ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook IP 2021
$239.58
ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals (I-P)
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ASHRAE | 2021 |
The 2021 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals covers basic principles and data used inthe HVAC&R industry. Its more than 1,000 pages cover basic principles suchas thermodynamics, psychrometrics, and heat transfer, and provide practicalguidance on building envelope, indoor environmental quality, load calculations,duct and piping system design, refrigerants, energy resources, sustainability,a new chapter on climate change, and more.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 1 | I-P_F2021 FrontCover |
| 2 | I-P_F2021 FrontMatter |
| 3 | Dedicated To The Advancement Of The Profession And Its Allied Industries DISCLAIMER |
| 10 | I-P_F21_Ch01 1. Composition of Dry and Moist Air 2. U.S. Standard Atmosphere |
| 11 | 3. Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air |
| 21 | 4. Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation |
| 22 | 5. Humidity Parameters Basic Parameters Humidity Parameters Involving Saturation |
| 23 | 6. Perfect Gas Relationships for Dry and Moist Air |
| 24 | 7. Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature |
| 25 | 8. Numerical Calculation of Moist Air Properties Moist Air Property Tables for Standard Pressure 9. Psychrometric Charts |
| 26 | 10. Typical Air-Conditioning Processes Moist Air Sensible Heating or Cooling Moist Air Cooling and Dehumidification |
| 28 | Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams |
| 29 | Adiabatic Mixing of Water Injected into Moist Air Space Heat Absorption and Moist Air Moisture Gains |
| 30 | 11. Transport Properties of Moist Air |
| 35 | 12. TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF WATER AT SATURATION |
| 36 | 13. Symbols |
| 41 | References |
| 42 | Bibliography |
| 43 | I-P_F21_Ch02 1. Thermodynamics 1.1 Stored Energy 1.2 Energy in Transition |
| 44 | 1.3 First Law of Thermodynamics 1.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics |
| 46 | 1.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Refrigeration Cycles 1.6 Equations of State |
| 47 | 1.7 Calculating Thermodynamic Properties |
| 48 | Phase Equilibria for Multicomponent Systems |
| 49 | 2. Compression Refrigeration Cycles 2.1 Carnot Cycle |
| 50 | 2.2 Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using a Pure Refrigerant or Azeotropic Mixture |
| 51 | 2.3 Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle |
| 52 | 2.4 Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixture |
| 53 | 2.5 Multistage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles |
| 54 | 2.6 Actual Refrigeration Systems |
| 56 | 3. Absorption Refrigeration Cycles |
| 58 | 4. Adsorption Refrigeration Systems 5. REVERSE BRAYTON CYCLE |
| 60 | 6. REVERSE STIRLING CYCLE |
| 61 | 7. Symbols |
| 62 | References |
| 63 | Bibliography |
| 64 | I-P_F21_Ch03 1. Fluid Properties Density |
| 65 | 2. Basic Relations of Fluid Dynamics Continuity in a Pipe or Duct Bernoulli Equation and Pressure Variation in Flow Direction |
| 66 | Laminar Flow Turbulence 3. Basic Flow Processes Wall Friction Boundary Layer |
| 67 | Flow Patterns with Separation |
| 68 | Drag Forces on Bodies or Struts Nonisothermal Effects |
| 69 | 4. Flow Analysis Generalized Bernoulli Equation Conduit Friction |
| 71 | Valve, Fitting, and Transition Losses |
| 72 | Control Valve Characterization for Liquids Incompressible Flow in Systems |
| 73 | Flow Measurement |
| 74 | Unsteady Flow |
| 75 | Compressibility |
| 76 | Compressible Conduit Flow Cavitation |
| 77 | 5. Noise in Fluid Flow 6. Symbols References |
| 78 | bibliography |
| 80 | I-P_F21_Ch04 1. Heat Transfer Processes Conduction Convection |
| 81 | Radiation Combined Radiation and Convection Contact or Interface Resistance Heat Flux |
| 82 | Overall Resistance and Heat Transfer Coefficient 2. Thermal Conduction One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction |
| 83 | Two- and Three-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction: Shape Factors |
| 85 | Extended Surfaces |
| 87 | Transient Conduction |
| 90 | 3. Thermal Radiation |
| 91 | Blackbody Radiation Actual Radiation |
| 92 | Angle Factor |
| 93 | Radiant Exchange Between Opaque Surfaces |
| 95 | Radiation in Gases |
| 96 | 4. Thermal Convection Forced Convection |
| 101 | 5. Heat Exchangers Mean Temperature Difference Analysis NTU-Effectiveness (e) Analysis |
| 103 | Plate Heat Exchangers Heat Exchanger Transients 6. Heat Transfer Augmentation |
| 104 | Passive Techniques |
| 108 | Active Techniques |
| 110 | 7. Symbols |
| 111 | Greek Subscripts References |
| 114 | Bibliography Fins Heat Exchangers |
| 115 | Heat Transfer, General |
| 116 | I-P_F21_Ch05 1. Boiling Boiling and Pool Boiling in Natural Convection Systems |
| 119 | Maximum Heat Flux and Film Boiling Boiling/Evaporation in Tube Bundles Forced-Convection Evaporation in Tubes |
| 125 | Boiling in Plate Heat Exchangers (PHEs) |
| 126 | 2. Condensing Condensation on Inner Surface of Tubes |
| 130 | Other Impurities 3. Pressure Drop Friedel Correlation |
| 131 | Lockhart and Martinelli Correlation Grönnerud Correlation Müller-Steinhagen and Heck Correlation Wallis Correlation |
| 132 | Recommendations Pressure Drop in Microchannels |
| 133 | Pressure Drop in Plate Heat Exchangers |
| 135 | 4. Symbols |
| 137 | References |
| 141 | Bibliography |
| 142 | I-P_F21_Ch06 1. Molecular Diffusion Fick’s Law Fick’s Law for Dilute Mixtures |
| 143 | Fick’s Law for Mass Diffusion Through Solids or Stagnant Fluids (Stationary Media) Fick’s Law for Ideal Gases with Negligible Temperature Gradient Diffusion Coefficient |
| 144 | Diffusion of One Gas Through a Second Stagnant Gas |
| 145 | Equimolar Counterdiffusion Molecular Diffusion in Liquids and Solids |
| 146 | 2. Convection of Mass Mass Transfer Coefficient |
| 147 | Analogy Between Convective Heat and Mass Transfer |
| 150 | Lewis Relation |
| 151 | 3. Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer Between Water-Wetted Surfaces and Air Enthalpy Potential Basic Equations for Direct-Contact Equipment |
| 153 | Air Washers |
| 154 | Cooling Towers Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils |
| 155 | 4. Symbols |
| 156 | References Bibliography |
| 158 | I-P_F21_Ch07 1. GENERAL 1.1 Terminology |
| 159 | 1.2 Types of Control Action Two-Position Action |
| 160 | Modulating Control |
| 161 | Combinations of Two-Position and Modulating 1.3 Classification of Control Components by Energy Source Computers for Automatic Control 2. CONTROL COMPONENTS 2.1 Control Devices Valves |
| 163 | Dampers |
| 165 | Pneumatic Positive (Pilot) Positioners |
| 166 | 2.2 Sensors and Transmitters Temperature Sensors Humidity Sensors and Transmitters |
| 167 | Pressure Transmitters and Transducers Flow Rate Sensors Indoor Air Quality Sensors Lighting Level Sensors Power Sensing and Transmission Time Switches 3.4 Specifying Building Automation System Networks |
| 168 | 2.3 Controllers Digital Controllers Electric/Electronic Controllers |
