 | Connector and Chimney Corrosion Vent Connectors Masonry Chimneys for Oil-Fired Appliances Replacement of Appliances |
| 517 | Fireplace Chimneys |
| 518 | Fig. 18 Eddy Formation Fig. 18 Eddy Formation Fig. 19 Effect of Chimney Gas Temperature on Fireplace Frontal Opening Velocity Fig. 19 Effect of Chimney Gas (Combustion Products) Temperature on Fireplace Frontal Opening Velocity |
| 519 | Fig. 20 Permissible Fireplace Frontal Opening Area for Design Conditions (0.8 fps mean frontal velocity with 12 in. inside diameter round flue) Fig. 20 Permissible Fireplace Frontal Opening Area for Design Conditions (0.8 fps mean frontal velocity with 12 in. inside diameter round flue) Fig. 21 Effect of Area Ratio on Frontal Velocity for Constant Chimney Height of 15 ft with 12 in. Inside Diameter Round Flue Fig. 21 Effect of Area Ratio on Frontal Velocity (for chimney height of 15 ft with 12 in. inside diameter round flue) |
| 520 | Fig. 22 Variation of Chimney Gas Temperature with Heat Content for Combustion Gas Fig. 22 Variation of Chimney Flue Gas Temperature with Heat Input Rate of Combustion Products Fig. 23 Chimney Sizing Chart for Fireplaces Fig. 23 Chimney Sizing Chart for Fireplaces |
| 521 | Fig. 24 Estimation of Fireplace Frontal Area Fig. 24 Estimation of Fireplace Frontal Opening Area |
| 522 | Air Supply to Fuel-Burning Appliances Vent and Chimney Materials |
| 523 | Fig. 25 Building Heating Appliance, Medium-Heat Chimney Fig. 25 Building Heating Appliance, Medium-Heat Chimney |
| 524 | Table 10 Underwriters Laboratories Test Standards Vent and Chimney Accessories Draft Hoods Draft Regulators Vent Dampers |
| 525 | Fig. 26 Use of Barometric Draft Regulators Fig. 26 Use of Barometric Draft Regulators Heat Exchangers or Flue Gas Heat Extractors Draft Fans |
| 526 | Fig. 27 Draft Inducers Fig. 27 Draft Inducers Terminations: Caps and Wind Effects |
| 527 | Fig. 28 Wind Eddy and Wake Zones for One- or Two-Story Buildings and Their Effect on Chimney Gas Discharge Fig. 28 Wind Eddy and Wake Zones for One- or Two-Story Buildings and Their Effect on Chimney Gas Discharge Fig. 29 Height of Eddy Currents Around Single High-Rise Buildings Fig. 29 Height of Eddy Currents Around Single High-Rise Buildings Fig. 30 Eddy and Wake Zones for Low, Wide Buildings Fig. 30 Eddy and Wake Zones for Low, Wide Buildings |
| 528 | Table 11 List of U.S. National Standards Relating to Installationa Fig. 31 Vent and Chimney Rain Protection Fig. 31 Vent and Chimney Rain Protection |
| 529 | Codes and Standards Conversion Factors Symbols References |
| 530 | Bibliography |
| 531 | I-P_S08_Ch35 Description Radiators Pipe Coils Convectors Baseboard Units Finned-Tube Units |
| 532 | Fig. 1 Terminal Units Fig. 1 Terminal Units Fig. 2 Typical Radiators Fig. 2 Typical Radiators Heat Emission Ratings of Heat-Distributing Units Radiators Convectors |
| 533 | Table 1 Small-Tube Cast-Iron Radiators Baseboard Units Finned-Tube Units Other Heat-Distributing Units Corrections for Nonstandard Conditions Design Effect of Water Velocity |
| 534 | Table 2 Correction Factors c for Various Types of Heating Units Fig. 3 Water Velocity Correction Factor for Baseboard and Finned-Tube Radiators Fig. 3 Water Velocity Correction Factor for Baseboard and Finned-Tube Radiators Fig. 4 Effect of Air Density on Radiator Output Fig. 4 Effect of Air Density on Radiator Output |
| 535 | Effect of Altitude Effect of Mass Performance at Low Water Temperatures Effect of Enclosure and Paint Applications Radiators Convectors Baseboard Radiation Finned-Tube Radiation |
| 536 | Radiant Panels References Bibliography |
| 537 | I-P_S08_Ch36 Solar Heating Systems Air-Heating Systems Fig. 1 Both Fig. 1 Air-Heating Space and Domestic Water Heater System |
| 538 | Liquid-Heating Systems Fig. 2 Both Fig. 2 Simplified Schematic of Indirect Nonfreezing System Fig. 3 Both Fig. 3 Simplified Schematic of Indirect Drainback Freeze Protection System Direct and Indirect Systems Freeze Protection |
| 539 | Solar Thermal Energy Collectors Collector Types Fig. 4 Both Fig. 4 Solar Flat-Plate Collectors Fig. 5 Both Fig. 5 Evacuated-Tube Collector |
| 540 | Collector Construction Fig. 6 Both Fig. 6 Plan View of Liquid Collector Absorber Plates |
| 541 | Fig. 7 Both Fig. 7 Cross Sections of Various Solar Air and Water Heater Fig. 8 Both Fig. 8 Cross Section of Suggested Insulation to Reduce Heat Loss from Back Surface of Absorber Row Design Piping Configuration |
| 542 | Fig. 9 Both Fig. 9 Collector Manifolding Arrangements for Parallel-Flow Row Fig. 10 IP Fig. 10 Pressure Drop and Thermal Performance of Collectors with Internal Manifolds Numbers Fig. 11 IP Fig. 11 Flow Pattern in Long Collector Row with Restrictions Velocity Limitations Thermal Expansion |
| 543 | Fig. 12 Both Fig. 12 Reverse-Return Array Piping Array Design Piping Configuration Fig. 13 Both Fig. 13 Mounting for Drainback Collector Modules Fig. 14 Both Fig. 14 Direct-Return Array Piping |
| 544 | Shading Thermal Collector Performance Fig. 15 Both Fig. 15 Solar Collector Type Efficiencies |
| 545 | Testing Methods Collector Test Results and Initial Screening Methods Generic Test Results |
| 546 | Table 1 Average Performance Parameters* for Generic Types of Liquid Flat-Plate Collectors Table 2 Thermal Performance Ratings* for Generic Types of Liquid Flat-Plate Collectors, Btu/ft2 · day Thermal Energy Storage Air System Thermal Storage Liquid System Thermal Storage |
| 547 | Fig. 16 Both Fig. 16 Pressurized Storage with Internal Heat Exchanger Fig. 17 Both Fig. 17 Multiple Storage Tank Arrangement with Internal Heat Exchangers Fig. 18 Both Fig. 18 Pressurized Storage System with External Heat Exchanger |
| 548 | Fig. 19 Both Fig. 19 Unpressurized Storage System with External Heat Exchanger Storage Tank Construction Storage Tank Insulation |
| 549 | Table 3 Insulation Factor fQ/Aq for Cylindrical Water Tanks Stratification and Short Circuiting Fig. 20 IP Fig. 20 Typical Tank Support Detail |
| 550 | Fig. 21 Both Fig. 21 Tank Plumbing Arrangements to Minimize Short Circuiting and Mixing Storage Sizing Heat Exchangers Requirements Internal Heat Exchanger |
| 551 | Fig. 22 Both Fig. 22 Cross Section of Wraparound Shell Heat Exchangers Fig. 23 Both Fig. 23 Double-Wall Tubing External Heat Exchanger Fig. 24 Both Fig. 24 Tube Bundle Heat Exchanger with Intermediate Loop Fig. 25 Both Fig. 25 Double-Wall Protection Using Two Heat Exchangers in Series Heat Exchanger Performance |
| 552 | Controls Differential Temperature Controllers Fig. 26 Both Fig. 26 Basic Nonfreezing Collector Loop for Building Service Hot Water Heating-Nonglycol Heat Transfer Fluid |
| 553 | Photovoltaically Powered Pumps Overtemperature Protection Fig. 27 Both Fig. 27 Heat Rejection from Nonfreezing System Using Liquid-to-Air Heat Exchanger Hot-Water Dump Heat Exchanger Freeze Protection |
| 554 | Fig. 28 Both Fig. 28 Nonfreezing System with Heat Exchanger Bypass Photovoltaic Systems Fundamentals of Photovoltaics Fig. 29 Both Fig. 29 Representative Current-Voltage and Power-Voltage Curves for Photovoltaic Device |
