ASHRAE 90.1 10 SI:2010 Edition

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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ANSI Approved; IESNA Co-sponsored) – (SI Edition)

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASHRAE	2010	228

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Description

Standard 90.1 has been a benchmark for commercial building energy codes in the United States and a key basis for codes and standards around the world for more than 35 years. This standard provides the minimum requirements for the energy-efficient design of most buildings and offers, in detail, the minimum energy-efficient requirements for the design and construction of new buildings and their systems, new portions of buildings and their systems, and new systems and equipment in existing buildings as well as the criteria for determining compliance with these requirements. It is an indispensible reference for engineers and other professionals involved in the design of buildings and building systems.

This 2010 edition has been expanded to include new features, an expanded scope, and more detailed requirements, as well as incorporating changes from more than 100 addenda. Here’s what’s new in the 2010 edition:

Expanded to cover receptacles and process loads
More precise building envelope requirements and mechanical equipment efficiencies
Lower interior lighting power densities
Additional occupant-sensing controls
Mandatory daylighting requirements for specific spaces
A new, five-zone exterior lighting power density table
Clarified and expanded modeling requirements

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6	FOREWORD 1. PURPOSE 2. SCOPE 2.1 This standard provides: 2.2 The provisions of this standard do not apply to: 2.3 Where specifically noted in this standard, certain other buildings or elements of buildings shall be exempt. 2.4 This standard shall not be used to circumvent any safety, health, or environmental requirements.
7	3. DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS, and ACRONYMS 3.1 General. Certain terms, abbreviations, and acronyms are defined in this section for the purposes of this standard. These definitions are applicable to all sections of this standard. Terms that are not defined shall have their ordinarily accepted … 3.2 Definitions
22	3.3 Abbreviations and Acronyms
23	4. Administration and EnforcemenT 4.1 General 4.2 Compliance
25	5. BUILDING ENVELOPE 5.1 General 5.2 Compliance Paths
26	5.3 Simplified Building (Not Used) 5.4 Mandatory Provisions
27	5.5 Prescriptive Building Envelope Option
38	5.6 Building Envelope Trade-Off Option 5.7 Submittals
39	5.8 Product Information and Installation Requirements
41	6. HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR CONDITIONING 6.1 General 6.2 Compliance Path(s) 6.3 Simplified Approach Option for HVAC Systems
42	6.4 Mandatory Provisions
47	6.5 Prescriptive Path
56	6.6 Alternative Compliance Path (Not Used) 6.7 Submittals
57	6.8 Minimum Equipment Efficiency Tables
72	7. SERVICE WATER HEATING 7.1 General 7.2 Compliance Path(s) 7.3 Simplified/Small Building Option (Not Used) 7.4 Mandatory Provisions
73	7.5 Prescriptive Path 7.6 Alternative Compliance Path (Not Used) 7.7 Submittals 7.8 Product Information
75	8. POWER 8.1 General 8.2 Compliance Path(s) 8.3 Simplified/Small Building Option (Not Used) 8.4 Mandatory Provisions
76	8.5 Prescriptive Path (Not Used) 8.6 Alternative Compliance Path (Not Used) 8.7 Submittals 8.8 Product Information (Not Used)
77	9. LIGHTING 9.1 General 9.2 Compliance Path(s)
78	9.3 (Not Used) 9.4 Mandatory Provisions
82	9.5 Building Area Method Compliance Path
83	9.6 Alternative Compliance Path: Space-by-Space Method
84	9.7 Submittals 9.8 Product Information (Not Used)
88	10. OTHER EQUIPMENT 10.1 General 10.2 Compliance Path(s) 10.3 Simplified/Small Building Option (Not Used) 10.4 Mandatory Provisions 10.5 Prescriptive Compliance Path (Not Used) 10.6 Alternative Compliance Path (Not Used) 10.7 Submittals (Not Used) 10.8 Product Information
92	11. ENERGY COST BUDGET METHOD 11.1 General 11.2 Simulation General Requirements
93	11.3 Calculation of Design Energy Cost and Energy Cost Budget
101	12. NORMATIVE REFERENCES