| 169 | Pneumatic Receiver-Controllers Thermostats 2.4 Auxiliary Control Devices Relays |
| 170 | Equipment Status Other Switches Transducers |
| 171 | Other Auxiliary Control Devices 3. COMMUNICATION NETWORKS FOR BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEMS |
| 172 | 3.1 Communication Protocols 3.2 OSI Network Model 3.3 Network Structure BAS Three-Tier Network Architecture |
| 173 | Connections Between BAS Networks and Other Computer Networks Transmission Media |
| 175 | Communication Tasks 3.5 Approaches to Interoperability Standard Protocols Gateways and Interfaces 4. SPECIFYING BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEMS |
| 176 | 5. COMMISSIONING 5.1 Tuning Tuning Proportional, PI, and PID Controllers |
| 177 | Tuning Digital Controllers |
| 178 | Computer Modeling of Control Systems 5.2 Codes and Standards References Bibliography |
| 180 | I-P_F21_Ch08 1. Acoustical Design Objective 2. Characteristics of Sound Levels Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level |
| 181 | Frequency Speed Wavelength Sound Power and Sound Power Level Sound Intensity and Sound Intensity Level |
| 182 | Combining Sound Levels Resonances Absorption and Reflection of Sound |
| 183 | Room Acoustics Acoustic Impedance 3. Measuring Sound Instrumentation Time Averaging Spectra and Analysis Bandwidths |
| 185 | Sound Measurement Basics Measurement of Room Sound Pressure Level |
| 186 | Measurement of Acoustic Intensity 4. Determining Sound Power Free-Field Method Reverberation Room Method |
| 187 | Progressive Wave (In-Duct) Method Sound Intensity Method Measurement Bandwidths for Sound Power 5. Converting from Sound Power to Sound Pressure |
| 188 | 6. Sound Transmission Paths Spreading Losses Direct Versus Reverberant Fields Airborne Transmission Ductborne Transmission |
| 189 | Room-to-Room Transmission Structureborne Transmission Flanking Transmission 7. Typical Sources of Sound Source Strength Directivity of Sources Acoustic Nearfield |
| 190 | 8. Controlling Sound Terminology Enclosures and Barriers Partitions |
| 192 | Sound Attenuation in Ducts and Plenums Standards for Testing Duct Silencers 9. System Effects |
| 193 | 10. Human Response to Sound Noise Predicting Human Response to Sound Sound Quality Loudness |
| 194 | Acceptable Frequency Spectrum 11. Sound Rating Systems and Acoustical Design Goals |
| 195 | A-Weighted Sound Level (dBA) Noise Criteria (NC) Method Room Criterion (RC) Method Criteria Selection Guidelines |
| 196 | 12. Fundamentals of Vibration Single-Degree-of-Freedom Model Mechanical Impedance Natural Frequency |
| 197 | Practical Application for Nonrigid Foundations 13. Vibration Measurement Basics |
| 198 | 14. Symbols |
| 199 | References |
| 200 | Bibliography |
| 202 | I-P_F21_Ch09 1. Human Thermoregulation |
| 203 | 2. Energy Balance 3. Thermal Exchanges with Environment |
| 204 | Body Surface Area Sensible Heat Loss from Skin Evaporative Heat Loss from Skin |
| 205 | Respiratory Losses Alternative Formulations |
| 206 | Total Skin Heat Loss |
| 207 | 4. Engineering Data and Measurements Metabolic Rate and Mechanical Efficiency |
| 208 | Heat Transfer Coefficients |
| 209 | Clothing Insulation and Permeation Efficiency |
| 211 | Total Evaporative Heat Loss Environmental Parameters |
| 213 | 5. Conditions for Thermal Comfort |
| 214 | Thermal Complaints |
| 215 | 6. Thermal Comfort and Task Performance 7. Thermal Nonuniform Conditions and Local Discomfort Asymmetric Thermal Radiation |
| 216 | Draft Vertical Air Temperature Difference |
| 217 | Warm or Cold Floors |
| 218 | 8. Secondary Factors Affecting Comfort Day-to-Day Variations Age Adaptation Sex Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms 9. Prediction of Thermal Comfort Steady-State Energy Balance |
| 219 | Two-Node Model |
| 221 | Multisegment Thermal Physiology and Comfort Models Adaptive Models Zones of Comfort and Discomfort |
| 222 | 10. Environmental Indices Effective Temperature Humid Operative Temperature Heat Stress Index |
| 223 | Index of Skin Wettedness Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature |
| 224 | Wet-Globe Temperature Wind Chill Index 11. Special Environments Infrared Heating |
| 226 | Comfort Equations for Radiant Heating |
| 227 | Personal Environmental Control (PEC) Systems Hot and Humid Environments |
| 228 | Extremely Cold Environments |
| 229 | 12. Symbols |
| 230 | Codes and Standards |
| 231 | References |
| 234 | Bibliography |
| 236 | I-P_F21_Ch10 1. Background |
| 238 | 1.1 Health Sciences Relevant to Indoor Environment Epidemiology and Biostatistics Industrial, Occupational, and Environmental Medicine or Hygiene Microbiology Toxicology |
| 239 | 1.2 Hazard Recognition, Analysis, and Control Hazard Control 2. Airborne Contaminants |
| 240 | 2.1 Particles Industrial Environments Climate Change 3.6 Outdoor Air Ventilation and Health |
| 241 | Synthetic Vitreous Fibers Combustion Nuclei Particles in Nonindustrial Environments |
| 242 | Bioaerosols |
| 244 | 2.2 Gaseous Contaminants Industrial Environments |
| 246 | Nonindustrial Environments |
| 251 | 3. Physical Agents 3.1 Thermal Environment Range of Healthy Living Conditions |
| 252 | Hypothermia Hyperthermia Seasonal Patterns Increased Deaths in Heat Waves |
| 253 | Effects of Thermal Environment on Specific Diseases |
| 254 | Injury from Hot and Cold Surfaces 3.2 Electrical Hazards 3.3 Mechanical Energies Vibration Standard Limits |
| 255 | Sound and Noise |
| 256 | 3.4 Electromagnetic Radiation Ionizing Radiation |
| 257 | Nonionizing Radiation |
| 258 | 3.5 Ergonomics |
| 259 | References |
| 265 | Bibliography |
| 266 | I-P_F21_Ch11 1. Classes of Air Contaminants |
| 267 | 2. Particulate Contaminants 2.1 Particulate Matter Solid Particles Liquid Particles Complex Particles Sizes of Airborne Particles |
| 269 | Particle Size Distribution |
| 270 | Units of Measurement Harmful Effects of Particulate Contaminants Measurement of Airborne Particles |
| 271 | Typical Particle Levels Bioaerosols |
| 273 | Controlling Exposures to Particulate Matter 3. Gaseous Contaminants |
| 275 | Harmful Effects of Gaseous Contaminants Units of Measurement |
| 277 | Measurement of Gaseous Contaminants |
| 278 | 3.1 Volatile Organic Compounds |
| 280 | Controlling Exposure to VOCs 3.2 Semivolatile Organic Compounds 3.3 Inorganic Gases |
| 281 | Controlling Exposures to Inorganic Gases 4. Air Contaminants by Source 4.1 Outdoor Air Contaminants |
| 282 | 4.2 Industrial Air Contaminants |
| 283 | 4.3 Commercial, Institutional, and Residential Indoor Air Contaminants |
| 285 | 4.4 Flammable Gases and Vapors 4.5 Combustible Dusts |
| 286 | 4.6 Radioactive Air Contaminants Radon |
| 287 | 4.7 Soil Gases References |
| 290 | Bibliography |
| 292 | I-P_F21_Ch12 1. Odor Sources 2. Sense of Smell Olfactory Stimuli |
| 293 | Anatomy and Physiology Olfactory Acuity 3. Factors Affecting Odor Perception Humidity and Temperature Sorption and Release of Odors Emotional Responses to Odors |
| 294 | 4. Odor Sensation Attributes Detectability Intensity |
| 295 | Character |
