The 2017 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals covers basic principles and data used in the HVAC&R industry. Its more than 1,000 pages cover basic principles such as thermodynamics, psychrometrics, and heat transfer, and provide practical guidance on building envelope, indoor environmental quality, load calculations, duct and piping system design, refrigerants, energy resources, sustainability, and more. An accompanying CD-ROM contains all the volume’s chapters in both I-P and SI units. Each chapter has been reviewed by the hundreds of industry experts on ASHRAE Technical Committees, who update chapters to cover current requirements, technology, and design practice. This expert review and revision sets the ASHRAE Handbook apart from other references. The 2017 edition includes a new chapter’s Chapter 36, Moisture Management in Buildings, which presents data on indoor vapor release and measured indoor/outdoor vapor pressure/concentration differences, and discusses moisture sources and sinks that can reduce materials’ durability, as well as the negative effects of insufficient or excessive indoor relative humidity. Chapter 14, Climatic Design Information, now contains temperature and humidity design conditions and related information for 8118 locations in the U.S., Canada, and other countries around the world- that’s 1675 more locations than the 2013 edition, and more than 2500 added locations compared to the 2009 edition. That’s more of the climate data you need for load and energy calculations. For your load calculations, Chapter 18, Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations, has new design data for lighting power densities, motors, kitchen equipment, LED lighting, walls and roofs, and an updated example calculation.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	Cover
2	Front Matter
3	Dedicated To The Advancement Of The Profession And Its Allied Industries DISCLAIMER
4	CONTENTS
6	CONTRIBUTORS
9	ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of Life Preface
10	CHAPTER 1 – PSYCHROMETRICS 1. Composition of Dry and Moist Air 2. U.S. Standard Atmosphere
11	3. Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air
15	4. Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation
21	5. Humidity Parameters Basic Parameters Humidity Parameters Involving Saturation 6. Perfect Gas Relationships for Dry and Moist Air
22	7. Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature
23	8. Numerical Calculation of Moist Air Properties Moist Air Property Tables for Standard Pressure 9. Psychrometric Charts
25	10. Typical Air-Conditioning Processes Moist Air Sensible Heating or Cooling
26	Moist Air Cooling and Dehumidification Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams
27	Adiabatic Mixing of Water Injected into Moist Air Space Heat Absorption and Moist Air Moisture Gains
28	11. Transport Properties of Moist Air 12. Symbols
29	References
30	Bibliography
32	CHAPTER 2 – THERMODYNAMICS AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES 1. Thermodynamics 1.1 Stored Energy 1.2 Energy in Transition
33	1.3 First Law of Thermodynamics 1.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics
34	1.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Refrigeration Cycles
35	1.6 Equations of State 1.7 Calculating Thermodynamic Properties
36	Phase Equilibria for Multicomponent Systems
37	2. Compression Refrigeration Cycles 2.1 Carnot Cycle
38	2.2 Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using a Pure Refrigerant or Azeotropic Mixture
40	2.3 Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle
41	2.4 Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixture 2.5 Multistage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles
42	2.6 Actual Refrigeration Systems
44	3. Absorption Refrigeration Cycles 3.1 Ideal Thermal Cycle
45	3.2 Working-Fluid Phase Change Constraints
46	Temperature Glide 3.3 Working Fluids
47	3.4 Effect of Fluid Properties on Cycle Performance 3.5 Absorption Cycle Representations 3.6 Conceptualizing the Cycle
48	3.7 Absorption Cycle Modeling Analysis and Performance Simulation
50	Double-Effect Cycle 3.8 Ammonia/Water Absorption Cycles
51	4. Adsorption Refrigeration Systems
52	4.1 Symbols References
53	Bibliography
54	CHAPTER 3 – FLUID FLOW 1. Fluid Properties Density
55	2. Basic Relations of Fluid Dynamics Continuity in a Pipe or Duct Bernoulli Equation and Pressure Variation in Flow Direction
56	Laminar Flow Turbulence 3. Basic Flow Processes Wall Friction Boundary Layer
57	Flow Patterns with Separation
58	Drag Forces on Bodies or Struts Nonisothermal Effects
59	4. Flow Analysis Generalized Bernoulli Equation Conduit Friction
61	Valve, Fitting, and Transition Losses
62	Control Valve Characterization for Liquids Incompressible Flow in Systems
63	Flow Measurement
64	Unsteady Flow
65	Compressibility
66	Compressible Conduit Flow Cavitation
67	5. Noise in Fluid Flow 6. Symbols References
68	bibliography
70	CHAPTER 4 – HEAT TRANSFER 1. Heat Transfer Processes Conduction Convection
71	Radiation Combined Radiation and Convection Contact or Interface Resistance Heat Flux
72	Overall Resistance and Heat Transfer Coefficient 2. Thermal Conduction One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction
73	Two- and Three-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction: Shape Factors
75	Extended Surfaces
77	Transient Conduction
80	3. Thermal Radiation
81	Blackbody Radiation Actual Radiation
82	Angle Factor
83	Radiant Exchange Between Opaque Surfaces
85	Radiation in Gases
86	4. Thermal Convection Forced Convection
91	5. Heat Exchangers Mean Temperature Difference Analysis NTU-Effectiveness (e) Analysis
93	Plate Heat Exchangers Heat Exchanger Transients 6. Heat Transfer Augmentation
94	Passive Techniques
98	Active Techniques
100	7. Symbols
101	Greek Subscripts References
104	Bibliography Fins Heat Exchangers
105	Heat Transfer, General
106	CHAPTER 5 – TWO-PHASE FLOW 1. Boiling Boiling and Pool Boiling in Natural Convection Systems
109	Maximum Heat Flux and Film Boiling Boiling/Evaporation in Tube Bundles Forced-Convection Evaporation in Tubes
115	Boiling in Plate Heat Exchangers (PHEs)
116	2. Condensing Condensation on Inner Surface of Tubes
120	Other Impurities 3. Pressure Drop Friedel Correlation