105	NORMATIVE APPENDIX A RATED R-VALUE OF INSULATION AND ASSEMBLY U-FACTOR, C-FACTOR, AND F-FACTOR DETERMINATIONS A1. General A1.1 Pre-Calculated Assembly U-Factors, C-Factors, F-Factors, or Heat Capacities. The U-factors, C-factors, F-factors, and heat capacities for typical construction assemblies are included in Sections A2 through A8. These values shall be used for all … A1.2 Applicant-Determined Assembly U-Factors, C- Factors, F-Factors, or Heat Capacities. If the building official determines that the proposed construction assembly is not adequately represented in Sections A2 through A8, the applicant shall determin… A2. Roofs A2.1 General. The buffering effect of suspended ceilings or attic spaces shall not be included in U-factor calculations. A2.2 Roofs with Insulation Entirely Above Deck
106	A2.3 Metal Building Roofs A2.4 Attic Roofs with Wood Joists A2.5 Attic Roofs with Steel Joists A3. Above-Grade Walls A3.1 Mass Wall
117	A3.2 Metal Building Walls A3.3 Steel-Framed Walls
118	A3.4 Wood-Framed Walls
121	A4. Below-Grade Walls A4.1 General. For the purpose of Section A1.2, The base assembly is 200 mm medium-weight concrete block with a density of 1840 kg/m3 and solid grouted cores. Continuous insulation is installed on the interior or exterior. In contrast to the U-factor … A4.2 C-Factors for Below-Grade Walls
122	A5. Floors A5.1 General. The buffering effect of crawlspaces or parking garages shall not be included in U-factor calculations. See Section A6 for slab-on-grade floors. A5.2 Mass Floors A5.3 Steel-Joist Floors A5.4 Wood-Framed and Other Floors
127	A6. Slab-on-Grade Floors A6.1 General. For the purpose of Section A1.2, the base assembly is a slab floor of 150 mm concrete poured directly on to the earth, the bottom of the slab is at grade line, and soil conductivity is 1.30 W/m2·K. In contrast to the U-factor for floor… A6.2 Rated R-Value of Insulation for Slab-on-Grade Floors A6.3 F-Factors for Slab-on-Grade Floors A7. Opaque Doors A7.1 Unlabeled Opaque Doors. Unlabeled opaque doors shall be assigned the following U-factors: A8. Fenestration A8.1 Unlabeled Skylights. Unlabeled skylights shall be assigned the U-factors in Table A8.1A and are allowed to use the SHGCs and VTs in Table A8.1B. The metal with thermal break frame category shall not be used unless all frame members have a therma… A8.2 Unlabeled Vertical Fenestration. Unlabeled vertical fenestration, both operable and fixed, shall be assigned the U-factors, SHGCs, and VTs in Table A8.2.
132	A9. Determination of Alternate Assembly U-Factors, C-Factors, F-Factors, or Heat Capacities A9.1 General. Component U-factors for other opaque assemblies shall be determined in accordance with Section A9 only if approved by the building official in accordance with Section A1.2. The procedures required for each class of construction are spec… A9.2 Required Procedures. Two- or three-dimensional finite difference and finite volume computer models shall be an acceptable alternative method to calculating the thermal performance values for all assemblies and constructions listed below. The fol…
133	A9.3 Testing Procedures A9.4 Calculation Procedures and Assumptions. The following procedures and assumptions shall be used for all calculations. R-values for air films, insulation, and building materials shall be taken from Sections A9.4.1 through A9.4.3, respectively. In …
136	NORMATIVE APPENDIX B—BUILDING ENVELOPE CLIMATE CRITERIA B1. General
144	B2. Major Climate Type Definitions
147	NORMATIVE APPENDIX C METHODOLOGY FOR BUILDING ENVELOPE TRADE-OFF OPTION IN SUBSECTION 5.6 C1. Minimum Information C1.1 At the Building Level. The floor area, broken down by space-conditioning categories, shall be specified. C1.2 At the Exterior Surface Level. The classification, gross area, orientation, U-factor, and exterior conditions shall be specified. For mass walls only: HC and insulation position. Each surface is associated with a space-conditioning category as d… C1.3 For Fenestration. The classification, area, U-factor, SHGC, VT, overhang PF for vertical fenestration, and width, depth, and height for skylight wells shall be specified. (See Figure C1.3 for definition of width, depth, and height for skylight w… C1.4 For Opaque Doors. The classification, area, U-factor, HC, and insulation position shall be specified. Each opaque door is associated with a surface (defined in Section C1.2) and has the orientation of that surface. C1.5 For Below-Grade Walls. The area, average depth to the bottom of the wall, and C-factor shall be specified. Each below-grade wall is associated with a space-conditioning category as defined in C1.1. C1.6 For Slab-On-Grade Floor. The perimeter length and F-factor shall be specified. Each slab-on-grade floor is associated with a space-conditioning category as defined in Section C1.1. C2. Output Requirements C2.1 Tables summarizing the minimum information described in Section C1. C2.2 