| 296 | Hedonics 5. Dilution of Odors by Ventilation 6. Odor Concentration Analytical Measurement Odor Units |
| 297 | 7. Olf Units References |
| 299 | Bibliography |
| 300 | I-P_F21_Ch13 1. Computational Fluid Dynamics Mathematical and Numerical Background |
| 302 | Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Approaches Large Eddy Simulation (LES) |
| 303 | Direction Numerical Simulation (DNS) 1.1 Meshing for Computational Fluid Dynamics Structured Grids |
| 304 | Unstructured Grids Grid Quality Immersed Boundary Grid Generation Grid Independence |
| 305 | 1.2 Boundary Conditions for Computational Fluid Dynamics Inlet Boundary Conditions |
| 306 | Outlet Boundary Conditions Wall/Surface Boundary Conditions |
| 307 | Symmetry Surface Boundary Conditions |
| 308 | Fixed Sources and Sinks Modeling Considerations 1.3 CFD Modeling Approaches Planning Dimensional Accuracy and Faithfulness to Details CFD Simulation Steps 1.4 Verification, Validation, and Reporting Results |
| 309 | Verification |
| 311 | Validation |
| 312 | Reporting CFD Results |
| 313 | 2. Multizone Network Airflow and Contaminant Transport Modeling 2.1 Multizone Airflow Modeling Theory |
| 314 | Solution Techniques |
| 315 | 2.2 Contaminant Transport Modeling Fundamentals Solution Techniques 2.3 Multizone Modeling Approaches Simulation Planning Steps |
| 316 | 2.4 Verification and Validation Analytical Verification |
| 317 | Intermodel Comparison Empirical Validation |
| 319 | 2.5 Symbols |
| 320 | References |
| 322 | Bibliography |
| 324 | I-P_F21_Ch14 1. Climatic Design Conditions Station Information Annual Design Conditions |
| 325 | Monthly Design Conditions |
| 326 | Historical Trends |
| 328 | Data Sources |
| 329 | Calculation of Design Conditions |
| 330 | Differences from Previously Published Design Conditions Applicability and Characteristics of Design Conditions |
| 331 | 2. Calculating Clear-sky Solar Radiation |
| 332 | Solar Constant and Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation Equation of Time and Solar Time Declination |
| 333 | Sun Position Air Mass Clear-Sky Solar Radiation |
| 334 | 3. Transposition to Receiving Surfaces of Various Orientations Solar Angles Related to Receiving Surfaces |
| 335 | Calculation of Clear-Sky Solar Irradiance Incident on Receiving Surface 4. Generating Design-Day Data |
| 336 | 5. Estimation of Degree-Days Monthly Degree-Days Annual Degree-Days |
| 337 | 6. Representativeness of Data and Sources of Uncertainty Representativeness of Data |
| 338 | Uncertainty from Variation in Length of Record Effects of Climate Change Episodes Exceeding the Design Dry-Bulb Temperature |
| 340 | 7. Other Sources of Climatic Information Joint Frequency Tables of Psychrometric Conditions Degree Days and Climate Normals Typical Year Data Sets |
| 341 | Observational Data Sets Reanalysis Data Sets |
| 342 | References |
| 343 | Bibliography |
| 344 | I-P_F21_Ch15 1. Fenestration Components 1.1 Glazing Units |
| 345 | 1.2 Framing |
| 346 | 1.3 Shading 2. Determining Fenestration Energy Flow |
| 347 | 3. U-Factor (Thermal Transmittance) Comparison Between Area-Weighted and Length-Weighted Methods |
| 348 | 3.1 Determining Fenestration U-Factors Center-of-Glass U-Factor Edge-of-Glass U-Factor Frame U-Factor |
| 349 | Curtain Wall Construction 3.2 Surface and Cavity Heat Transfer Coefficients |
| 356 | 3.3 Representative U-Factors for Doors |
| 357 | 4. Solar Heat Gain and Visible Transmittance 4.1 Solar-Optical Properties of Glazing Optical Properties of Single Glazing Layers |
| 359 | Optical Properties of Glazing Systems |
| 362 | 4.2 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Calculation of Solar Heat Gain Coefficient |
| 363 | Diffuse Radiation Solar Gain Through Frame and Other Opaque Elements |
| 364 | Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, Visible Transmittance, and Spectrally Averaged Solar-Optical Property Values Airflow Windows Skylights |
| 375 | Glass Block Walls Plastic Materials for Glazing 4.3 Calculation of Solar Heat Gain |
| 376 | Opaque Fenestration Elements 5. Shading and Fenestration Attachments 5.1 Shading |
| 377 | Overhangs and Glazing Unit Recess: Horizontal and Vertical Projections |
| 378 | 5.2 Fenestration Attachments Simplified Methodology Slat-Type Sunshades |
| 380 | Drapery |
| 381 | Roller Shades and Insect Screens 6. Visual and Thermal Controls Operational Effectiveness of Shading Devices Indoor Shading Devices |
| 396 | Double Drapery 7. Air Leakage Infiltration Through Fenestration |
| 397 | Indoor Air Movement 8. Daylighting 8.1 Daylight Prediction |
| 399 | 8.2 Light Transmittance and Daylight Use |
| 400 | 9. Selecting Fenestration 9.1 Annual Energy Performance Simplified Techniques for Rough Estimates of Fenestration Annual Energy Performance |
| 401 | Simplified Residential Annual Energy Performance Ratings 9.2 Condensation Resistance |
| 403 | 9.3 Occupant Comfort and Acceptance |
| 404 | Sound Reduction Strength and Safety Life-Cycle Costs |
| 405 | 9.4 Durability 9.5 Supply and Exhaust Airflow Windows 9.6 Codes and Standards National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) |
| 406 | United States Energy Policy Act (EPAct) ICC’s 2015 International Energy Conservation Code ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2016 ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2014 |
| 407 | ICC’s 2015 International Green Construction Code™ Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Building Code of Australia/National Construction Code Complex Glazings and Window Coverings 9.7 Symbols References |
| 411 | Bibliography |
| 412 | I-P_F21_Ch16 1. MOTIVATION |
| 413 | Sources of Indoor Airborne Pollutants |
| 414 | Sustainable Building Standards and Rating Systems 2. Basic Concepts and Terminology |
| 415 | Outdoor Air Fraction Air Change Rate Time Constants |
| 416 | Age of Air Air Change Effectiveness 3. DRIVING MECHANISMS FOR INFILTRATION Stack Pressure |
| 417 | Wind Pressure |
| 418 | Interaction of Mechanical Systems with Infiltration |
| 419 | Combining Driving Forces Neutral Pressure Level |
| 420 | Thermal Draft Coefficient 4. Measurements OF VENTILATION AND INFILTRATION PARAMETERS Directly Measuring Air Change Rate |
| 421 | Decay or Growth Constant Concentration Constant Injection |
| 422 | Multizone Air Change Measurement Envelope Leakage Measurement Airtightness Ratings |
| 423 | Conversion Between Ratings 5. Residential Infiltration |
| 424 | Building Air Leakage Data Air Leakage of Building Components Leakage Distribution |
| 426 | Multifamily Building Leakage Controlling Air Leakage Empirical Models Multizone Models |
| 427 | Single-Zone Models Superposition of Wind and Stack Effects Residential Calculation Examples |
| 429 | Combining Residential Infiltration and Mechanical Ventilation Typical Practice 6. Residential Ventilation |
| 430 | Types of Mechanical Ventilation in Residences Local Exhaust |
| 431 | Whole-House Ventilation Air Distribution |
| 432 | Selection Principles for Residential Ventilation Systems 7. Commercial and Institutional Air Leakage Envelope Leakage |
| 433 | Air Leakage Through Internal Partitions |