121	Lockhart and Martinelli Correlation Grönnerud Correlation Müller-Steinhagen and Heck Correlation Wallis Correlation
122	Recommendations Pressure Drop in Microchannels
123	Pressure Drop in Plate Heat Exchangers
125	4. Symbols
127	References
131	Bibliography
132	CHAPTER 6 – MASS TRANSFER 1. Molecular Diffusion Fick’s Law Fick’s Law for Dilute Mixtures
133	Fick’s Law for Mass Diffusion Through Solids or Stagnant Fluids (Stationary Media) Fick’s Law for Ideal Gases with Negligible Temperature Gradient Diffusion Coefficient
134	Diffusion of One Gas Through a Second Stagnant Gas
135	Equimolar Counterdiffusion Molecular Diffusion in Liquids and Solids
136	2. Convection of Mass Mass Transfer Coefficient
137	Analogy Between Convective Heat and Mass Transfer
140	Lewis Relation
141	3. Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer Between Water-Wetted Surfaces and Air Enthalpy Potential Basic Equations for Direct-Contact Equipment
143	Air Washers
144	Cooling Towers Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils
145	4. Symbols
146	References Bibliography
148	CHAPTER 7 – FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTROL 1. GENERAL 1.1 Terminology
149	1.2 Types of Control Action Two-Position Action
150	Modulating Control
151	Combinations of Two-Position and Modulating 1.3 Classification of Control Components by Energy Source Computers for Automatic Control 2. CONTROL COMPONENTS 2.1 Control Devices Valves
153	Dampers
155	Pneumatic Positive (Pilot) Positioners
156	2.2 Sensors and Transmitters Temperature Sensors Humidity Sensors and Transmitters
157	Pressure Transmitters and Transducers Flow Rate Sensors Indoor Air Quality Sensors Lighting Level Sensors Power Sensing and Transmission Time Switches 3.4 Specifying Building Automation System Networks
158	2.3 Controllers Digital Controllers Electric/Electronic Controllers
159	Pneumatic Receiver-Controllers Thermostats 2.4 Auxiliary Control Devices Relays
160	Equipment Status Other Switches Transducers
161	Other Auxiliary Control Devices 3. COMMUNICATION NETWORKS FOR BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
162	3.1 Communication Protocols 3.2 OSI Network Model 3.3 Network Structure BAS Three-Tier Network Architecture
163	Connections Between BAS Networks and Other Computer Networks Transmission Media
165	Communication Tasks 3.5 Approaches to Interoperability Standard Protocols Gateways and Interfaces 4. SPECIFYING BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
166	5. COMMISSIONING 5.1 Tuning Tuning Proportional, PI, and PID Controllers
167	Tuning Digital Controllers
168	Computer Modeling of Control Systems 5.2 Codes and Standards References Bibliography
170	CHAPTER 8 – SOUND AND VIBRATION 1. Acoustical Design Objective 2. Characteristics of Sound Levels Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level
171	Frequency Speed Wavelength Sound Power and Sound Power Level Sound Intensity and Sound Intensity Level
172	Combining Sound Levels Resonances Absorption and Reflection of Sound
173	Room Acoustics Acoustic Impedance 3. Measuring Sound Instrumentation Time Averaging Spectra and Analysis Bandwidths
175	Sound Measurement Basics Measurement of Room Sound Pressure Level
176	Measurement of Acoustic Intensity 4. Determining Sound Power Free-Field Method Reverberation Room Method
177	Progressive Wave (In-Duct) Method Sound Intensity Method Measurement Bandwidths for Sound Power 5. Converting from Sound Power to Sound Pressure
178	6. Sound Transmission Paths Spreading Losses Direct Versus Reverberant Fields Airborne Transmission Ductborne Transmission
179	Room-to-Room Transmission Structureborne Transmission Flanking Transmission 7. Typical Sources of Sound Source Strength Directivity of Sources Acoustic Nearfield
180	8. Controlling Sound Terminology Enclosures and Barriers Partitions
182	Sound Attenuation in Ducts and Plenums Standards for Testing Duct Silencers 9. System Effects
183	10. Human Response to Sound Noise Predicting Human Response to Sound Sound Quality Loudness
184	Acceptable Frequency Spectrum 11. Sound Rating Systems and Acoustical Design Goals
185	A-Weighted Sound Level (dBA) Noise Criteria (NC) Method Room Criterion (RC) Method Criteria Selection Guidelines
186	12. Fundamentals of Vibration Single-Degree-of-Freedom Model Mechanical Impedance Natural Frequency
187	Practical Application for Nonrigid Foundations 13. Vibration Measurement Basics
188	14. Symbols
189	References
190	Bibliography
192	CHAPTER 9 – THERMAL COMFORT 1. Human Thermoregulation
193	2. Energy Balance 3. Thermal Exchanges with Environment
194	Body Surface Area Sensible Heat Loss from Skin Evaporative Heat Loss from Skin
195	Respiratory Losses Alternative Formulations
196	Total Skin Heat Loss
197	4. Engineering Data and Measurements Metabolic Rate and Mechanical Efficiency
198	Heat Transfer Coefficients
199	Clothing Insulation and Permeation Efficiency
201	Total Evaporative Heat Loss Environmental Parameters
203	5. Conditions for Thermal Comfort
204	Thermal Complaints
205	6. Thermal Comfort and Task Performance 7. Thermal Nonuniform Conditions and Local Discomfort Asymmetric Thermal Radiation
206	Draft Vertical Air Temperature Difference
207	Warm or Cold Floors
208	8. Secondary Factors Affecting Comfort Day-to-Day Variations Age Adaptation Sex Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms 9. Prediction of Thermal Comfort Steady-State Energy Balance
209	Two-Node Model
211	Multisegment Thermal Physiology and Comfort Models Adaptive Models Zones of Comfort and Discomfort
212	10. Environmental Indices Effective Temperature Humid Operative Temperature Heat Stress Index
213	Index of Skin Wettedness Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature
214	Wet-Globe Temperature Wind Chill Index 11. Special Environments Infrared Heating
216	Comfort Equations for Radiant Heating
217	Personal Environmental Control (PEC) Systems Hot and Humid Environments
218	Extremely Cold Environments
219	12. Symbols
220	Codes and Standards
221	References
224	Bibliography
226	CHAPTER 10 – INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1. Background
228	1.1 Health Sciences Relevant to Indoor Environment Epidemiology and Biostatistics Industrial, Occupational, and Environmental Medicine or Hygiene Microbiology Toxicology
229	1.2 Hazard Recognition, Analysis, and Control Hazard Control 2. Airborne Contaminants