| 555 | Photovoltaic Cells and Modules Related Equipment |
| 556 | References Bibliography |
| 557 | I-P_S08_Ch37 Fig. 1 Comparison of Single-Stage Centrifugal, Reciprocating, and Screw Compressor Performance Fig. 1 Comparison of Single-Stage Centrifugal, Reciprocating, and Screw Compressor Performance Positive-Displacement Compressors |
| 558 | Fig. 2 Types of Positive-Displacement Compressors Fig. 2 Types of Positive-Displacement Compressors (Classified by Compression Mechanism Design) Performance Fig. 3 Ideal Compressor Cycle Fig. 3 Ideal Compressor Cycle Ideal Compressor |
| 559 | Fig. 4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Ideal Refrigeration Cycle Fig. 4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Ideal Refrigeration Cycle Actual Compressor Compressor Efficiency, Subcooling, and Superheating |
| 560 | Abnormal Operating Conditions, Hazards, and Protective Devices Liquid Hazard Suction and Discharge Pulsations |
| 561 | Noise Vibration Shock Testing and Operating Requirements |
| 562 | Fig. 5 Example of Compressor Operating Envelope Fig. 5 Example of Compressor Operating Envelope Motors |
| 563 | Reciprocating Compressors Fig. 6 Basic Reciprocating Piston with Reed with Valves Fig. 6 Basic Reciprocating Piston with Reed Valves Fig. 7 Pumping Cycle of Reciprocating Compressor Fig. 7 Pumping Cycle of Reciprocating Compressor |
| 564 | Table 1 Typical Design Features of Reciprocating Compressors Performance Data Motor Performance |
| 565 | Fig. 8 Capacity and Power-Input Curves for Typical Hermetic Reciprocating Compressor Fig. 8 Capacity and Power-Input Curves for Typical Semihermetic Reciprocating Compressor Table 2 Motor-Starting Torques Features |
| 567 | Special Devices Application Fig. 9 Modified Oil-Equalizing System Fig. 9 Modified Oil-Equalizing System Rotary Compressors Rolling-Piston Compressors |
| 568 | Fig. 10 Fixed Vane, Rolling Piston Rotary Compressor Fig. 10 Fixed-Vane, Rolling-Piston Rotary Compressor Fig. 11 Performance Curves for Typical Rolling Piston Compressor Fig. 11 Performance Curves for Typical Rolling-Piston Compressor Table 3 Typical Rolling-Piston Compressor Performance Performance |
| 569 | Fig. 12 Sound Level of Combination Refrigerator-Freezer with Typical Rotary Compressor Fig. 12 Sound Level of Combination Refrigerator-Freezer with Typical Rotary Compressor Features Rotary-Vane Compressors Fig. 13 Rotary Vane Compressor Fig. 13 Rotary-Vane Compressor |
| 570 | Single-Screw Compressors Description Fig. 14 Section of Single-Screw Refrigeration Compressor Fig. 14 Section of Single-Screw Refrigeration Compressor Fig. 15 Sequence of Compression Process in Single-Screw Compressor Fig. 15 Sequence of Compression Process in Single-Screw Compressor Compression Process Mechanical Features |
| 571 | Fig. 16 Radial and Axially Balanced Main Rotor Fig. 16 Radial and Axially Balanced Main Rotor Fig. 17 Oil and Refrigerant Schematic of Oil Injection System Fig. 17 Oil and Refrigerant Schematic of Oil Injection System |
| 572 | Fig. 18 Schematic of Oil-Injection-Free Circuit Fig. 18 Schematic of Oil-Injection-Free Circuit Fig. 19 Theoretical Economizer Cycle Fig. 19 Theoretical Economizer Cycle |
| 573 | Fig. 20 Capacity Control Slide Valve Operation Fig. 20 Capacity-Control Slide Valve Operation Fig. 21 Refrigeration Compressor Equipped with Variable Capacity Slide Valve and Variable Volume Ratio Slide Valve Fig. 21 Refrigeration Compressor Equipped with Variable- Capacity Slide Valve and Variable-Volume-Ratio Slide Valve Fig. 22 Capacity Slide in Full-Load Position and Volume Ratio Slide in Intermediate Position Fig. 22 Capacity Slide in Full-Load Position and Volume Ratio Slide in Intermediate Position Fig. 23 Capacity Slide in Part-Load Position and Volume Ratio Slide Positioned to Maintain System Volume Ratio Fig. 23 Capacity Slide in Part-Load Position and Volume Ratio Slide Positioned to Maintain System Volume Ratio |
| 574 | Fig. 24 Part-Load Effect of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Capacity Control Fig. 24 Part-Load Effect of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Capacity Control Noise and Vibration Fig. 25 Typical Compressor Performance on R-22 Fig. 25 Typical Open-Compressor Performance on R-22 Fig. 26 Typical Compressor Performance on R-717 (Ammonia) Fig. 26 Typical Compressor Performance on R-717 (Ammonia) Twin-Screw Compressors |
| 575 | Fig. 27 Typical Semihermetic Single-Screw Compressor Fig. 27 Typical Semihermetic Single-Screw Compressor Compression Process Fig. 28 Single Gate Rotor Semihermetic Single-Screw Compressor Fig. 28 Single-Gate-Rotor Semihermetic Single-Screw Compressor Fig. 29 Twin-Screw Compressor Fig. 29 Twin-Screw Compressor Fig. 30 Compression Process Fig. 30 Twin-Screw Compression Process Mechanical Features |
| 576 | Capacity Control Fig. 31 Slide Valve Unloading Mechanism Fig. 31 Slide Valve Unloading Mechanism |
| 577 | Fig. 32 Lift Valve Unloading Mechanism Fig. 32 Lift Valve Unloading Mechanism Volume (Compression) Ratio Fig. 33 View of Fixed and Variable Volume Ratio (Vi ) Slide Valves from Above Fig. 33 View of Fixed- and Variable-Volume-Ratio (Vi ) Slide Valves from Above |
| 578 | Fig. 34 Twin-Screw Compressor Efficiency Curves Fig. 34 Twin-Screw Compressor Efficiency Curves Oil Injection |
| 579 | Economizers Fig. 35 Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor with Suction Gas-Cooled Motor Fig. 35 Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor with Suction-Gas-Cooled Motor Fig. 36 Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor with Motor Housing Used as Economizer; Built-In Oil Separator Fig. 36 Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor with Motor Housing Used as Economizer; Built-In Oil Separator Hermetic and Semihermetic Compressors Performance Characteristics Noise Orbital Compressors Scroll Compressors Description |
| 580 | Fig. 37 Vertical, Discharge-Cooled, Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor Fig. 37 Vertical, Discharge-Cooled, Hermetic Twin-Screw Compressor Fig. 38 Interfitted Scroll Members Fig. 38 Interfitted Scroll Members Fig. 39 Scroll Compression Process Fig. 39 Scroll Compression Process |
| 581 | Mechanical Features Fig. 40 Bearings and Other Components of Scroll Compressor Fig. 40 Bearings and Other Components of Scroll Compressor Capacity Control |
| 582 | Fig. 41 Volumetric and Isentropic Efficiency Versus Pressure Ratio for Scroll Compressors Fig. 41 Volumetric and Isentropic Efficiency Versus Pressure Ratio for Scroll Compressors Performance Fig. 42 Scroll Capacity Versus Residence Demand Fig. 42 Scroll Capacity Versus Residence Demand Fig. 43 Typical Scroll Sound Spectrum Fig. 43 Typical Scroll Sound Spectrum Noise and Vibration Operation and Maintenance Trochoidal Compressors |