| 434 | Air Leakage Through Exterior Doors Air Leakage Through Automatic Doors |
| 435 | Air Exchange Through Air Curtains 8. Commercial and Institutional Ventilation Ventilation Rate Procedure |
| 436 | Multiple Spaces Survey of Ventilation Rates in Office Buildings 9. Office Building Example Location Building Occupancy |
| 437 | Infiltration Local Exhausts |
| 438 | Ventilation |
| 439 | 10. Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Openings Ceiling Heights Required Flow for Indoor Temperature Control Airflow Through Large Intentional Openings Flow Caused by Wind Only |
| 440 | Flow Caused by Thermal Forces Only Natural Ventilation Guidelines |
| 441 | Hybrid Ventilation 11. Air Exchange Effect on Thermal Loads |
| 442 | Effect on Envelope Insulation Infiltration Degree-Days 12. DYNAMIC CONTROL OF VENTILATION Occupancy-Based Demand-Controlled Ventilation |
| 443 | Implementation in VAV Systems Averaging Time-Varying Ventilation Rates |
| 444 | Continuous Modulation-Equivalent Ventilation or “Smart” Ventilation 13. EXTREME CASES Protection from Extraordinary Events |
| 445 | Shelter in Place Safe Havens 14. Symbols |
| 446 | References |
| 452 | Bibliography |
| 453 | I-P_F21_Ch17 1. Residential Features 2. Calculation Approach |
| 454 | 3. Other Methods 4. Residential Heat Balance (RHB) Method 5. Residential Load Factor (RLF) Method 6. Common Data and Procedures |
| 455 | General Guidelines Basic Relationships Design Conditions |
| 456 | Building Data Load Components |
| 460 | 7. Cooling Load Peak Load Computation Opaque Surfaces |
| 461 | Slab Floors Surfaces Adjacent to Buffer Space Transparent Fenestration Surfaces |
| 462 | Infiltration and Ventilation Internal Gain Air Distribution System: Heat Gain Total Latent Load |
| 463 | Summary of RLF Cooling Load Equations 8. Heating Load Exterior Surfaces Above Grade Below-Grade and On-Grade Surfaces Surfaces Adjacent to Buffer Space Ventilation and Infiltration Humidification Pickup Load |
| 464 | Summary of Heating Load Procedures 9. Load Calculation Example Solution |
| 466 | 10. Symbols |
| 467 | References |
| 469 | I-P_F21_Ch18 1. Cooling Load Calculation Principles 1.1 Terminology Heat Flow Rates |
| 470 | Time Delay Effect 1.2 Cooling Load Calculation Methods |
| 471 | 1.3 Data Assembly |
| 472 | 2. Internal Heat Gains 2.1 People 2.2 Lighting Instantaneous Heat Gain from Lighting |
| 473 | 2.3 Electric Motors |
| 475 | Overloading or Underloading Radiation and Convection 2.4 Appliances |
| 476 | Cooking Appliances |
| 477 | Hospital and Laboratory Equipment |
| 478 | Office Equipment |
| 483 | 3. Infiltration and Moisture Migration Heat Gains |
| 484 | 3.1 Infiltration |
| 486 | Standard Air Volumes Heat Gain Calculations Using Standard Air Values |
| 487 | Elevation Correction Examples 3.2 Latent Heat Gain from Moisture Diffusion 3.3 Other Latent Loads 4. Fenestration Heat Gain 4.1 Fenestration Direct Solar, Diffuse Solar, and Conductive Heat Gains |
| 488 | 4.2 Exterior Shading 5. Heat Balance Method 5.1 Assumptions |
| 489 | 5.2 Elements Outdoor-Face Heat Balance Wall Conduction Process Indoor-Face Heat Balance |
| 490 | Using SHGC to Calculate Solar Heat Gain |
| 491 | Air Heat Balance 5.3 General Zone for Load Calculation |
| 492 | 5.4 Mathematical Description Conduction Process Heat Balance Equations |
| 493 | Overall HB Iterative Solution 5.5 Input Required |
| 494 | 6. Radiant Time Series (RTS) Method 6.1 Assumptions and Principles 6.2 Overview |
| 495 | 6.3 RTS Procedure |
| 496 | 6.4 Heat Gain Through Exterior Surfaces Sol-Air Temperature Calculating Conductive Heat Gain Using Conduction Time Series |
| 497 | 6.5 Heat Gain Through Interior Surfaces |
| 498 | Floors 6.6 Calculating Cooling Load |
| 503 | 7. Heating Load Calculations |
| 511 | 7.1 Heat Loss Calculations Outdoor Design Conditions Indoor Design Conditions Calculation of Transmission Heat Losses |
| 513 | Infiltration 7.2 Heating Safety Factors and Load Allowances |
| 514 | 7.3 Other Heating Considerations 8. System Heating and Cooling Load Effects 8.1 Zoning 8.2 Ventilation 8.3 Air Heat Transport Systems On/Off Control Systems Variable-Air-Volume Systems Constant-Air-Volume Reheat Systems |
| 515 | Mixed Air Systems Heat Gain from Fans Duct Surface Heat Transfer |
| 516 | Duct Leakage Ceiling Return Air Plenum Temperatures |
| 517 | Ceiling Plenums with Ducted Returns Underfloor Air Distribution Systems Plenums in Load Calculations 8.4 Central Plant Piping Pumps 9. Example Cooling and Heating Load Calculations 9.1 Single-Room Detailed Cooling load Example Room and Weather Characteristics |
| 519 | Cooling Loads Using RTS Method |
| 528 | 9.2 Effect OF Orientation on Peak Cooling Load Magnitude and TIME |
| 530 | 9.3 effect of cooling load diversity on peak block load |
| 531 | 9.4 Single-room detailed heating load example |
| 532 | 9.5 conclusion 10. Previous Cooling Load Calculation Methods References |
| 534 | Bibliography |
| 536 | I-P_F21_Ch19 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1.1 Models and Approaches Physics-Based (Forward) Modeling |
| 537 | Data-Driven (Inverse) Modeling 1.2 Overall Modeling Strategies |
| 538 | 1.3 Simulating Secondary and Primary Systems 1.4 History of Simulation Method Development |
| 539 | 1.5 Using Energy Models Typical Applications |
| 540 | Choosing Measures for Evaluation When to Use Energy Models ASHRAE Standard 209 Energy Modelers |
| 541 | 1.6 Uncertainty in Modeling 1.7 Choosing an Analysis Method Selecting Energy Analysis Computer Programs |
| 542 | 2. Degree-Day and Bin Methods 2.1 Degree-Day Method |
| 543 | Variable-Base Degree-Day Method |
| 544 | Sources of Degree-Day Data 2.2 Bin and Modified Bin Methods |
| 545 | 3. Thermal Loads Modeling 3.1 Space Sensible Load Calculation Methods Heat Balance Method |
| 546 | Weighting-Factor Method |
| 548 | Comprehensive Room Transfer Function Thermal-Network Methods Other Methods 3.2 Envelope Component Modeling Above-Grade Opaque Surfaces Below-Grade Opaque Surfaces |
| 549 | Fenestration Infiltration |
| 550 | Ventilation 3.3 Inputs to Thermal Loads Models Choosing Climate Data Internal Heat Gains Thermal Zoning Strategies |
| 551 | 4. HVAC Component Modeling 4.1 Modeling Strategies Empirical (Regression-Based) Models |
| 552 | First-Principles Models |
| 553 | 4.2 Primary System Components Boilers |
| 554 | Chillers Cooling Tower Model Variable-Speed Vapor-Compression Heat Pump Model Ground-Coupled Systems |
| 555 | 4.3 Secondary System Components Fans, Pumps, and Distribution Systems |
| 556 | Heat and Mass Transfer Components |
| 557 | Application to Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils |
| 558 | 4.4 Terminal Components Terminal Units and Controls |
| 559 | Underfloor Distribution Thermal Displacement Ventilation Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems 4.5 Modeling of System Controls |
| 560 | 4.6 Integration of System Models |
| 561 | 5. Low-Energy System Modeling 5.1 Natural and Hybrid Ventilation Natural Ventilation |
| 562 | Hybrid Ventilation 5.2 Daylighting |
| 563 | 5.3 PASSIVE HEAting AND COOLING |
| 564 | 6. OCCUPANT Modeling |