230	2.1 Particles Industrial Environments Climate Change 3.6 Outdoor Air Ventilation and Health
231	Synthetic Vitreous Fibers Combustion Nuclei Particles in Nonindustrial Environments
232	Bioaerosols
234	2.2 Gaseous Contaminants Industrial Environments
236	Nonindustrial Environments
241	3. Physical Agents 3.1 Thermal Environment Range of Healthy Living Conditions
242	Hypothermia Hyperthermia Seasonal Patterns Increased Deaths in Heat Waves
243	Effects of Thermal Environment on Specific Diseases
244	Injury from Hot and Cold Surfaces 3.2 Electrical Hazards 3.3 Mechanical Energies Vibration Standard Limits
245	Sound and Noise
246	3.4 Electromagnetic Radiation Ionizing Radiation
247	Nonionizing Radiation
248	3.5 Ergonomics
249	References
255	Bibliography
256	CHAPTER 11 – AIR CONTAMINANTS 1. Classes of Air Contaminants
257	2. Particulate Contaminants 2.1 Particulate Matter Solid Particles Liquid Particles Complex Particles Sizes of Airborne Particles
259	Particle Size Distribution
260	Units of Measurement Harmful Effects of Particulate Contaminants Measurement of Airborne Particles
261	Typical Particle Levels Bioaerosols
263	Controlling Exposures to Particulate Matter 3. Gaseous Contaminants
265	Harmful Effects of Gaseous Contaminants Units of Measurement
267	Measurement of Gaseous Contaminants
268	3.1 Volatile Organic Compounds
270	Controlling Exposure to VOCs 3.2 Semivolatile Organic Compounds 3.3 Inorganic Gases
271	Controlling Exposures to Inorganic Gases 4. Air Contaminants by Source 4.1 Outdoor Air Contaminants
272	4.2 Industrial Air Contaminants
273	4.3 Commercial, Institutional, and Residential Indoor Air Contaminants
275	4.4 Flammable Gases and Vapors 4.5 Combustible Dusts
276	4.6 Radioactive Air Contaminants Radon
277	4.7 Soil Gases References
280	Bibliography
282	CHAPTER 12 – ODORS 1. Odor Sources 2. Sense of Smell Olfactory Stimuli
283	Anatomy and Physiology Olfactory Acuity 3. Factors Affecting Odor Perception Humidity and Temperature Sorption and Release of Odors Emotional Responses to Odors
284	4. Odor Sensation Attributes Detectability Intensity
285	Character
286	Hedonics 5. Dilution of Odors by Ventilation 6. Odor Concentration Analytical Measurement Odor Units
287	7. Olf Units References
289	Bibliography
290	CHAPTER 13 – INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING 1. Computational Fluid Dynamics Mathematical and Numerical Background
292	Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Approaches Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
293	Direction Numerical Simulation (DNS) 1.1 Meshing for Computational Fluid Dynamics Structured Grids
294	Unstructured Grids Grid Quality Immersed Boundary Grid Generation Grid Independence
295	1.2 Boundary Conditions for Computational Fluid Dynamics Inlet Boundary Conditions
296	Outlet Boundary Conditions Wall/Surface Boundary Conditions
297	Symmetry Surface Boundary Conditions
298	Fixed Sources and Sinks Modeling Considerations 1.3 CFD Modeling Approaches Planning Dimensional Accuracy and Faithfulness to Details CFD Simulation Steps 1.4 Verification, Validation, and Reporting Results
299	Verification
301	Validation
302	Reporting CFD Results
303	2. Multizone Network Airflow and Contaminant Transport Modeling 2.1 Multizone Airflow Modeling Theory
304	Solution Techniques
305	2.2 Contaminant Transport Modeling Fundamentals Solution Techniques 2.3 Multizone Modeling Approaches Simulation Planning Steps
306	2.4 Verification and Validation Analytical Verification
307	Intermodel Comparison Empirical Validation
309	2.5 Symbols
310	References
312	Bibliography
313	CHAPTER 14 – CLIMATIC DESIGN INFORMATION 1. Climatic Design Conditions Annual Design Conditions
314	Monthly Design Conditions
315	Data Sources
317	Calculation of Design Conditions
318	Differences from Previously Published Design Conditions Applicability and Characteristics of Design Conditions
320	2. Calculating Clear-sky Solar Radiation Solar Constant and Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation Equation of Time and Solar Time
321	Declination Sun Position
322	Air Mass Clear-Sky Solar Radiation 3. Transposition to Receiving Surfaces of Various Orientations
323	Solar Angles Related to Receiving Surfaces Calculation of Clear-Sky Solar Irradiance Incident On Receiving Surface
324	4. Generating Design-Day Data 5. Estimation of Degree-Days Monthly Degree-Days
325	Annual Degree-Days 6. Representativeness of Data and Sources of Uncertainty Representativeness of Data
326	Uncertainty from Variation in Length of Record
327	Effects of Climate Change
328	Episodes Exceeding the Design Dry-Bulb Temperature 7. Other Sources of Climatic Information Joint Frequency Tables of Psychrometric Conditions
329	Degree Days and Climate Normals Typical Year Data Sets Sequences of Extreme Temperature and Humidity Durations
330	Global Weather Data Source Web Page Observational Data Sets References
331	Bibliography
361	CHAPTER 15 – FENESTRATION 1. Fenestration Components 1.1 Glazing Units
362	1.2 Framing
363	1.3 Shading 2. Determining Fenestration Energy Flow
364	3. U-Factor (Thermal Transmittance) Comparison Between Area-Weighted and Length-Weighted Methods
365	3.1 Determining Fenestration U-Factors Center-of-Glass U-Factor Edge-of-Glass U-Factor Frame U-Factor
366	Curtain Wall Construction 3.2 Surface and Cavity Heat Transfer Coefficients
373	3.3 Representative U-Factors for Doors
374	4. Solar Heat Gain and Visible Transmittance 4.1 Solar-Optical Properties of Glazing Optical Properties of Single Glazing Layers
376	Optical Properties of Glazing Systems
379	4.2 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Calculation of Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
380	Diffuse Radiation Solar Gain Through Frame and Other Opaque Elements
381	Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, Visible Transmittance, and Spectrally Averaged Solar-Optical Property Values Airflow Windows Skylights
392	Glass Block Walls Plastic Materials for Glazing 4.3 Calculation of Solar Heat Gain
393	Opaque Fenestration Elements 5. Shading and Fenestration Attachments 5.1 Shading
394	Overhangs and Glazing Unit Recess: Horizontal and Vertical Projections
395	5.2 Fenestration Attachments Simplified Methodology Slat-Type Sunshades
397	Drapery
