ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook IP 2013
$78.75
2013 ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals – IP Edition
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ASHRAE | 2013 | 992 |
The 2013 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals covers basic principles and data used in the HVAC&R industry. Updated with research sponsored by ASHRAE and others, this volume includes 1,000 pages and 39 chapters covering general engineering information, basic materials, climate data, load and energy calculations, duct and pipe design, and sustainability, plus reference tables for abbreviations and symbols, I-P to SI conversions, and physical properties of materials.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 1 | F13 FrontMatter_IP |
| 2 | Dedicated To The Advancement Of The Profession And Its Allied Industries DISCLAIMER |
| 9 | IP_F13_Ch01 Composition of Dry and Moist Air U.S. Standard Atmosphere Table 1 Standard Atmospheric Data for Altitudes to 30,000 ft |
| 10 | Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation Humidity Parameters Basic Parameters |
| 11 | Table 2 Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure, 14.696 psia |
| 15 | Table 3 Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation |
| 17 | Table 3 Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation (Continued) |
| 20 | Humidity Parameters Involving Saturation Perfect Gas Relationships for Dry and Moist Air |
| 21 | Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature Numerical Calculation of Moist Air Properties |
| 22 | Moist Air Property Tables for Standard Pressure Psychrometric Charts |
| 23 | Fig. 1 ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1 |
| 24 | Typical Air-Conditioning Processes Moist Air Sensible Heating or Cooling Fig. 2 Schematic of Device for Heating Moist Air Fig. 3 Schematic Solution for Example 2 Fig. 4 Schematic of Device for Cooling Moist Air Moist Air Cooling and Dehumidification |
| 25 | Fig. 5 Schematic Solution for Example 3 Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams Fig. 6 Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams Fig. 7 Schematic Solution for Example 4 Adiabatic Mixing of Water Injected into Moist Air Fig. 8 Schematic Showing Injection of Water into Moist Air |
| 26 | Fig. 9 Schematic Solution for Example 5 Space Heat Absorption and Moist Air Moisture Gains Fig. 10 Schematic of Air Conditioned Space |
| 27 | Fig. 11 Schematic Solution for Example 6 Transport Properties of Moist Air Fig. 12 Viscosity of Moist Air Fig. 13 Thermal Conductivity of Moist Air Symbols Table 4 Calculated Diffusion Coefficients for Water/Air at 14.696 psia Barometric Pressure |
| 28 | References Bibliography |
| 29 | IP_F13_Ch02 Thermodynamics Stored Energy Energy in Transition Fig. 1 Energy Flows in General Thermodynamic System |
| 30 | First Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics |
| 31 | Thermodynamic Analysis of Refrigeration Cycles |
| 32 | Equations of State |
| 33 | Calculating Thermodynamic Properties Phase Equilibria for Multicomponent Systems |
| 34 | Fig. 2 Mixture of i and j Components in Constant-Pressure Container Fig. 3 Temperature-Concentration (T – x) Diagram for Zeotropic Mixture Fig. 4 Azeotropic Behavior Shown on T – x Diagram Compression Refrigeration Cycles Carnot Cycle |
| 35 | Fig. 5 Carnot Refrigeration Cycle Fig. 6 Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Carnot Refrigeration Cycle of Example 1 Fig. 7 Carnot Vapor Compression Cycle |
| 36 | Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using a Pure Refrigerant or Azeotropic Mixture Fig. 8 Theoretical Single-Stage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle Fig. 9 Schematic p – h Diagram for Example 2 Table 1 Thermodynamic Property Data for Example 2 |
| 37 | Fig. 10 Areas on T- s Diagram Representing Refrigerating Effect and Work Supplied for Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle Fig. 11 Processes of Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle |
| 38 | Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixture Fig. 12 Areas on T- s Diagram Representing Refrigerating Effect and Work Supplied for Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using Zeotropic Mixture as Refrigerant Multistage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles |
| 39 | Fig. 13 Schematic and Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Dual-Compression, Dual-Expansion Cycle of Example 4 Table 2 Thermodynamic Property Values for Example 4 Actual Refrigeration Systems |
| 40 | Fig. 14 Schematic of Real, Direct-Expansion, Single-Stage Mechanical Vapor-Compression Refrigeration System Table 3 Measured and Computed Thermodynamic Properties of R-22 for Example 5 Fig. 15 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram of Actual System and Theoretical Single-Stage System Operating Between Same Inlet Air Temperatures tR and t0 |
| 41 | Table 4 Energy Transfers and Irreversibility Rates for Refrigeration System in Example 5 Absorption Refrigeration Cycles Ideal Thermal Cycle |
| 42 | Fig. 16 Thermal Cycles Working Fluid Phase Change Constraints Fig. 17 Single-Effect Absorption Cycle |
| 43 | Temperature Glide Working Fluids |
| 44 | Table 5 Refrigerant/Absorbent Pairs Effect of Fluid Properties on Cycle Performance Absorption Cycle Representations Conceptualizing the Cycle |
| 45 | Fig. 18 Double-Effect Absorption Cycle Fig. 19 Generic Triple-Effect Cycles Absorption Cycle Modeling Analysis and Performance Simulation Fig. 20 Single-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Absorption Cycle Dühring Plot Table 6 Assumptions for Single-Effect Water/ Lithium Bromide Model (Figure 20) |
| 46 | Table 7 Design Parameters and Operating Conditions for Single-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Absorption Chiller Table 8 Simulation Results for Single-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Absorption Chiller Double-Effect Cycle |
| 47 | Fig. 21 Double-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Absorption Cycle with State Points Table 9 Inputs and Assumptions for Double-Effect Water-Lithium Bromide Model (Figure 21) Ammonia/Water Absorption Cycles Fig. 22 Single-Effect Ammonia/Water Absorption Cycle |
| 48 | Table 10 State Point Data for Double-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Cycle (Figure 21) Table 11 Inputs and Assumptions for Single-Effect Ammonia/Water Cycle (Figure 22) Table 12 State Point Data for Single-Effect Ammonia/Water Cycle (Figure 22) Adsorption Refrigeration Systems |
| 49 | Symbols References |
| 50 | Bibliography |
| 51 | IP_F13_Ch03 Fluid Properties Density Viscosity Fig. 1 Velocity Profiles and Gradients in Shear Flows |
| 52 | Basic Relations of Fluid Dynamics Continuity in a Pipe or Duct Bernoulli Equation and Pressure Variation in Flow Direction Laminar Flow |
| 53 | Fig. 2 Dimensions for Steady, Fully Developed Laminar Flow Equations Turbulence Fig. 3 Velocity Fluctuation at Point in Turbulent Flow Basic Flow Processes Wall Friction Boundary Layer |
| 54 | Fig. 4 Velocity Profiles of Flow in Pipes Fig. 5 Pipe Factor for Flow in Conduits Fig. 6 Flow in Conduit Entrance Region Fig. 7 Boundary Layer Flow to Separation Flow Patterns with Separation Fig. 8 Geometric Separation, Flow Development, and Loss in Flow Through Orifice Fig. 9 Examples of Geometric Separation Encountered in Flows in Conduits |
| 55 | Fig. 10 Separation in Flow in Diffuser Drag Forces on Bodies or Struts Nonisothermal Effects Fig. 11 Effect of Viscosity Variation on Velocity Profile of Laminar Flow in Pipe Table 1 Drag Coefficients |
| 56 | Flow Analysis Generalized Bernoulli Equation Fig. 12 Blower and Duct System for Example 1 Conduit Friction |
| 57 | Fig. 13 Relation Between Friction Factor and Reynolds Number Table 2 Effective Roughness of Conduit Surfaces |
| 58 | Valve, Fitting, and Transition Losses Table 3 Fitting Loss Coefficients of Turbulent Flow |
| 59 | Fig. 14 Diagram for Example 2 Control Valve Characterization for Liquids Incompressible Flow in Systems |
| 60 | Fig. 15 Valve Action in Pipeline Fig. 16 Effect of Duct Length on Damper Action Fig. 17 Matching of Pump or Blower to System Characteristics Flow Measurement Fig. 18 Differential Pressure Flowmeters |
| 61 | Fig. 19 Flowmeter Coefficients Unsteady Flow |
| 62 | Fig. 20 Temporal Increase in Velocity Following Sudden Application of Pressure Compressibility |
| 63 | Compressible Conduit Flow Cavitation Fig. 21 Cavitation in Flows in Orifice or Valve Noise in Fluid Flow |
| 64 | Symbols References |
| 65 | IP_F13_Ch04 Heat Transfer Processes Conduction Fig. 1 (A) Conduction and (B) Convection Convection Table 1 Heat Transfer Coefficients by Convection Type |
| 66 | Radiation Combined Radiation and Convection Contact or Interface Resistance Fig. 2 Interface Resistance Across Two Layers Heat Flux |
| 67 | Overall Resistance and Heat Transfer Coefficient Fig. 3 Thermal Circuit Thermal Conduction One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction Table 2 One-Dimensional Conduction Shape Factors |
| 68 | Fig. 4 Thermal Circuit Diagram for Insulated Water Pipe (Example 1) Two- and Three-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction: Shape Factors Fig. 5 Efficiency of Annular Fins of Constant Thickness Extended Surfaces |
| 69 | Table 3 Multidimensional Conduction Shape Factors |
| 70 | Fig. 6 Efficiency of Annular Fins with Constant Metal Area for Heat Flow Fig. 7 Efficiency of Several Types of Straight Fins Fig. 8 Efficiency of Four Types of Spines |
| 71 | Fig. 9 Rectangular Tube Array Fig. 10 Hexagonal Tube Array |
| 72 | Transient Conduction |
| 73 | Table 4 Values of c1 and m1 in Equations (14) to (17) |
| 74 | Fig. 11 Transient Temperatures for Infinite Slab, m = 1/Bi Fig. 12 Transient Temperatures for Infinite Cylinder, m = 1/Bi |
| 75 | Fig. 13 Transient Temperatures for Sphere, m = 1/Bi Fig. 14 Solid Cylinder Exposed to Fluid Thermal Radiation |
| 76 | Blackbody Radiation Actual Radiation Table 5 Emissivities and Absorptivities of Some Surfaces |
| 77 | Angle Factor |
| 78 | Fig. 15 Radiation Angle Factors for Various Geometries Radiant Exchange Between Opaque Surfaces |
| 79 | Fig. 16 Diagram for Example 8 |
| 80 | Fig. 17 Diagrams for Example 9 Radiation in Gases Table 6 Emissivity of CO2 and Water Vapor in Air at 75°F Table 7 Emissivity of Moist Air and CO2 in Typical Room |
| 81 | Thermal Convection Forced Convection Fig. 18 External Flow Boundary Layer Build-up (Vertical Scale Magnified) Fig. 19 Boundary Layer Build-up in Entrance Region of Tube or Channel |
| 82 | Table 8 Forced-Convection Correlations |
| 83 | Fig. 20 Typical Dimensionless Representation of Forced- Convection Heat Transfer Fig. 21 Heat Transfer Coefficient for Turbulent Flow of Water Inside Tubes |
| 84 | Table 9 Natural Convection Correlations |
| 85 | Fig. 22 Regimes of Free, Forced, and Mixed Convection— Flow in Horizontal Tubes Fig. 23 Diagram for Example 10 Heat Exchangers Mean Temperature Difference Analysis NTU-Effectiveness (e) Analysis |
| 86 | Table 10 Equations for Computing Heat Exchanger Effectiveness, N = NTU Fig. 24 Cross Section of Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger in Example 11 |
| 87 | Plate Heat Exchangers Fig. 25 Plate Parameters |
| 88 | Table 11 Single-Phase Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Correlations for Plate Exchangers Heat Exchanger Transients Heat Transfer Augmentation |
| 89 | Passive Techniques Fig. 26 Overall Air-Side Thermal Resistance and Pressure Drop for One-Row Coils Fig. 27 Typical Tube-Side Enhancements |
| 90 | Fig. 28 Turbulators for Fire-Tube Boilers Fig. 29 Enhanced Surfaces for Gases |
| 91 | Table 12 Equations for Augmented Forced Convection (Single Phase) |
| 92 | Fig. 30 Typical Refrigerant and Air-Side Flow Passages in Compact Automotive Microchannel Heat Exchanger Table 13 Microchannel Dimensions Active Techniques Table 14 Active Heat Transfer Augmentation Techniques and Most Relevant Heat Transfer Modes Table 15 Worldwide Status of Active Techniques |
| 93 | Fig. 31 Microchannel Dimensions Table 16 Selected Studies on Mechanical Aids, Suction, and Injection |
| 94 | Table 17 Selected Studies on Rotation Table 18 Selected Previous Work with EHD Enhancement of Single-Phase Heat Transfer Fig. 32 Ratio of Heat Transfer Coefficient with EHD to Coefficient Without EHD as Function of Distance from Front of Module |
| 95 | Fig. 33 Heat Transfer Coefficients (With and Without EHD) as Functions of Reynolds Number Symbols Greek Subscripts |
| 96 | References |
| 98 | Bibliography Fins Heat Exchangers |
| 99 | Heat Transfer, General |
| 101 | IP_F13_Ch05 Fig. 1 Characteristic Pool Boiling Curve Boiling Boiling and Pool Boiling in Natural Convection Systems |
| 102 | Fig. 2 Effect of Surface Roughness on Temperature in Pool Boiling of Pentane Fig. 3 Correlation of Pool Boiling Data in Terms of Reduced Pressure |
| 103 | Table 1 Equations for Natural Convection Boiling Heat Transfer Maximum Heat Flux and Film Boiling |
| 104 | Boiling/Evaporation in Tube Bundles Table 2 Correlations for Local Heat Transfer Coefficients in Horizontal Tube Bundles |
| 105 | Fig. 4 Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficients for Flooded Evaporator Forced-Convection Evaporation in Tubes Fig. 5 Flow Regimes in Typical Smooth Horizontal Tube Evaporator |
| 106 | Fig. 6 Heat Transfer Coefficient Versus Vapor Fraction for Partial Evaporation |
| 107 | Table 3 Equations for Forced Convection Boiling in Tubes |
| 109 | Fig. 7 Film Boiling Correlation Boiling in Plate Heat Exchangers (PHEs) |
| 110 | Condensing Condensation on Inside Surface of Horizontal Tubes |
| 111 | Table 4 Heat Transfer Coefficients for Film-Type Condensation |
| 112 | Fig. 8 Origin of Noncondensable Resistance |
| 113 | Other Impurities Pressure Drop Friedel Correlation Table 5 Constants in Equation (22d) for Different Void Fraction Correlations |
| 114 | Lockhart and Martinelli Correlation Grönnerud Correlation Müller-Steinhagen and Heck Correlation |
| 115 | Fig. 9 Qualitative Pressure Drop Characteristics of Two-Phase Flow Regime Recommendations Pressure Drop in Microchannels |
| 116 | Table 6 Constant and Exponents in Correlation of Lee and Lee (2001) Pressure Drop in Plate Heat Exchangers Enhanced Surfaces. |
| 117 | Fig. 10 Pressure Drop Characteristics of Two-Phase Flow: Variation of Two-Phase Multiplier with Lockhart-Martinelli Parameter |
| 118 | Fig. 11 Schematic Flow Representation of a Typical Force- Fed Microchannel Heat Sink (FFMHS) Fig. 12 Thermal Performance Comparison of Different High-Heat-Flux Cooling Technologies Symbols |
| 119 | References |
| 122 | Bibliography |
| 123 | IP_F13_Ch06 Molecular Diffusion Fick’s Law Fick’s Law for Dilute Mixtures |
| 124 | Fick’s Law for Mass Diffusion Through Solids or Stagnant Fluids (Stationary Media) Fick’s Law for Ideal Gases with Negligible Temperature Gradient Diffusion Coefficient Table 1 Mass Diffusivities for Gases in Air* |
| 125 | Diffusion of One Gas Through a Second Stagnant Gas Fig. 1 Diffusion of Water Vapor Through Stagnant Air |
| 126 | Fig. 2 Pressure Profiles for Diffusion of Water Vapor Through Stagnant Air Equimolar Counterdiffusion Fig. 3 Equimolar Counterdiffusion Molecular Diffusion in Liquids and Solids |
| 127 | Convection of Mass Mass Transfer Coefficient Fig. 4 Nomenclature for Convective Mass Transfer from External Surface at Location x Where Surface Is Impermeable to Gas A Fig. 5 Nomenclature for Convective Mass Transfer from Internal Surface Impermeable to Gas A |
| 128 | Analogy Between Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Fig. 6 Water-Saturated Flat Plate in Flowing Airstream |
| 129 | Fig. 7 Mass Transfer from Flat Plate Fig. 8 Vaporization and Absorption in Wetted-Wall Column Fig. 9 Mass Transfer from Single Cylinders in Crossflow |
