ASHRAE AEDG50 GroceryStores 2015
$61.21
ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guide for Grocery Stores — Achieving 50% Energy Savings toward a Net Zero Energy Building
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ASHRAE | 2015 | 254 |
Advanced Energy Design Guide for Grocery Stores is the fifth in a series designed to provide recommendations for achieving 50% energy savings over the minimum code requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004. The energy savings target of 50% is the next step toward achieving a net zero energy building, which is defined as a building that, on an annual basis, draws from outside resources equal or less energy than it provides using on-site renewable energy sources. ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 provides the fixed reference point and serves as a consistent baseline and scale for all of the 50% Advanced Energy Design Guides. This Guide focuses on grocery stores ranging in size from 25,000 to 65,000 ft2 with medium- and low-temperature refrigerated cases and walk-ins. The information in this Guide can be combined with that in Advanced Energy Design Guide for Medium to Big-Box Retail Buildings and used for larger stores that consist of both grocery and general merchandise. This Guide does not cover parking garages, campus utilities such as chilled water and steam, water use, or sewage disposal. The specific energy-saving recommendations are summarized in a single table for each climate zone and allow contractors, consulting engineers, architects, and designers to easily achieve advanced levels of energy savings without detailed energy modeling or analyses. In addition, this Guide discusses principles of integrated design and how they can be used to implement energy-efficient strategies. A chapter addressing design philosophies for grocery stores is also included. This chapter is devoted primarily to refrigeration as well as the interaction between refrigeration and other building systems. An expanded section of tips and approaches is included in the “How to Implement Recommendations” chapter. These tips are cross-referenced with the recommendation tables. This chapter also includes additional “bonus” recommendations that identify opportunities to incorporate greater energy savings into the design of the building. Case studies and technical examples throughout the Guide illustrate the recommendations and demonstrate the technologies in real-world applications. Co-sponsors include The American Institute of Architects (AIA), Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IES), USGBC, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Keywords: AEDG, energy efficiency, grocery, refrigeration, walk-ins
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 1 | AEDG for Grocery Stores |
| 6 | CONTENTS |
| 10 | SIDEBARS |
| 12 | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
| 14 | ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS c.i. = continuous insulation CV = constant volume DCKV = demand-controlled kitchen ventilation DCV = demand-controlled ventilation DOAS = dedicated outdoor air system EC = electronically commutated EEV = electronic expansion valve |
| 15 | FC = filled cavity FPI = fins per inch HC = heat capacity lf = linear feet Ls = liner system MA = mixed air SAT = supply air temp. SCT = saturated condensing temp. SET = saturated evaporator temp. SST = saturated suction temp. SZCV = single-zone constant volume SZVAV = single-zone variable air volume TD = temp erature difference (approach) VT = visible transmittance |
| 16 | FOREWORD |
| 17 | ENHANCED SHOPPING ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMIDITY CONTROL |
| 18 | LOWER LIFE-CYCLE COSTS REDUCED OPERATING COSTS PARTNERS IN THE COMMUNITY |
| 19 | CLOSING REFERENCES AND RESOURCES |
| 20 | CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION |
| 21 | GOAL OF THIS GUIDE SCOPE |
| 22 | WATER AS A RESOURCE REDUCED GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ENERGY MODELING ANALYSIS |
| 23 | Refrigeration Baseline Assumptions |
| 24 | ACHIEVING 50% ENERGY SAVINGS Figure 1-1 Energy Savings by Climate Zone |
| 26 | CONDITIONS TO PROMOTE THE GROCERY STORE FUNCTION SALES ENVIRONMENT INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ) |
| 27 | THERMAL COMFORT VISUAL COMFORT ACOUSTIC COMFORT HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE |
| 29 | REFERENCES |
| 30 | Whole Foods Market—A Case Study |
| 34 | CHAPTER 2 – INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED DESIGN |
| 36 | USING INTEGRATED DESIGN TO MAXIMIZE ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECT KICK-OFF |
| 37 | PROGRAMMING AND CONCEPT DESIGN |
| 38 | SCHEMATIC DESIGN |
| 39 | DESIGN DEVELOPMENT |
| 40 | CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS BID PHASE CONSTRUCTION ADMINISTRATION |
| 41 | COMMISSIONING START-UP AND OPERATIONS Refrigeration Commissioning Guide |
| 42 | PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT—CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT |
| 43 | INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS STRATEGIES CHARETTES AND DESIGN REVIEWS USE OF ENERGY MODELING AS DESIGN GUIDANCE |
| 44 | MULTIDISCIPLINARY COORDINATION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY |
| 50 | REFERENCES AND RESOURCES |
| 54 | CHAPTER 3 – DESIGN CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES INTRODUCTION |
| 55 | BUILDING SITE AND DESIGN INFLUENCES CLIMATE CHARACTERIZATIONS Figure 3-1 Heating Degree-Days |
| 56 | Figure 3-2 Cooling Degree-Days Figure 3-3 Annual Solar Radiation |
| 57 | Figure 3-4 Design Dew-Point Temperatures Figure 3-5 Design Wet-Bulb Temperatures |
| 58 | Table 3-1 Cities Characterized by Climate Combinations Figure 3-6 U.S. Primary Climate Zone Map |
| 59 | CLIMATE DEPENDENCE Figure 3-7 Energy Breakdown for Mixed-Air SZVAV DX Packaged RTU |
| 60 | BUILDING ORIENTATION Daylighting in Grocery Stores |
| 62 | REFRIGERATION DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES IMPACTS OF REFRIGERANT SELECTION |
| 63 | Table 3-2 Common Refrigerant Classifications |
| 64 | Compressor Systems with Ammonia Refrigerant |
| 65 | SIZING CONCEPTS |
| 68 | Condenser Derating Example |
| 69 | AIR VERSUS EVAPORATIVE CONDENSING |
| 70 | Figure 3-8 Peak Day and Typical Day Weather for Dallas, Texas Figure 3-9 Full-Year Hourly Dry-Bulb Temperature from Maximum to Minimum with Coincident Wet-Bulb Temperature for Dallas, Texas |
| 71 | Figure 3-10 Ambient and SCT for Air-Cooled and Evaporative-Cooled Condensers |
| 72 | Hybrid Condensers and Precooling |
| 73 | DIRECT VERSUS INDIRECT SYSTEM DESIGN AND EFFICIENCY Table 3-3 Water Costs per 100 ft3 |
| 74 | CO2 Indirect System versus Standard Direct System |
| 75 | Figure 3-11 Indirect System Configuration Figure 3-12 Cascade System Configuration |
| 76 | Annual Energy Usage Comparison of Cooling System Designs DISTRIBUTED VERSUS CENTRALIZED RACK DESIGNS |
| 77 | ELECTRIC VERSUS HOT-GAS DEFROST SPECIFIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES MASS-FLOW-BASED DESIGN |
| 78 | Figure 3-13 Productive and Nonproductive Suction Superheat |
| 79 | USE OF DATA FROM NEW AND EXISTING STORES DETERMINING DESIGN EVAPORATOR AND DISCHARGE AIR TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEMS |
| 80 | CHANGING TECHNOLOGIES AND PARADIGM SHIFTS IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS ELECTRONIC EXPANSION VALVES AND SUPERHEAT OPTMIZATION |
| 81 | REFRIGERANT HEAT RECOVERY California Title 24 Heat Recovery Requirements |
| 82 | INTERACTION BETWEEN SYSTEMS KITCHEN EQUIPMENT AND HVAC |
| 83 | REFRIGERATION AND HVAC IMPACT OF DOORS ON REFRIGERATED CASES |
| 84 | Display Cases with Glass Doors |
| 85 | REFERENCES AND RESOURCES |