398	Roller Shades and Insect Screens 6. Visual and Thermal Controls Operational Effectiveness of Shading Devices Indoor Shading Devices
413	Double Drapery 7. Air Leakage Infiltration Through Fenestration
414	Indoor Air Movement 8. Daylighting 8.1 Daylight Prediction
416	8.2 Light Transmittance and Daylight Use
417	9. Selecting Fenestration 9.1 Annual Energy Performance Simplified Techniques for Rough Estimates of Fenestration Annual Energy Performance
418	Simplified Residential Annual Energy Performance Ratings 9.2 Condensation Resistance
420	9.3 Occupant Comfort and Acceptance
421	Sound Reduction Strength and Safety Life-Cycle Costs
422	9.4 Durability 9.5 Supply and Exhaust Airflow Windows 9.6 Codes and Standards National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)
423	United States Energy Policy Act (EPAct) ICC’s 2015 International Energy Conservation Code ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2016 ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2014
424	ICC’s 2015 International Green Construction Code™ Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Building Code of Australia/National Construction Code Complex Glazings and Window Coverings 9.7 Symbols References
428	Bibliography
429	CHAPTER 16 – VENTILATION AND INFILTRATION Sustainable Building Standards and Rating Systems 1. Basic Concepts and Terminology Ventilation and Infiltration
430	Ventilation Air Forced-Air Distribution Systems
431	Outdoor Air Fraction Room Air Movement
432	Air Change Rate Time Constants Averaging Time-Varying Ventilation Rates
433	Age of Air Air Change Effectiveness 2. Tracer Gas Measurements
434	Decay or Growth Constant Concentration Constant Injection
435	Multizone Air Change Measurement 3. Driving Mechanisms for Ventilation and Infiltration Stack Pressure Wind Pressure
436	Mechanical Systems
437	Combining Driving Forces Neutral Pressure Level
438	Thermal Draft Coefficient
439	4. Indoor Air Quality Protection from Extraordinary Events 5. Thermal Loads
440	Effect on Envelope Insulation
441	Infiltration Degree-Days 6. Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Openings Ceiling Heights Required Flow for Indoor Temperature Control Airflow Through Large Intentional Openings Flow Caused by Wind Only
442	Flow Caused by Thermal Forces Only Natural Ventilation Guidelines
443	Hybrid Ventilation 7. Residential Air Leakage Envelope Leakage Measurement
444	Airtightness Ratings Conversion Between Ratings Building Air Leakage Data
445	Air Leakage of Building Components Leakage Distribution
446	Multifamily Building Leakage Controlling Air Leakage 8. Residential Ventilation
448	Shelter in Place Safe Havens 9. Residential IAQ Control
449	Source Control Local Exhaust
450	Whole-House Ventilation Air Distribution Selection Principles for Residential Ventilation Systems
451	10. Simplified Models of Residential Ventilation and Infiltration Empirical Models Multizone Models Single-Zone Models Superposition of Wind and Stack Effects
452	Residential Calculation Examples
453	Combining Residential Infiltration and Mechanical Ventilation
454	Typical Practice 11. Commercial and Institutional Air Leakage Envelope Leakage
455	Air Leakage Through Internal Partitions Air Leakage Through Exterior Doors
456	Air Leakage Through Automatic Doors
457	Air Exchange Through Air Curtains 12. Commercial and Institutional Ventilation
458	Ventilation Rate Procedure Multiple Spaces Survey of Ventilation Rates in Office Buildings 13. Office Building Example Location Building
459	Occupancy Infiltration Local Exhausts
460	Ventilation
461	14. Symbols References
467	Bibliography
469	CHAPTER 17 – RESIDENTIAL COOLING AND HEATING LOAD CALCULATIONS 1. Residential Features 2. Calculation Approach
470	3. Other Methods 4. Residential Heat Balance (RHB) Method 5. Residential Load Factor (RLF) Method 6. Common Data and Procedures
471	General Guidelines Basic Relationships Design Conditions
472	Building Data Load Components
476	7. Cooling Load Peak Load Computation Opaque Surfaces
477	Slab Floors Surfaces Adjacent to Buffer Space Transparent Fenestration Surfaces
478	Infiltration and Ventilation Internal Gain Air Distribution System: Heat Gain Total Latent Load
479	Summary of RLF Cooling Load Equations 8. Heating Load Exterior Surfaces Above Grade Below-Grade and On-Grade Surfaces Surfaces Adjacent to Buffer Space Ventilation and Infiltration
480	Humidification Pickup Load Summary of Heating Load Procedures 9. Load Calculation Example Solution
482	10. Symbols
483	References
485	CHAPTER 18 – NONRESIDENTIAL COOLING AND HEATING LOAD CALCULATIONS 1. Cooling Load Calculation Principles 1.1 Terminology Heat Flow Rates
486	Time Delay Effect 1.2 Cooling Load Calculation Methods Cooling Load Calculations in Practice
487	1.3 Data Assembly 2. Internal Heat Gains 2.1 People 2.2 Lighting Instantaneous Heat Gain from Lighting
490	2.3 Electric Motors
491	Overloading or Underloading Radiation and Convection 2.4 Appliances Cooking Appliances
495	Hospital and Laboratory Equipment Office Equipment
498	3. Infiltration and Moisture Migration Heat Gains 3.1 Infiltration
499	Standard Air Volumes Heat Gain Calculations Using Standard Air Values Elevation Correction Examples 3.2 Latent Heat Gain from Moisture Diffusion
500	3.3 Other Latent Loads 4. Fenestration Heat Gain 4.1 Fenestration Direct Solar , Diffuse Solar , and Conductive Heat Gains 4.2 Exterior Shading 5. Heat Balance Method
501	5.1 Assumptions 5.2 Elements Outdoor-Face Heat Balance Wall Conduction Process
502	Indoor-Face Heat Balance Using SHGC to Calculate Solar Heat Gain
503	Air Heat Balance
504	5.3 General Zone for Load Calculation 5.4 Mathematical Description Conduction Process Heat Balance Equations
505	Overall HB Iterative Solution 5.5 Input Required
506	6. Radiant Time Series (RTS) Method 6.1 Assumptions and Principles 6.2 Overview
508	6.3 RTS Procedure 6.4 Heat Gain Through Exterior Surfaces Sol-Air Temperature
509	Calculating Conductive Heat Gain Using Conduction Time Series 6.5 Heat Gain Through Interior Surfaces Floors 6.6 Calculating Cooling Load
514	7. Heating Load Calculations
516	7.1 Heat Loss Calculations Outdoor Design Conditions
517	Indoor Design Conditions
519	Calculation of Transmission Heat Losses
524	Infiltration 7.2 Heating Safety Factors and Load Allowances 7.3 Other Heating Considerations