| 130 | Fig. 10 Mass Transfer from Single Spheres Fig. 11 Sensible Heat Transfer j-Factors for Parallel Plate Exchanger |
| 131 | Lewis Relation Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer Between Water-Wetted Surfaces and Air Enthalpy Potential |
| 132 | Basic Equations for Direct-Contact Equipment Fig. 12 Air Washer Spray Chamber |
| 133 | Fig. 13 Air Washer Humidification Process on Psychrometric Chart Air Washers Fig. 14 Graphical Solution for Air-State Path in Parallel Flow Air Washer |
| 134 | Fig. 15 Graphical Solution of ò dh/(hi – h) Cooling Towers Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils |
| 135 | Fig. 16 Graphical Solution for Air-State Path in Dehumidifying Coil with Constant Refrigerant Temperature Symbols |
| 136 | References Bibliography |
| 137 | IP_F13_Ch07 Terminology Fig. 1 Example of Feedback Control: Discharge Air Temperature Control |
| 138 | Fig. 2 Block Diagram of Discharge Air Temperature Control Fig. 3 Process Subjected to Step Input Types of Control Action Two-Position Action Fig. 4 Two-Position Control Modulating Control |
| 139 | Fig. 5 Proportional Control Showing Variations in Controlled Variable as Load Changes Fig. 6 Proportional plus Integral (PI) Control Combinations of Two-Position and Modulating |
| 140 | Fig. 7 Floating Control Showing Variations in Controlled Variable as Load Changes Classification by Energy Source Computers for Automatic Control Control Components Controlled Devices Valves Fig. 8 Typical Three-Way Mixing and Diverting Globe Valves |
| 141 | Fig. 9 Typical Single- and Double-Seated Two-Way Globe Valves Fig. 10 Typical Flow Characteristics of Valves Fig. 11 Typical Performance Curves for Linear Devices at Various Percentages of Total System Pressure Drop |
| 142 | Dampers Fig. 12 Typical Multiblade Dampers |
| 143 | Fig. 13 Characteristic Curves of Installed Dampers in an AMCA 5.3 Geometry Fig. 14 Inherent Curves for Partially Ducted and Louvered Dampers (RP-1157) |
| 144 | Fig. 15 Inherent Curves for Ducted and Plenum-Mounted Dampers (RP-1157) Pneumatic Positive (Pilot) Positioners Sensors and Transmitters |
| 145 | Temperature Sensors Humidity Sensors and Transmitters |
| 146 | Pressure Transmitters and Transducers Flow Rate Sensors Indoor Air Quality Sensors Lighting Level Sensors Power Sensing and Transmission Controllers Digital Controllers |
| 147 | Electric/Electronic Controllers Pneumatic Receiver-Controllers Thermostats Auxiliary Control Devices |
| 148 | Fig. 16 Dead-Band Thermostat Relays Equipment Status Switches Timers/Time Clocks Transducers |
| 149 | Fig. 17 Response of Electronic-to-Pneumatic Transducer (EPT) Fig. 18 Electronic and Pneumatic Control Components Combined with Electronic-to-Pneumatic Transducer (EPT) Other Auxiliary Control Devices Fig. 19 Retrofit of Existing Pneumatic Control with Electronic Sensors and Controllers |
| 150 | Communication Networks for Building Automation Systems Communication Protocols OSI Network Model Network Structure |
| 151 | Fig. 20 OSI Reference Model Fig. 21 Hierarchical Network |
| 152 | Connections Between BAS Networks and Other Computer Networks Transmission Media Table 1 Comparison of Fiber Optic Technology |
| 153 | Specifying BAS Networks Specification Method Communication Tasks Approaches to Interoperability |
| 154 | Table 2 Some Standard Communication Protocols Applicable to BAS Standard Protocols Gateways and Interfaces Specifying Building Automation Systems Commissioning Tuning Tuning Proportional, PI, and PID Controllers |
| 155 | Fig. 22 Response of Discharge Air Temperature to Step Change in Set Points at Various Proportional Constants with No Integral Action Fig. 23 Open-Loop Step Response Versus Time Tuning Digital Controllers |
| 156 | Fig. 24 Response of Discharge Air Temperature to Step Change in Set Points at Various Integral Constants with Fixed Proportional Constant Computer Modeling of Control Systems Codes and Standards References Bibliography |
| 159 | IP_F13_Ch08 Acoustical Design Objective Characteristics of Sound Levels Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level Table 1 Typical Sound Pressures and Sound Pressure Levels |
| 160 | Frequency Speed Wavelength Table 2 Examples of Sound Power Outputs and Sound Power Levels Sound Power and Sound Power Level Sound Intensity and Sound Intensity Level |
| 161 | Combining Sound Levels Table 3 Combining Two Sound Levels Resonances Absorption and Reflection of Sound |
| 162 | Room Acoustics Acoustic Impedance Measuring Sound Instrumentation Time Averaging Spectra and Analysis Bandwidths |
| 163 | Table 4 Midband and Approximate Upper and Lower Cutoff Frequencies for Octave and 1/3 Octave Band Filters Fig. 1 Curves Showing A- and C-Weighting Responses for Sound Level Meters Table 5 A-Weighting for 1/3 Octave and Octave Bands Sound Measurement Basics |
| 164 | Table 6 Combining Decibels to Determine Overall Sound Pressure Level Table 7 Guidelines for Determining Equipment Sound Levels in the Presence of Contaminating Background Sound Measurement of Room Sound Pressure Level |
| 165 | Measurement of Acoustic Intensity Determining Sound Power Free-Field Method Reverberation Room Method |
| 166 | Progressive Wave (In-Duct) Method Sound Intensity Method Measurement Bandwidths for Sound Power Converting from Sound Power to Sound Pressure |
| 167 | Sound Transmission Paths Spreading Losses Direct Versus Reverberant Fields Airborne Transmission |
| 168 | Ductborne Transmission Room-to-Room Transmission Structureborne Transmission Flanking Transmission Typical Sources of Sound Source Strength Directivity of Sources Acoustic Nearfield |
| 169 | Controlling Sound Terminology Enclosures and Barriers Partitions |
| 170 | Fig. 2 Sound Transmission Loss Spectra for Single Layers of Some Common Materials Fig. 3 Contour for Determining Partition’s STC |
| 171 | Sound Attenuation in Ducts and Plenums Standards for Testing Duct Silencers System Effects |
| 172 | Human Response to Sound Noise Predicting Human Response to Sound Sound Quality Loudness Fig. 4 Free-Field Equal Loudness Contours for Pure Tones |
| 173 | Fig. 5 Equal Loudness Contours for Relatively Narrow Bands of Random Noise Table 8 Subjective Effect of Changes in Sound Pressure Level, Broadband Sounds (Frequency 250 ³ Hz) Acceptable Frequency Spectrum Fig. 6 Frequencies at Which Various Types of Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Generally Control Sound Spectra Sound Rating Systems and Acoustical Design Goals |
| 174 | A-Weighted Sound Level (dBA) Noise Criteria (NC) Method Fig. 7 NC (Noise Criteria) Curves and Sample Spectrum (Curve with Symbols) Room Criterion (RC) Method Criteria Selection Guidelines |
| 175 | Fig. 8 Single-Degree-of-Freedom System Fundamentals of Vibration Single-Degree-of-Freedom Model Mechanical Impedance Natural Frequency Fig. 9 Vibration Transmissibility T as Function of fd / fn |
| 176 | Fig. 10 Effect of Mass on Transmitted Force Practical Application for Nonrigid Foundations Fig. 11 Two-Degrees-of-Freedom System Vibration Measurement Basics |
| 177 | Fig. 12 Transmissibility T as Function of fd /fn1 with k2 /k1 = 2 and M2 /M1 = 0.5 Fig. 13 Transmissibility T as Function of fd /fn1 with k2/k1 = 10 and M2/M1 = 40 Symbols |
| 178 | References Bibliography |
| 181 | IP_F13_Ch09 Human Thermoregulation |
| 182 | Energy Balance Fig. 1 Thermal Interaction of Human Body and Environment Thermal Exchanges with Environment |
| 183 | Body Surface Area Sensible Heat Loss from Skin Evaporative Heat Loss from Skin |
| 184 | Respiratory Losses Alternative Formulations |
| 185 | Table 1 Parameters Used to Describe Clothing Table 2 Relationships Between Clothing Parameters Table 3 Skin Heat Loss Equations Total Skin Heat Loss |
| 186 | Fig. 2 Constant Skin Heat Loss Line and Its Relationship to toh and ET* Engineering Data and Measurements Metabolic Rate and Mechanical Efficiency Table 4 Typical Metabolic Heat Generation for Various Activities |
| 187 | Table 5 Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption at Different Activity Levels Heat Transfer Coefficients |
| 188 | Clothing Insulation and Permeation Efficiency Table 6 Equations for Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients Table 7 Typical Insulation and Permeation Efficiency Values for Clothing Ensembles |
| 189 | Table 8 Garment Insulation Values |
| 190 | Total Evaporative Heat Loss Environmental Parameters |
| 191 | Fig. 3 Mean Value of Angle Factor Between Seated Person and Horizontal or Vertical Rectangle when Person Is Rotated Around Vertical Axis Fig. 4 Analytical Formulas for Calculating Angle Factor for Small Plane Element Conditions for Thermal Comfort |
| 192 | Table 9 Equations for Predicting Thermal Sensation Y of Men, Women, and Men and Women Combined Fig. 5 ASHRAE Summer and Winter Comfort Zones |
| 193 | Fig. 6 Air Speed to Offset Temperatures Above Warm- Temperature Boundaries of Figure 5 Thermal Complaints Table 10 Model Parameters Fig. 7 Predicted Rate of Unsolicited Thermal Operating Complaints Thermal Comfort and Task Performance |
| 194 | Fig. 8 Relative Performance of Office Work Performance versus Deviation from Optimal Comfort Temperature Tc Thermal Nonuniform Conditions and Local Discomfort Asymmetric Thermal Radiation Fig. 9 Percentage of People Expressing Discomfort due to Asymmetric Radiation Draft |
| 195 | Fig. 10 Percentage of People Dissatisfied as Function of Mean Air Velocity Fig. 11 Draft Conditions Dissatisfying 15% of Population (PD = 15%) Vertical Air Temperature Difference Fig. 12 Percentage of Seated People Dissatisfied as Function of Air Temperature Difference Between Head and Ankles |
| 196 | Warm or Cold Floors Fig. 13 Percentage of People Dissatisfied as Function of Floor Temperature Secondary Factors Affecting Comfort Day-to-Day Variations Age Adaptation |
| 197 | Sex Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms Prediction of Thermal Comfort Steady-State Energy Balance Fig. 14 Air Velocities and Operative Temperatures at 50% rh Necessary for Comfort (PMV = 0) of Persons in Summer Clothing at Various Levels of Activity |
| 198 | Fig. 15 Air Temperatures and Mean Radiant Temperatures Necessary for Comfort (PMV = 0) of Sedentary Persons in Summer Clothing at 50% rh Fig. 16 Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) as Function of Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) Two-Node Model |
| 199 | Multisegment Thermal Physiology and Comfort Models |
| 200 | Adaptive Models Zones of Comfort and Discomfort Fig. 17 Effect of Environmental Conditions on Physiological Variables Fig. 18 Effect of Thermal Environment on Discomfort Environmental Indices |
| 201 | Effective Temperature Fig. 19 Effective Temperature ET* and Skin Wettedness w Humid Operative Temperature Heat Stress Index Index of Skin Wettedness |
| 202 | Table 11 Evaluation of Heat Stress Index Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature Fig. 20 Recommended Heat Stress Exposure Limits for Heat Acclimatized Workers Wet-Globe Temperature |
| 203 | Table 12 Equivalent Wind Chill Temperatures of Cold Environments Wind Chill Index Special Environments Infrared Heating Fig. 21 Variation in Skin Reflection and Absorptivity for Blackbody Heat Sources |
| 204 | Fig. 22 Comparing Thermal Inertia of Fat, Bone, Moist Muscle, and Excised Skin to That of Leather and Water Fig. 23 Thermal Inertias of Excised, Bloodless, and Normal Living Skin |
| 205 | Comfort Equations for Radiant Heating Personal Environmental Control (PEC) Systems |
| 206 | Fig. 24 Recommended Temperature Set Points for HVAC with PEC Systems and Energy Savings from Extending HVAC Temperature Set Points Hot and Humid Environments Fig. 25 Schematic Design of Heat Stress and Heat Disorders |
| 207 | Fig. 26 Acclimatization to Heat Resulting from Daily Exposure of Five Subjects to Extremely Hot Room Extremely Cold Environments |
| 208 | Symbols |
| 209 | Codes and Standards References |
| 212 | Bibliography |
| 213 | IP_F13_Ch10 Background |
| 214 | Table 1 Selected Illnesses Related to Exposure in Buildings |
| 215 | Descriptions of Selected Health Sciences Epidemiology and Biostatistics Industrial, Occupational, and Environmental Medicine or Hygiene Microbiology Toxicology |
| 216 | Hazard Recognition, Analysis, and Control Hazard Control Airborne Contaminants Particles |
| 217 | Industrial Environments Synthetic Vitreous Fibers |
| 218 | Table 2 OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for Particles Combustion Nuclei Particles in Nonindustrial Environments |
| 219 | Bioaerosols |
| 221 | Table 3 Pathogens with Potential for Airborne Transmission |
| 222 | Gaseous Contaminants Industrial Environments |
| 223 | Table 4 Comparison of Indoor Environment Standards and Guidelines Nonindustrial Environments |
| 225 | Table 5 Selected SVOCs Found in Indoor Environments |
| 226 | Table 6 Indoor Concentrations and Body Burden of Selected Semivolatile Organic Compounds |
| 228 | Table 7 Inorganic Gas Comparative Criteria Outdoor Air Ventilation and Health |
| 229 | Physical Agents Thermal Environment Range of Healthy Living Conditions Fig. 1 Related Human Sensory, Physiological, and Health Responses for Prolonged Exposure Hypothermia |
| 230 | Hyperthermia Seasonal Patterns Increased Deaths in Heat Waves Fig. 2 Isotherms for Comfort, Discomfort, Physiological Strain, Effective Temperature (ET*), and Heat Stroke Danger Threshold |
| 231 | Effects of Thermal Environment on Specific Diseases Injury from Hot and Cold Surfaces Table 8 Approximate Surface Temperature Limits to Avoid Pain and Injury Electrical Hazards Mechanical Energies Vibration |
| 232 | Fig. 3 Factors Affecting Acceptability of Building Vibration Standard Limits Fig. 4 Acceleration Perception Thresholds and Acceptability Limits for Horizontal Oscillations |
| 233 | Fig. 5 Median Perception Thresholds to Horizontal (Solid Lines) and Vertical (Dashed Line) Vibrations Table 9 Ratios of Acceptable to Threshold Vibration Levels Sound and Noise Fig. 6 Mechanical Energy Spectrum |
| 234 | Fig. 7 Electromagnetic Spectrum Electromagnetic Radiation Table 10 Energy, Wavelength, and Frequency Ranges for Electromagnetic Radiation Ionizing Radiation Table 11 Action Levels for Radon Concentration Indoors |
| 235 | Nonionizing Radiation Fig. 8 Maximum Permissible Levels of Radio Frequency Radiation for Human Exposure |
| 236 | Ergonomics References |
| 241 | Bibliography |
| 243 | IP_F13_Ch11 Classes of Air Contaminants |
| 244 | Particulate Contaminants Particulate Matter Solid Particles Liquid Particles Complex Particles Sizes of Airborne Particles |
| 245 | Fig. 1 Typical Outdoor Aerosol Composition by Particle Size Fraction Fig. 2 Relative Deposition Efficiencies of Different-Sized Particles in the Three Main Regions of the Human Respiratory System, Calculated for Moderate Activity Level |
| 246 | Fig. 3 Sizes of Indoor Particles Particle Size Distribution |
| 247 | Table 1 Approximate Particle Sizes and Time to Settle 1 m Table 2 Relation of Screen Mesh to Sieve Opening Size Fig. 4 Typical Urban Outdoor Distributions of Ultrafine or Nuclei (n) Particles, Fine or Accumulation (a) Particles, and Coarse (c) Particles Units of Measurement Measurement of Airborne Particles |
| 248 | Typical Particle Levels Bioaerosols |
| 249 | Table 3 Common Molds on Water-Damaged Building Materials |
| 250 | Table 4 Example Case of Airborne Fungi in Building and Outdoor Air Controlling Exposures to Particulate Matter Gaseous Contaminants Harmful Effects of Gaseous Contaminants |
| 251 | Table 5 Major Chemical Families of Gaseous Air Contaminants |
| 252 | Table 6 Characteristics of Selected Gaseous Air Contaminants Units of Measurement |
| 253 | Measurement of Gaseous Contaminants Table 7 Gaseous Contaminant Sample Collection Techniques |
| 254 | Table 8 Analytical Methods to Measure Gaseous Contaminant Concentration Volatile Organic Compounds |