| 583 | Fig. 44 Possible Versions of Epitrochoidal and Hypotrochoidal Machines Fig. 44 Possible Versions of Epitrochoidal and Hypotrochoidal Machines Fig. 45 Wankel Sealing System for Trochoidal Compressors Fig. 45 Wankel Sealing System for Trochoidal Compressors Fig. 46 Sequence of Operation of Wankel Rotary Compressor Fig. 46 Sequence of Operation of Wankel Rotary Compressor Description and Performance |
| 584 | Centrifugal Compressors Fig. 47 Centrifugal Refrigeration Unit Cross Section Fig. 47 Centrifugal Refrigeration Unit Cross Section Refrigeration Cycle |
| 585 | Fig. 48 Simple Vapor Compression Cycle Fig. 48 Simple Vapor Compression Cycle Fig. 49 Compression Cycle with Flash Cooling Fig. 49 Compression Cycle with Flash Cooling Fig. 50 Compression Cycle with Power Recovery Expander Fig. 50 Compression Cycle with Power Recovery Expander Angular Momentum Fig. 51 Impeller Exit Velocity Diagram Fig. 51 Impeller Exit Velocity Diagram |
| 586 | Isentropic Analysis Polytropic Analysis |
| 587 | Fig. 52 Ratio of Polytropic to Adiabatic Work Fig. 52 Ratio of Polytropic to Adiabatic Work Nondimensional Coefficients |
| 588 | Table 4 Acoustic Velocity of Saturated Vapor, fps Mach Number Performance Fig. 53 Typical Compressor Performance Curves Fig. 53 Typical Compressor Performance Curves Testing |
| 589 | Surging System Balance and Capacity Control Fig. 54 Typical Compressor Performance with Various Prerotation Vane Settings Fig. 54 Typical Compressor Performance with Various Prerotation Vane Settings |
| 590 | Fig. 55 Typical Part-Load Gas Compression Power Input for Speed and Vane Capacity Controls Fig. 55 Typical Part-Load Gas Compression Power Input for Speed and Vane Capacity Controls Application Critical Speed Vibration Noise |
| 591 | Drivers Paralleling Other Specialized Applications Mechanical Design Impellers |
| 592 | Casings Lubrication Bearings Accessories Operation and Maintenance |
| 593 | Symbols References |
| 595 | I-P_S08_Ch38 Water-Cooled Condensers Heat Removal Fig. 1 Heat Removed in Condenser |
| 596 | Heat Transfer Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Water-Side Film Coefficient |
| 597 | Refrigerant-Side Film Coefficient Tube-Wall Resistance |
| 598 | Surface Efficiency Fouling Factor Fig. 2 Effect of Fouling on Condenser Fig. 2 Effect of Fouling on Condenser Water Pressure Drop |
| 599 | Liquid Subcooling Circuiting Fig. 3 Effect of Condenser Circuiting Fig. 3 Effect of Condenser Circuiting Condenser Types Shell-and-Tube Condensers |
| 600 | Shell-and-Coil Condensers Tube-in-Tube Condensers Brazed-Plate and Plate-and-Frame Condensers Noncondensable Gases |
| 601 | Fig. 4 Loss of Refrigerant During Purging at Various Gas Temperatures and Pressures Fig. 4 Loss of Refrigerant During Purging at Various Gas Temperatures and Pressures Codes and Standards Design Pressure Operation and Maintenance |
| 602 | Fig. 5 Effect of Fouling on Chiller Performance Fig. 5 Effect of Fouling on Chiller Performance Air-Cooled Condensers Types Plate-and-Fin |
| 603 | Integral-Fin Microchannel Fans and Air Requirements Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop |
| 604 | Fig. 6 Temperature and Enthalpy Changes in Air-Cooled Condenser with R-134a Fig. 6 Temperature and Enthalpy Changes in Air-Cooled Condenser with R-134a Condensers Remote from Compressor Condensers as Part of Condensing Unit Water-cooled versus Air-Cooled Condensing |
| 605 | Testing and Rating Control of Air-Cooled Condensers Table 1 Net Refrigeration Effect Factors for Reciprocating Compressors Used with Air-Cooled and Evaporative Condensers |
| 606 | Fig. 7 Equal-Sized Condenser Sections Connected in Parallel and for Half-Condenser Operation During Winter Fig. 7 Equal-Sized Condenser Sections Connected in Parallel and for Half-Condenser Operation During Winter Fig. 8 Unit Condensers Installed in Parallel with Combined Fan Cycling and Damper Control Fig. 8 Unit Condensers Installed in Parallel with Combined Fan Cycling and Damper Control |
| 607 | Installation and Maintenance Fig. 9 Air-Cooled Unit Condenser for Winter Heating and Summer Ventilation Fig. 9 Air-Cooled Unit Condenser for Winter Heating and Summer Ventilation |
| 608 | Fig. 10 Functional View of Evaporative Condenser Fig. 10 Functional Views of Evaporative Condenser Evaporative Condensers Heat Transfer |
| 609 | Fig. 11 Heat Transfer Diagram for Evaporative Condenser Fig. 11 Heat Transfer Diagram for Evaporative Condenser Condenser Configuration Coils Method of Coil Wetting Fig. 12 Combined Coil/Fill Evaporative Condenser Airflow |
| 610 | Condenser Location Fig. 13 Evaporative Condenser Arranged for Year-Round Operation Fig. 13 Evaporative Condenser Arranged for Year-Round Operation Multiple-Condenser Installations Fig. 14 Parallel Operation of Evaporative and Shell-and-Tube Condenser Fig. 14 Parallel Operation of Evaporative and Shell-and-Tube Condenser Ratings |
| 611 | Fig. 15 Parallel Operation of Two Evaporative Condensers Fig. 15 Parallel Operation of Two Evaporative Condensers Fig. 16 Evaporative Condenser with Desuperheater Coil Fig. 16 Evaporative Condenser with Desuperheater Coil Desuperheating Coils Refrigerant Liquid Subcoolers Fig. 17 Evaporative Condenser with Liquid Subcooling Coil Fig. 17 Evaporative Condenser with Liquid Subcooling Coil Multicircuit Condensers and Coolers |
| 612 | Water Treatment Water Consumption Capacity Modulation Purging Maintenance Codes and Standards |
| 613 | Table 2 Typical Maintenance Checklist References |
| 614 | Bibliography |
| 615 | I-P_S08_Ch39 Principle of Operation Fig. 1 Temperature Relationship Between Water and Air in Counterflow Cooling Tower |
| 616 | Fig. 2 Psychrometric Analysis of Air Passing Through Cooling Tower Fig. 2 Psychrometric Analysis of Air Passing Through Cooling Tower Design Conditions Types of Cooling Towers Fig. 3 Direct-Contact or Open Evaporative Cooling Tower Fig. 3 Direct-Contact or Open Evaporative Cooling Tower |
| 617 | Fig. 4 Indirect-Contact or Closed-Circuit Evaporative Cooling Tower Fig. 4 Indirect-Contact or Closed-Circuit Evaporative Cooling Tower Fig. 5 Types of Fill Fig. 5 Types of Fill Fig. 6 Combined Flow Coil/Fill Evaporative Cooling Tower Fig. 6 Combined Flow Coil/Fill Evaporative Cooling Tower Types of Direct-Contact Cooling Towers |
| 618 | Fig. 7 Vertical Spray Tower Fig. 7 Vertical Spray Tower Fig. 8 Horizontal Spray Tower Fig. 8 Horizontal Spray Tower Fig. 9 Hyperbolic Tower Fig. 9 Hyperbolic Tower Fig. 10 Conventional Mechanical-Draft Cooling Towers Fig. 10 Conventional Mechanical-Draft Cooling Towers Fig. 11 Factory-Assembled Counterflow Forced-Draft Tower Fig. 11 Factory-Assembled Counterflow Forced-Draft Tower |
| 619 | Fig. 12 Field-Erected Cross-Flow Mechanical-Draft Tower Fig. 12 Field-Erected Cross-Flow Mechanical-Draft Tower Other Methods of Direct Heat Rejection |
| 620 | Fig. 13 Combination Wet-Dry Tower Fig. 13 Combination Wet-Dry Tower Fig. 14 Adiabatically Saturated Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger Fig. 14 Adiabatically Saturated Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger Types of Indirect-Contact Towers |