525	8. System Heating and Cooling Load Effects 8.1 Zoning 8.2 Ventilation 8.3 Air Heat Transport Systems On/Off Control Systems Variable-Air-Volume Systems Constant-Air-Volume Reheat Systems Mixed Air Systems
526	Heat Gain from Fans Duct Surface Heat Transfer Duct Leakage
527	Ceiling Return Air Plenum Temperatures Ceiling Plenums with Ducted Returns
528	Underfloor Air Distribution Systems Plenums in Load Calculations 8.4 Central Plant Piping Pumps 9. Example Cooling and Heating Load Calculations 9.1 Single-Room Example
530	Room Characteristics
531	Cooling Loads Using RTS Method
538	9.2 Single-Room Example Peak Heating Load 9.3 Whole-Building Example
539	Design Process and Shell Building Definition
540	Tenant Fit Design Process and Definition
541	Room-by-Room Cooling and Heating Loads Conclusions 10. Previous Cooling Load Calculation Methods
542	References
543	Bibliography
545	11. Building Example Drawings
551	CHAPTER 19 – ENERGY ESTIMATING AND MODELING METHODS 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1.1 Models and Approaches Forward (Classical) Approach First-Principles Models 5.3 Passive Heating 6. Data-Driven Modeling 7. Model Calibration 7.1 Bayesian Analysis
552	Data-Driven (Inverse) Approach 1.2 Overall Modeling Strategies
553	1.3 Simulating Secondary and Primary Systems 1.4 History of Simulation Method Development 1.5 Using Energy Models Typical Applications
554	Choosing Measures for Evaluation When to Use Energy Models Energy Modelers
555	1.6 Uncertainty in Modeling 1.7 Choosing an Analysis Method Selecting Energy Analysis Computer Programs
556	2. Degree-Day and Bin Methods 2.1 Degree-Day Method
557	Variable-Base Degree-Day Method Sources of Degree-Day Data
558	2.2 Bin and Modified Bin Methods 3. Thermal Loads Modeling 3.1 Space Sensible Load Calculation Methods
559	Heat Balance Method
560	Weighting-Factor Method
561	Comprehensive Room Transfer Function Thermal-Network Methods
562	3.2 Envelope Component Modeling Above-Grade Opaque Surfaces Below-Grade Opaque Surfaces
563	Fenestration Infiltration 3.3 Inputs to Thermal Loads Models Choosing Climate Data Internal Heat Gains
564	Occupant Behavior Thermal Zoning Strategies
565	4. HVAC Component Modeling 4.1 Modeling Strategies Empirical (Regression-Based) Models
566	4.2 Terminal Components Terminal Units and Controls
567	Underfloor Air Distribution Thermal Displacement Ventilation Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems 4.3 Secondary System Components
568	Fans, Pumps, and Distribution Systems
569	Heat and Mass Transfer Components
570	Application to Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils
571	4.4 Primary System Components Boilers Chillers
572	Cooling Tower Model Variable-Speed Vapor-Compression Heat Pump Model
573	Ground-Coupled Systems 4.5 Modeling of System Controls 4.6 Integration of System Models
574	5. Low-Energy System Modeling 5.1 Natural and Hybrid Ventilation
575	Natural Ventilation
576	Hybrid Ventilation 5.2 Daylighting
577	6.1 Categories of Data-Driven Methods Empirical or “Black-Box” Approach
578	Gray-Box Approach 6.2 Types of Data-Driven Models Steady-State Models
582	Dynamic Models
583	6.3 Model Accuracy and Goodness of Fit 6.4 Examples Using Data-Driven Methods Modeling Utility Bill Data Neural Network Models
584	6.5 Model Selection
587	7.2 Pattern-based Approach 7.3 Multiobjective Optimization 8. Validation and Testing
588	8.1 Methodological Basis Empirical Validation
589	External Error Types Analytical Verification
590	Combining Empirical, Analytical, and Comparative Techniques
591	Testing Model Calibration Techniques Using Synthetic Data
592	References
600	Bibliography
605	CHAPTER 20 – SPACE AIR DIFFUSION
606	1. Indoor Air Quality and Sustainability 2. Terminology Outlet Types and Characteristics
607	3. Principles of Jet Behavior Air Jet Fundamentals
610	Isothermal Radial Flow Jets Nonisothermal Jets
611	Nonisothermal Horizontal Free Jet Comparison of Free Jet to Attached Jet Air Curtain Units Multiple Jets Air Movement in Occupied Zone
612	4. Symbols References
613	Bibliography
615	CHAPTER 21 – DUCT DESIGN Head A initial – 1. Bernoulli Equation
616	Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 1.1 Head and Pressure Head C – Static Pressure Head C – Velocity Pressure Head C – Total Pressure Head C – Pressure Measurement Head A cont – 2. System Analysis
619	Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 2.1 Pressure Changes in System
620	Head A cont – 3. Fluid Resistance Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 3.1 Friction Losses Head C – Darcy and Colebrook Equations Head C – Roughness Factors
622	Head C – Friction Chart Head C – Noncircular Ducts Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 3.2 Dynamic Losses Head C – Local Loss Coefficients
626	Head C – Duct Fitting Database
627	Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 3.3 Ductwork Sectional Losses Head C – Darcy-Weisbach Equation Head A cont – 4. Fan/System Interface Head C – Fan Inlet and Outlet Conditions Head C – Fan System Effect Coefficients
629	Head A cont – 5. Mechanical Equipment Rooms Head C – Outdoor Air Intake and Exhaust Air Discharge Locations Head C – Equipment Room Locations Head A cont – 6. Duct Design Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.1 Design Considerations Head C – HVAC System Air Leakage
632	Head C – Fire and Smoke Control Head C – Duct Insulation Head C – Physical Security Head C – Louvers
633	Head C – Duct Shape Selection
635	Head C – Testing and Balancing Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.2 Design Recommendations
637	Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.3 Design Methods
638	Head C – Noise Control Head C – Goals Head C – Design Method to Use
643	Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.4 Industrial Exhaust Systems
645	Head REF – References
647	Head REF – Bibliography
649	CHAPTER 22 – PIPE DESIGN 1. Fundamentals 1.1 Codes and Standards 1.2 Design Considerations 1.3 General Pipe Systems Metallic Pipe Systems
653	Nonmetallic (Plastic) Pipe Systems Special Systems 1.4 Design Equations Darcy-Weisbach Equation
654	Hazen-Williams Equation Valve and Fitting Losses
656	Losses in Multiple Fittings Calculating Pressure Losses Stress Calculations
658	1.5 Sizing Procedure 1.6 Pipe-Supporting Elements