| 255 | Table 9 Classification of Indoor Organic Contaminants by Volatility |
| 256 | Table 10 VOCs Commonly Found in Buildings Controlling Exposure to VOCs Semivolatile Organic Compounds Inorganic Gases |
| 257 | Controlling Exposures to Inorganic Gases Air Contaminants by Source Outdoor Air Contaminants Industrial Air Contaminants |
| 258 | Table 11 Typical U.S. Outdoor Concentrations of Selected Gaseous Air Contaminants Table 12 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for the United States Nonindustrial Indoor Air Contaminants |
| 259 | Table 13 Sources and Indoor and Outdoor Concentrations of Selected Indoor Contaminants |
| 260 | Flammable Gases and Vapors Combustible Dusts |
| 261 | Table 14 Flammable Limits of Some Gases and Vapors Radioactive Air Contaminants Radon |
| 262 | Soil Gases References |
| 265 | Bibliography |
| 267 | IP_F13_Ch12 Odor Sources Sense of Smell Olfactory Stimuli Table 1 Odor Thresholds, ACGIH TLVs, and TLV/Threshold Ratios of Selected Gaseous Air Pollutants |
| 268 | Anatomy and Physiology Olfactory Acuity Factors Affecting Odor Perception Humidity and Temperature Sorption and Release of Odors Emotional Responses to Odors |
| 269 | Odor Sensation Attributes Detectability Intensity |
| 270 | Table 2 Examples of Category Scales Fig. 1 Standardized Function Relating Perceived Magnitude to Concentration of 1-Butanol Fig. 2 Labeled Magnitude Scale Fig. 3 Panelist Using Dravnieks Binary Dilution Olfactometer Character |
| 271 | Fig. 4 Matching Functions Obtained with Dravnieks Olfactometer Hedonics Dilution of Odors by Ventilation Odor Concentration Analytical Measurement Odor Units |
| 272 | Olf Units Fig. 5 Percentage of Dissatisfied Persons as a Function of Ventilation Rate per Standard Person (i.e., per Olf) Table 3 Sensory Pollution Load from Different Pollution Sources References |
| 274 | Bibliography |
| 275 | IP_F13_Ch13 Computational Fluid Dynamics Mathematical and Numerical Background |
| 276 | Fig. 1 (A) Grid Point Distribution and (B) Control Volume Around Grid Point P |
| 277 | Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Approaches Large Eddy Simulation (LES) |
| 278 | Direction Numerical Simulation (DNS) Meshing for Computational Fluid Dynamics Structured Grids Fig. 2 Two-Dimensional CFD Structured Grid Model for Flow Through 90° Elbow Fig. 3 Block-Structured Grid for Two-Dimensional Flow Simulation Through 90° Elbow Connected to Rectangular Duct |
| 279 | Unstructured Grids Fig. 4 Unstructured Grid for Two-Dimensional Meshing Scheme Flow Simulation Through 90° Elbow Connected to Rectangular Duct Grid Quality Fig. 5 Circle Meshing Immersed Boundary Grid Generation Grid Independence |
| 280 | Boundary Conditions for Computational Fluid Dynamics Inlet Boundary Conditions Fig. 6 Boundary Condition Locations Around Diffuser Used in Box Method |
| 281 | Fig. 7 Prescribed Velocity Field Near Supply Opening Fig. 8 Simplified Boundary Conditions for Supply Diffuser Modeling for Square Diffuser Outlet Boundary Conditions Wall/Surface Boundary Conditions Fig. 9 Typical Velocity Distribution in Near-Wall Region |
| 282 | Fig. 10 Wall Surface Temperature Ts, Influenced by Conduction Tw , Radiation Trad , and Local Air Temperature TP Fig. 11 Combination CFD and BEPS Symmetry Surface Boundary Conditions Fig. 12 Duct with Symmetry Geometry |
| 283 | Fixed Sources and Sinks Modeling Considerations CFD Modeling Approaches Planning Dimensional Accuracy and Faithfulness to Details CFD Simulation Steps Verification, Validation, and Reporting Results |
| 284 | Verification |
| 286 | Validation |
| 287 | Reporting CFD Results |
| 288 | Multizone Network Airflow and Contaminant Transport Modeling Multizone Airflow Modeling Theory Fig. 13 Airflow Path Diagram |
| 289 | Solution Techniques |
| 290 | Contaminant Transport Modeling Fundamentals Solution Techniques Multizone Modeling Approaches Simulation Planning Steps |
| 291 | Verification and Validation Analytical Verification |
| 292 | Intermodel Comparison Empirical Validation Fig. 14 Floor Plan of Living Area Level of Manufactured House |
| 293 | Table 1 Summary of Multizone Model Validation Reports Fig. 15 Schematic of Ventilation System and Envelope Leakage |
| 294 | Fig. 16 Multizone Representation of First Floor Fig. 17 Multizone Representation of Ductwork in Belly and Crawlspace Symbols |
| 295 | Fig. 18 Test Simulation of Concentration of Tracer Gas Decay in Manufactured House 30 min After Injection Fig. 19 Measured and Predicted Air Change Rates for Wind Speeds less than 4.5 mph Table 2 Leakage Values of Model Airflow Components |
| 296 | References |
| 297 | Bibliography |
| 299 | IP_F13_Ch14 |
| 347 | IP_F13_Ch15 Fenestration Components Fig. 1 Construction Details of Typical Double-Glazing Unit Glazing Units |
| 348 | Framing Shading |
| 349 | Fig. 2 Various Framing Configurations for Residential Fenestration Determining Fenestration Energy Flow U-Factor (Thermal Transmittance) Determining Fenestration U-Factors Center-of-Glass U-Factor |
| 350 | Fig. 3 Center-of-Glass U-Factor for Vertical Double- and Triple-Pane Glazing Units Edge-of-Glass U-Factor Frame U-Factor |
| 351 | Table 1 Representative Fenestration Frame U-Factors in Btu/h · ft2 · °F, Vertical Orientation Curtain Wall Construction Surface and Cavity Heat Transfer Coefficients |
| 352 | Table 2 Indoor Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient hi in Btu/h · ft2 · °F, Vertical Orientation (Still Air Conditions) |
| 353 | Table 3 Air Space Coefficients for Horizontal Heat Flow |
| 354 | Table 4 U-Factors for Various Fenestration Products in Btu/h · ft2 · °F |
| 355 | Table 4 U-Factors for Various Fenestration Products in Btu/h · ft2 · °F (Concluded) |
| 356 | Fig. 4 Frame Widths for Standard Fenestration Units Table 5 Glazing U-Factors for Various Wind Speeds in Btu/h · ft2 · °F |
| 357 | Representative U-Factors for Doors |
| 358 | Table 6 Design U-Factors of Swinging Doors in Btu/h · ft2 · °F Table 7 Design U-Factors for Revolving Doors in Btu/h · ft2 · °F Table 8 Design U-Factors for Double-Skin Steel Emergency Exit Doors in Btu/h · ft2 · °F Fig. 5 Details of Stile-and-Rail Door |
| 359 | Table 9 Design U-Factors for Double-Skin Steel Garage and Aircraft Hangar Doors in Btu/h · ft2 · °F Solar Heat Gain and Visible Transmittance Solar-Optical Properties of Glazing Optical Properties of Single Glazing Layers |
| 360 | Fig. 6 Optical Properties of a Single Glazing Layer Fig. 7 Transmittance and Reflectance of Glass Plate Fig. 8 Variations with Incident Angle of Solar-Optical Properties for (A) Double-Strength Sheet Glass, (B) Clear Plate Glass, and (C) Heat-Absorbing Plate Glass Fig. 9 Spectral Transmittances of Commercially Available Glazings |
| 361 | Fig. 10 Spectral Transmittances and Reflectances of Strongly Spectrally Selective Commercially Available Glazings Optical Properties of Glazing Systems |
| 362 | Fig. 11 Solar Spectrum, Human Eye Response Spectrum, Scaled Blackbody Radiation Spectrum, and Idealized Glazing Reflectance Spectrum Fig. 12 Demonstration of Two Spectrally Selective Glazing Concepts, Showing Ideal Spectral Transmittances for Glazings Intended for Hot and Cold Climates |
| 363 | Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Calculation of Solar Heat Gain Coefficient |
| 364 | Diffuse Radiation Solar Gain Through Frame and Other Opaque Elements Fig. 13 Components of Solar Radiant Heat Gain with Double-Pane Fenestration, Including Both Frame and Glazing Contributions Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, Visible Transmittance, and Spectrally Averaged Solar-Optical Property Values |
| 365 | Table 10 Visible Transmittance (Tv), Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), Solar Transmittance (T ), Front Reflectance (R f ), Back Reflectance (Rb ), and Layer Absorptances (A) for Glazing and Window Systems |
| 373 | Airflow Windows Skylights Glass Block Walls Table 11 Solar Heat Gain Coefficients for Domed Horizontal Skylights |
| 374 | Table 12 Solar Heat Gain Coefficients for Standard Hollow Glass Block Wall Panels Plastic Materials for Glazing Calculation of Solar Heat Gain Fig. 14 Instantaneous Heat Balance for Sunlit Glazing Material |
| 375 | Opaque Fenestration Elements Shading and Fenestration Attachments Shading Overhangs and Glazing Unit Recess: Horizontal and Vertical Projections Fig. 15 Profile Angle for South-Facing Horizontal Projections |
| 376 | Fig. 16 Vertical and Horizontal Projections and Related Profile Angles for Vertical Surface Containing Fenestration Fenestration Attachments |
| 377 | Simplified Methodology Fig. 17 Comparison of IAC and Solar Transmission Values from ASHWAT Model Versus Measurements Slat-Type Sunshades |
| 378 | Fig. 18 Geometry of Slat-Type Sunshades Drapery Fig. 19 Designation of Drapery Fabrics |
| 379 | Fig. 20 Drapery Fabric Properties Roller Shades and Insect Screens Fig. 21 Geometry of Drapery Fabrics Visual and Thermal Controls Operational Effectiveness of Shading Devices |
| 392 | Table 13G IAC Values for Draperies, Roller Shades, and Insect Screens (Continued ) |
| 393 | Table 13G IAC Values for Draperies, Roller Shades, and Insect Screens (Continued ) |
| 394 | Indoor Shading Devices Table 14 Summary of Environmental Control Capabilities of Draperies |
| 395 | Fig. 22 Noise Reduction Coefficient Versus Openness Factor for Draperies Double Drapery Air Leakage Infiltration Through Fenestration Indoor Air Movement |
| 396 | Daylighting Daylight Prediction Fig. 23 Window-to-Wall Ratio Versus Annual Electricity Use in kWh/ft2 · floor · year |
| 397 | Light Transmittance and Daylight Use |
| 398 | Fig. 24 Visible Transmittance Versus SHGC for Several Glazings with Different Spectral Selectivities Fig. 25 Visible Transmittance Versus SHGC at Various Spectral Selectivities Table 15 Spectral Selectivity of Several Glazings |
| 399 | Selecting Fenestration Annual Energy Performance Simplified Techniques for Rough Estimates of Fenestration Annual Energy Performance Simplified Residential Annual Energy Performance Ratings |
| 400 | Condensation Resistance Fig. 26 Temperature Distribution on Indoor Surfaces of Glazing Unit |
| 401 | Fig. 27 Minimum Indoor Surface Temperatures Before Condensation Occurs Fig. 28 Minimum Condensation Resistance Requirements (th = 68°F) Occupant Comfort and Acceptance |
| 402 | Fig. 29 Location of Fenestration Product Reveals and Blinds/ Drapes and Their Effect on Condensation Resistance Fig. 30 Fenestration Effects on Thermal Comfort: Long-Wave Radiation, Solar Radiation, Convective Draft |
| 403 | Table 16 Sound Transmittance Loss for Various Types of Glass Sound Reduction Strength and Safety Life-Cycle Costs Durability |
| 404 | Supply and Exhaust Airflow Windows Codes and Standards National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) United States Energy Policy Act (EPAct) |
| 405 | The ICC 2012 International Energy Conservation Code ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2010 ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2009 ICC 2012 International Green Construction Code™ Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Symbols |
| 406 | References |
| 408 | Bibliography |
| 409 | IP_F13_Ch16 Sustainability Rating Systems Basic Concepts and Terminology Ventilation and Infiltration |
| 410 | Fig. 1 Two-Space Building with Mechanical Ventilation, Infiltration, and Exfiltration Ventilation Air Forced-Air Distribution Systems Fig. 2 Simple All-Air Air-Handling Unit with Associated Airflows Outdoor Air Fraction |
| 411 | Room Air Movement Fig. 3 Displacement Flow Within a Space Fig. 4 Entrainment Flow Within a Space Fig. 5 Underfloor Air Distribution to Occupied Space Above Air Exchange Rate |
| 412 | Time Constants Averaging Time-Varying Ventilation Age of Air |
| 413 | Air Change Effectiveness Tracer Gas Measurements Decay or Growth |
| 414 | Constant Concentration Constant Injection Multizone Air Exchange Measurement Driving Mechanisms for Ventilation and Infiltration Stack Pressure |
| 415 | Wind Pressure |
| 416 | Mechanical Systems Combining Driving Forces |
| 417 | Neutral Pressure Level Fig. 6 Distribution of Indoor and Outdoor Pressures over Height of Building |
| 418 | Fig. 7 Compartmentation Effect in Buildings Thermal Draft Coefficient Indoor Air Quality |
| 419 | Protection from Extraordinary Events Thermal Loads |
| 420 | Effect on Envelope Insulation Infiltration Degree-Days Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Openings |
| 421 | Ceiling Heights Required Flow for Indoor Temperature Control Airflow Through Large Intentional Openings Flow Caused by Wind Only Flow Caused by Thermal Forces Only |
| 422 | Fig. 8 Increase in Flow Caused by Excess Area of One Opening over the Other Natural Ventilation Guidelines Hybrid Ventilation Residential Air Leakage Envelope Leakage Measurement |
| 423 | Fig. 9 Airflow Rate Versus Pressure Difference Data from Whole-House Pressurization Test Airtightness Ratings Conversion Between Ratings |
| 424 | Building Air Leakage Data Fig. 10 Envelope Leakage Measurements Air Leakage of Building Components |
| 425 | Leakage Distribution Multifamily Building Leakage Controlling Air Leakage |
| 426 | Residential Ventilation Fig. 11 Histogram of Infiltration Values for Then-New Construction Fig. 12 Histogram of Infiltration Values for Low-Income Housing |
| 427 | Residential Ventilation Zones Fig. 13 Airtightness Zones for Residences in the United States Shelter in Place |
| 428 | Safe Havens Residential IAQ Control Source Control |
| 429 | Local Exhaust Whole-House Ventilation Table 1 Continuous Exhaust Airflow Rates Table 2 Intermittent Exhaust Airflow Rates |
| 430 | Table 3 Total Ventilation Air Requirements Air Distribution Selection Principles for Residential Ventilation Systems Simplified Models of Residential Ventilation and Infiltration Empirical Models Multizone Models |
| 431 | Single-Zone Models Superposition of Wind and Stack Effects Residential Calculation Examples Table 4 Basic Model Stack Coefficient Cs Table 5 Local Shelter Classes |
| 432 | Table 6 Basic Model Wind Coefficient Cw Table 7 Enhanced Model Wind Speed Multiplier G Table 8 Enhanced Model Stack and Wind Coefficients |
| 433 | Table 9 Enhanced Model Shelter Factor s Combining Residential Infiltration and Mechanical Ventilation Commercial and Institutional Air Leakage Envelope Leakage |
| 434 | Air Leakage Through Internal Partitions Table 10 Air Leakage Areas for Internal Partitions in Commercial Buildings (at 0.30 in. of water and CD = 0.65) Fig. 14 Air Leakage Rates of Elevator Shaft Walls Air Leakage Through Exterior Doors Air Leakage Through Automatic Doors |
| 435 | Fig. 15 Air Leakage Rate of Door Versus Average Crack Width Fig. 16 Airflow Coefficient for Automatic Doors Fig. 17 Pressure Factor for Automatic Doors |
| 436 | Air Exchange Through Air Curtains Commercial and Institutional Ventilation Ventilation Rate Procedure Multiple Spaces |
| 437 | Survey of Ventilation Rates in Office Buildings Office Building Example Location Building Occupancy Infiltration |
| 438 | Local Exhausts |
| 439 | Ventilation |
| 440 | Symbols References |
| 445 | Bibliography |
| 447 | IP_F13_Ch17 Residential Features Calculation Approach |
| 448 | Other Methods Residential Heat Balance (RHB) Method Residential Load Factor (RLF) Method |
| 449 | Table 1 RLF Limitations Common Data and Procedures General Guidelines Basic Relationships Design Conditions |
| 450 | Building Data |
| 451 | Table 2 Typical Fenestration Characteristics Load Components |
| 452 | Table 3 Unit Leakage Areas Table 4 Evaluation of Exposed Surface Area Table 5 Typical IDF Values, cfm/in2 |
| 454 | Table 6 Typical Duct Loss/Gain Factors Cooling Load Peak Load Computation Opaque Surfaces Slab Floors |
| 455 | Table 7 Opaque Surface Cooling Factor Coefficients Table 8 Roof Solar Absorptance aroof Transparent Fenestration Surfaces Table 9 Peak Irradiance Equations Table 10 Peak Irradiance, Btu/h · ft2 |