| 621 | Fig. 15 Coil Shed Cooling Tower Fig. 15 Coil Shed Cooling Tower Materials of Construction Selection Considerations Application Siting |
| 622 | Fig. 16 Discharge Air Reentering Tower Fig. 16 Discharge Air Reentering Tower Piping Capacity Control Fig. 17 Cooling Tower Fan Power Versus Speed Fig. 17 Cooling Tower Fan Power Versus Speed |
| 623 | Fig. 18 Free Cooling by Use of Auxiliary Heat Exchanger Fig. 18 Free Cooling by Use of Auxiliary Heat Exchanger Fig. 19 Free Cooling by Use of Refrigerant Vapor Migration Fig. 19 Free Cooling by Use of Refrigerant Vapor Migration Water-Side Economizer (Free Cooling) |
| 624 | Fig. 20 Free Cooling by Interconnection of Water Circuits Fig. 20 Free Cooling by Interconnection of Water Circuits Winter Operation Sound |
| 625 | Drift Fig. 21 Fog Prediction Using Psychrometric Chart Fig. 21 Fog Prediction Using Psychrometric Chart Fogging (Cooling Tower Plume) Maintenance Inspections |
| 626 | Table 1 Typical Inspection and Maintenance Schedule * |
| 627 | Water Treatment Performance Curves |
| 628 | Fig. 22 Cooling Tower Performance-100% Design Flow Fig. 23 Fig. 24 Fig. 22 Cooling Tower Performance-100% Design Flow Fig. 25 Cooling Tower Performance-67% Design Flow Fig. 23 Cooling Tower Performance-67% Design Flow Fig. 26 Cooling Tower Performance-133% Design Flow Fig. 24 Cooling Tower Performance-133% Design Flow Fig. 27 Cooling Tower Performance-167% Design Flow Fig. 25 Cooling Tower Performance-167% Design Flow |
| 629 | Cooling Tower Thermal Performance Cooling Tower Theory Fig. 28 Heat and Mass Transfer Relationships Between Water, Interfacial Film, and Air Fig. 26 Heat and Mass Transfer Relationships Between Water, Interfacial Film, and Air |
| 630 | Table 2 Counterflow Integration Calculations for Example 1 Counterflow Integration |
| 631 | Fig. 29 Counterflow Cooling Diagram Fig. 27 Counterflow Cooling Diagram Fig. 30 Water Temperature and Air Enthalpy Variation Through Cross-Flow Cooling Tower Fig. 28 Water Temperature and Air Enthalpy Variation Through Cross-Flow Cooling Tower Cross-Flow Integration Tower Coefficients |
| 632 | Fig. 31 Cross-Flow Calculations Fig. 29 Cross-Flow Calculations Fig. 32 Counterflow Cooling Diagram for Constant Conditions, Variable L/G Ratios Fig. 30 Counterflow Cooling Diagram for Constant Conditions, Variable L/G Ratios Fig. 33 Cross-Flow Cooling Diagram Fig. 31 Cross-Flow Cooling Diagram Fig. 34 Tower Characteristic, KaV/L Versus L/G Fig. 32 Tower Characteristic, KaV/L Versus L/G |
| 633 | Available Coefficients Fig. 35 True Versus Apparent Potential Difference Fig. 33 True Versus Apparent Potential Difference Establishing Tower Characteristics Additional Information References |
| 634 | Bibliography |
| 635 | I-P_S08_Ch40 Direct Evaporative Air Coolers |
| 636 | Random-Media Air Coolers Fig. 1 Typical Random-Media Evaporative Cooler Rigid-Media Air Coolers Fig. 2 Typical Rigid-Media Air Cooler Fig. 2 Typical Rigid-Media Air Cooler Remote Pad Evaporative Cooling Equipment Indirect Evaporative Air Coolers Packaged Indirect Evaporative Air Coolers |
| 637 | Fig. 3 Polymer Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Heat Exchanger Fig. 3 Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Heat Exchanger Fig. 4 Indirect Evaporative Cooler Used as Precooler Fig. 4 Indirect Evaporative Cooler Used as Precooler |
| 638 | Fig. 5 Heat Pipe Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Heat Exchanger Fig. 5 Heat Pipe Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Heat Exchanger Packaged with DX System Heat Recovery |
| 639 | Cooling Tower/Coil Systems Other Indirect Evaporative Cooling Equipment Indirect/Direct Combinations Fig. 6 Combination Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooling Process Fig. 6 Combination Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooling Process Fig. 7 Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooler with Heat Exchanger (Rotary Heat Wheel or Heat Pipe) Fig. 7 Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooler with Heat Exchanger (Rotary Heat Wheel or Heat Pipe) |
| 640 | Fig. 8 Three-Stage Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooler Fig. 8 Three-Stage Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooler Precooling and Makeup Air Pretreatment Air Washers Spray Air Washers |
| 641 | Fig. 9 Interaction of Air and Water in Air Washer Heat Exchanger Fig. 9 Interaction of Air and Water in Air Washer Heat Exchanger High-Velocity Spray-Type Air Washers Humidification/Dehumidification Humidification with Air Washers and Rigid Media |
| 642 | Dehumidification with Air Washers and Rigid Media Air Cleaning Maintenance and Water Treatment |
| 643 | Legionnaires’ Disease References |
| 644 | Bibliography |
| 645 | I-P_S08_Ch41 Types of Liquid Coolers Direct-Expansion Fig. 1 Direct-Expansion Shell-and-Tube Cooler Fig. 1 Direct-Expansion Shell-and-Tube Cooler Table 1 Types of Coolers |
| 646 | Flooded Fig. 2 Flooded Shell-and-Tube Cooler Fig. 2 Flooded Shell-and-Tube Cooler Fig. 3 Flooded Plate Cooler Fig. 3 Flooded Plate Cooler Fig. 4 Baudelot Cooler Fig. 4 Baudelot Cooler Baudelot |
| 647 | Fig. 5 Shell-and-Coil Cooler Fig. 5 Shell-and-Coil Cooler Shell-and-Coil Heat Transfer Heat Transfer Coefficients |
| 648 | Fig. 6 Nucleate Boiling Contribution to Total Refrigerant Heat Transfer Fig. 6 Nucleate Boiling Contribution to Total Refrigerant Heat Transfer Fouling Factors Wall Resistance Pressure Drop Fluid Side Refrigerant Side Vessel Design Mechanical Requirements |
| 649 | Chemical Requirements Electrical Requirements Application Considerations Refrigerant Flow Control Freeze Prevention |
| 650 | Oil Return Maintenance Insulation References |
| 651 | I-P_S08_Ch42 General Characteristics Principles of Operation Common Liquid-Chilling Systems Basic System |
| 652 | Fig. 1 Equipment Diagram for Basic Liquid Chiller Fig. 1 Equipment Diagram for Basic Liquid Chiller Multiple-Chiller Systems Fig. 2 Parallel Operation High Design Water Leaving Coolers (Approximately 45°F and Above) Fig. 2 Parallel-Operation High Design Water Leaving Coolers (Approximately 45°F and Above) Fig. 3 Parallel Operation Low Design Water Leaving Coolers (Below Approximately 45ËšF) Fig. 3 Parallel-Operation Low Design Water Leaving Coolers (Below Approximately 45ËšF) Fig. 4 Series Operation Fig. 4 Series Operation Heat Recovery Systems |
| 653 | Selection |
| 654 | Fig. 5 Approximate Liquid Chiller Availability Range by Compressor Type Control Liquid Chiller Controls Controls That Influence the Liquid Chiller Safety Controls |
| 655 | Standards and Testing General Maintenance Continual Monitoring Periodic Checks Regularly Scheduled Maintenance Extended Maintenance Checks Reciprocating Liquid Chillers Equipment Components and Their Functions |
| 656 | Capacities and Types Available Selection of Refrigerant Performance Characteristics and Operating Problems Fig. 5 Comparison of Single-Stage Centrifugal, Reciprocating, and Screw Compressor Performance Fig. 6 Comparison of Single-Stage Centrifugal, Reciprocating, and Screw Compressor Performance Fig. 6 Reciprocating Liquid Chiller Performance with Three Equal Steps of Unloading Fig. 7 Reciprocating Liquid Chiller Performance with Three Equal Steps of Unloading |