659	Hanger Spacing and Pipe Wall Thickness 1.7 Pipe Expansion and Flexibility
660	1.8 Pipe Bends and Loops L Bends
661	Z Bends U Bends and Pipe Loops Expansion and Contraction Control of Other Materials
662	Cold Springing of Pipe Analyzing Existing Piping Configurations 2. Pipe and Fitting Materials 2.1 Pipe Steel Pipe
663	Copper Tube Ductile Iron and Cast Iron Nonmetallic (Plastic)
666	2.2 Fittings 2.3 Joining Methods Threading Soldering and Brazing
667	Flared and Compression Joints Flanges
668	Welding Integrally Reinforced Outlet Fittings Solvent Cement Rolled-Groove Joints Bell-and-Spigot Joints Press-Connect (Press Fit) Joints Push-Connect Joints Unions 2.4 Expansion Joints and Expansion Compensating Devices
669	Packed Expansion Joints Packless Expansion Joints
670	3. Applications 3.1 Water Piping Flow Rate Limitations Noise Generation
671	Erosion Allowances for Aging Water Hammer 3.2 Service Water Piping
673	Plastic Pipe Procedure for Sizing Cold-Water Systems
674	Hydronic System Piping Range of Usage of Pressure Drop Charts
675	Air Separation
676	Valve and Fitting Pressure Drop
677	3.3 Steam Piping Pipe Sizes Sizing Charts
681	3.4 Low-Pressure Steam Piping High-Pressure Steam Piping
682	Use of Basic and Velocity Multiplier Charts 3.5 Steam Condensate Systems Two-Pipe Systems
685	One-Pipe Systems 3.6 Gas Piping
686	3.7 Fuel Oil Piping
687	Pipe Sizes for Heavy Oil References
689	Bibliography
691	CHAPTER 23 – INSULATION FOR MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 1. Design Objectives and Considerations Energy Conservation Economic Thickness
692	Personnel Protection
693	Condensation Control
695	Freeze Prevention Noise Control
696	Fire Safety
697	Corrosion Under Insulation
698	2. Materials and Systems Categories of Insulation Materials
699	Physical Properties of Insulation Materials
700	Weather Protection
701	Vapor Retarders
703	3. Installation Pipe Insulation
705	Tanks, Vessels, and Equipment Ducts
708	4. Design Data Estimating Heat Loss and Gain
709	Controlling Surface Temperatures 5. Project Specifications Standards
712	References
713	CHAPTER 24 – AIRFLOW AROUND BUILDINGS 1. Flow Patterns Flow Patterns Around Isolated, Rectangular Block- Type Buildings
715	Flow Patterns Around Building Groups
716	2. Wind Pressure on Buildings Approach Wind Speed Local Wind Pressure Coefficients
717	Surface-Averaged Wall Pressures Roof Pressures
719	Interference and Shielding Effects on Pressures 3. Sources of Wind Data Wind at Recording Stations
720	Estimating Wind at Sites Remote from Recording Stations 4. Wind Effects on System Operation Natural and Mechanical Ventilation
722	Minimizing Wind Effect on System Volume Flow Rate Chemical Hood Operation 5. Building Pressure Balance and Internal Flow Control Pressure Balance Internal Flow Control
723	6. Environmental Impacts of Building External Flow Pollutant Dispersion and Exhaust Reentrainment Pedestrian Wind Comfort and Safety Wind-Driven Rain on Buildings
724	7. Physical and Computational Modeling Physical Modeling Similarity Requirements Wind Simulation Facilities
725	Designing Model Test Programs Computational Modeling
726	8. Symbols References
730	Bibliography
731	CHAPTER 25 – HEAT, AIR, AND MOISTURE CONTROL IN BUILDING ASSEMBLIES-FUNDAMENTALS 1. Fundamentals 1.1 Terminology and Symbols Heat
732	Air Moisture 1.2 Hygrothermal Loads and Driving Forces
733	Ambient Temperature and Humidity Indoor Temperature and Humidity Solar Radiation Exterior Condensation
734	Wind-Driven Rain Construction Moisture Ground- and Surface Water
735	Air Pressure Differentials 2. Heat Transfer 2.1 Steady-State Thermal Response
736	Surface-to-Surface Thermal Resistance of a Flat Assembly Combined Convective and Radiative Surface Heat Transfer Heat Flow Across an Air Space
737	Total Thermal Resistance of a Flat Building Assembly Thermal Transmittance of a Flat Building Assembly Interface Temperatures in a Flat Building Component Series and Parallel Heat Flow Paths
738	Thermal Bridging and Thermal Performance of Multidimensional Construction Linear and Point Thermal Transmittances 2.2 Transient Thermal Response
739	3. Airflow Heat Flux with Airflow
740	4. Moisture Transfer 4.1 Moisture Storage in Building Materials
741	4.2 Moisture Flow Mechanisms
742	Water Vapor Flow by Diffusion Water Vapor Flow by Air Movement Water Flow by Capillary Suction
743	Liquid Flow at Low Moisture Content Transient Moisture Flow
744	5. Combined Heat, Air , and Moisture Transfer 6. Simplified Hygrothermal Design Calculations and Analyses 6.1 Surface Humidity and Condensation 6.2 Interstitial Condensation and Drying Dew-Point Method
745	7. Transient Computational Analysis
746	7.1 Criteria to Evaluate Hygrothermal Simulation Results Thermal Comfort Perceived Air Quality Human Health Durability of Finishes and Structure Energy Efficiency
747	References
748	Bibliography
749	CHAPTER 26 – HEAT, AIR, AND MOISTURE CONTROL IN BUILDING ASSEMBLIES—MATERIAL PROPERTIES 1. Insulation Materials and Insulating Systems 1.1 Apparent Thermal Conductivity Influencing Conditions
751	1.2 Materials and Systems Glass Fiber and Mineral Wool Cellulose Fiber
752	Plastic Foams Cellular Glass Capillary-Active Insulation Materials (CAIMs) Transparent Insulation Vacuum Insulation Panels
753	Reflective Insulation Systems 2. Air Barriers
754	3. Water Vapor Retarders
755	4. Data Tables 4.1 Thermal Property Data 4.2 Surface Emissivity and Emittance Data 4.3 Thermal Resistance of Plane Air Spaces 4.4 Air Permeance Data
760	4.5 Water Vapor Permeance Data
761	4.6 Moisture Storage Data 4.7 Soils Data
764	4.8 Surface Film Coefficients/ Resistances
767	4.9 Codes and Standards
769	References
771	Bibliography
773	CHAPTER 27 – HEAT, AIR , AND MOISTURE CONTROL IN BUILDING ASSEMBLIES—EXAMPLES 1. Heat Transfer 1.1 One-Dimensional Assembly U-Factor Calculation Wall Assembly U-Factor
774	Roof Assembly U-Factor Attics Basement Walls and Floors
775	1.2 Two-Dimensional Assembly U-Factor Calculation Wood-Frame Walls
776	Masonry Walls Constructions Containing Metal
777	Zone Method of Calculation Modified Zone Method for Metal Stud Walls with Insulated Cavities
778	Complex Assemblies
779	Windows and Doors 2. Moisture Transport 2.1 Wall with Insulated Sheathing
780	2.2 Vapor Pressure Profile (Glaser or Dew-Point) Analysis Winter Wall Wetting Examples