| 456 | Table 11 Exterior Attachment Transmission Table 12 Shade Line Factors (SLFs) Table 13 Fenestration Solar Load Factors FFs Infiltration and Ventilation Internal Gain Air Distribution System: Heat Gain Total Latent Load |
| 457 | Table 14 Interior Attenuation Coefficients (IACcl) Table 15 Summary of RLF Cooling Load Equations Summary of RLF Cooling Load Equations Heating Load Exterior Surfaces Above Grade Below-Grade and On-Grade Surfaces Surfaces Adjacent to Buffer Space |
| 458 | Ventilation and Infiltration Humidification Pickup Load Summary of Heating Load Procedures Load Calculation Example Fig. 1 Example House Solution |
| 459 | Table 16 Summary of Heating Load Calculation Equations Table 17 Example House Characteristics Table 18 Example House Design Conditions Table 19 Example House Component Quantities |
| 460 | Table 20 Example House Opaque Surface Factors Table 21 Example House Window Factors Table 22 Example House Envelope Loads Table 23 Example House Total Sensible Loads Symbols |
| 461 | References |
| 463 | IP_F13_Ch18 Cooling Load Calculation Principles Terminology Heat Flow Rates |
| 464 | Fig. 1 Origin of Difference Between Magnitude of Instantaneous Heat Gain and Instantaneous Cooling Load Time Delay Effect Cooling Load Calculation Methods Fig. 2 Thermal Storage Effect in Cooling Load from Lights Cooling Load Calculations in Practice |
| 465 | Data Assembly Internal Heat Gains People Lighting Instantaneous Heat Gain from Lighting |
| 466 | Table 1 Representative Rates at Which Heat and Moisture Are Given Off by Human Beings in Different States of Activity |
| 467 | Table 2 Lighting Power Densities Using Space-by-Space Method Fig. 3 Lighting Heat Gain Parameters for Recessed Fluorescent Luminaire Without Lens |
| 468 | Table 3 Lighting Heat Gain Parameters for Typical Operating Conditions Electric Motors Table 4 Minimum Nominal Full-Load Efficiency for 60 HZ NEMA General Purpose Electric Motors (Subtype I) Rated 600 Volts or Less (Random Wound)* Overloading or Underloading |
| 469 | Radiation and Convection Appliances Cooking Appliances Hospital and Laboratory Equipment |
| 471 | Office Equipment |
| 472 | Table 6 Recommended Heat Gain from Typical Medical Equipment Table 7 Recommended Heat Gain from Typical Laboratory Equipment |
| 473 | Table 8 Recommended Heat Gain from Typical Computer Equipment Table 9 Recommended Heat Gain from Typical Laser Printers and Copiers |
| 474 | Table 10 Recommended Heat Gain from Miscellaneous Office Equipment Fig. 4 Office Equipment Load Factor Comparison Table 11 Recommended Load Factors for Various Types of Offices Table 12 Recommended Diversity Factors for Office Equipment Infiltration and Moisture Migration Heat Gains Infiltration |
| 475 | Standard Air Volumes Heat Gain Calculations Using Standard Air Values Elevation Correction Examples Latent Heat Gain from Moisture Diffusion |
| 476 | Other Latent Loads Fenestration Heat Gain Fenestration Direct Solar , Diffuse Solar , and Conductive Heat Gains Exterior Shading Heat Balance Method |
| 477 | Assumptions Elements Outdoor-Face Heat Balance Fig. 5 Schematic of Heat Balance Processes in Zone Wall Conduction Process |
| 478 | Fig. 6 Schematic of Wall Conduction Process Indoor-Face Heat Balance Using SHGC to Calculate Solar Heat Gain |
| 479 | Table 13 Single-Layer Glazing Data Produced by WINDOW 5.2 Air Heat Balance |
| 480 | General Zone for Load Calculation Fig. 7 Schematic View of General Heat Balance Zone Mathematical Description Conduction Process Heat Balance Equations |
| 481 | Overall HB Iterative Solution Input Required |
| 482 | Radiant Time Series (RTS) Method Assumptions and Principles Overview |
| 483 | Fig. 8 Overview of Radiant Time Series Method Fig. 9 CTS for Light to Heavy Walls RTS Procedure |
| 484 | Table 14 Recommended Radiative/Convective Splits for Internal Heat Gains Fig. 10 CTS for Walls with Similar Mass and Increasing Insulation Heat Gain Through Exterior Surfaces Fig. 11 RTS for Light to Heavy Construction Sol-Air Temperature |
| 485 | Table 15 Solar Absorptance Values of Various Surfaces Calculating Conductive Heat Gain Using Conduction Time Series Heat Gain Through Interior Surfaces Floors |
| 486 | Table 16 Wall Conduction Time Series (CTS) Calculating Cooling Load |
| 487 | Table 16 Wall Conduction Time Series (CTS) (Concluded) |
| 488 | Table 17 Roof Conduction Time Series (CTS) |
| 489 | Table 18 Thermal Properties and Code Numbers of Layers Used in Wall and Roof Descriptions for Tables 16 and 17 |
| 490 | Heating Load Calculations Table 19 Representative Nonsolar RTS Values for Light to Heavy Construction |
| 491 | Table 20 Representative Solar RTS Values for Light to Heavy Construction Table 21 RTS Representative Zone Construction for Tables 19 and 20 Heat Loss Calculations Outdoor Design Conditions |
| 492 | Indoor Design Conditions Calculation of Transmission Heat Losses Fig. 12 Heat Flow from Below-Grade Surface Fig. 13 Ground Temperature Amplitude |
| 493 | Fig. 14 Below-Grade Parameters Table 22 Average U-Factor for Basement Walls with Uniform Insulation Table 23 Average U-Factor for Basement Floors Table 24 Heat Loss Coefficient Fp of Slab Floor Construction Infiltration |
| 494 | Heating Safety Factors and Load Allowances Other Heating Considerations System Heating and Cooling Load Effects Table 25 Common Sizing Calculations in Other Chapters Zoning Ventilation Air Heat Transport Systems On/Off Control Systems Variable-Air-Volume Systems |
| 495 | Constant-Air-Volume Reheat Systems Mixed Air Systems Heat Gain from Fans |
| 496 | Duct Surface Heat Transfer Duct Leakage Ceiling Return Air Plenum Temperatures Fig. 15 Schematic Diagram of Typical Return Air Plenum |
| 497 | Ceiling Plenums with Ducted Returns Underfloor Air Distribution Systems Plenums in Load Calculations Central Plant Piping Pumps Example Cooling and Heating Load Calculations |
| 498 | Table 26 Summary of RTS Load Calculation Procedures |
| 499 | Table 26 Summary of RTS Load Calculation Procedures (Concluded ) Single-Room Example Room Characteristics |
| 500 | Fig. 16 Single-Room Example Office Cooling Loads Using RTS Method |
| 501 | Table 27 Monthly/ Hourly Design Temperatures (5% Conditions) for Atlanta, GA, °F Table 28 Cooling Load Component: Lighting, Btu/h |
| 505 | Table 30 Window Component of Heat Gain (No Blinds or Overhang) Table 31 Window Component of Cooling Load (No Blinds or Overhang) |
| 506 | Table 32 Window Component of Cooling Load (With Blinds, No Overhang) Table 33 Window Component of Cooling Load (With Blinds and Overhang) |
| 507 | Table 34 Single-Room Example Cooling Load (July 3:00 pm) for ASHRAE Example Office Building, Atlanta, GA Single-Room Example Peak Heating Load |
| 508 | Table 35 Single-Room Example Peak Cooling Load (Sept. 5:00 pm) for ASHRAE Example Office Building, Atlanta, GA Whole-Building Example Design Process and Shell Building Definition |
| 509 | Table 36 Block Load Example: Envelope Area Summary, ft2 Table 37 Block Load Example—First Floor Loads for ASHRAE Example Office Building, Atlanta, GA |
| 510 | Table 38 Block Load Example—Second Floor Loads for ASHRAE Example Office Building, Atlanta, GA Table 39 Block Load Example—Overall Building Loads for ASHRAE Example Office Building, Atlanta, GA Tenant Fit Design Process and Definition Room-by-Room Cooling and Heating Loads |
| 511 | Conclusions Previous Cooling Load Calculation Methods References |
| 513 | Bibliography |
| 514 | Fig. 17 First Floor Shell and Core Plan |
| 515 | Fig. 18 Second Floor Shell and Core Plan |
| 516 | Fig. 19 East/West Elevations, Elevation Details, and Perimeter Section |
| 517 | Fig. 20 First Floor Tenant Plan |
| 518 | Fig. 21 Second Floor Tenant Plan |
| 519 | Fig. 22 3D View |
| 521 | IP_F13_Ch19 General Considerations Models and Approaches Fig. 1 Flow Chart for Building Energy Simulation Program |
| 522 | Characteristics of Models Forward Models Data-Driven Models |
| 523 | Choosing an Analysis Method Selecting Energy Analysis Computer Programs Tools for Energy Analysis |
| 524 | Table 1 Classification of Analysis Methods For Building Energy Use Component Modeling and Loads Calculating Space Sensible Loads |
| 525 | Heat Balance Method Weighting-Factor Method |
| 526 | Normalized Coefficients of Space Air Transfer Functions Comprehensive Room Transfer Function |
| 527 | Thermal-Network Methods Ground Heat Transfer |
| 528 | Secondary System Components Fans, Pumps, and Distribution Systems Fig. 2 Part-Load Curves for Typical Fan Operating Strategies |
| 529 | Fig. 3 Fan Part-Load Curve Obtained from Measured Field Data under ASHRAE RP-823 Heat and Mass Transfer Components |
| 530 | Application to Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils Fig. 4 Psychrometric Schematic of Cooling Coil Processes |
| 531 | Primary System Components Modeling Strategies |
| 532 | Table 2 Correlation Coefficients for Off-Design Relationships Fig. 5 Possible Part-Load Power Curves Boiler Model Fig. 6 Boiler Steady-State Modeling |
| 533 | Vapor Compression Chiller Models |
| 534 | Fig. 7 Chiller Model Using Elementary Components Fig. 8 General Schematic of Compressor Fig. 9 Schematic of Reciprocating Compressor Model |
| 535 | Cooling Tower Model Variable-Speed Vapor-Compression Heat Pump Model System Modeling Overall Modeling Strategies |
| 536 | Fig. 10 Overall Modeling Strategy Degree-Day and Bin Methods Balance Point Temperature Annual Degree-Day Method |
| 537 | Fig. 11 Cooling Load as Function of Outdoor Temperature to Fig. 12 Variation of Balance Point Temperature and Internal Gains for a Typical House |
| 538 | Fig. 13 Annual Heating Days DDh(tbal) as Function of Balance Temperature tbal |
| 539 | Sources of Degree-Day Data Bin Method Fig. 14 Heat Pump Capacity and Building Load |
| 540 | Table 3 Sample Annual Bin Data Table 4 Calculation of Annual Heating Energy Consumption for Example 2 Correlation Methods Simulating Secondary and Primary Systems |
| 541 | Modeling of System Controls Integration of System Models Fig. 15 Schematic of Variable-Air-Volume System with Reheat |
| 542 | Fig. 16 Algorithm for Calculating Performance of VAV with System Reheat Data-Driven Modeling Categories of Data-Driven Methods Empirical or “Black-Box” Approach Calibrated Simulation Approach |
| 543 | Gray-Box Approach Types of Data-Driven Models Steady-State Models |
| 544 | Table 5 Single-Variate Models Applied to Utility Billing Data Fig. 17 Steady-State, Single-Variate Models for Modeling Energy Use in Residential and Commercial Buildings |
| 547 | Dynamic Models Examples Using Data-Driven Methods Modeling Utility Bill Data |
| 548 | Fig. 18 Variable-Base Degree-Day Model Identification Using Electricity Utility Bills at Hospital Neural Network Models Fig. 19 Neural Network Prediction of Whole-Building, Hourly Chilled-Water Consumption for Commercial Building |
| 549 | Table 6 Capabilities of Different Forward and Data-Driven Modeling Methods Model Selection MODEL VALIDATION AND TESTING |
| 550 | Table 7 Validation Techniques Methodological Basis Empirical Validation External Error Types |
| 551 | Analytical Verification |
| 552 | Table 8 Types of Extrapolation Combining Empirical, Analytical, and Comparative Techniques Fig. 20 Validation Method Testing Model Calibration Techniques Using Synthetic Data |
| 553 | Fig. 21 Calibration Cases Conceptual Flow |
| 554 | References |
| 559 | Bibliography |
| 563 | IP_F13_Ch20 Indoor Air Quality and Sustainability Applicable Standards and Codes |
| 564 | Fig. 1 Classification of Air Diffusion Methods Terminology |
| 565 | Principles of Jet Behavior Air Jet Fundamentals |
| 566 | Fig. 2 Airflow Patterns of Different Diffusers Table 1 Recommended Values for Centerline Velocity Constant Kc for Commercial Supply Outlets for Fully and Partially Mixed Systems, Except UFAD |
| 567 | Fig. 3 Chart for Determining Centerline Velocities of Axial and Radial Jets Fig. 4 Cross-Sectional Velocity Profiles for Straight-Flow Turbulent Jets |
| 568 | Isothermal Radial Flow Jets Nonisothermal Jets Nonisothermal Horizontal Free Jet Comparison of Free Jet to Attached Jet Multiple Jets Airflow in Occupied Zone |
| 569 | Thermal Plumes Fig. 5 Thermal Plume from Point Source Fig. 6 Schematic Diagram of Major Flow Elements in Room with Displacement Ventilation Symbols |
| 570 | References Bibliography |
| 573 | IP_F13_Ch21 Bernoulli Equation |
| 574 | Head and Pressure Static Pressure Velocity Pressure Total Pressure Pressure Measurement System Analysis Fig. 1 Thermal Gravity Effect for Example 1 |
| 575 | Fig. 2 Multiple Stacks for Example 2 Fig. 3 Multiple Stack Analysis Fig. 4 Illustrative 6-Path, 9-Section System |
| 576 | Fig. 5 Single Stack with Fan for Examples 3 and 4 |
| 577 | Fig. 6 Triple Stack System for Example 5 Pressure Changes in System Fig. 7 Pressure Changes During Flow in Ducts |
| 578 | Fluid Resistance Friction Losses Darcy and Colebrook Equations Roughness Factors Fig. 8 Pressure Loss Correction Factor for Flexible Duct Not Fully Extended Friction Chart |
| 579 | Table 1 Duct Roughness Factors Fig. 10 Diffuser Installation Suggestions Noncircular Ducts |
| 580 | Fig. 9 Friction Chart for Round Duct ( r = 0.075 lbm /ft3 and e = 0.0003 ft) |
| 581 | Fig. 11 Plot Illustrating Relative Resistance of Roughness Categories Dynamic Losses Local Loss Coefficients |
| 582 | Table 2 Equivalent Rectangular Duct Dimensions |
| 583 | Table 3 Equivalent Flat Oval Duct Dimensions* Duct Fitting Database Table 4 Duct Fitting Codes Bends in Flexible Duct |
| 584 | Ductwork Sectional Losses Darcy-Weisbach Equation Fan/System Interface Fan Inlet and Outlet Conditions Fig. 12 Deficient System Performance with System Effect Ignored Fan System Effect Coefficients |
| 585 | Fig. 13 Establishment of Uniform Velocity Profile in Straight Fan Outlet Duct Fig. 14 Inlet Duct Connections Causing Inlet Spin and Corrections for Inlet Spin Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing Considerations |
| 586 | Mechanical Equipment Rooms Outdoor Air Intake and Exhaust Air Discharge Locations Equipment Room Locations Duct System Design Design Considerations Space Pressure Relationships Fire and Smoke Management |
| 587 | Fig. 15 Comparison of Various Mechanical Equipment Room Locations Duct Insulation HVAC System Air Leakage |
| 588 | Fig. 16 Duct Layout for Example 6 Table 5 Solution for Example 6 |
| 589 | Table 6 Typical Design Velocities for HVAC Components System Component Design Velocities |
| 590 | Fig. 17 Criteria for Louver Sizing Noise and Vibration Control Duct Shape Selection Fig. 18 Relative Weight of Rectangular Duct to Round Spiral Duct |
| 591 | Fig. 19 Maximum Airflow of Round, Flat Oval, and Rectangular Ducts as Function of Available Ceiling Space Testing and Balancing Duct Design Methods Equal-Friction Method Static Regain Method |
| 592 | Table 7 Maximum Airflow of Round, Flat Oval and Rectangular Ducts as Function of Available Ceiling Space |
| 593 | Balancing Dampers Constant-Volume (CV) Systems Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems HVAC Duct Design Procedures |
| 594 | Fig. 20 Schematic for Example 7 |
| 595 | Fig. 21 System Schematic with Section Numbers for Example 7 Fig. 22 Total Pressure Grade Line for Example 7 Industrial Exhaust System Duct Design |
| 596 | Fig. 23 Metalworking Exhaust System for Example 8 Fig. 24 System Schematic with Section Numbers for Example 8 |
| 597 | Table 8 Total Pressure Loss Calculations by Sections for Example 7 |
| 598 | Table 9 Loss Coefficient Summary by Sections for Example 7 |
| 599 | Table 9 Loss Coefficient Summary by Sections for Example 7 (Continued ) Table 10 Total Pressure Loss Calculations by Sections for Example 8 Table 11 Loss Coefficient Summary by Sections for Example 8 |
| 600 | Fig. 25 Total Pressure Grade Line for Example 8 References |
| 601 | Bibliography |