| 565 | 6.1 METHODOLOGICAL BASIS Overview of Modeling Approaches |
| 567 | Occupant Behavior Models |
| 568 | 6.2 OCCUPANT MODEL EVALUATION |
| 570 | 6.3 APPLICATIONS IN BUILDING DESIGN AND OPERATION Selecting an Occupant Modeling Approach Occupant-Centric Building Design Applications |
| 572 | Additional Considerations for Occupant Model Application |
| 573 | 6.4 OCCUPANT BEHAVIOR MODELING TOOLS AND DATA SETS Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools Occupant Behavior Data Sets |
| 574 | 7. multi-scale Modeling 7.1 MODELING AT SUBBUILDING SCALE |
| 575 | 7.2 MODELING AT BUILDING SCALE |
| 576 | 7.3 MODELING AT DISTRICT SCALE 7.4 MODELING AT URBAN SCALE |
| 577 | 7.5 MODELING AT REGIONAL AND NATIONAL SCALES |
| 578 | 8. Data-Driven Modeling 8.1 Categories of Data-Driven Methods Empirical or “Black-Box” Approach Gray-Box Approach 8.2 Types of Data-Driven Models Steady-State Models |
| 583 | Dynamic Models 8.3 Model Accuracy and Goodness of Fit |
| 584 | 8.4 Examples Using Data-Driven Methods Modeling Utility Bill Data Neural Network Models |
| 585 | 8.5 Model Selection 9. MODEL CALIBRATION |
| 587 | 9.1 BAYESIAN ANALYSIS 9.2 PATTERN-BASED APPROACH 9.3 MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION |
| 588 | 10. Validation and Testing 10.1 Methodological Basis |
| 589 | Empirical Validation |
| 590 | Analytical Verification |
| 591 | Combining Empirical, Analytical, and Comparative Techniques Testing Model Calibration Techniques Using Synthetic Data |
| 593 | References |
| 603 | Bibliography |
| 604 | Analytical Verification |
| 605 | Empirical Validation |
| 606 | Intermodel Comparative Testing |
| 607 | General Testing and Validation |
| 608 | I-P_F21_Ch20 |
| 609 | 1. Indoor Air Quality and Sustainability 2. Terminology Outlet Types and Characteristics |
| 610 | 3. Principles of Jet Behavior Air Jet Fundamentals |
| 613 | Isothermal Radial Flow Jets Nonisothermal Jets |
| 614 | Nonisothermal Horizontal Free Jet Comparison of Free Jet to Attached Jet Air Curtain Units Converging Jets 4. Symbols References |
| 615 | Bibliography |
| 617 | I-P_F21_Ch21 Head A initial – 1. Bernoulli Equation |
| 618 | Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 1.1 Head and Pressure Head C – Static Pressure Head C – Velocity Pressure Head C – Total Pressure Head C – Pressure and Velocity Measurements Head A cont – 2. System Analysis |
| 621 | Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 2.1 Pressure Changes in System Head A cont – 3. Fluid Resistance Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 3.1 Friction Losses Head C – Darcy and Colebrook Equations |
| 622 | Head C – Roughness Factors Head C – Friction Chart Head C – Noncircular Ducts |
| 625 | Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 3.2 Dynamic Losses Head C – Local Loss Coefficients |
| 628 | Head C – Duct Fitting Database |
| 629 | Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 3.3 Ductwork Sectional Losses Head C – Darcy-Weisbach Equation Head A cont – 4. Fan/System Interface Head C – Fan Inlet and Outlet Conditions Head C – Fan System Effect Coefficients |
| 631 | Head A cont – 5. Mechanical Equipment Rooms Head C – Outdoor Air Intake and Exhaust Air Discharge Locations Head C – Equipment Room Locations Head A cont – 6. Duct Design Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.1 Design Considerations Head C – HVAC System Air Leakage |
| 634 | Head C – Fire and Smoke Control Head C – Duct Insulation Head C – Physical Security Head C – Louvers |
| 635 | Head C – Duct Shape Selection |
| 636 | Head C – Testing and Balancing Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.2 Design Recommendations |
| 637 | Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.3 Design Methods Head C – Noise Control |
| 640 | Head C – Goals Head C – Design Method to Use |
| 641 | Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 6.4 Industrial Exhaust Systems |
| 648 | Head REF – References |
| 649 | Head REF – Bibliography |
| 651 | I-P_F21_Ch22 1. Fundamentals 1.1 Codes and Standards 1.2 Design Considerations 1.3 General Pipe Systems Metallic Pipe Systems |
| 655 | Nonmetallic (Plastic) Pipe Systems Special Systems 1.4 Design Equations Darcy-Weisbach Equation |
| 656 | Hazen-Williams Equation Valve and Fitting Losses |
| 658 | Losses in Multiple Fittings Calculating Pressure Losses Stress Calculations |
| 660 | 1.5 Sizing Procedure 1.6 Pipe-Supporting Elements |
| 661 | Hanger Spacing and Pipe Wall Thickness 1.7 Pipe Expansion and Flexibility |
| 662 | 1.8 Pipe Bends and Loops L Bends |
| 663 | Z Bends U Bends and Pipe Loops Expansion and Contraction Control of Other Materials |
| 664 | Cold Springing of Pipe Analyzing Existing Piping Configurations 2. Pipe and Fitting Materials 2.1 Pipe Steel Pipe |
| 665 | Copper Tube Ductile Iron and Cast Iron Nonmetallic (Plastic) |
| 668 | 2.2 Fittings 2.3 Joining Methods Threading Soldering and Brazing |
| 669 | Flared and Compression Joints Flanges |
| 670 | Welding Integrally Reinforced Outlet Fittings Solvent Cement Rolled-Groove Joints Bell-and-Spigot Joints Press-Connect (Press Fit) Joints Push-Connect Joints Unions 2.4 Expansion Joints and Expansion Compensating Devices |
| 671 | Packed Expansion Joints Packless Expansion Joints |
| 672 | 3. Applications 3.1 Water Piping Flow Rate Limitations Noise Generation |
| 673 | Erosion Allowances for Aging Water Hammer 3.2 Service Water Piping |
| 675 | Plastic Pipe Procedure for Sizing Cold-Water Systems |
| 676 | Hydronic System Piping Range of Usage of Pressure Drop Charts |
| 677 | Air Separation |
| 678 | Valve and Fitting Pressure Drop |
| 679 | 3.3 Steam Piping Pipe Sizes Sizing Charts |
| 683 | 3.4 Low-Pressure Steam Piping High-Pressure Steam Piping |
| 684 | Use of Basic and Velocity Multiplier Charts 3.5 Steam Condensate Systems Two-Pipe Systems |
| 688 | One-Pipe Systems 3.6 Gas Piping 3.7 Fuel Oil Piping |
| 689 | Pipe Sizes for Heavy Oil References |
| 691 | Bibliography |
| 693 | I-P_F21_Ch23 1. Design Objectives and Considerations Energy Conservation Economic Thickness |
| 694 | Personnel Protection |
| 695 | Condensation Control |
| 697 | 2. INSULATION SYSTEM MOISTURE RESISTANCE Thermal Conductivity of Below-Ambient Pipe Insulation Systems |
| 698 | Freeze Prevention Noise Control |
| 699 | Fire Safety |
| 700 | Corrosion Under Insulation |
| 701 | 3. Materials and Systems Categories of Insulation Materials |
| 702 | Physical Properties of Insulation Materials |
| 703 | Weather Protection |
| 705 | Vapor Retarders |
| 706 | Sheet Vapor Retarders |
| 707 | Alternative Non-Vapor-Retarding Systems Pipe Insulation |
| 709 | Tanks, Vessels, and Equipment |
| 710 | Ducts |
| 712 | 4. Design Data Estimating Heat Loss and Gain |
| 713 | Controlling Surface Temperatures |
| 714 | 5. Project Specifications Standards |
| 715 | References |
| 717 | I-P_F21_Ch24 1. Flow Patterns Flow Patterns Around Isolated, Rectangular Block- Type Buildings |
| 719 | Flow Patterns Around Building Groups |
| 720 | 2. Wind Pressure on Buildings Approach Wind Speed |
| 721 | Local Wind Pressure Coefficients Surface-Averaged Wall Pressures |