782	3. Transient Hygrothermal Modeling
784	4. Air Movement Equivalent Permeance References Bibliography
785	CHAPTER 28 – COMBUSTION AND FUELS 1. Principles of Combustion Combustion Reactions Flammability Limits
786	Ignition Temperature Combustion Modes
787	Heating Value Altitude Compensation
789	2. Fuel Classification 3. Gaseous Fuels Types and Properties
791	4. Liquid Fuels Types of Fuel Oils
792	Characteristics of Fuel Oils
793	Types and Properties of Liquid Fuels for Engines 5. Solid Fuels
794	Types of Coals Characteristics of Coal
795	6. Combustion Calculations Air Required for Combustion
797	Theoretical CO2 Quantity of Flue Gas Produced Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas
798	Sample Combustion Calculations
799	7. Efficiency Calculations
801	Seasonal Efficiency 8. Combustion Considerations Air Pollution
802	Portable Combustion Analyzers (PCAs) Condensation and Corrosion
803	Abnormal Combustion Noise in Gas Appliances
804	Soot References
805	Bibliography
807	CHAPTER 29 – REFRIGERANTS 1. Refrigerant Properties Global Environmental Properties
812	Physical Properties Electrical Properties Sound Velocity 2. Refrigerant Performance 3. Safety
815	4. Leak Detection Electronic Detection Bubble Method
816	Pressure Change Methods UV Dye Method Ammonia Leaks 5. Compatibility with Construction Materials Metals Elastomers
817	Plastics Additional Compatibility Reports References
818	Bibliography
819	CHAPTER 30 – THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS
820	Fig. 1 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 12
822	Fig. 2 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 22
824	Fig. 3 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 23
826	Fig. 4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 32
828	Fig. 5 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 123
830	Fig. 6 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 124
832	Fig. 7 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 125
834	Fig. 8 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 134a
838	Fig. 9 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 143a
840	Fig. 10 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 152a
842	Fig. 11 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 245fa
844	Fig. 12 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant R-1233zd(E)
846	Fig. 13 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1234yf
848	Fig. 14 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1234ze(E)
850	Fig. 15 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 404A
852	Fig. 16 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 407C
854	Fig. 17 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 410A
856	Fig. 18 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 507A
858	Fig. 19 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia)
860	Fig. 20 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 718 (Water/Steam)
862	Fig. 21 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 744 (Carbon Dioxide)
864	Fig. 22 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 50 (Methane)
866	Fig. 23 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 170 (Ethane)
868	Fig. 24 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 290 (Propane)
870	Fig. 25 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 600 (n-Butane)
872	Fig. 26 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 600a (Isobutane)
874	Fig. 27 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1150 (Ethylene)
876	Fig. 28 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1270 (Propylene)
878	Fig. 29 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 704 (Helium)
880	Fig. 30 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen)
882	Fig. 31 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 729 (Air)
884	Fig. 32 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen)
886	Fig. 33 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 740 (Argon)
888	Fig. 34 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Ammonia/Water Solutions Prepared by Kwang Kim and Keith Herold, Center for Environmental Energy Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park
890	Fig. 35 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Water/Lithium Bromide Solutions
891	Fig. 36 Equilibrium Chart for Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions
892	Fig. 37 Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide References Fig. 38 Specific Heat of Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions Fig. 39 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide
897	CHAPTER 31 – PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SECONDARY COOLANTS (BRINES) 1. Salt-Based Brines Physical Properties
900	Corrosion Inhibition 2. Inhibited Glycols Physical Properties
901	Corrosion Inhibition
907	Service Considerations
908	3. Halocarbons 4. Nonhalocarbon, Nonaqueous Fluids References
909	Bibliography
911	CHAPTER 32 – SORBENTS AND DESICCANTS 1. Desiccant Applications 2. Desiccant Cycle
913	3. Types of Desiccants Liquid Absorbents
914	Solid Adsorbents
915	4. Desiccant Isotherms 5. Desiccant Life 6. Cosorption of Water Vapor and Indoor Air Contaminants
916	References Bibliography
917	CHAPTER 33 – PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
921	CHAPTER 34 – ENERGY RESOURCES 1. Characteristics of Energy and Energy Resource Forms Fossil Fuels and Electricity Forms of On-Site Energy Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Resources
922	Environmental Considerations 1.1 On-Site Energy/Energy Resource Relationships Quantifiable Relationships Intangible Relationships
923	1.2 Summary 2. Energy Resource Planning 2.1 Integrated Resource Planning (IRP)
924	2.2 Tradable Emission Credits 3. Overview of Global Energy Resources 3.1 World Energy Resources Production
925	Reserves Consumption
927	3.2 Carbon Emissions 3.3 U.S. Energy Use Per Capita Energy Consumption Projected Overall Energy Consumption
929	Outlook Summary 3.4 U.S. Agencies and Associations References Bibliography
931	CHAPTER 35 – SUSTAINABILITY 1. Definition 2. Characteristics of Sustainability Sustainability Addresses the Future Sustainability Has Many Contributors Sustainability Is Comprehensive
932	Technology Plays Only a Partial Role 3. Factors Impacting Sustainability 4. Primary HVAC&R Considerations in Sustainable Design Energy Resource Availability