| 603 | IP_F13_Ch22 Pressure Drop Equations Darcy-Weisbach Equation Hazen-Williams Equation Valve and Fitting Losses |
| 604 | Table 1 K Factors: Threaded Pipe Fittings Table 2 K Factors: Flanged Welded Pipe Fittings Table 3 Approximate Range of Variation for K Factors |
| 605 | Table 4 Summary of K Values for Ells, Reducers, and Expansions Table 5 Summary of Test Data for Pipe Tees |
| 606 | Losses in Multiple Fittings Fig. 1 Close-Coupled Test Configurations Table 6 Test Summary for Loss Coefficients K and Equivalent Loss Lengths Fig. 2 Summary Plot of Effect of Close-Coupled Configurations for 2 in. Ells Fig. 3 Summary Plot of Effect of Close-Coupled Configurations for 4 in. Ells Calculating Pressure Losses |
| 607 | Table 7 Test Summary for Loss Coefficients K of PVC Tees Water Piping Flow Rate Limitations Table 8 Water Velocities Based on Type of Service Table 9 Maximum Water Velocity to Minimize Erosion Noise Generation |
| 608 | Erosion Allowances for Aging Water Hammer Other Considerations Other Piping Materials and Fluids Hydronic System Piping Range of Usage of Pressure Drop Charts |
| 609 | Air Separation Fig. 4 Friction Loss for Water in Commercial Steel Pipe (Schedule 40) Fig. 5 Friction Loss for Water in Copper Tubing (Types K, L, M) Valve and Fitting Pressure Drop |
| 610 | Fig. 6 Friction Loss for Water in Plastic Pipe (Schedule 80) Table 10 Equivalent Length in Feet of Pipe for 90° Elbows Table 11 Iron and Copper Elbow Equivalents* Service Water Piping |
| 611 | Fig. 7 Elbow Equivalents of Tees at Various Flow Conditions Table 12 Proper Flow and Pressure Required During Flow for Different Fixtures Table 13 Demand Weights of Fixtures in Fixture Unitsa |
| 612 | Fig. 8 Demand Versus Fixture Units, Mixed System, High Part of Curve Fig. 9 Estimate Curves for Demand Load Fig. 10 Section of Figure 9 on Enlarged Scale Fig. 11 Pressure Losses in Disk-Type Water Meters Plastic Pipe |
| 613 | Fig. 12 Variation of Pressure Loss with Flow Rate for Various Faucets and Cocks Procedure for Sizing Cold-Water Systems Table 14 Allowable Number of 1 in. Flush Valves Served by Various Sizes of Water Pipe* |
| 614 | Fig. 13 Flow Rate and Velocity of Steam in Schedule 40 Pipe at Saturation Pressure of 0 psig |
| 617 | Steam Piping Pipe Sizes Table 15 Pressure Drops Used for Sizing Steam Pipe* Table 16 Comparative Capacity of Steam Lines at Various Pitches for Steam and Condensate Flowing in Opposite Directions |
| 618 | Table 17 Equivalent Length of Fittings to Be Added to Pipe Run Sizing Charts Low-Pressure Steam Piping High-Pressure Steam Piping Use of Basic and Velocity Multiplier Charts Steam Condensate Systems Two-Pipe Systems |
| 619 | Table 18 Flow Rate of Steam in Schedule 40 Pipe Table 19 Steam Pipe Capacities for Low-Pressure Systems |
| 620 | Fig. 14 Velocity Multiplier Chart for Figure 13 Fig. 15 Types of Condensate Return Systems |
| 621 | Table 20 Return Main and Riser Capacities for Low-Pressure Systems, lb/h Table 21 Vented Dry Condensate Return for Gravity Flow Based on Manning Equation One-Pipe Systems |
| 622 | Table 22 Vented Wet Condensate Return for Gravity Flow Based on Darcy-Weisbach Equation Table 23 Flow Rate for Dry-Closed Returns Gas Piping |
| 623 | Fig. 16 Working Chart for Determining Percentage of Flash Steam (Quality) Table 24 Flash Steam from Steam Trap on Pressure Drop Table 25 Estimated Return Line Pressures Fuel Oil Piping Table 26 Maximum Capacity of Gas Pipe in Cubic Feet per Hour |
| 624 | Table 27 Recommended Nominal Size for Fuel Oil Suction Lines from Tank to Pump (Residual Grades No. 5 and No. 6) Fig. 17 Typical Oil Circulating Loop Table 28 Recommended Nominal Size for Fuel Oil Suction Lines from Tank to Pump (Distillate Grades No. 1 and No. 2) Pipe Sizes for Heavy Oil References |
| 625 | Bibliography |
| 627 | IP_F13_Ch23 Design Objectives and Considerations Energy Conservation Economic Thickness Fig. 1 Determination of Economic Thickness of Insulation |
| 628 | Table 1 Minimum Duct Insulation R-Value,a Cooling- and Heating-Only Supply Ducts and Return Ducts Table 2 Minimum Pipe Insulation Thicknessa Personnel Protection |
| 629 | Table 3 Minimum Duct Insulation R-Value,a Combined Heating and Cooling Supply Ducts and Return Ducts Condensation Control Table 4 Insulation Thickness Required to Prevent Surface Condensation Fig. 2 Relative Humidity Histogram for Charlotte, NC |
| 630 | Fig. 3 ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1 Table 5 Design Weather Data for Condensation Control |
| 631 | Freeze Prevention Fig. 4 Time to Freeze Nomenclature Table 6 Time to Cool Water to Freezing, h |
| 632 | Noise Control Fire Safety Fig. 5 Insertion Loss Versus Weight of Jacket |
| 633 | Table 7 Insertion Loss for Pipe Insulation Materials, dB |
| 634 | Corrosion Under Insulation |
| 635 | Materials and Systems Categories of Insulation Materials Physical Properties of Insulation Materials |
| 636 | Table 8 Performance Property Guide for Insulation Materials Table 9 Thermal Conductivities of Cylindrical Pipe Insulation at 55 and 75°F Weather Protection |
| 637 | Vapor Retarders |
| 639 | Installation Pipe Insulation Fig. 6 Insulating Pipe Hangers |
| 640 | Table 10 Minimum Saddle Lengths for Use with Fibrous Glass Pipe Insulation* Table 11 Minimum Saddle Lengths for Use with 2 lb/ft3 Polyisocyanurate Foam Insulation (0.5 to 3 in. thick) |
| 641 | Tanks, Vessels, and Equipment |
| 642 | Ducts |
| 643 | Fig. 7 R-Value Required to Prevent Condensation on Surface with Emittance e = 0.1 Fig. 8 R-Value Required to Prevent Condensation on Surface with Emittance e = 0.9 |
| 644 | Design Data Estimating Heat Loss and Gain Controlling Surface Temperatures |
| 645 | Table 12 Emittance Data of Commonly Used Materials Project Specifications Standards |
| 646 | Table 13 Inner and Outer Diameters of Standard Pipe Insulation Table 14 Inner and Outer Diameters of Standard Tubing Insulation |
| 647 | Table 15 Inner and Outer Diameters of Standard Flexible Closed-Cell Pipe Insulation Table 16 Inner and Outer Diameters of Standard Flexible Closed-Cell Tubing Insulation Table 17 Heat Loss from Bare Steel Pipe to Still Air at 80°F, Btu/h · ft Table 18 Heat Loss from Bare Copper Tube to Still Air at 80°F, Btu/h · ft |
| 648 | References |
| 649 | IP_F13_Ch24 Flow Patterns Fig. 1 Flow Patterns Around Rectangular Building |
| 650 | Fig. 2 Surface Flow Patterns for Normal and Oblique Winds Fig. 3 Flow Recirculation Regions and Exhaust-to-Intake Stretched-String Distances (SA , SB) |
| 651 | Wind Pressure on Buildings Table 1 Atmospheric Boundary Layer Parameters Local Wind Pressure Coefficients |
| 652 | Fig. 4 Local Pressure Coefficients (Cp ´ 100) for Tall Building with Varying Wind Direction Surface-Averaged Wall Pressures Roof Pressures |
| 653 | Fig. 5 Local Pressure Coefficients for Walls of Low-Rise Building with Varying Wind Direction Fig. 6 Variation of Surface-Averaged Wall Pressure Coefficients for Low-Rise Buildings Interference and Shielding Effects on Pressures Fig. 7 Surface-Averaged Wall Pressure Coefficients for Tall Buildings Fig. 8 Local Roof Pressure Coefficients for Roof of Low-Rise Buildings Fig. 9 Surface-Averaged Roof Pressure Coefficients for Tall Buildings |
| 654 | Sources of Wind Data Table 2 Typical Relationship of Hourly Wind Speed Umet to Annual Average Wind Speed Uannual Fig. 10 Frequency Distribution of Wind Speed and Direction Estimating Wind at Sites Remote from Recording Stations |
| 655 | Wind Effects on System Operation Fig. 11 Sensitivity of System Volume to Locations of Building Openings, Intakes, and Exhausts Natural and Mechanical Ventilation |
| 656 | Fig. 12 Intake and Exhaust Pressures on Exhaust Fan in Single-Zone Building Fig. 13 Effect of Wind-Assisted and Wind-Opposed Flow |
| 657 | Minimizing Wind Effect on System Volume Chemical Hood Operation Building Pressure Balance and Internal Flow Control Pressure Balance Internal Flow Control Physical and Computational Modeling Computational Modeling |
| 658 | Physical Modeling |
| 659 | Similarity Requirements Wind Simulation Facilities Designing Model Test Programs |
| 660 | Symbols References |
| 662 | Bibliography |
| 665 | IP_F13_Ch25 Terminology and Symbols Heat |
| 666 | Air Moisture Environmental Hygrothermal Loads and Driving Forces Fig. 1 Hygrothermal Loads and Alternating Diurnal or Seasonal Directions Acting on Building Envelope |
| 667 | Ambient Temperature and Humidity Indoor Temperature and Humidity Solar Radiation Fig. 2 Solar Vapor Drive and Interstitial Condensation Exterior Condensation |
| 668 | Wind-Driven Rain Fig. 3 Typical Wind-Driven Rain Rose for Open Ground Fig. 4 Measured Reduction in Catch Ratio Close to Façade of One-Story Building at Height of 6 ft Construction Moisture Ground- and Surface Water |
| 669 | Air Pressure Differentials Heat Transfer Steady-State Thermal Response |
| 670 | Surface-to-Surface Thermal Resistance of a Flat Assembly Combined Convective and Radiative Surface Heat Transfer Heat Flow Across an Air Space |
| 671 | Fig. 5 Heat Flux by Thermal Radiation and Combined Convection and Conduction Across Vertical or Horizontal Air Layer Total Thermal Resistance of a Flat Building Assembly Thermal Transmittance of a Flat Building Assembly Interface Temperatures in a Flat Building Component Series and Parallel Heat Flow Paths |
| 672 | Thermal Bridging and Thermal Performance of Multidimensional Construction Linear and Point Transmittances Transient Thermal Response |
| 673 | Phase-Change Materials (PCMs) Fig. 6 Example of Enthalpy Curves for Microencapsulated Phase-Change Materials (PCMs) Airflow |
| 674 | Fig. 7 Examples of Airflow Patterns Heat Flux with Airflow Moisture Transfer Moisture Storage in Building Materials |
| 675 | Fig. 8 Sorption Isotherms for Porous Building Materials Fig. 9 Sorption Isotherm and Suction Curve for Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) |
| 676 | Moisture Flow Mechanisms Water Vapor Flow by Diffusion Water Vapor Flow by Air Movement Water Flow by Capillary Suction |
| 677 | Fig. 10 Capillary Rise in Hydrophilic Materials Fig. 11 Moisture-Dependent Diffusivity of Calcium Silicate Brick (CSB) Determined from NMR Scans During Water Absorption Tests Liquid Flow at Low Moisture Content |
| 678 | Fig. 12 Moisture Fluxes by Vapor Diffusion and Liquid Flow in Single Capillary of Exterior Wall under Winter Conditions Transient Moisture Flow Combined Heat, Air , and Moisture Transfer |
| 679 | Simplified Hygrothermal Design Calculations and Analyses Surface Humidity and Condensation Interstitial Condensation and Drying Dew-Point Method |
| 680 | Transient Computational Analysis Criteria to Evaluate Hygrothermal Simulation Results Thermal Comfort Perceived Air Quality |
| 681 | Human Health Durability of Finishes and Structure Energy Efficiency References |
| 685 | IP_F13_Ch26 Insulation Materials and Insulating Systems Apparent Thermal Conductivity Influencing Conditions |
| 686 | Fig. 1 Apparent Thermal Conductivity Versus Density of Several Thermal Insulations Used as Building Insulations Fig. 2 Variation of Apparent Thermal Conductivity with Fiber Diameter and Density |
| 687 | Materials and Systems |
| 688 | Fig. 3 Working Principle of Capillary-Active Interior Insulation |
| 689 | Air Barriers |
| 690 | Water Vapor Retarders |
| 691 | Data Tables Thermal Property Data Table 1 Building and Insulating Materials: Design Valuesa |
| 696 | Surface Emissivity and Emittance Data Table 2 Emissivity of Various Surfaces and Effective Emittances of Facing Air Spacesa Thermal Resistance of Plane Air Spaces Air Permeance Data |
| 697 | Table 3 Effective Thermal Resistance of Plane Air Spaces,a,b,c h · ft2 · °F/Btu |
| 699 | Table 4 Air Permeability of Different Materials Moisture Storage Data Fig. 4 Permeability of Wood-Based Sheathing Materials at Various Relative Humidities Fig. 5 Sorption/Desorption Isotherms, Cement Board |
| 700 | Table 5 Typical Water Vapor Permeance and Permeability for Common Building Materialsa |
| 701 | Table 6 Water Vapor Permeability at Various Relative Humidities and Capillary Water Absorption Coefficient |
| 702 | Soils Data Fig. 6 Trends of Apparent Thermal Conductivity of Moist Soils |
| 703 | Table 7 Sorption/Desorption Isotherms of Building Materials at Various Relative Humidities |
| 704 | Table 8 Typical Apparent Thermal Conductivity Values for Soils, Btu · in/h · ft2 ·°F Table 9 Typical Apparent Thermal Conductivity Values for Rocks, Btu · in/h · ft2 · °F Surface Film Coefficients/ Resistances Table 10 Surface Film Coefficients/Resistances Table 11 European Surface Film Coefficients/Resistances Codes and Standards |
| 705 | References |
| 706 | Bibliography |
| 707 | IP_F13_Ch27 Heat Transfer One-Dimensional Assembly U-Factor Calculation Wall Assembly U-Factor |
| 708 | Fig. 1 Structural Insulated Panel Assembly (Example 1) Fig. 2 Roof Assembly (Example 2) Roof Assembly U-Factor Attics Basement Walls and Floors |
| 709 | Two-Dimensional Assembly U-Factor Calculation Wood-Frame Walls Fig. 3 (A) Wall Assembly for Example 3, with Equivalent Electrical Circuits: (B) Parallel Path and (C) Isothermal Planes |
| 710 | Masonry Walls Fig. 4 Insulated Concrete Block Wall (Example 4) Constructions Containing Metal |
| 711 | Fig. 5 Wall Section and Equivalent Electrical Circuit (Example 5) Zone Method of Calculation Modified Zone Method for Metal Stud Walls with Insulated Cavities Fig. 6 Modified Zone Factor for Calculating R-Value of Metal Stud Walls with Cavity Insulation |
| 712 | Complex Assemblies |
| 713 | Fig. 7 Corner Composed of Homogeneous Material Showing Locations of Isotherms Fig. 8 Insulating Material Installed on Conductive Material, Showing Temperature Anomaly (Point A) at Insulation Edge Fig. 9 Brick Veneer Shelf for Example 6 Windows and Doors Moisture Transport Wall with Insulated Sheathing |
| 714 | Vapor Pressure Profile (Glaser or Dew-Point) Analysis Winter Wall Wetting Examples |
| 715 | Fig. 10 Dew-Point Calculation in Wood-Framed Wall (Example 8) |
| 716 | Transient Hygrothermal Modeling |
| 717 | Fig. 11 Drying Wet Sheathing, Winter (Example 9) Fig. 12 Drying Wet Sheathing, Summer (Example 9) Air Movement |
| 718 | Equivalent Permeance References Bibliography |
| 719 | IP_F13_Ch28 Principles of Combustion Combustion Reactions Flammability Limits |
| 720 | Table 1 Combustion Reactions of Common Fuel Constituents Table 2 Flammability Limits and Ignition Temperatures of Common Fuels in Fuel/Air Mixtures Ignition Temperature Combustion Modes |
| 721 | Heating Value Table 3 Heating Values of Substances Occurring in Common Fuels Altitude Compensation |
| 722 | Fig. 1 Altitude Effects on Gas Combustion Appliances |
| 723 | Fuel Classification Gaseous Fuels Types and Properties |
| 724 | Table 4 Propane/Air and Butane/Air Gas Mixtures Liquid Fuels Types of Fuel Oils Characteristics of Fuel Oils |
| 725 | Fig. 2 Approximate Viscosity of Fuel Oils Table 5 Sulfur Content of Marketed Fuel Oils Table 6 Typical API Gravity, Density, and Higher Heating Value of Standard Grades of Fuel Oil |
| 726 | Types and Properties of Liquid Fuels for Engines Solid Fuels Types of Coals Characteristics of Coal |
| 727 | Table 7 Classification of Coals by Ranka Table 8 Typical Ultimate Analyses for Coals |
| 728 | Combustion Calculations Air Required for Combustion |
| 729 | Table 9 Approximate Air Requirements for Stoichiometric Combustion of Fuels Table 10 Approximate Air Requirements for Stoichiometric Combustion of Various Fuels Table 11 Approximate Maximum Theoretical (Stoichiometric) CO2 Values, and CO2 Values of Various Fuels with Different Percentages of Excess Air Theoretical CO2 Quantity of Flue Gas Produced |
| 730 | Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas Fig. 3 Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas Sample Combustion Calculations |
| 731 | Fig. 4 Theoretical Dew Points of Combustion Products of Industrial Fuels Efficiency Calculations Fig. 5 Influence of Sulfur Oxides on Flue Gas Dew Point |