| 657 | Method of Selection Ratings Power Consumption Fouling Control Considerations Fig. 7 Reciprocating Liquid Chiller Control System Fig. 8 Reciprocating Liquid Chiller Control System Special Applications |
| 658 | Centrifugal Liquid Chillers Equipment Components and Their Function Capacities and Types Available Selection of Refrigerant |
| 659 | Performance and Operating Characteristics Fig. 8 Typical Centrifugal Compressor Performance at Constant Speed Fig. 9 Typical Centrifugal Compressor Performance at Constant Speed |
| 660 | Fig. 9 Typical Centrifugal Compressor Performance at Various Speeds Fig. 10 Typical Variable-Speed Centrifugal Compressor Performance Fig. 10 Temperature Relations in a Typical Centrifugal Liquid Chiller Fig. 11 Temperature Relations in a Typical Centrifugal Liquid Chiller Selection Ratings |
| 661 | Fouling Noise and Vibration Control Considerations Auxiliaries |
| 662 | Special Applications Free Cooling Air-Cooled System Other Coolants Vapor Condensing Operation and Maintenance |
| 663 | Screw Liquid Chillers Equipment Components and Their Function Fig. 11 Refrigeration System Schematic Fig. 12 Refrigeration System Schematic Capacities and Types Available |
| 664 | Selection of Refrigerant Performance and Operating Characteristics Selection Ratings Fig. 12 Typical Screw Compressor Chiller Part-Load Power Consumption Fig. 13 Typical Screw Compressor Chiller Part-Load Power Consumption Power Consumption Fouling Control Considerations |
| 665 | Fig. 13 Typical External Connections for Screw Compressor Chiller Fig. 14 Typical External Connections for Screw Compressor Chiller Auxiliaries Special Applications Maintenance |
| 666 | References Bibliography Online Resource |
| 667 | I-P_S08_Ch43 Construction Features Fig. 1 Cross Section of Typical Overhung-Impeller End-Suction Pump |
| 668 | Pump Operation Fig. 2 Impeller and Volute Interaction Fig. 2 Impeller and Volute Interaction Pump Types Circulator Pump Fig. 3 Circulator Pump (Pipe-Mounted) Fig. 3 Circulator Pump (Pipe-Mounted) Close-Coupled, Single-Stage, End-Suction Pump Fig. 4 Close-Coupled End-Suction Pump Fig. 4 Close-Coupled End-Suction Pump Fig. 5 Frame-Mounted End-Suction Pump on Base Plate Fig. 5 Frame-Mounted End-Suction Pump on Base Plate Frame-Mounted, End-Suction Pump on Base Plate |
| 669 | Base-Mounted, Horizontal (Axial) or Vertical, Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump Fig. 6 Base-Mounted, Horizontal (Axial), Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump Fig. 6 Base-Mounted, Horizontal (Axial), Split-Case, Single- Stage, Double-Suction Pump Base-Mounted, Horizontal, Split-Case, Multistage Pump Vertical In-Line Pump Fig. 7 Base-Mounted, Vertical, Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump Fig. 7 Base-Mounted, Vertical, Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump Fig. 8 Base-Mounted, Horizontal, Split-Case, Multistage Pump Fig. 8 Base-Mounted, Horizontal, Split-Case, Multistage Pump Vertical Turbine, Single- or Multistage, Sump-Mounted Pump Fig. 9 Vertical In-Line Pump Fig. 9 Vertical In-Line Pump Fig. 10 Vertical Turbine Pumps Fig. 10 Vertical Turbine Pumps Pump Performance Curves |
| 670 | Fig. 11 Typical Pump Performance Curve Fig. 11 Typical Pump Performance Curve Fig. 12 Typical Pump Curve Fig. 12 Typical Pump Curve Fig. 13 Flat Versus Steep Performance Curves Fig. 13 Flat Versus Steep Performance Curves Fig. 14 Typical Pump Manufacturer’s Performance Curve Series Fig. 14 Typical Pump Manufacturer’s Performance Curve Series Hydronic System Curves |
| 671 | Fig. 15 Typical System Curve Fig. 15 Typical System Curve Fig. 16 Typical System Curve with Independent Head Fig. 16 Typical System Curve with Independent Head Pump and Hydronic System Curves Fig. 17 System and Pump Curves Fig. 17 System and Pump Curves Fig. 18 System Curve Change due to Part-Load Flow Fig. 18 System Curve Change due to Part-Load Flow Fig. 19 Pump Operating Points Fig. 19 Pump Operating Points |
| 672 | Fig. 20 System Curve with System Static Pressure Fig. 20 System Curve, Constant and Variable Head Loss Pump Power Fig. 21 Typical Pump Water Power Increase with Flow Fig. 21 Typical Pump Water Power Increase with Flow Pump Efficiency |
| 673 | Fig. 22 Pump Efficiency Versus Flow Fig. 22 Pump Efficiency Versus Flow Fig. 23 Pump Efficiency Curves Fig. 23 Pump Efficiency Curves Affinity Laws Table 1 Pump Affinity Laws Fig. 24 Pump Best Efficiency Curves Fig. 24 Pump Best Efficiency Curves |
| 674 | Fig. 25 Pumping Power, Head, and Flow Versus Pump Speed Fig. 25 Pumping Power, Head, and Flow Versus Pump Speed Fig. 26 Example Application of Affinity Law Fig. 26 Example Application of Affinity Law Fig. 27 Variable-Speed Pump Operating Points Fig. 27 Variable-Speed Pump Operating Points Radial Thrust Net Positive Suction Characteristics |
| 675 | Fig. 28 Radial Thrust Versus Pumping Rate Fig. 28 Radial Thrust Versus Pumping Rate Fig. 29 Net Positive Suction Head Available Fig. 29 Net Positive Suction Head Available Fig. 30 Pump Performance and NPSHR Curves Fig. 30 Pump Performance and NPSHR Curves Selection of Pumps |
| 676 | Fig. 31 Pump Selection Regions Fig. 31 Pump Selection Regions Arrangement of Pumps Fig. 32 Pump Curve Construction for Parallel Operation Fig. 32 Pump Curve Construction for Parallel Operation Parallel Pumping Fig. 33 Operating Conditions for Parallel Operation Fig. 33 Operating Conditions for Parallel Operation Fig. 34 Construction of Curve for Dissimilar Parallel Pumps Fig. 34 Construction of Curve for Dissimilar Parallel Pumps Series Pumping |
| 677 | Fig. 35 Typical Piping for Parallel Pumps Fig. 35 Typical Piping for Parallel Pumps Standby Pump Pumps with Two-Speed Motors Fig. 36 Pump Curve Construction for Series Operation Fig. 36 Pump Curve Construction for Series Operation Fig. 37 Operating Conditions for Series Operation Fig. 37 Operating Conditions for Series Operation Fig. 38 Typical Piping for Series Pumps Fig. 38 Typical Piping for Series Pumps Primary-Secondary Pumping |
| 678 | Fig. 39 Example of Two Parallel Pumps with Two-Speed Motors Fig. 39 Example of Two Parallel Pumps with Two-Speed Motors Fig. 40 Primary-Secondary Pumping Fig. 40 Primary-Secondary Pumping Fig. 41 Variable-Speed Source-Distributed Pumping Fig. 41 Variable-Speed Source-Distributed Pumping Variable-Speed Pumping Distributed Pumping Fig. 42 Variable-Speed Distributed Pumping Fig. 42 Variable-Speed Distributed Pumping Fig. 43 Efficiency Comparison of Four-Pole Motors Fig. 43 Efficiency Comparison of Four-Pole Motors Motive Power |
| 679 | Fig. 44 Typical Efficiency Range of Variable-Speed Drives Fig. 44 Typical Efficiency Range of Variable-Speed Drives Energy Conservation in Pumping Installation, Operation, and Commissioning Fig. 45 Base Plate-Mounted Centrifugal Pump Installation Fig. 45 Base Plate-Mounted Centrifugal Pump Installation Fig. 46 In-Line Pump Installation Fig. 46 In-Line Pump Installation |