| 86 | CHAPTER 4 – DESIGN STRATEGIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS BY C LIMATE ZONE INTRODUCTION |
| 87 | CLIMATE ZONE RECOMMENDATIONS |
| 88 | Figure 4-1 U.S. Climate Zone Map (Briggs et al. 2003) |
| 89 | Zone 1 |
| 93 | Zone 2 |
| 97 | Zone 3 |
| 101 | Zone 4 |
| 105 | Zone 5 |
| 109 | Zone 6 |
| 113 | Zone 7 |
| 117 | Zone 8 |
| 121 | REFERENCES |
| 122 | CHAPTER 5 – HOW TO IMPLEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ENVELOPE OPAQUE ENVELOPE COMPONENTS |
| 123 | Figure 5-1 (EN2) Prefabricated Metal Roofs Showing Thermal Blocking of Purlins—(a) Filled Cavity; (b) Liner System, Two Layers; and (c) Liner System, Three Layers |
| 124 | Table 5-1 Examples of Cool Roofs |
| 126 | Figure 5-2 (EN12) a) Freezer Slab Edge Details with Double Curband b) Freezer Slab Edge Details without Curb |
| 127 | Table 5-2 Freezer Box Floor Insulation Levels Figure 5-3 (EN13) Swinging Doors—Opaque Doors with Hinges on One Side,Closing to a Center Post |
| 129 | Figure 5-4 (EN 17) (a) 90-Degree Walkway Vestibule Configuration,(b) Straight-Through Entrance and 90-Degree Exit Walkway Vestibule Configuration |
| 130 | Figure 5-4 (EN 17) (c) Offset Walkway Vestibule Configuration and(d) Straight-Through Walkway Vestibule Configuration |
| 132 | Figure 5-5 (EN20) Moisture Control for (a) Wood Framing and (b) Concrete Slabs |
| 133 | VERTICAL FENESTRATION |
| 134 | Figure 5-6 (EN21) Thermal Bridges—Parapets: (a) Problem and (b) Solution |
| 135 | Figure 5-7 (EN21) Thermal Bridges—Foundations: (a) Problem and (b) Solution |
| 136 | WINDOW DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR THERMAL CONDITIONS Figure 5-8 (EN23) Windows with Overhangs |
| 138 | WINDOW DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR DAYLIGHTING Figure 5-9 (EN28) Fenestration with the Frame Thermal Break in Alignment withWall Insulation Options: (a) Problem, (b) Solution 1, and (c) Solution 2 |
| 139 | REFERENCES |
| 140 | DAYLIGHTING GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS |
| 141 | Tubular Daylighting Devices |
| 144 | Figure 5-10 (DL5) Skylight (Horizontal Fenestration) |
| 145 | Figure 5-11 (DL6) Daylight Zone under Skylight Figure 5-12 (DL6) Sidelighting Zone |
| 146 | ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2013 Sidelighting (Vertical Fenestration) Prescriptive Requirements |
| 147 | REFERENCES AND RESOURCES Figure 5-13 Daylighting Ceiling Configurations:(a) Raised Ceiling at Façade and (b) Sloped Ceiling at Façade |
| 148 | ELECTRIC LIGHTING GOALS FOR GROCERY LIGHTING INTERIOR LIGHTING |
| 149 | Figure 5-14 Grocery Space Planning Schematic |
| 150 | Figure 5-15 (EL4 and EL5) Accent Lighting Aimed at 40 Degrees |
| 151 | Display and Accent Lighting Strategies |
| 154 | Table 5-3 4 ft T8 Lamps Meeting the 90+ Mean LPW |
| 155 | Table 5-4 4 ft T5/T5HO Lamps Meeting the 90+ Mean LPW |
| 156 | Figure 5-16 (EL15) Occupancy-Sensing Control |
| 157 | SAMPLE DESIGN LAYOUTS FOR GROCERY STORES |
| 158 | Figure 5-17 (EL20) Layout for Lighting in Merchandise Sales Area |
| 159 | Figure 5-18 (EL20, EL21) Layout for Lighting in Specialty Sales Area Figure 5-19 (EL23) Accent Lighting in Merchandise Sales Area |
| 160 | LED Lighting Color, Optics, and Characteristics |
| 163 | Figure 5-20 (EL24) Conceptual Layout for Deli Service Counter and Dining Area Figure 5-21 (EL24) Conceptual Layout for Grocery In-House Kitchen |
| 165 | Figure 5-22 (EL25) Conceptual Layout for Back-of-House Walk-in Freezer and Walk-in Coolerwith Sales Floor Customer Access Doors Figure 5-23 (EL25) Conceptual Layout for Large Walk-in Cooler/Freezerwith Customer Access Doors Figure 5-24 (EL25) Conceptual Layout for Large Big-Box Cooler/Freezer with High Ceilings |
| 166 | Figure 5-25 (EL25) Conceptual Layout for Small Walk-in Grocery Cooler/Freezer Modules Figure 5-26 (EL26) Conceptual Layout for Office |