| 732 | Seasonal Efficiency Combustion Considerations Air Pollution |
| 733 | Fig. 6 Flue Gas Losses with Various Fuels |
| 734 | Table 12 NOx Emission Factors for Combustion Sources Without Emission Controls |
| 735 | Condensation and Corrosion Abnormal Combustion Noise in Gas Appliances Soot References |
| 736 | Bibliography |
| 737 | IP_F13_Ch29 Refrigerant Properties Global Environmental Properties |
| 738 | Table 1 Refrigerant Data and Safety Classifications |
| 739 | Table 2 Data and Safety Classifications for Refrigerant Blends |
| 741 | Table 3 Refrigerant Environmental Properties Physical Properties Table 4 Environmental Properties of Refrigerant Blends |
| 742 | Electrical Properties Table 5 Physical Properties of Selected Refrigerantsa |
| 743 | Table 6 Electrical Properties of Liquid Refrigerants Table 7 Electrical Properties of Refrigerant Vapors |
| 744 | Sound Velocity Refrigerant Performance Table 8 Comparative Refrigerant Performance per Ton of Refrigeration |
| 745 | Safety Leak Detection Electronic Detection Bubble Method Pressure Change Methods UV Dye Method Ammonia Leaks Compatibility with Construction Materials Metals |
| 746 | Elastomers Table 9 Swelling of Elastomers in Liquid Refrigerants at Room Temperature, % Linear Swell Plastics |
| 747 | Additional Compatibility Reports References |
| 748 | Bibliography |
| 749 | IP_F13_Ch30 |
| 750 | Fig. 1 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 12 |
| 752 | Fig. 2 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 22 |
| 754 | Fig. 3 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 23 |
| 756 | Fig. 4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 32 |
| 758 | Fig. 5 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 123 |
| 760 | Fig. 6 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 124 |
| 762 | Fig. 7 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 125 |
| 764 | Fig. 8 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 134a |
| 768 | Fig. 9 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 143a |
| 770 | Fig. 10 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 152a |
| 772 | Fig. 11 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 245fa |
| 774 | Fig. 12 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1234yf |
| 776 | Fig. 13 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1234ze(E) |
| 778 | Fig. 14 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 404A |
| 780 | Fig. 15 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 407C |
| 782 | Fig. 16 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 410A |
| 784 | Fig. 17 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 507A |
| 786 | Fig. 18 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia) |
| 788 | Fig. 19 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 718 (Water/Steam) |
| 790 | Fig. 20 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 744 (Carbon Dioxide) |
| 792 | Fig. 21 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 50 (Methane) |
| 794 | Fig. 22 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 170 (Ethane) |
| 796 | Fig. 23 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 290 (Propane) |
| 798 | Fig. 24 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 600 (n-Butane) |
| 800 | Fig. 25 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 600a (Isobutane) |
| 802 | Fig. 26 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1150 (Ethylene) |
| 804 | Fig. 27 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1270 (Propylene) |
| 806 | Fig. 28 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 704 (Helium) |
| 808 | Fig. 29 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen) |
| 810 | Fig. 30 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 729 (Air) |
| 812 | Fig. 31 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen) |
| 814 | Fig. 32 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 740 (Argon) |
| 816 | Fig. 33 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Ammonia/Water Solutions Prepared by Kwang Kim and Keith Herold, Center for Environmental Energy Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park |
| 818 | Fig. 34 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Water/Lithium Bromide Solutions |
| 819 | Fig. 35 Equilibrium Chart for Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions |
| 820 | Fig. 36 Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide References Fig. 37 Specific Heat of Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions Fig. 38 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide |
| 825 | IP_F13_Ch31 Brines Physical Properties Table 1 Properties of Pure Calcium Chloridea Brines |
| 826 | Fig. 1 Specific Heat of Calcium Chloride Brines Fig. 2 Specific Gravity of Calcium Chloride Brines Fig. 3 Viscosity of Calcium Chloride Brines Fig. 4 Thermal Conductivity of Calcium Chloride Brines |
| 827 | Table 2 Properties of Pure Sodium Chloridea Brines Fig. 5 Specific Heat of Sodium Chloride Brines Fig. 6 Specific Gravity of Sodium Chloride Brines |
| 828 | Fig. 7 Viscosity of Sodium Chloride Brines Fig. 8 Thermal Conductivity of Sodium Chloride Brines Corrosion Inhibition Inhibited Glycols Physical Properties Table 3 Physical Properties of Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol |
| 829 | Fig. 9 Density of Aqueous Solutions of Industrially Inhibited Ethylene Glycol (vol. %) Fig. 10 Specific Heat of Aqueous Solutions of Industrially Inhibited Ethylene Glycol (vol. %) Fig. 11 Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions of Industrially Inhibited Ethylene Glycol (vol. %) Fig. 12 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Industrially Inhibited Ethylene Glycol (vol. %) Fig. 13 Density of Aqueous Solutions of Industrially Inhibited Propylene Glycol (vol. %) |
| 830 | Table 4 Freezing and Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol Table 5 Freezing and Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene Glycol |
| 831 | Table 6 Density of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol Table 7 Specific Heat of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol |
| 832 | Table 8 Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol Table 9 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol |
| 833 | Table 10 Density of Aqueous Solutions of an Industrially Inhibited Propylene Glycol Table 11 Specific Heat of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene Glycol |
| 834 | Table 12 Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene Glycol Table 13 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene Glycol |
| 835 | Fig. 14 Specific Heat of Aqueous Solutions of Industrially Inhibited Propylene Glycol (vol. %) Fig. 15 Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions of Industrially Inhibited Propylene Glycol (vol. %) Fig. 16 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Industrially Inhibited Propylene Glycol (vol. %) Corrosion Inhibition Service Considerations |
| 836 | Table 14 Properties of a Polydimethylsiloxane Heat Transfer Fluid |
| 837 | Table 15 Summary of Physical Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane Mixture and d-Limonene Table 16 Physical Properties of d-Limonene Halocarbons Nonhalocarbon, Nonaqueous Fluids References Bibliography |
| 839 | IP_F13_Ch32 Desiccant Applications Desiccant Cycle |
| 840 | Fig. 1 Desiccant Water Vapor Pressure as Function of Moisture Content Fig. 2 Desiccant Water Vapor Pressure as Function of Desiccant Moisture Content and Temperature Fig. 3 Desiccant Cycle Table 1 Vapor Pressures and Dew-Point Temperatures Corresponding to Different Relative Humidities at 70°F |
| 841 | Types of Desiccants Liquid Absorbents Fig. 4 Surface Vapor Pressure of Water/Triethylene Glycol Solutions Fig. 5 Surface Vapor Pressure of Water/Lithium Chloride Solutions |
| 842 | Solid Adsorbents Fig. 6 Adsorption and Structural Characteristics of Some Experimental Silica Gels |
| 843 | Desiccant Isotherms Fig. 7 Sorption Isotherms of Various Desiccants Desiccant Life Cosorption of Water Vapor and Indoor Air Contaminants |
| 844 | References Bibliography |
| 845 | IP_F13_Ch33 Table 1 Properties of Vapor |
| 846 | Table 2 Properties of Liquids |
| 847 | Table 3 Properties of Solids |
| 848 | References |
| 849 | IP_F13_Ch34 Characteristics of Energy and Energy Resource Forms Forms of On-Site Energy Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Resources Characteristics of Fossil Fuels and Electricity |
| 850 | On-Site Energy/Energy Resource Relationships Quantifiable Relationships Intangible Relationships |
| 851 | Summary Energy Resource Planning Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) Tradable Emission Credits |
| 852 | Overview of Global Energy Resources World Energy Resources Production Fig. 1 Energy Production Trends: 2001-2010 Fig. 2 World Primary Energy Production by Resource: 2001 Versus 2010 Fig. 3 World Crude Oil Reserves: 2011 Fig. 4 World Natural Gas Reserves: 2011 Reserves |
| 853 | Fig. 5 World Recoverable Coal Reserves: 2010 Consumption Fig. 6 World Petroleum Consumption: 2010 Fig. 7 World Natural Gas Consumption: 2010 Fig. 8 World Coal Consumption: 2010 Fig. 9 Coal Consumption in United States, China, and India, 1980-2010 |
| 854 | Fig. 10 World Electricity Generation by Resource: 1999 and 2009 Fig. 11 World Electric Generation 2009 Fig. 12 Per Capita Energy Consumption by Selected Countries: 2009 Fig. 13 World Carbon Emissions Carbon Emissions |
| 855 | U.S. Energy Use Per Capita Energy Consumption Fig. 14 Per Capita United States Energy Consumption Projected Overall Energy Consumption Fig. 15 Projected Total U.S. Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector Fig. 16 Projected Total U.S. Energy Consumption by Resource |
| 856 | Outlook Summary U.S. Agencies and Associations References Bibliography |
| 857 | IP_F13_Ch35 Definition Characteristics of Sustainability Sustainability Addresses the Future Sustainability Has Many Contributors Sustainability Is Comprehensive |
| 858 | Technology Plays Only a Partial Role Factors Impacting Sustainability Primary HVAC&R Considerations in Sustainable Design Energy Resource Availability |
| 859 | Fresh Water Supply Effective and Efficient Use of Energy Resources and Water Material Resource Availability and Management Air, Noise, and Water Pollution Fig. 1 Cooling Tower Noise Barrier Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal |
| 860 | Factors Driving Sustainability into Design Practice Climate Change Regulatory Environment Fig. 2 Effect of Montreal Protocol on Global Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Production Evolving Standards of Care Changing Design Process |
| 861 | Fig. 3 Electricity Generation by Fuel, 1980–2030 Other Opportunities Designing for Effective Energy Resource Use Energy Ethic: Resource Conservation Design Principles Energy and Power |
| 862 | Simplicity Self-Imposed Budgets Design Process for Energy-Efficient Projects Table 1 Example Benchmark and Energy Targets for University Research Laboratory |
| 863 | Building Energy Use Elements |
| 865 | References Bibliography |
| 867 | IP_F13_Ch36 Terminology |
| 868 | Fig. 1 Measurement and Instrument Terminology |
| 869 | Uncertainty Analysis Uncertainty Sources Uncertainty of a Measured Variable Fig. 2 Errors in Measurement of Variable X |
| 870 | Temperature Measurement Sampling and Averaging Table 1 Common Temperature Measurement Techniques |
| 871 | Static Temperature Versus Total Temperature Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers Sources of Thermometer Errors Resistance Thermometers |
| 872 | Fig. 3 Typical Resistance Thermometer Circuit Resistance Temperature Devices Thermistors Semiconductor Devices |
| 873 | Fig. 4 Typical Resistance Temperature Device (RTD) Bridge Circuits Fig. 5 Basic Thermistor Circuit Thermocouples |
| 874 | Table 2 Thermocouple Tolerances on Initial Values of Electromotive Force Versus Temperature Wire Diameter and Composition Multiple Thermocouples |
| 875 | Surface Temperature Measurement Thermocouple Construction Optical Pyrometry Infrared Radiation Thermometers Infrared Thermography |
| 876 | Humidity Measurement Psychrometers Table 3 Humidity Sensor Properties |
| 877 | Dew-Point Hygrometers Condensation Dew-Point Hygrometers Salt-Phase Heated Hygrometers Mechanical Hygrometers Electrical Impedance and Capacitance Hygrometers |
| 878 | Dunmore Hygrometers Polymer Film Electronic Hygrometers Ion Exchange Resin Electric Hygrometers Impedance-Based Porous Ceramic Electronic Hygrometers Aluminum Oxide Capacitive Sensor Electrolytic Hygrometers Piezoelectric Sorption Spectroscopic (Radiation Absorption) Hygrometers Gravimetric Hygrometers |
| 879 | Calibration Pressure Measurement Units Instruments Pressure Standards |
| 880 | Mechanical Pressure Gages Electromechanical Transducers General Considerations |
| 881 | Air Velocity Measurement Airborne Tracer Techniques Anemometers Deflecting Vane Anemometers Propeller or Revolving (Rotating) Vane Anemometers Cup Anemometers Thermal Anemometers |
| 882 | Table 4 Air Velocity Measurement |
| 883 | Laser Doppler Velocimeters (or Anemometers) Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Pitot-Static Tubes Fig. 6 Standard Pitot Tube |
| 884 | Fig. 7 Measuring Points for Rectangular and Round Duct Traverse |
| 885 | Fig. 8 Pitot-Static Probe Pressure Coefficient Yaw Angular Dependence Measuring Flow in Ducts |
| 886 | Airflow-Measuring Hoods Flow Rate Measurement |
| 887 | Table 5 Volumetric or Mass Flow Rate Measurement Flow Measurement Methods |
| 888 | Fig. 9 Typical Herschel-Type Venturi Meter Fig. 10 Dimensions of ASME Long-Radius Flow Nozzles Venturi, Nozzle, and Orifice Flowmeters |
| 889 | Fig. 11 Sharp-Edge Orifice with Pressure Tap Locations Variable-Area Flowmeters (Rotameters) Fig. 12 Variable-Area Flowmeter Positive-Displacement Meters Turbine Flowmeters |
| 890 | Air Infiltration, Airtightness, and Outdoor Air Ventilation Rate Measurement Carbon Dioxide |
| 891 | Carbon Dioxide Measurement Fig. 13 Nondispersive Infrared Carbon Dioxide Sensor Nondispersive Infrared CO2 Detectors Calibration Applications Amperometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors Fig. 14 Amperometric Carbon Dioxide Sensor Photoacoustic CO2 Detectors Open-Cell Sensors |
| 892 | Fig. 15 Open-Cell Photoacoustic Carbon Dioxide Sensor Closed-Cell Sensors Fig. 16 Closed-Cell Photoacoustic Carbon Dioxide Sensor Potentiometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors Colorimetric Detector Tubes Laboratory Measurements Electric Measurement Ammeters |
| 893 | Voltmeters Wattmeters Power-Factor Meters Rotative Speed Measurement Tachometers Stroboscopes AC Tachometer-Generators Sound and Vibration Measurement Sound Measurement Microphones |
| 894 | Fig. 17 Ammeter Connected in Power Circuit Fig. 18 Ammeter with Current Transformer Fig. 19 Voltmeter Connected Across Load Fig. 20 Voltmeter with Potential Transformer Fig. 21 Wattmeter in Single-Phase Circuit Measuring Power Load plus Loss in Current-Coil Circuit Fig. 22 Wattmeter in Single-Phase Circuit Measuring Power Load plus Loss in Potential-Coil Circuit Fig. 23 Wattmeter with Current and Potential Transformer Fig. 24 Polyphase Wattmeter in Two- Phase, Three-Wire Circuit with Balanced or Unbalanced Voltage or Load Fig. 25 Polyphase Wattmeter in Three-Phase, Three-Wire Circuit Fig. 26 Single-Phase Power-Factor Meter Fig. 27 Three-Wire, Three-Phase Power-Factor Meter |
| 895 | Sound Measurement Systems Frequency Analysis Sound Chambers Calibration Vibration Measurement |
| 896 | Transducers Vibration Measurement Systems Calibration Lighting Measurement |
| 897 | Thermal Comfort Measurement Clothing and Activity Level Air Temperature Air Velocity Plane Radiant Temperature Mean Radiant Temperature Air Humidity Calculating Thermal Comfort |