| 680 | Table 2 Pumping System Noise Analysis Guide Table 3 Pumping System Flow Analysis Guide Troubleshooting References |
| 681 | Bibliography |
| 682 | I-P_S08_Ch44 Motors Alternating-Current Power Supply Table 1 Motor and Motor Control Equipment Voltages (Alternating Current) |
| 683 | Table 2 Effect of Voltage and Frequency Variation on Induction Motor Characteristics Codes and Standards Motor Efficiency |
| 684 | Fig. 1 Typical Performance Characteristics of Capacitor- Start/Induction-Run Two-Pole General-Purpose Motor, 1 hp Fig. 1 Typical Performance Characteristics of Capacitor- Start/Induction-Run Two-Pole General-Purpose Motor, 1 hp Fig. 2 Typical Performance Characteristics of Resistance- Start Split-Phase Two-Pole Hermetic Motor, 0.25 hp Fig. 2 Typical Performance Characteristics of Resistance- Start Split-Phase Two-Pole Hermetic Motor, 0.25 hp Fig. 3 Typical Performance Characteristics of Permanent Split-Capacitor Two-Pole Motor, 1 hp Fig. 3 Typical Performance Characteristics of Permanent Split-Capacitor Two-Pole Motor, 1 hp |
| 685 | Fig. 4 Typical Performance Characteristics of Three-Phase Two-Pole Motor, 5 hp Fig. 4 Typical Performance Characteristics of Three-Phase Two-Pole Motor, 5 hp General-Purpose Induction Motors Table 3 Motor Types Application Hermetic Motors |
| 686 | Table 4 Characteristics of AC Motors (Nonhermetic) Application Integral Thermal Protection |
| 687 | Motor Protection and Control Separate Motor Protection Protection of Control Apparatus and Branch Circuit Conductors |
| 688 | Three-Phase Motor-Starting and Control Methods Direct-Current Motor-Starting and Control Methods Single-Phase Motor-Starting Methods |
| 689 | Air Volume Control Fig. 5 Typical Fan Duty Cycle for VAV System Fig. 5 Typical Fan Duty Cycle for VAV System Fig. 6 Outlet Damper Control Fig. 6 Outlet Damper Control |
| 690 | Fig. 7 Variable Inlet Vane Control Fig. 7 Variable Inlet Vane Control Fig. 8 Eddy Current Coupling Control Fig. 8 Eddy Current Coupling Control Variable-Speed Drives (VSD) Fig. 9 AC Drive Control Fig. 9 AC Drive Control |
| 691 | Table 5 Comparison of VAV Energy Consumption with Various Volume Control Techniques Power Transistor Characteristics Fig. 10 Bipolar Versus IGBT PWM Switching Fig. 10 Bipolar Versus IGBT PWM Switching Motor and Conductor Impedance Fig. 11 Motor and Drive Relative Impedance Fig. 11 Motor and Drive Relative Impedance Motor Ratings and NEMA Standards |
| 692 | Fig. 12 Switching Times, Cable Distance, and Pulse Peak Voltage Fig. 12 Typical Switching Times, Cable Distance, and Pulse Peak Voltage Fig. 13 Reflected Wave Voltage Levels at Drive and Motor Insulation Fig. 13 Typical Reflected Wave Voltage Levels at Drive and Motor Insulation Fig. 14 Motor Voltage Peak and dv/dt Limits Fig. 14 Motor Voltage Peak and dv/dt Limits Fig. 15 Damaging Reflected Waves above Motor CIV Levels Fig. 15 Damaging Reflected Waves above Motor CIV Levels Motor Noise and Drive Carrier Frequencies |
| 693 | Fig. 16 Motor Audible Noise Fig. 16 Motor Audible Noise Carrier Frequencies and Drive Ratings Power Distribution System Effects Fig. 17 Voltage Waveform Distortion by Pulse Width Modulated VSD Fig. 17 Voltage Waveform Distortion by Pulse-Width- Modulated VSD VSDs and Harmonics |
| 694 | Fig. 18 Basic Elements of Solid-State Drive Fig. 18 Basic Elements of Solid-State Drive |
| 695 | References Bibliography |
| 696 | I-P_S08_Ch45 Pipe Steel Pipe Copper Tube Table 1 Allowable Stressesa for Pipe and Tube |
| 697 | Ductile Iron and Cast Iron Fittings Joining Methods Threading Soldering and Brazing Flared and Compression Joints |
| 698 | Table 2 Steel Pipe Data |
| 699 | Table 3 Copper Tube Data |
| 700 | Table 4 Internal Working Pressure for Copper Tube Joints Flanges Welding Reinforced Outlet Fittings Other Joints Unions |
| 701 | Special Systems Selection of Materials Table 5 Application of Pipe, Fittings, and Valves for Heating and Air Conditioning |
| 702 | Table 6 Suggested Hanger Spacing and Rod Size for Straight Horizontal Runs Pipe Wall Thickness Stress Calculations Plastic Piping |
| 703 | Allowable Stress Plastic Material Selection Pipe-Supporting Elements |
| 704 | Table 7 Properties of Plastic Pipe Materialsa |
| 705 | Table 8 Manufacturers’ Recommendationsa,b for Plastic Materials Table 9 Capacities of ASTM A36 Steel Threaded Rods Pipe Expansion and Flexibility Table 10 Thermal Expansion of Metal Pipe Pipe Bends and Loops |
| 706 | L Bends Fig. 1 Guided Cantilever Beam Fig. 2 Z Bend in Pipe Fig. 2 Z Bend in Pipe Z Bends U Bends and Pipe Loops |
| 707 | Table 11 Pipe Loop Design for A53 Grade B Carbon Steel Pipe Through 400ËšF Cold Springing of Pipe Analyzing Existing Piping Configurations Fig. 3 Multiplane Pipe System Fig. 3 Multiplane Pipe System Expansion Joints and Expansion Compensating Devices |
| 708 | Packed Expansion Joints Fig. 4 Packed Slip Expansion Joint Fig. 4 Packed Slip Expansion Joint Fig. 5 Flexible Ball Joint Fig. 5 Flexible Ball Joint Packless Expansion Joints |
| 709 | References Bibliography |
| 710 | I-P_S08_Ch46 Fundamentals Fig. 1 Valve Components Fig. 1 Valve Components Body Ratings Materials |
| 711 | Flow Coefficient and Pressure Drop Fig. 2 Flow Coefficient Test Arrangement Fig. 2 Flow Coefficient Test Arrangement Cavitation Fig. 3 Valve Cavitation Progress at Sharp Curves Fig. 3 Valve Cavitation at Sharp Curves Water Hammer Noise Body Styles |
| 712 | Manual Valves Selection Globe Valves Fig. 4 Globe Valve Fig. 4 Globe Valve Gate Valves Fig. 5 Globe Valve Fig. 5 Two Variations of Gate Valve Plug Valves Ball Valves |
| 713 | Fig. 6 Plug Valve Fig. 6 Plug Valve Fig. 7 Ball Valve Fig. 7 Ball Valve Butterfly Valves Fig. 8 Butterfly Valve Fig. 8 Butterfly Valve Pinch Valves Automatic Valves Actuators |
| 714 | Pneumatic Actuators Fig. 9 Two-Way, Direct-Acting Control Valve with Pneumatic Actuator and Positioner Fig. 9 Two-Way, Direct-Acting Control Valve with Pneumatic Actuator and Positioner Electric Actuators Fig. 10 Two-Way Control Valve with Electric Actuator Fig. 10 Two-Way Control Valve with Electric Actuator Electrohydraulic Actuators |
| 715 | Solenoids Fig. 11 Electric Solenoid Valve Fig. 11 Electric Solenoid Valve Thermostatic Radiator Valves Fig. 12 Thermostatic Valves Fig. 12 Thermostatic Valves Control of Automatic Valves Two-Way Valves (Single- and Double-Seated) Three-Way Valves Special-Purpose Valves Ball Valves |
| 716 | Fig. 13 Typical Three-Way Control HVAC Applications Fig. 13 Typical Three-Way Control Applications Fig. 14 Float Valve and Cutoff Steam Boiler Application Fig. 14 Float Valve and Cutoff Steam Boiler Application Butterfly Valves Fig. 15 Butterfly Valves-Diverting Tee Application Fig. 15 Butterfly Valves, Diverting Tee Application Fig. 16 Control Valve Flow Characteristics Fig. 16 Control Valve Flow Characteristics Control Valve Flow Characteristics |