The envelope performance factor differential broken down by envelope component. The differential is the difference between the envelope performance factor of the proposed building and the envelope performance factor of the base envelope design. … C3. Base Envelope Design AND PROPOSED DESIGN Specification C3.1 The base envelope design shall have the same building floor area, building envelope floor area, slab-on-grade floor perimeter, below-grade floor area, gross wall area, opaque door area, and gross roof area as the proposed design. The distributio… C3.2 The U-factor of each opaque element of the base envelope design shall be equal to the criteria from Tables 5.5-1 through 5.5-8 for the appropriate climate for each construction classification. The HC of mass wall elements in the base envelope de… C3.3 The vertical fenestration area of each space-conditioning category in the base envelope design shall be the same as the proposed building or 40% of the gross wall area, whichever is less. The distribution of vertical fenestration among space-con… C3.4 For enclosed spaces required to comply with Section 5.5.4.2.3, the skylight area in the base envelope design shall be 3% of the roof area of that enclosed space. For enclosed spaces required to comply with Section 5.5.4.2.3, the total daylight a… C3.5 The U-factor for fenestration in the base envelope design shall be equal to the criteria from Tables 5.5-1 through 5.5-8 for the appropriate climate, except the U-factor for skylights in enclosed spaces required to comply with Section 5.5.4.2.3 …
148	C3.6 The roof of the base envelope design and the roof of the proposed envelope design shall both comply with either section 5.5.3.1.1 (a) or (b). C3.7 Unconditioned spaces of the base envelope design and the proposed envelope design shall comply with Section 5.5.4.2.3. C4. Zoning and Building Geometry C4.1 Determine the ratio (Rc) of the gross floor area to the gross wall area for each space-conditioning category. The index “c” refers to the space-conditioning category, either nonresidential conditioned, residential conditioned, or semiheated. C4.2 Create a perimeter zone for each unique combination of space-conditioning category and wall orientation. The floor area of each perimeter zone shall be the gross wall area of the zone times Rc or 1.25, whichever is smaller. C4.3 For space-conditioning categories where Rc is greater than 1.25, interior zones shall be created and used in the trade- off procedure. The floor area of the interior zone shall be the total floor area for the space-conditioning category less the… C4.4 Roof area, floor area, below-grade wall area, and slab-on-grade floor perimeter associated with each space- conditioning category shall be prorated among the zones according to floor area. C4.5 Skylights shall be assigned to the interior zone of the space-conditioning category. If the skylight area is larger than the roof area of the interior zone, then the skylight area in the interior zone shall be equal to the roof area in the inter… C5. Modeling Assumptions C5.1 The residential conditioned and nonresidential conditioned space-conditioning categories shall be modeled with both heating and cooling systems for both the base envelope design and the proposed design. The thermostat setpoints for residential a… C5.2 The semiheated space categories shall be modeled with heating-only systems for both the base envelope design and the proposed design. The thermostat setpoint shall be 10°C for all hours. C5.3 Both the base envelope design and the proposed design shall be modeled with the same heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. The system shall consist of a packaged rooftop system serving each thermal zone. Cooling shall be pro… C5.4 The electrical systems shall be the same for both the base envelope design and the proposed design. The LPD shall be 12 W/m2 for nonresidential conditioned spaces, 10 W/m2 for residential conditioned spaces, and 5 W/m2 for semiheated spaces. The… C5.5 Surface reflectances for daylighting calculations shall be 80% for ceilings, 50% for walls, and 20% for floors. C5.6 The U-factor entered for surfaces adjacent to crawlspaces, attics, and parking garages with mechanical or natural ventilation shall be adjusted by adding R-0.35 to the thermal resistance to account for the buffering effect. C5.7 Heat transfer for below-grade walls shall be based on the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor temperature conditions and a heat transfer path at the average wall depth below grade.