| 898 | Fig. 28 Madsen’s Comfort Meter Integrating Instruments Moisture Content and Transfer Measurement Sorption Isotherm Vapor Permeability Liquid Diffusivity |
| 899 | Heat Transfer Through Building Materials Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductance and Resistance Air Contaminant Measurement |
| 900 | Combustion Analysis Flue Gas Analysis Data Acquisition and Recording Digital Recording |
| 901 | Data-Logging Devices Symbols |
| 902 | Standards |
| 903 | References |
| 904 | Bibliography |
| 905 | IP_F13_Ch37 Abbreviations for Text, Drawings, and Computer Programs Computer Programs Letter Symbols |
| 906 | Table 1 Abbreviations for Text, Drawings, and Computer Programs |
| 914 | Piping System Identification Definitions Table 2 Examples of Legends Table 3 Classification of Hazardous Materials and Designation of Colorsa Method of Identification Fig. 1 Visibility of Pipe Markings |
| 915 | Table 4 Size of Legend Letters Codes and Standards |
| 917 | IP_F13_Ch38 Table 1 Conversions to I-P and SI Units |
| 918 | Table 2 Conversion Factors |
| 919 | IP_F13_Ch39 Selected Codes and Standards Published by Various Societies and Associations |
| 944 | ORGANIZATIONS |
| 947 | IP_F2013IndexIX Abbreviations, F37 Absorbents Absorption Acoustics. See Sound Activated carbon adsorption, A46.7 Adaptation, environmental, F9.16 ADPI. See Air diffusion performance index (ADPI) Adsorbents Adsorption Aeration, of farm crops, A25 Aerosols, S29.1 Affinity laws for centrifugal pumps, S44.8 AFUE. See Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE) AHU. See Air handlers Air Air barriers, F26.5 Airborne infectious diseases, F10.7 Air cleaners. (See also Filters, air; Industrial exhaust gas cleaning) Air conditioners. (See also Central air conditioning) |
| 948 | Air conditioning. (See also Central air conditioning) Air contaminants, F11. (See also Contaminants) Aircraft, A12 Air curtains, display cases, R15.5 Air diffusers, S20 Air diffusion, F20 Air diffusion performance index (ADPI), A57.5 Air distribution, A57; F20; S4; S20 Air exchange rate Air filters. See Filters, air Airflow |
| 949 | Airflow retarders, F25.9, 10 Air flux, F25.2. (See also Airflow) Air handlers Air inlets Air intakes Air jets. See Air diffusion Air leakage. (See also Infiltration) Air outlets Airports, air conditioning, A3.6 Air quality. [See also Indoor air quality (IAQ)] Airtightness, F36.24 Air-to-air energy recovery, S26 Air-to-transmission ratio, S5.13 Air transport, R27 Air washers Algae, control, A49.5 All-air systems Ammonia Anchor bolts, seismic restraint, A55.7 Anemometers Animal environments Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), S33.9; S34.2 Antifreeze Antisweat heaters (ASH), R15.5 Apartment buildings Aquifers, thermal storage, S51.6 Archimedes number, F20.6 Archives. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Arenas Argon, recovery, R47.17 Asbestos, F10.5 ASH. See Antisweat heaters (ASH) Atriums Attics, unconditioned, F27.2 Auditoriums, A5.3 Automobiles |
| 950 | Autopsy rooms, A9.5, 6 Avogadro’s law, and fuel combustion, F28.10 Backflow-prevention devices, S47.13 BACnet®, A40.17; F7.18 Bacteria Bakery products, R41 Balance point, heat pumps, S49.9 Balancing. (See also Testing, adjusting, and balancing) BAS. See Building automation systems (BAS) Baseboard units Basements Beer’s law, F4.16 Bernoulli equation, F21.1 Best efficiency point (BEP), S44.7 Beverages, R39 BIM. See Building information modeling (BIM) Bioaerosols Biocides, control, A49.5 Biodiesel, F28.6 Biological safety cabinets, A16.6 Biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A18.7 Bioterrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Boilers, S32 Boiling Brake horsepower, pump, S44.7 Brayton cycle Bread, R41 Breweries Brines. See Coolants, secondary Building automation systems (BAS), A40.17; F7.14 Building energy monitoring, A41. (See also Energy, monitoring) Building envelopes |
| 951 | Building information modeling (BIM), A40.15 Building materials, properties, F26 Building thermal mass Burners Buses Bus terminals Butane, commercial, F28.5 CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD) Cafeterias, service water heating, A50.14, 21 Calcium chloride brines, F31.1 Candy Capillary action, and moisture flow, F25.10 Capillary tubes Carbon dioxide Carbon emissions, F34.6 Carbon monoxide Cargo containers, R25 Carnot refrigeration cycle, F2.6 Cattle, beef, and dairy, A24.7. (See also Animal environments) CAV. See Constant air volume (CAV) Cavitation, F3.13 CBRE. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Ceiling effect. See Coanda effect Ceilings Central air conditioning, A42. (See also Air conditioning) Central plants Central systems Cetane number, engine fuels, F28.8 CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Charging, refrigeration systems, R8.4 Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents, A59 Chemical plants |
| 952 | Chemisorption, A46.7 Chilled beams, S20.9 Chilled water (CW) Chillers Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F6.7 Chimneys, S35 Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), A34.6 Chocolate, R42.1. (See also Candy) Choking, F3.13 CHP systems. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Cinemas, A5.3 Claude cycle, R47.8 Cleanrooms. See Clean spaces Clean spaces, A18 Clear-sky solar radiation, calculation, F14.7 Climate change, effect on climatic design conditions, F14.14 Climatic design information, F14 Clothing CLTD/CLF. See Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF) Coal Coanda effect, A33.6; F20.2, 6; S20.2 Codes, F39. (See also Standards) |
| 953 | Coefficient of performance (COP) Cogeneration. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Coils Colburn’s analogy, F4.17 Colebrook equation Collectors, solar, A35.6, 11, 23, 25; S37.3 Colleges and universities, A7.11 Combined heat and power (CHP), S7 Combustion, F28 Combustion air systems Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC), S7.20; S8.1 Comfort. (See also Physiological principles, humans) Commercial and public buildings, A3 |
| 954 | Commissioning, A43 Compressors, S38 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F13.1 Computer-aided design (CAD), A18.5; A40.14 Computers, A40 Concert halls, A5.4 Concrete Condensate Condensation Condensers, S39 |
| 955 | Conductance, thermal, F4.3; F25.1 Conduction Conductivity, thermal, F25.1; F26.1 Constant air volume (CAV) Constant-volume, all-air systems Construction. (See also Building envelopes) Containers. (See also Cargo containers) Contaminants Continuity, fluid dynamics, F3.2 Control. (See also Controls, automatic; Supervisory control) Controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage |
| 956 | Controlled-environment rooms (CERs), and plant growth, A24.16 Controls, automatic, F7. (See also Control) Convection Convectors Convention centers, A5.5 Conversion factors, F38 Coolants, secondary Coolers. (See also Refrigerators) Cooling. (See also Air conditioning) Cooling load Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF), F18.49 Cooling towers, S40 |
| 957 | Cool storage, S51.1 COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP) Corn, drying, A25.1 Correctional facilities. See Justice facilities Corrosion Costs. (See also Economics) Cotton, drying, A25.8 Courthouses, A9.4 Courtrooms, A9.5 CPVC. See Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) Crawlspaces Critical spaces Crops. See Farm crops Cruise terminals, A3.6 Cryogenics, R47 Curtain walls, F15.5 Cycloparaffins, R12.3 Dairy products, R33 |
| 958 | Dampers Dams, concrete cooling, R45.1 Darcy equation, F21.6 Darcy-Weisbach equation Data-driven modeling Data processing areas Daylighting DDC. See Direct digital control (DDC) Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS), S4.13; S18.2, 7; S25.4 Defrosting Degree-days, F14.12; F19.18 Dehumidification, A47.12; S24 Dehumidifiers Dehydration Density Dental facilities, A8.15 Desiccants, F32.1; S24.1 Design-day climatic data, F14.12 Desorption isotherm, F26.19 Desuperheaters Dew-point Diamagnetism, and superconductivity, R47.5 Diesel fuel, F28.8 Diffusers, air, sound control, A48.12 Diffusion Diffusivity Dilution Dining halls, in justice facilities, A9.4 DIR. See Dispersive infrared (DIR) Direct digital control (DDC), F7.4, 10 Direct numerical simulation (DNS), turbulence modeling, F13.4; F24.10 Dirty bombs. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Discharge coefficients, in fluid flow, F3.9 Dispersive infrared (DIR), F7.9 Display cases, R15.1, 4 District energy (DE), S12.1 District heating and cooling (DHC), S12 |
| 959 | d-limonene, F31.13 DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS) Doors Dormitories Draft Drag, in fluid flow, F3.5 Driers, R7.6. (See also Dryers) Drip station, steam systems, S12.11 Dryers. (See also Driers) Drying DTW. See Dual-temperature water (DTW) system Dual-duct systems Dual-temperature water (DTW) system, S13.1 DuBois equation, F9.3 Duct design Ducts Dust mites, F25.17 Dusts, S29.1 Dynamometers, A17.1 Earth, stabilization, R45.3, 4 Earthquakes, seismic-resistant design, A55.1 Economic analysis, A37 Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP), S7.49 Economics. (See also Costs) Economizers ECOP. See Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP) ECS. See Environmental control system (ECS) Eddy diffusivity, F6.7 Educational facilities, A7 EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Effectiveness, heat transfer, F4.21 Effective radiant flux (ERF), A54.2 Efficiency |
| 960 | Eggs, R34 EIFS. See Exterior insulation finishing system (EIFS) Electricity Electric thermal storage (ETS), S51.16 Electrostatic precipitators, S29.6; S30.7 Elevators Emissions, pollution, F28.7 Emissivity, F4.2 Emittance, thermal, F25.2 Enclosed vehicular facilities, A15 Energy Energy efficiency ratio (EER), S50.1 Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC), A37.8 Energy transfer station, S12.32 Engines, S7 Engine test facilities, A17 Enhanced tubes. See Finned-tube heat transfer coils Enthalpy Entropy, F2.1 Environmental control |
| 961 | Environmental control system (ECS), A12 Environmental health, F10 Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) Equipment vibration, A48.43; F8.17 ERF. See Effective radiant flux (ERF) ESPC. See Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC) Ethylene glycol, in hydronic systems, S13.23 ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Electric thermal storage (ETS) Evaluation. See Testing Evaporation, in tubes Evaporative coolers. (See also Refrigerators) Evaporative cooling, A52 Evaporators. (See also Coolers, liquid) Exfiltration, F16.1 Exhaust Exhibit buildings, temporary, A5.8 Exhibit cases, A23.5, 16 Exhibition centers, A5.5 Expansion joints and devices, S46.10 Expansion tanks, S12.8 Explosions. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Fairs, A5.8 Family courts, A9.3. (See also Juvenile facilities) Fan-coil units, S5.6 Fans, S21 Farm crops, drying and storing, A25 Faults, system, reasons for detecting, A39.6 f-Chart method, sizing heating and cooling systems, A35.20 Fenestration. (See also Windows) |
| 962 | Fick’s law, F6.1 Filters, air, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Filters, water, A49.7 Finned-tube heat-distributing units, S36.1, 5 Finned-tube heat transfer coils, F4.25 Fins, F4.6 Fire/smoke management. See Smoke management Firearm laboratories, A9.6 Fireplaces, S34.4 Fire safety Fish, R19; R32 Fitness facilities. (See also Gymnasiums) Fittings Fixed-guideway vehicles, A11.7. (See also Mass-transit systems) Fixture units, A50.1, 26 Flammability limits, gaseous fuels, F28.1 Flash tank, steam systems, S11.15 Floors Flowers, cut Flowmeters, A38.12; F36.19 Fluid dynamics computations, F13.1 Fluid flow, F3 Food. (See also specific foods) |
| 963 | Food service Forced-air systems, residential, A1.1 Forensic labs, A9.5 Fouling factor Foundations, moisture control, A44.11 Fountains, Legionella pneumophila control, A49.7 Fourier’s law, and heat transfer, F25.5 Four-pipe systems, S5.5 Framing Freeze drying, A30.6 Freeze prevention. (See also Freeze protection systems) Freeze protection systems, A51.17, 19 Freezers Freezing Friction, in fluid flow Fruit juice, R38 Fruits Fuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP), S7.22 Fuels, F28 Fume hoods, laboratory exhaust, A16.3 Fungal pathogens, F10.8 Furnaces, S33 Galleries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Garages Gases |
| 964 | Gas-fired equipment, S34. (See also Natural gas) Gas vents, S35.1 GCHP. See Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Generators Geothermal energy, A34 Geothermal heat pumps (GHP), A34.10 Glaser method, F25.15 Glazing Global warming potential (GWP), R6.1 Glycols, desiccant solution, S24.2 Graphical symbols, F37 Green design, and sustainability, F35.1 Greenhouses. (See also Plant environments) Grids, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Grilles, S20.4, 7 Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), A34.1, 9 Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP), A34.25 GSHP. See Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) Guard stations, in justice facilities, A9.4 GWHP. See Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP) GWP. See Global warming potential (GWP) Gymnasiums, A5.5; A7.3 HACCP. See Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) Halocarbon Hartford loop, S11.3 Hay, drying, A25.7 Hazard analysis and control, F10.4 Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP), R22.4 Hazen-Williams equation, F22.1 HB. See Heat balance (HB) Health Health care facilities, A8. (See also specific types) Heat Heat and moisture control, F27.1 Heat balance, S9.19 Heat capacity, F25.1 Heat control, F27 Heaters, S34 Heat exchangers, S48 |
| 965 | Heat flow, F25. (See also Heat transfer) Heat flux, F25.1 Heat gain. (See also Load calculations) Heating Heating load Heating values of fuels, F28.3, 7, 9 Heat loss. (See also Load calculations) Heat pipes, air-to-air energy recovery, S26.13 Heat pumps Heat recovery. (See also Energy, recovery) Heat storage. See Thermal storage Heat stress Heat transfer, F4; F25; F26; F27. (See also Heat flow) |
| 966 | Heat transmission Heat traps, A50.2 Helium High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, A28.3; S29.6; S30.3 High-rise buildings. See Tall Buildings High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, R33.2 High-temperature water (HTW) system, S13.1 Homeland security. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Hoods Hospitals, A8.2 Hot-box method, of thermal modeling, F25.8 Hotels and motels, A6 Hot-gas bypass, R1.34 Houses of worship, A5.3 HSI. See Heat stress, index (HSI) HTST. See High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization Humidification, S22 Humidifiers, S22 Humidity HVAC security, A59 Hydrogen, liquid, R47.2 Hydronic systems, S35. (See also Water systems) |
| 967 | Hygrometers, F7.9; F36.10, 11 Hygrothermal loads, F25.2 Hygrothermal modeling, F25.16; F27.10 IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ) IBD. See Integrated building design (IBD) Ice Ice makers Ice rinks, A5.5; R44 ID50‚ mean infectious dose, A59.8 Ignition temperatures of fuels, F28.2 IGUs. See Insulating glazing units (IGUs) Illuminance, F36.30 Indoor air quality (IAQ). (See also Air quality) Indoor environmental modeling, F13 Induction Industrial applications Industrial environments, A14; A31; A32 Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Industrial hygiene, F10.3 Infiltration. (See also Air leakage) Infrared applications In-room terminal systems Instruments, F14. (See also specific instruments or applications) Insulating glazing units (IGUs), F15.4 Insulation, electrical, R6.9 Insulation, thermal |