| 717 | Control Valve Sizing Fig. 17 Heat Output, Flow, and Stem Travel Characteristics of Equal Percentage Valve Fig. 17 Heat Output, Flow, and Stem Travel Characteristics of Equal Percentage Valve Fig. 18 Authority Distortion of Linear Flow Characteristics Fig. 18 Authority Distortion of Linear Flow Characteristics Fig. 19 Authority Distortion of Equal Percentage Flow Characteristic Fig. 19 Authority Distortion of Equal-Percentage Flow Characteristic |
| 718 | Applications Balancing Valves Manual Balancing Valves |
| 719 | Fig. 20 Manual Balancing Valve Fig. 20 Manual Balancing Valve Automatic Flow-Limiting Valves Fig. 21 Automatic Flow-Limiting Valve Fig. 21 Automatic Flow-Limiting Valve Fig. 22 Automatic Flow-Limiting Valve Curve Fig. 22 Automatic Flow-Limiting Valve Curve Balancing Valve Selection Multiple-Purpose Valves Fig. 23 Typical Multiple-Purpose Valve (Straight Pattern) on Discharge of Pump Fig. 23 Typical Multiple-Purpose Valve (Straight Pattern) on Discharge of Pump Safety Devices |
| 720 | Fig. 24 Typical Multiple-Purpose Valve (Angle Pattern) on Discharge of Pump Fig. 24 Typical Multiple-Purpose Valve (Angle Pattern) on Discharge of Pump Fig. 25 Safety/Relief Valve with Drip-Pan Elbow Fig. 25 Safety/Relief Valve with Drip-Pan Elbow Fig. 26 Self-Operated Temperature Control Valve Fig. 26 Self-Operated Temperature Control Valve Self-Contained Temperature Control Valves |
| 721 | Fig. 27 Pilot-Operated Steam Valve Fig. 27 Pilot-Operated Steam Valve Pressure-Reducing Valves Makeup Water Valves Check Valves Fig. 28 Swing Check Valves Fig. 28 Swing Check Valves |
| 722 | Stop-Check Valves Backflow Prevention Devices Fig. 29 Backflow Prevention Valve Fig. 29 Backflow Prevention Valve Selection Installation Steam Traps References Bibliography |
| 724 | I-P_S08_Ch47 Fundamentals Fig. 1 Temperature Distribution in Counterflow Heat Exchanger Types of Heat Exchangers |
| 725 | Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Fig. 2 Counterflow Path in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Fig. 2 Counterflow Path in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Fig. 3 U-Tube Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast “K” Pattern Flanged Head Fig. 3 U-Tube Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast K-Pattern Flanged Head Fig. 4 U-Tube Tank Heater with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast Bonnet Head Fig. 4 U-Tube Tank Heater with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast Bonnet Head Fig. 5 U-Tube Tank Suction Heater with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast Flanged Head Fig. 5 U-Tube Tank Suction Heater with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast Flanged Head Fig. 6 Straight-Tube Fixed Tubesheet Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Fabricated Bonnet Heads and Split-Shell Flow Design Fig. 6 Straight-Tube Fixed Tubesheet Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Fabricated Bonnet Heads and Split-Shell Flow Design Fig. 7 Straight-Tube Floating Tubesheet Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Removable Bundle Assembly and Fabricated Channel Heads Fig. 7 Straight-Tube Floating Tubesheet Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Removable Bundle Assembly and Fabricated Channel Heads |
| 726 | Plate Heat Exchangers Fig. 8 Flow Path of Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 8 Flow Path of Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 9 Flow Path of Welded Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 9 Flow Path of Welded Plate Heat Exchanger Double-Wall Heat Exchangers Fig. 10 Brazed-Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 10 Brazed-Plate Heat Exchanger |
| 727 | Fig. 11 Double-Wall U-Tube Heat Exchanger Fig. 11 Double-Wall U-Tube Heat Exchanger Fig. 12 Double-Wall Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 12 Double-Wall Plate Heat Exchanger Components Shell-and-Tube Components Fig. 13 Exploded View of Straight-Tube Heat Exchanger Fig. 13 Exploded View of Straight-Tube Heat Exchanger Plate Components Fig. 14 Components of a Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 14 Components of a Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger |
| 728 | Application Selection Criteria Thermal/Mechanical Design Cost Serviceability Space Requirements |
| 729 | Steam Installation |
| 730 | I-P_S08_Ch48 General Design Considerations User Requirements Application Requirements Fig. 1 Typical Rooftop Air-Cooled Single-Package Air Conditioner (Multizone) Fig. 2 Single-Package Air Equipment with Variable Air Volume Fig. 2 Single-Package Air Equipment with Variable Air Volume |
| 731 | Installation Service Sustainability Types of Unitary Equipment |
| 732 | Table 1 ARI Standard 210/240 Classification of Unitary Air Conditioners Table 2 ARI Standard 210/240 Classification of Air-Source Unitary Heat Pumps |
| 733 | Combined Space-Conditioning/Water-Heating Systems Typical Unitary Equipment Fig. 3 Water-Cooled Single-Package Air Conditioner Fig. 3 Water-Cooled Single-Package Air Conditioner Fig. 4 Rooftop Installation of Air-Cooled Single-Package Unit Fig. 4 Rooftop Installation of Air-Cooled Single-Package Unit |
| 734 | Fig. 5 Multistory Rooftop Installation of Single-Package Unit Fig. 5 Multistory Rooftop Installation of Single-Package Unit Fig. 6 Through-the-Wall Installation of Air-Cooled Single-Package Unit Fig. 6 Through-the-Wall Installation of Air-Cooled Single-Package Unit Fig. 7 Residential Installation of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Unit with Coil and Upflow Furnace Fig. 7 Residential Installation of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Unit with Coil and Upflow Furnace Fig. 8 Outdoor Installations of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Units with Coil and Upflow Furnace or with Indoor Blower-Coils Fig. 8 Outdoor Installations of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Units with Coil and Upflow Furnace or with Indoor Blower-Coils Equipment and System Standards Energy Conservation and Efficiency Fig. 9 Outdoor Installation of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Unit with Indoor Coil and Downflow Furnace Fig. 9 Outdoor Installation of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Unit with Indoor Coil and Downflow Furnace |
| 735 | ARI Certification Programs Safety Standards and Installation Codes Air Conditioners Refrigerant Circuit Design |
| 736 | Air-Handling Systems Electrical Design |
| 737 | Mechanical Design Accessories Heating Air-Source Heat Pumps Fig. 10 Typical Schematic of Air-to-Air Heat Pump System Fig. 10 Schematic Typical of Air-to-Air Heat Pump System |
| 738 | Add-On Heat Pumps Fig. 11 Operating Characteristics of Single-Stage Unmodulated Heat Pump Fig. 11 Operating Characteristics of Single-Stage Unmodulated Heat Pump Selection Refrigerant Circuit and Components |
| 739 | System Control and Installation Water-Source Heat Pumps Fig. 12 Schematic of a Typical Water-Source Heat Pump System Fig. 12 Schematic of Typical Water-Source Heat Pump System Systems |