| 167 | EXTERIOR LIGHTING Figure 5-27 (EL27) Conceptual Layout for Break/Meeting Rooms |
| 168 | Table 5-5 Exterior Lighting Zones |
| 169 | REFERENCES AND RESOURCES |
| 170 | PLUG LOADS EQUIPMENT AND CONTROL GUIDELINES |
| 172 | Table 5-6 LED Lighting System Energy Savings |
| 173 | Grocery Store Plug Load Strategies |
| 175 | REFERENCES AND RESOURCES |
| 177 | KITCHEN EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT AND DESIGN GUIDELINES |
| 178 | Table 5-7 Commercial Food Service Appliance ASTM Standard Test Methods |
| 179 | Demand-Controlled Kitchen Ventilation System |
| 182 | REFERENCES |
| 184 | REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT CONDENSER SELECTION AND CONDENSER CONTROL |
| 185 | Table 5-8 Typical Selection Table for Air-Cooled Condensers Table 5-9 Typical Selection Table for Evaporative-Cooled Condensers Table 5-10 Typical Selection Table and Capacity Factors for Evaporative-Cooled Condensers |
| 186 | Table 5-11 Specific Efficiency Assumptions |
| 188 | Condensing Temperature |
| 189 | Airflow versus Fan Power |
| 190 | Figure 5-28 (RF7) Ambient Following Condensing Temperature Setpoint |
| 191 | COMPRESSORS |
| 194 | DISPLAY CASES AND WALK-IN BOXES |
| 195 | Display Case andWalk-In Standards |
| 196 | Table 5-12 Walk-In Insulation Criteria |
| 197 | Examples ofWalk-In Freezer and Cooler Doors, Hinges, Closers, and Alarms |
| 200 | Figure 5-29 (RF24) Example Design with EEPR Valves |
| 201 | HEAT RECOVERY Figure 5-30 (RF26) LSHX and Typical Approach Temperatures |
| 202 | Figure 5-31 (RF29) Conventional Series-Connected Heat Recovery |
| 203 | Figure 5-32 (RF29, RF30) Heat Recovery Coil in a Large RTU |
| 204 | REFERENCES Figure 5-33 (RF31) Example Heat Recovery Design with Three Units in Series Figure 5-34 (RF31) Example Heat Recovery Unit Using Water Loop and Electronic Holdback Valve |
| 205 | SERVICE WATER HEATING SERVICE WATER HEATING SYSTEM TYPES GENERAL RECOMENDATIONS |
| 206 | Table 5-13 Gas Water Heater Performance |
| 207 | Table 5-14 Electric Water Heater Performance |
| 208 | Table 5-15 Minimum Piping Insulation Thicknesses for SWH Systems Figure 5-35 (WH6) Refrigerant Superheat Recovery Tank Piping for Service Hot-Water Preheat |
| 210 | HVAC SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT GENERAL INFORMATION |
| 213 | HVAC SYSTEM TYPES Table 5-16 DX Cooling Equipment Efficiency Levels |
| 216 | Table 5-17 Constant-Volume Air-Source Heat Pump Efficiency Levels |
| 217 | HVAC EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS Table 5-18 WSHP Efficiency Levels |
| 218 | Figure 5-36 (HV10) Examples of DOAS Configurations |
| 221 | Table 5-19 DOAS Heating Equipment Efficiencies Table 5-20 DOAS Dehumidification and Moisture Removal Efficiency (MRE) |
| 222 | Table 5-21 Total System Effectiveness with Energy Recovery |
| 223 | Figure 5-37 (HV13) Examples of Exhaust-Air Energy Recovery Devices |
| 234 | Figure 5-38 (HV34) Typical Noise Paths for Rooftop-Mounted HVAC Units Figure 5-39 (HV34) Typical Noise Paths for Interior-Mounted HVAC Units |
| 235 | REFERENCE AND RESOURCES REFERENCES AND RESOURCES |
| 237 | QUALITY ASSURANCE COMMISSIONING |
| 240 | MEASUREMENT AND VERIFICATION |
| 241 | REFERENCES AND RESOURCES |
| 242 | ADDITIONAL BONUS SAVINGS ENVELOPE OPTIONS REFRIGERATION OPTIONS |
| 243 | OTHER HVAC SYSTEM TYPES |
| 244 | RENEWABLE ENERGY |
| 245 | Figure 5-40 (RE1) Photovoltaic Solar Resources of the U.S. |
| 246 | Figure 5-41 (RE2) Average Annual Wind Power Estimates |
| 247 | Figure 5-42 (RE3) Transpired Solar Collector |
| 248 | REFERENCES |
| 250 | APPENDIX A – ENVELOPE THERMAL PERFORMANCE FACTORS |
| 251 | Table A-1 Opaque Construction Options REFERENCE Table A-1 Opaque Construction Options |
| 252 | APPENDIX B – INTERNATIONAL CLIMATIC ZONE DEFINITIONS Table B-1 International Climatic Zone Definitions Table B-1 International Climatic Zone Definitions |
| 253 | DEFINITIONS REFERENCES |