933	Fresh Water Supply Effective and Efficient Use of Energy Resources and Water Material Resource Availability and Management Embodied Energy
934	Air, Noise, and Water Pollution Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal
935	5. Factors Driving Sustainability into Design Practice Climate Change Regulatory Environment
936	Evolving Standards of Care
937	Changing Design Process
938	Other Opportunities 6. Designing for Effective Energy Resource Use Energy Ethic: Resource Conservation Design Principles Energy and Power Simplicity Self-Imposed Budgets Design Process for Energy-Efficient Projects
939	Building Energy Use Elements
941	References
942	Bibliography
943	CHAPTER 36 – MOISTURE MANAGEMENT IN BUILDINGS 1. Effects of Humidity and Dampness 2. Elements of Moisture Management
944	3. Envelope and HVAC Interactions 4. Indoor Wetting and Drying Understanding Vapor Balance
945	Hygric Buffering Student Residences and Schools
946	5. Vapor Release Related to Building Use Residential Buildings
947	Natatoriums
948	6. Indoor/Outdoor Vapor Pressure Difference Analysis
949	Residential Buildings
951	Natatoriums
952	7. Avoiding Moisture Problems
953	HVAC Systems Ground Pipes Building Fabric Building Envelope
954	8. Climate-Specific Moisture Management Temperate and Mixed Climates Hot and Humid Climates Cold Climates 9. Moisture Management in Other Handbook Chapters
955	References
956	Bibliography
957	CHAPTER 37 – MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTS 1. Terminology
959	2. Uncertainty Analysis Uncertainty Sources Uncertainty of a Measured Variable
960	3. Temperature Measurement Sampling and Averaging
961	Static Temperature Versus Total Temperature 3.1 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers Sources of Thermometer Errors 3.2 Resistance Thermometers
962	Resistance Temperature Devices Thermistors Semiconductor Devices
963	3.3 Thermocouples
964	Wire Diameter and Composition
965	Multiple Thermocouples Surface Temperature Measurement Thermocouple Construction 3.4 Optical Pyrometry 3.5 Infrared Radiation Thermometers 3.6 Infrared Thermography
966	4. Humidity Measurement 4.1 Psychrometers
967	4.2 Dew-Point Hygrometers Condensation Dew-Point Hygrometers Salt-Phase Heated Hygrometers 4.3 Mechanical Hygrometers 4.4 Electrical Impedance and Capacitance Hygrometers
968	Dunmore Hygrometers Polymer Film Electronic Hygrometers Ion Exchange Resin Electric Hygrometers Impedance-Based Porous Ceramic Electronic Hygrometers Aluminum Oxide Capacitive Sensor 4.5 Electrolytic Hygrometers 4.6 Piezoelectric Sorption 4.7 Spectroscopic (Radiation Absorption) Hygrometers 4.8 Gravimetric Hygrometers
969	4.9 Calibration 5. Pressure Measurement Units 5.1 Instruments Pressure Standards
970	Mechanical Pressure Gages Electromechanical Transducers General Considerations
971	6. Air Velocity Measurement 6.1 Airborne Tracer Techniques 6.2 Anemometers Deflecting Vane Anemometers Propeller or Revolving (Rotating) Vane Anemometers Cup Anemometers Thermal Anemometers
973	Laser Doppler Velocimeters (or Anemometers) Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 6.3 Pitot-Static Tubes
974	6.4 Measuring Flow in Ducts
976	6.5 Airflow-Measuring Hoods 7. Flow Rate Measurement
977	Flow Measurement Methods 7.1 Venturi, Nozzle, and Orifice Flowmeters
979	7.2 Variable-Area Flowmeters (Rotameters) 7.3 Coriolis Principle Flowmeters
980	7.4 Positive-Displacement Meters 7.5 Turbine Flowmeters 7.6 Electromagnetic (MAG) Flowmeters 7.7 Vortex-Shedding Flowmeters 8. Air Infiltration, Airtightness, and Outdoor Air Ventilation Rate Measurement
981	Carbon Dioxide 9. Carbon Dioxide Measurement 9.1 Nondispersive Infrared CO2 Detectors Calibration Applications Optical (Shaft) Encoders
982	9.2 Amperometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors 9.3 Photoacoustic CO2 Detectors Open-Cell Sensors Closed-Cell Sensors 9.4 Potentiometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors 9.5 Colorimetric Detector Tubes
983	9.6 Laboratory Measurements 10. Electric Measurement Ammeters Voltmeters
984	Wattmeters Power-Factor Meters 11. Rotative Speed and Position Measurement Tachometers Stroboscopes AC Tachometer-Generators
985	12. Sound and Vibration Measurement 12.1 Sound Measurement Microphones Sound Measurement Systems Frequency Analysis Sound Chambers
986	Calibration 12.2 Vibration Measurement Transducers Vibration Measurement Systems
987	Calibration 13. Lighting Measurement 14. Thermal Comfort Measurement Clothing and Activity Level Air Temperature Air Velocity
988	Plane Radiant Temperature Mean Radiant Temperature Air Humidity 14.1 Calculating Thermal Comfort 14.2 Integrating Instruments 15. Moisture Content and Transfer Measurement Moisture Content
990	Vapor Permeability Liquid Diffusivity 16. Heat Transfer Through Building Materials Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductance and Resistance
991	17. Air Contaminant Measurement 18. Combustion Analysis 18.1 Flue Gas Analysis 19. Data Acquisition and Recording
992	Digital Recording
993	Data-Logging Devices 20. Mechanical Power Measurement Measurement of Shaft Power Measurement of Fluid Pumping Power 20.1 Symbols Standards
995	References
996	Bibliography
997	CHAPTER 38 – ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS Abbreviations for Text, Drawings, and Computer Programs Computer Programs Letter Symbols
998	Table 1 Abbreviations for Text, Drawings, and Computer Programs
1006	Piping System Identification Definitions Table 2 Examples of Legends Table 3 Classification of Hazardous Materials and Designation of Colorsa Method of Identification Fig. 1 Visibility of Pipe Markings
1007	Table 4 Size of Legend Letters Codes and Standards
1009	CHAPTER 39 – UNITS AND CONVERSIONS
1011	CHAPTER 40 – CODES AND STANDARDS
1040	Additions and Corrections 2014 Refrigeration 2015 HVAC Applications
1042	INDEX

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ASHRAE	2017	1081


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Standard Title	ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals (I-P)
Published Code	ASHRAE
Publication Date	2017
Pages Count	1081

ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook IP 2017

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