| 968 | Integrated building design (IBD), A58.1 Integrated design process (IDP), A58.1 Intercoolers, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.3 Jacketing, insulation, R10.7 Jails, A9.3 Joule-Thomson cycle, R47.6 Judges’ chambers, A9.5 Juice, R38.1 Jury facilities, A9.5 Justice facilities, A9 Juvenile facilities, A9.1. (See also Family courts) K-12 schools, A7.2 Kelvin’s equation, F25.11 Kirchoff’s law, F4.13 Kitchens, A33 Kleemenko cycle, R47.13 Krypton, recovery, R47.18 Laboratories, A16 |
| 969 | Laboratory information management systems (LIMS), A9.7 Lakes, heat transfer, A34.30 Laminar flow Large eddy simulation (LES), turbulence modeling, F13.3; F24.10 Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA), F36.17 Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV), F36.17 Latent energy change materials, S51.2 Laundries LCR. See Load collector ratio (LCR) LD50‚ mean lethal dose, A59.8 LDA. See Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA) LDV. See Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV) LE. See Life expectancy (LE) rating Leakage Leakage function, relationship, F16.15 Leak detection of refrigerants, F29.9 Legionella pneumophila, A49.6; F10.7 Legionnaires’ disease. See Legionella pneumophila LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES) Lewis relation, F6.9; F9.4 Libraries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Life expectancy (LE) rating, film, A22.3 Lighting Light measurement, F36.30 LIMS. See Laboratory information management systems (LIMS) Linde cycle, R47.6 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), S8.6 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F28.5 Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R4 Lithium bromide/water, F30.69 Lithium chloride, S24.2 Load calculations Load collector ratio (LCR), A35.21 Local exhaust. See Exhaust Loss coefficients Louvers, F15.29 Low-temperature water (LTW) system, S13.1 LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) LTW. See Low-temperature water (LTW) system Lubricants, R12. (See also Lubrication; Oil) Lubrication, R12 Mach number, S38.31 Maintenance. (See also Operation and maintenance) |
| 970 | Makeup air units, S28.8 Malls, A2.6 Manometers, differential pressure readout, A38.12 Manufactured homes, A1.7 Masonry, insulation, F26.7. (See also Building envelopes) Mass transfer, F6 Mass-transit systems McLeod gages, F36.14 Mean infectious dose (ID50), A59.8 Mean lethal dose (LD50), A59.8 Mean radiant temperature (MRT), A54.1 Mean temperature difference, F4.21 Measurement, F36. (See also Instruments) Meat, R30 Mechanical equipment room, central Mechanical traps, steam systems, S11.8 Medium-temperature water (MTW) system, S13.1 Meshes, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Metabolic rate, F9.6 Metals and alloys, low-temperature, R48.6 Microbial growth, R22.4 Microbial volatile organic chemicals (MVOCs), F10.7 Microbiology of foods, R22.1 Microphones, F36.27 Mines, A29 Modeling. (See also Data-driven modeling; Energy, modeling) Moist air Moisture |
| 971 | Mold, F25.17 Montreal Protocol, F29.1 Motors, S45 Movie theaters, A5.3 MRT. See Mean radiant temperature (MRT) Multifamily residences, A1.6 Multiple-use complexes Multisplit unitary equipment, S49.1 Multizone airflow modeling, F13.14 Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries MVOCs. See Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) Natatoriums. (See also Swimming pools) Natural gas, F28.5 Navier-Stokes equations, F13.1 NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curves Net positive suction head (NPSH), A34.27; R2.3; S44.10 Night setback, recovery, A42.36 Nitrogen Noise, F8.13. (See also Sound) Noise criterion (NC) curves, F8.16 Noncondensable gases NPSH. See Net positive suction head (NPSH) NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU) Nuclear facilities, A28 Number of transfer units (NTU) Nursing facilities, A8.14 Nuts, storage, R42.7 Odors, F12 ODP. See Ozone depletion potential (ODP) Office buildings Oil, fuel, F28.6 Oil. (See also Lubricants) Olf unit, F12.6 One-pipe systems Operating costs, A37.4 Operation and maintenance, A39. (See also Maintenance) |
| 972 | Optimization, A42.4 Outdoor air, free cooling Outpatient health care facilities, A8.14 Owning costs, A37.1 Oxygen Ozone Ozone depletion potential (ODP), R6.1 PAC. See Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), S50.5 Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), S50.5 PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) Paint, and moisture problems, F25.17 Panel heating and cooling, S6. (See also Radiant heating and cooling) Paper Paper products facilities, A26 Paraffins, R12.3 Parallel compressor systems, R15.14 Particulate matter, indoor air quality (IAQ), F10.4, 6 Pasteurization, R33.2 Peanuts, drying, A25.8 PEL. See Permissible exposure limits (PEL) Performance contracting, A41.2 Permafrost stabilization, R45.4 Permeability Permeance Permissible exposure limits (PELs), F10.6 Personal environmental control (PEC) systems, F9.25 Pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms, A18.7 Phase-change materials, thermal storage of, S51.15, 26 Photographic materials, A22 Photovoltaic (PV) systems, S36.18. (See also Solar energy) Physical properties of materials, F33 Physiological principles, humans. (See also Comfort) Pigs. See Swine Pipes, S46. (See also Piping) |
| 973 | Piping. (See also Pipes) Pitot-static tubes, F36.17 Pitot tubes, A38.2; F36.17 Places of assembly, A5 Planes. See Aircraft Plank’s equation, R20.7 Plant environments, A24.10 Plenums PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV) Police stations, A9.1 Pollutant transport modeling. See Contami- nants, indoor, concentration prediction Pollution, air, and combustion, F28.7, 14 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), F10.6 Polydimethylsiloxane, F31.13 Ponds, spray, S40.6 Pope cell, F36.12 Positive positioners, F7.8 Potatoes Poultry. (See also Animal environments; Chickens; Turkeys) Power-law airflow model, F13.14 Power plants, A27 PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD) Prandtl number, F4.17 Precooling Predicted mean vote (PMV), F36.31 Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F9.18 Preschools, A7.1 Pressure Pressure drop. (See also Darcy-Weisbach equation) Primary-air systems, S5.10 |
| 974 | Printing plants, A20 Prisons, A9.3 Produce Propane Propylene glycol, hydronic systems, S13.23 Psychrometers, F1.13 Psychrometrics, F1 PTACs. See Packaged terminal air condition- ers (PTACs) PTHPs. See Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs) Public buildings. See Commercial and public buildings; Places of assembly Pulldown load, R15.5 Pumps Purge units, centrifugal chillers, S43.11 Radiant heating and cooling, A55; S6.1; S15; S33.4. (See also Panel heating and cooling) Radiant time series (RTS) method, F18.2, 20 Radiation Radiators, S36.1, 5 Radioactive gases, contaminants, F11.19 Radiometers, A54.7 Radon, F10.11, 17, 22 Rail cars Railroad tunnels, ventilation Rain, and building envelopes, F25.4 RANS. See Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation Rapid-transit systems. See Mass-transit systems Rayleigh number, F4.19 RC curves. See Room criterion (RC) curves Receivers Recycling refrigerants, R9.3 Refrigerant/absorbent pairs, F2.15 Refrigerant-control devices, R11 |
| 975 | Refrigerants, F29.1 Refrigerant transfer units (RTU), liquid chillers, S43.11 Refrigerated facilities, R23 Refrigeration, F1.1. (See also Absorption) |
| 976 | Refrigeration, F1.1. (See also Adsorption) Refrigeration oils, R12. (See also Lubricants) Refrigerators Regulators. (See also Valves) Residential systems, A1 Resistance, thermal, F4; F25; F26. (See also R-values) Resistance temperature devices (RTDs), F7.9; F36.6 Resistivity, thermal, F25.1 Resource utilization factor (RUF), F34.2 Respiration of fruits and vegetables, R19.17 Restaurants Retail facilities, A2 Retrofit performance monitoring, A41.4 Retrofitting refrigerant systems, contaminant control, R7.9 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, F13.3; F24.10 Reynolds number, F3.3 Rice, drying, A25.9 RMS. See Root mean square (RMS) Road tunnels, A15.3 Roof ponds, Legionella pneumophila control, A49.7 Roofs Room air distribution, A57; S20.1 Room criterion (RC) curves, F8.16 Root mean square (RMS), F36.1 Roughness factors, ducts, F21.6 RTDs. See Resistance temperature devices (RTDs) RTS. See Radiant time series (RTS) RTU. See Refrigerant transfer units (RTU) RUF. See Resource utilization factor (RUF) Rusting, of building components, F25.17 R-values, F23; F25; F26. (See also Resistance, thermal) Safety Safety showers, Legionella pneumophila control, A49.7 Sanitation |
| 977 | Savings-to-investment-ratio (SIR), A37.11 Scale Schematic design, A58.9 Schneider system, R23.7 Schools Security. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Seeds, storage, A25.11 Seismic restraint, A48.51; A55.1 Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), F10.4, 12; F11.14 Sensors Separators, lubricant, R11.23 Service water heating, A50 SES. See Subway environment simulation (SES) program Shading Ships, A13 Short-tube restrictors, R11.31 Single-duct systems, all-air, S4.10 SIR. See Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) Skating rinks, R44.1 Skylights, and solar heat gain, F15.27 Slab heating, A51 Slab-on-grade foundations, A44.11 SLR. See Solar-load ratio (SLR) Smoke management, A53 Snow-melting systems, A51 Snubbers, seismic, A55.8 Sodium chloride brines, F31.1 Soft drinks, R39.10 Soils. (See also Earth) Solar energy, A35; S37.1 (See also Solar heat gain; Solar radiation) |
| 978 | Solar heat gain, F15; F18.14 Solar-load ratio (SLR), A35.21 Solar-optical glazing, F15.13 Solar radiation, F14.7; F15.17 Solid fuel Solvent drying, constant-moisture, A30.7 Soot, F28.17 Sorbents, F32.1 Sorption isotherm, F25.10, F26.19 Sound, F8. (See also Noise) Sound control, A48; F8. (See also Noise) Soybeans, drying, A25.7 Specific heat Spot cooling Spot heating, A54.4 Stack effect Stadiums, A5.4 Stairwells, smoke control, A53.9 Standard atmosphere, U.S., F1.1 Standards, F39. (See also Codes) |
| 979 | Standards, S52. (See also Codes) Static electricity and humidity, S22.2 Steam Steam systems, S11 Steam traps, S11.7 Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F4.2, 12 Stevens’ law, F12.3 Stirling cycle, R47.14 Stokers, S31.16 Storage Stoves, heating, S34.5 Stratification Stroboscopes, F36.27 Subcoolers Subway environment simulation (SES) program, A15.3 Subway systems. (See also Mass-transit systems) Suction risers, R2.26 Sulfur content, fuel oils, F28.7 Superconductivity, diamagnetism, R47.5 Supervisory control, A42 Supply air outlets, S20.1. (See also Air outlets) Surface effect. See Coanda effect Surface transportation Surface water heat pump (SWHP), A34.12 Sustainability, F16.1; F35.1; S49.2 |
| 980 | SVFs. See Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) SVOCs. See Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) SWHP. See Surface water heat pump (SWHP) Swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums) Swine, recommended environment, A24.7 Symbols, F37 Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F10.5 Tachometers, F36.27 Tall buildings, A4 Tanks, secondary coolant systems, R13.2 Temperature Temperature-controlled transport, R25.1 Temperature index, S22.3 Terminal units, A47.12; S20.8 Terminology, R50 Terrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents TES. See Thermal energy storage (TES) Testing Testing, adjusting, and balancing. (See also Balancing) TETD/TA. See Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA) TEWI. See Total equivalent warning impact (TEWI) Textile processing plants, A21 TFM. See Transfer function method (TFM) Theaters, A5.3 Thermal bridges, F25.8 Thermal comfort. See Comfort Thermal emittance, F25.2 Thermal energy storage (TES), S8.5; S51 Thermal properties, F26.1 Thermal resistivity, F25.1 Thermal storage, S51 |
| 981 | Thermal transmission data, F26 Thermistors, R11.4 Thermodynamics, F2.1 Thermometers, F36.5 Thermopile, F7.4; F36.9; R45.4 Thermosiphons Thermostats Three-pipe distribution, S5.5 Tobacco smoke Tollbooths Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA), F18.49 Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), R6.1; R15.16 Trailers and trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Transducers, pneumatic pressure, F7.10 Transfer function method (TFM), A40.9; F18.49 Transmittance, thermal, F25.2 Transmitters, pneumatic pressure, F7.10 Transpiration, R19.19 Transportation centers Transport properties of refrigerants, F30 Traps Trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Tuning automatic control systems, F7.18 Tunnels, vehicular, A15.1 Turbines, S7 Turbochargers, heat recovery, S7.34 Turbulence modeling, F13.3 Turbulent flow, fluids, F3.3 Turndown ratio, design capacity, S13.4 Two-node model, for thermal comfort, F9.18 Two-pipe systems, S5.5; S13.19 U.S. Marshal spaces, A9.5 U-factor Ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, S29.6; S30.3 Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems, S17 |
| 982 | Ultraviolet air and surface treatment, A60 Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), S16.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems] Uncertainty analysis Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems, A4.5; A57.9 Unitary systems, S49 Unit heaters. See Heaters Units and conversions, F38.1 Unit ventilators, S28.1 Utility interfacing, electric, S7.43 UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems UVGI. See Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) Vacuum cooling, of fruits and vegetables, R28.9 Validation, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Valves, S46. (See also Regulators) Vaporization systems, S8.6 Vapor pressure, F27.8; F33.2 Vapor retarders, jackets, F23.12 Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Variable-frequency drives, S45.12 Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), S18.1; S49.1, 13 VAV. See Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Vegetables, R37 Vehicles Vena contracta, F3.4 Vending machines, R16.5 Ventilation, F16 |
| 983 | Ventilators Venting Verification, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.3 Vibration, F8.17 Vibration control, A48 Viral pathogens, F10.8 Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat release rate, A29.3 Viscosity, F3.1 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), F10.11 Voltage, A56.1 Volume ratio, compressors VRF. See Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) VRT. See Virgin rock temperature (VRT) Walls Warehouses, A3.8 Water Water heaters Water horsepower, pump, S44.7 Water/lithium bromide absorption Water-source heat pump (WSHP), S2.4; S49.10 Water systems, S13 |
| 984 | Water treatment, A49 Water vapor control, A44.6 Water vapor permeance/permeability, F26.16, 17 Water vapor retarders, F26.6 Water wells, A34.26 Weather data. See Climatic design information Welding sheet metal, S19.11 Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat stress, A31.5 Wheels, rotary enthalpy, S26.9 Whirlpools and spas Wien’s displacement law, F4.12 Wind. (See also Climate design information; Weather data) Wind chill index, F9.23 Windows. (See also Fenestration) Wind restraint design, A55.15 Wineries Wood construction, and moisture, F25.10 Wood products facilities, A26.1 Wood pulp, A26.2 Wood stoves, S34.5 World Wide Web (WWW), A40.8 WSHP. See Water-source heat pump (WSHP) WWW. See World Wide Web (WWW) Xenon, R47.18 |
| 985 | F13AdditionsI-P 2010 Refrigeration Table 3 Cellular Glass Insulation Thickness for Indoor Design Conditions Table 2 Values 2011 HVAC Applications |
| 986 | Fig. 9 Typical Layout of UVGI Fixtures for Patient Isolation Room 2012 HVAC Systems and Equipment Fig. 3 Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Heat Exchanger |
| 987 | Table 4 Energy Cost Percentiles from 2003 Commercial Survey |
| 989 | I-P_CommentPage |
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