| 722 | Roof Pressures Interference and Shielding Effects on Pressures |
| 723 | 3. Sources of Wind Data Wind at Recording Stations Estimating Wind at Sites Remote from Recording Stations |
| 724 | 4. Wind Effects on System Operation |
| 725 | Natural and Mechanical Ventilation |
| 726 | Minimizing Wind Effect on System Volume Flow Rate Chemical Hood Operation 5. Building Pressure Balance and Internal Flow Control Pressure Balance Internal Flow Control |
| 727 | 6. Environmental Impacts of Building External Flow Pollutant Dispersion and Exhaust Reentrainment Pedestrian Wind Comfort and Safety |
| 728 | Wind-Driven Rain on Buildings 7. Physical and Computational Modeling Physical Modeling Similarity Requirements |
| 729 | Wind Simulation Facilities Designing Model Test Programs Computational Modeling |
| 730 | 8. Symbols |
| 731 | References |
| 735 | Bibliography |
| 736 | I-P_F21_Ch25 1. Fundamentals 1.1 Terminology and Symbols Heat |
| 737 | Air Moisture 1.2 Hygrothermal Loads and Driving Forces |
| 738 | Ambient Temperature and Humidity Indoor Temperature and Humidity Solar Radiation Exterior Condensation |
| 739 | Wind-Driven Rain Construction Moisture Ground- and Surface Water |
| 740 | Air Pressure Differentials 2. Heat Transfer 2.1 Steady-State Thermal Response |
| 741 | Surface-to-Surface Thermal Resistance of a Flat Assembly Combined Convective and Radiative Surface Heat Transfer Heat Flow Across an Air Space |
| 742 | Total Thermal Resistance of a Flat Building Assembly Thermal Transmittance of a Flat Building Assembly Interface Temperatures in a Flat Building Component Series and Parallel Heat Flow Paths |
| 743 | Thermal Bridging and Thermal Performance of Multidimensional Construction Linear and Point Thermal Transmittances 2.2 Transient Thermal Response |
| 744 | 3. Airflow Heat Flux with Airflow |
| 745 | 4. Moisture Transfer 4.1 Moisture Storage in Building Materials |
| 746 | 4.2 Moisture Flow Mechanisms |
| 747 | Water Vapor Flow by Diffusion Water Vapor Flow by Air Movement Water Flow by Capillary Suction |
| 748 | Liquid Flow at Low Moisture Content Transient Moisture Flow |
| 749 | 5. Combined Heat, Air , and Moisture Transfer 6. Simplified Hygrothermal Design Calculations and Analyses 6.1 Surface Humidity and Condensation 6.2 Interstitial Condensation and Drying Dew-Point Method |
| 750 | 7. Transient Computational Analysis |
| 751 | 7.1 Criteria to Evaluate Hygrothermal Simulation Results Thermal Comfort Perceived Air Quality Human Health Durability of Finishes and Structure Energy Efficiency |
| 752 | References |
| 753 | Bibliography |
| 754 | I-P_F21_Ch26 1. Insulation Materials and Insulating Systems 1.1 Apparent Thermal Conductivity Influencing Conditions |
| 756 | 1.2 Materials and Systems Glass Fiber and Mineral Wool Cellulose Fiber |
| 757 | Plastic Foams Cellular Glass Capillary-Active Insulation Materials (CAIMs) Transparent Insulation Vacuum Insulation Panels |
| 758 | Reflective Insulation Systems 2. Air Barriers |
| 759 | 3. Water Vapor Retarders |
| 760 | 4. Data Tables 4.1 Thermal Property Data 4.2 Surface Emissivity and Emittance Data 4.3 Thermal Resistance of Plane Air Spaces 4.4 Air Permeance Data |
| 765 | 4.5 Water Vapor Permeance Data |
| 766 | 4.6 Moisture Storage Data 4.7 Soils Data |
| 769 | 4.8 Surface Film Coefficients/ Resistances |
| 772 | 4.9 Codes and Standards |
| 774 | References |
| 776 | Bibliography |
| 777 | Blank Page |
| 778 | I-P_F21_Ch27 1. Heat Transfer 1.1 One-Dimensional Assembly U-Factor Calculation Wall Assembly U-Factor |
| 779 | Roof Assembly U-Factor Attics Basement Walls and Floors |
| 780 | 1.2 Two-Dimensional Assembly U-Factor Calculation Wood-Frame Walls |
| 781 | Masonry Walls Constructions Containing Metal |
| 782 | Zone Method of Calculation Modified Zone Method for Metal Stud Walls with Insulated Cavities |
| 783 | Complex Assemblies |
| 784 | Windows and Doors 2. Moisture Transport 2.1 Wall with Insulated Sheathing |
| 785 | 2.2 Vapor Pressure Profile (Glaser or Dew-Point) Analysis Winter Wall Wetting Examples |
| 787 | 3. Transient Hygrothermal Modeling |
| 789 | 4. Air Movement Equivalent Permeance References Bibliography |
| 790 | I-P_F21_Ch28 1. Principles of Combustion Combustion Reactions Flammability Limits |
| 791 | Ignition Temperature Combustion Modes |
| 792 | Heating Value Altitude Compensation |
| 794 | 2. Fuel Classification 3. Gaseous Fuels Types and Properties |
| 796 | 4. Liquid Fuels Types of Fuel Oils |
| 797 | Characteristics of Fuel Oils |
| 798 | Types and Properties of Liquid Fuels for Engines 5. Solid Fuels |
| 799 | Types of Coals Characteristics of Coal |
| 800 | 6. Combustion Calculations Air Required for Combustion |
| 802 | Theoretical CO2 Quantity of Flue Gas Produced Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas |
| 803 | Sample Combustion Calculations |
| 804 | 7. Efficiency Calculations |
| 806 | Seasonal Efficiency 8. Combustion Considerations Air Pollution |
| 807 | Portable Combustion Analyzers (PCAs) Condensation and Corrosion |
| 808 | Abnormal Combustion Noise in Gas Appliances |
| 809 | Soot References |
| 810 | Bibliography |
| 812 | I-P_F21_Ch29 1. Refrigerant Properties Global Environmental Properties |
| 817 | Physical Properties Electrical Properties Sound Velocity 2. Refrigerant Performance 3. Safety |
| 820 | 4. Leak Detection Electronic Detection Bubble Method |
| 821 | Pressure Change Methods UV Dye Method Ammonia Leaks 5. Compatibility with Construction Materials Metals Elastomers |
| 822 | Plastics Additional Compatibility Reports References |
| 823 | Bibliography |
| 824 | I-P_F21_Ch30 |
| 825 | Fig. 1 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 12 |
| 827 | Fig. 2 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 22 |
| 829 | Fig. 3 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 23 |
| 831 | Fig. 4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 32 |
| 833 | Fig. 5 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 123 |
| 835 | Fig. 6 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 124 |
| 837 | Fig. 7 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 125 |
| 839 | Fig. 8 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 134a |
| 843 | Fig. 9 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 143a |
| 845 | Fig. 10 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 152a |
| 847 | Fig. 11 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 245fa |
| 849 | Fig. 12 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant R-1233zd(E) |
| 851 | Fig. 13 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1234yf |
| 853 | Fig. 14 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1234ze(E) |
| 855 | Fig. 15 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 404A |
| 857 | Fig. 16 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 407C |
| 859 | Fig. 17 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 410A |
| 861 | Fig. 18 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 507A |
| 863 | Fig. 19 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia) |
| 865 | Fig. 20 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 718 (Water/Steam) |