149	C6. Equations for Envelope Trade-Off Calculations C6.1 Inputs. Building descriptions shall be converted to equation variables using Table C6.1. C6.2 Envelope Performance Factor. The EPF of a building shall be calculated using Equation C-1 using its actual orientation, rotating the entire building 90, 180, and 270 degrees, then averaging the results. C6.3 HVAC. The HVAC term for each exterior or semi- exterior surface in the building shall be calculated using Equation C-2. C6.4 Lighting. The lighting term for each zone in the building as defined in Section C4 shall be calculated using Equation C-3. C6.5 Solar and Visible Aperture
150	C6.6 Adjusted Lighting Power (LPDadj). The adjusted lighting power for each zone shall be calculated using Equation C-9. C6.7 Delta Load Factors for Mass Walls in the Exterior Building Envelope. Adjustments to cooling and heating loads for use in Equations C-14 and C-16 due to the mass properties of each mass wall component shall be calculated using Equations C-11 and …
151	C6.8 Walls and Vertical Fenestration in the Exterior Building Envelope. Equations C-14 and C-16 shall be used to calculate COOL and HEAT for exterior walls and vertical fenestration in the exterior building envelope except walls next to crawlspaces, …
154	C6.9 Skylights in the Exterior Building Envelope. HEAT and COOL shall be calculated for skylights in nonresidential conditioned and residential conditioned zones using Equations C-17 and C-18. C6.10 Calculations for Other Exterior and Semi-Exterior Surfaces. For all exterior and semi-exterior surfaces not covered in Sections C6.8 and C6.9, the cooling factor, COOL, and heating factor, HEAT, shall be calculated using the procedure in this s…
156	NORMATIVE APPENDIX D CLIMATIC DATA
201	INFORMATIVE APPENDIX E INFORMATIVE REFERENCES
203	INFORMATIVE APPENDIX F ADDENDA DESCRIPTION INFORMATION
211	NORMATIVE APPENDIX G PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD G1. GENERAL G1.1 Performance Rating Method Scope. This building performance rating method is a modification of the Energy Cost Budget (ECB) Method in Section 11 and is intended for use in rating the energy efficiency of building designs that exceed the requireme… G1.2 Performance Rating. This performance rating method requires conformance with the following provisions: G1.3 Trade-Off Limits. When the proposed modifications apply to less than the whole building, only parameters related to the systems to be modified shall be allowed to vary. Parameters relating to unmodified existing conditions or to future building … G1.4 Documentation Requirements. Simulated performance shall be documented, and documentation shall be submitted to the rating authority. The information shall be submitted in a report and shall include the following:
212	G2. SIMULATION GENERAL REQUIREMENTS G2.1 Performance Calculations. The proposed building performance and baseline building performance shall be calculated using the following: G2.2 Simulation Program. The simulation program shall be a computer-based program for the analysis of energy consumption in buildings (a program such as, but not limited to, DOE-2, BLAST, or EnergyPlus). The simulation program shall include calculati… G2.3 Climatic Data. The simulation program shall perform the simulation using hourly values of climatic data, such as temperature and humidity from representative climatic data, for the site in which the proposed design is to be located. For cities o… G2.4 Energy Rates. Annual energy costs shall be determined using either actual rates for purchased energy or state average energy prices published by DOE’s Energy Information Administration (EIA) for commercial building customers, but rates from di… G2.5 Exceptional Calculation Methods. When the simulation program does not model a design, material, or device of the proposed design, an Exceptional Calculation Method shall be used if approved by the Rating Authority. If there are multiple designs,… G3. Calculation of the Proposed and Baseline Building Performance G3.1 Building Performance Calculations. The simulation model for calculating the proposed and baseline building performance shall be developed in accordance with the requirements in Table G3.1.

Additional information

Standard Title	ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ANSI Approved; IESNA Co-sponsored) – (SI Edition)
Published Code	ASHRAE
Publication Date	2010
Pages Count	228

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ASHRAE 90.1 10 SI:2010 Edition

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