| 740 | Fig. 13 Typical Horizontal Water-Source Heat Pump Fig. 13 Typical Horizontal Water-Source Heat Pump Fig. 14 Typical Vertical Water-Source Heat Pump Fig. 14 Typical Vertical Water-Source Heat Pump Fig. 15 Water-Source Heat Pump Systems Fig. 15 Water-Source Heat Pump Systems |
| 741 | Performance Certification Programs Equipment Design Table 3 Space Requirements for Typical Packaged Water-Source Heat Pumps |
| 742 | Variable-Refrigerant-Flow Heat Pumps Application Categories Refrigerant Circuit and Components Heating and Defrost Operation References |
| 743 | Bibliography |
| 744 | I-P_S08_Ch49 Room Air Conditioners Fig. 1 Schematic View of Typical Room Air Conditioner Fig. 1 Schematic View of Typical Room Air Conditioner Sizes and Classifications Design |
| 745 | Compressors Evaporator and Condenser Coils Restrictor Application and Sizing Fan Motor and Air Impeller Selection Electronics Performance Data Efficiency Sensible Heat Ratio |
| 746 | Energy Conservation and Efficiency Table 1 NAECA Minimum Efficiency Standards for Room Air Conditioners Table 2 Room Air Conditioners ENERGY STAR Criteria High-Efficiency Design Special Features |
| 747 | Safety Codes and Standards Product Standards Installation and Service |
| 748 | Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners Sizes and Classifications Fig. 2 Sectional Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner Fig. 2 Sectional Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner Fig. 3 Integrated Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner Fig. 3 Integrated Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner General Design Considerations |
| 749 | Design of PTAC/PTHP Components |
| 750 | Heat Pump Operation Performance and Safety Testing References Bibliography |
| 751 | I-P_S08_Ch50 Terminology |
| 752 | Classification of Systems Storage Media |
| 753 | Basic Thermal Storage Concepts Benefits of Thermal Storage Design Considerations |
| 754 | Sensible Thermal Storage Technology Sensible Energy Storage Temperature Range and Storage Size Techniques for Thermal Separation in Sensible Storage Devices Fig. 1 Typical Two-Ring Octagonal Slotted Pipe Diffuser Fig. 1 Typical Two-Ring Octagonal Slotted Pipe Diffuser |
| 755 | Fig. 2 Typical Temperature Stratification Profile in Storage Tank Fig. 2 Typical Temperature Stratification Profile in Storage Tank Performance of Chilled-Water Storage Systems Fig. 3 Typical Chilled-Water Storage Profiles Fig. 3 Typical Chilled-Water Storage Profiles Design of Stratification Diffusers Fig. 4 Radial Disk Diffuser Fig. 4 Radial Disk Diffuser Table 1 Chilled-Water Density Table |
| 756 | Storage Tank Insulation Other Factors Chilled-Water Storage Tanks Low-Temperature Fluid Sensible Energy Storage Storage in Aquifers |
| 757 | Latent Cool Storage Technology Water as Phase-Change Thermal Storage Medium Internal Melt Ice-On-Coil |
| 758 | Fig. 5 Charge and Discharge of Internal-Melt Ice Storage Fig. 5 Charge and Discharge of Internal-Melt Ice Storage External-Melt Ice-On-Coil Fig. 6 Charge and Discharge of External-Melt Ice Storage Fig. 6 Charge and Discharge of External-Melt Ice Storage |
| 759 | Encapsulated Ice Fig. 7 Encapsulated Ice: Spherical Container Fig. 7 Encapsulated Ice: Spherical Container Ice Harvesters |
| 760 | Fig. 8 Ice-Harvesting Schematic Fig. 8 Ice-Harvesting Schematic Ice Slurry Systems |
| 761 | Other Phase-Change Materials Heat Storage Technology Sizing Heat Storage Systems Fig. 9 Representative Sizing Factor Selection Graph for Residential Storage Heaters Fig. 9 Representative Sizing Factor Selection Graph for Residential Storage Heaters Service Water Heating |
| 762 | Brick Storage (ETS) Heaters Fig. 10 Typical Storage Heater Performance Characteristics Fig. 10 Typical Storage Heater Performance Characteristics Fig. 11 Room Storage Heater Fig. 11 Room Storage Heater Fig. 12 Room Storage Heater Dynamic Discharge and Charge Curves Fig. 13 Fig. 12 Room Storage Heater Dynamic Discharge and Charge Curves |
| 763 | Fig. 14 Static Discharge from Room Storage Heater Fig. 13 Static Discharge from Room Storage Heater Pressurized Water Storage Heaters Fig. 15 Pressurized Water Heater Fig. 14 Pressurized Water Heater |
| 764 | Underfloor Heat Storage Fig. 16 Underfloor Heat Storage Fig. 15 Underfloor Heat Storage Building Mass Thermal Storage Fig. 17 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Re Fig. 16 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Re Fig. 18 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Rd Fig. 17 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Rd |
| 765 | Storage Charging and Discharging Design Considerations Factors Favoring Thermal Storage |
| 766 | Factors Discouraging Thermal Storage Typical Applications |
| 767 | Sizing Cool Storage Systems Sizing Strategies Calculating Load Profiles |
| 768 | Sizing Equipment |
| 769 | Application of Thermal Storage Systems Chilled-Water Storage Systems Fig. 19 Typical Sensible Storage Connection Scheme Fig. 18 Typical Sensible Storage Connection Scheme |
| 770 | Fig. 21 Fig. 19 Direct Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 22 Charge Mode Status of Direct Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 20 Charge Mode Status of Direct Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 23 Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 21 Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 24 Charge Mode Status of Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface Fig. 22 Charge Mode Status of Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface |
| 771 | Fig. 25 Primary/Secondary Chilled-Water Plant with Stratified Storage Tank as Decoupler Fig. 23 Primary/Secondary Chilled-Water Plant with Stratified Storage Tank as Decoupler Ice (and PCM) Storage Systems |
| 772 | Fig. 26 Series Flow, Chiller Upstream Fig. 24 Series Flow, Chiller Upstream Fig. 27 Series Flow, Chiller Downstream Fig. 25 Series Flow, Chiller Downstream Fig. 28 Parallel Flow for Chiller and Storage Fig. 26 Parallel Flow for Chiller and Storage |
| 773 | Operation and Control Operating Modes Table 2 Common Thermal Storage Operating Modes |
| 774 | Control Strategies Operating Strategies |
| 775 | Table 3 Recommended Accuracies of Instrumentation for Measurement of Cool Storage Capacity Instrumentation Requirements Other Design Considerations Hydronic System Design for Open Systems Cold-Air Distribution |
| 776 | Storage of Heat in Cool Storage Units System Interface |
| 777 | Insulation Cost Considerations Maintenance Considerations Water Treatment |
| 778 | Commissioning Statement of Design Intent |
| 779 | Commissioning Specification Required Information Performance Verification Sample Commissioning Plan Outline for Chilled-Water Plants with Thermal Storage Systems |
| 780 | Good Practices References |
| 782 | Bibliography |
| 784 | I-P_S08_Ch51 Selected Codes and Standards Published by Various Societies and Associations |
| 809 | ORGANIZATIONS |