| 867 | Fig. 21 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 744 (Carbon Dioxide) |
| 869 | Fig. 22 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 50 (Methane) |
| 871 | Fig. 23 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 170 (Ethane) |
| 873 | Fig. 24 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 290 (Propane) |
| 875 | Fig. 25 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 600 (n-Butane) |
| 877 | Fig. 26 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 600a (Isobutane) |
| 879 | Fig. 27 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1150 (Ethylene) |
| 881 | Fig. 28 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1270 (Propylene) |
| 883 | Fig. 29 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 704 (Helium) |
| 885 | Fig. 30 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen) |
| 887 | Fig. 31 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 729 (Air) |
| 889 | Fig. 32 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen) |
| 891 | Fig. 33 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 740 (Argon) |
| 893 | Fig. 34 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Ammonia/Water Solutions Prepared by Kwang Kim and Keith Herold, Center for Environmental Energy Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park |
| 895 | Fig. 35 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Water/Lithium Bromide Solutions |
| 896 | Fig. 36 Equilibrium Chart for Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions |
| 897 | Fig. 37 Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide References Fig. 38 Specific Heat of Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions Fig. 39 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide |
| 902 | I-P_F21_Ch31 1. Salt-Based Brines Physical Properties |
| 905 | Corrosion Inhibition 2. Inhibited Glycols Physical Properties |
| 907 | Corrosion Inhibition |
| 912 | Service Considerations |
| 913 | 3. Halocarbons 4. Nonhalocarbon, Nonaqueous Fluids |
| 914 | References |
| 915 | Bibliography |
| 916 | I-P_F21_Ch32 1. Desiccant Applications 2. Desiccant Cycle |
| 918 | 3. Types of Desiccants Liquid Absorbents |
| 919 | Solid Adsorbents |
| 920 | 4. Desiccant Isotherms 5. Desiccant Life 6. Cosorption of Water Vapor and Indoor Air Contaminants |
| 921 | References Bibliography |
| 922 | I-P_F21_Ch33 |
| 926 | I-P_F21_Ch34 1. TYPES OF ENERGY, ENERGY DEFINITIONS, AND energy Characteristics Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Resources Energy Sources Versus Energy Resources Energy Forms and Their Energy Content |
| 927 | Environmental Considerations 1.1 On-Site Energy/Energy Resource Relationships Quantifiable Relationships and Performance Metrics |
| 928 | Intangible Relationships |
| 929 | 1.2 Summary 2. Energy Resource Planning 2.1 Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) |
| 930 | 2.2 Tradable Emission Credits 3. Overview of Global Energy Resources 3.1 World Energy Resources Production |
| 931 | Fossil Fuel Reserves Consumption |
| 933 | 3.2 Carbon Emissions |
| 934 | 3.3 U.S. Energy Use Per Capita Energy Consumption Projected Overall Energy Consumption |
| 936 | Outlook Summary 3.4 U.S. Agencies and Associations References Bibliography |
| 937 | I-P_F21_Ch35 1. Definition 2. Characteristics of Sustainability Sustainability Addresses the Future Sustainability Has Many Contributors Sustainability Is Comprehensive Technology Plays Only a Partial Role |
| 938 | 3. Factors Impacting Sustainability 4. Primary HVAC&R Considerations in Sustainable Design Energy Resource Availability |
| 939 | Fresh Water Supply Effective and Efficient Use of Energy Resources and Water Material Resource Availability and Management Embodied Energy and Embodied Carbon |
| 940 | Air, Noise, and Water Pollution Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal |
| 941 | 5. Factors Driving Sustainability into Design Practice Climate Change Regulatory Environment |
| 942 | Evolving Standards of Care |
| 943 | Changing Design Process |
| 944 | Other Opportunities 6. Designing for Effective Energy Resource Use Energy Ethic: Resource Conservation Design Principles Energy and Power Simplicity Self-Imposed Budgets |
| 945 | Design Process for Energy-Efficient Projects Building Energy Use Elements |
| 948 | References |
| 949 | Bibliography |
| 951 | I-P_F21_Ch36 1. Overview of Climate Science |
| 952 | Climate vs Weather Global Signatures of Climate Change Natural and Human Drivers of Climate Change |
| 953 | Causes of Observed Global Warming |
| 954 | Climate Change in the Distant Past Feedbacks in the Climate Systems |
| 955 | Changes in Climate System Related to Recent Global Warming |
| 956 | Observed Changes in Global Climate Conditions Station-level Trend Data |
| 957 | Future Changes in Climate |
| 959 | Projected Climatic Information for Use in Building Design and Analysis |
| 960 | Using Recent Measured Data Summary |
| 961 | 2. Mitigating Climate Change |
| 962 | Reduce Carbon Emissions by Design and Construction |
| 963 | Perform Deep Energy Retrofits of Existing Buildings Reduce Carbon Emissions from Building Operations |
| 964 | Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and Building Electrification Cost of Avoiding GHG Emissions Refrigerants and Fluorinated Gases (F-Gases) |
| 965 | Geoengineering Technologies |
| 966 | Summary 3. Adapting to Climate Change An ASHRAE Framework for Risk-Aware Practice Adaptation and Related Terms |
| 967 | Chronic vs Acute Impacts of Climate Change Impacts on Envelope-Driven Loads Impacts on HVAC Systems |
| 968 | Impacts on Indoor Air Quality Operational Management and Design for Smoke Migration Risk from Wildfires |
| 969 | Existing Professional Activities Design Opportunities and Strategies |
| 970 | Resources for Adaptation Existing ASHRAE Resources 4. Conclusion 5. glossary |
| 972 | References |
| 976 | Blank Page |
| 977 | I-P_F21_Ch37 1. Effects of Humidity and Dampness 2. Elements of Moisture Management |
| 978 | 3. Envelope and HVAC Interactions 4. Indoor Wetting and Drying Understanding Vapor Balance |
| 979 | Hygric Buffering Student Residences and Schools |
| 980 | 5. Vapor Release Related to Building Use Residential Buildings |
| 981 | Natatoriums |
| 982 | 6. Indoor/Outdoor Vapor Pressure Difference Analysis |
| 983 | Residential Buildings |
| 985 | Natatoriums |
| 986 | 7. Avoiding Moisture Problems |
| 987 | HVAC Systems Ground Pipes Building Fabric Building Envelope |
| 988 | 8. Climate-Specific Moisture Management Temperate and Mixed Climates Hot and Humid Climates Cold Climates 9. Moisture Management in Other Handbook Chapters |
| 989 | References |
| 990 | Bibliography |
| 991 | I-P_F21_Ch38 1. Terminology |
| 993 | 2. Uncertainty Analysis Uncertainty Sources Uncertainty of a Measured Variable |
| 994 | 3. Temperature Measurement Sampling and Averaging |
| 995 | Static Temperature Versus Total Temperature 3.1 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers Sources of Thermometer Errors 3.2 Resistance Thermometers |
| 996 | Resistance Temperature Devices Thermistors Semiconductor Devices |
| 997 | 3.3 Thermocouples |
| 998 | Wire Diameter and Composition |
| 999 | Multiple Thermocouples Surface Temperature Measurement Thermocouple Construction 3.4 Optical Pyrometry 3.5 Infrared Radiation Thermometers 3.6 Infrared Thermography |
| 1000 | 4. Humidity Measurement 4.1 Psychrometers |
| 1001 | 4.2 Dew-Point Hygrometers Condensation Dew-Point Hygrometers Salt-Phase Heated Hygrometers 4.3 Mechanical Hygrometers 4.4 Electrical Impedance, Resistance, and Capacitance Hygrometers |
| 1002 | Dunmore Hygrometers Polymer Film Electronic Hygrometers Ion Exchange Resin Electric Hygrometers Impedance-Based Porous Ceramic Electronic Hygrometers Aluminum Oxide Capacitive Sensor Resistive Sensor 4.5 Electrolytic Hygrometers 4.6 Piezoelectric Sorption 4.7 Spectroscopic (Radiation Absorption) Hygrometers |
| 1003 | 4.8 Gravimetric Hygrometers 4.9 Calibration 5. Pressure Measurement Units 5.1 Instruments Pressure Standards |
| 1004 | Mechanical Pressure Gages Electromechanical Transducers General Considerations |
| 1005 | 6. Air Velocity Measurement 6.1 Airborne Tracer Techniques 6.2 Anemometers Deflecting Vane Anemometers Propeller or Revolving (Rotating) Vane Anemometers Cup Anemometers Thermal Anemometers |
| 1007 | Laser Doppler Velocimeters (or Anemometers) Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 6.3 Pitot-Static Tubes |
| 1008 | 6.4 Measuring Flow in Ducts |
| 1010 | 6.5 Airflow-Measuring Hoods |
| 1011 | 6.6 Vortex Shedding in Airflow Measurement 7. Flow Rate Measurement |
| 1013 | Flow Measurement Methods 7.1 Venturi, Nozzle, and Orifice Flowmeters |
| 1014 | 7.2 Variable-Area Flowmeters (Rotameters) |
| 1015 | 7.3 Coriolis Principle Flowmeters 7.4 Positive-Displacement Meters 7.5 Turbine Flowmeters 7.6 Electromagnetic (MAG) Flowmeters 7.7 Vortex-Shedding Flowmeters |
| 1016 | 8. Air Infiltration, Airtightness, and Outdoor Air Ventilation Rate Measurement Carbon Dioxide 9. Carbon Dioxide Measurement 9.1 Nondispersive Infrared CO2 Detectors |
| 1017 | Calibration Applications 9.2 Amperometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors 9.3 Photoacoustic CO2 Detectors Open-Cell Sensors Optical (Shaft) Encoders |
| 1018 | Closed-Cell Sensors 9.4 Potentiometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors 9.5 Colorimetric Detector Tubes 9.6 Laboratory Measurements 10. Electric Measurement Ammeters Voltmeters |
| 1019 | Wattmeters Power-Factor Meters 11. Rotative Speed and Position Measurement Tachometers Stroboscopes AC Tachometer-Generators |
| 1020 | 12. Sound and Vibration Measurement 12.1 Sound Measurement Microphones |
| 1021 | Sound Measurement Systems Frequency Analysis Sound Chambers Calibration 12.2 Vibration Measurement |
| 1022 | Transducers Vibration Measurement Systems Calibration 13. Lighting Measurement |
| 1023 | 14. Thermal Comfort Measurement Clothing and Activity Level Air Temperature Air Velocity Plane Radiant Temperature Mean Radiant Temperature Air Humidity 14.1 Calculating Thermal Comfort |
| 1024 | 14.2 Integrating Instruments 15. Moisture Content and Transfer Measurement Moisture Content |
| 1025 | Vapor Permeability Liquid Diffusivity |
| 1026 | 16. Heat Transfer Through Building Materials Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductance and Resistance 17. Air Contaminant Measurement |
| 1027 | 18. Combustion Analysis 18.1 Flue Gas Analysis 19. Data Acquisition and Recording Digital Recording |
| 1028 | Data-Logging Devices 20. Mechanical Power Measurement Measurement of Shaft Power Measurement of Fluid Pumping Power |
| 1029 | 20.1 Symbols Standards |
| 1030 | References |
| 1032 | Bibliography |
| 1033 | I-P_F21_Ch39 1. Abbreviations for Text, Drawings, and Computer Programs Computer Programs 2. Letter Symbols |
| 1036 | 3. Letter Symbols 4. Dimensionless Numbers |
| 1037 | 5. Mathematical Symbols |
| 1042 | 6. Piping System Identification Definitions Method of Identification |
| 1043 | 7. Codes and Standards |
| 1044 | I-P_F21_Ch40 |
| 1046 | I-P_F21_Ch41 |
| 1076 | I-P_F21_Errata 2019 HVAC Applications 2020 HVAC Systems and Equipment |
| 1082 | I-P_F2021 IndexIX Abbreviations, F38 Absorbents Absorption Acoustics. See Sound Activated alumina, S24.1, 4, 12 Activated carbon adsorption, A47.9 Adaptation, environmental, F9.17 ADPI. See Air diffusion performance index (ADPI) Adsorbents Adsorption Aeration, of farm crops, A26 Aerosols, S29.1 AFDD. See Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD) Affinity laws for centrifugal pumps, S44.8 AFUE. See Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE) AHU. See Air handlers Air Air barriers, F25.9; F26.5 Airborne infectious diseases, F10.7 Air cleaners. (See also Filters, air; Industrial exhaust gas cleaning) Air conditioners. (See also Central air conditioning) |
| 1083 | Air conditioning. (See also Central air conditioning) Air contaminants, F11. (See also Contaminants) Aircraft, A13 Air curtains Air diffusers, S20 Air diffusion, F20 Air diffusion performance index (ADPI), A58.6 Air dispersion systems, fabric, S19.11 Air distribution, A58; F20; S4; S20 Air exchange rate Air filters. See Filters, air Airflow |
| 1084 | Airflow retarders, F25.9 Air flux, F25.2. (See also Airflow) Air handlers Air inlets Air intakes Air jets. See Air diffusion Air leakage. (See also Infiltration) Air mixers, S4.8 Air outlets Airports, air conditioning, A3.6 Air quality. [See also Indoor air quality (IAQ)] Air terminal units (ATUs) Airtightness, F37.24 Air-to-air energy recovery, S26 Air-to-transmission ratio, S5.13 Air transport, R27 Air washers Algae, control, A50.12 All-air systems Altitude, effects of Ammonia Anchor bolts, seismic restraint, A56.7 Anemometers Animal environments |
| 1085 | Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), S34.2 Antifreeze Antisweat heaters (ASH), R15.5 Apartment buildings Aquifers, thermal storage, S51.7 Archimedes number, F20.6 Archives. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Arenas Argon, recovery, R47.17 Asbestos, F10.5 ASH. See Antisweat heaters (ASH) Atriums Attics, unconditioned, F27.2 Auditoriums, A5.3 Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD), A40.4; A63.1 Automobiles Autopsy rooms, A9.12; A10.6, 7 Avogadro’s law, and fuel combustion, F28.11 Backflow-prevention devices, S46.14 BACnet®, A41.9; F7.18 Bacteria Bakery products, R41 Balance point, heat pumps, S48.9 Balancing. (See also Testing, adjusting, and balancing) BAS. See Building automation systems (BAS) Baseboard units Basements Bayesian analysis, F19.37 Beer’s law, F4.16 Behavior BEMP. See Building energy modeling professional (BEMP) Bernoulli equation, F21.1 Best efficiency point (BEP), S44.8 Beverages, R39 BIM. See Building information modeling (BIM) Bioaerosols Biocides, control, A50.14 Biodiesel, F28.8 Biological safety cabinets, A17.5 Biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11 Bioterrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Boilers, F19.21; S32 Boiling Brake horsepower, S44.8 Brayton cycle Bread, R41 Breweries Brines. See Coolants, secondary Building automation systems (BAS), A41.8; A63.1; F7.14 |
| 1086 | Building energy modeling professional (BEMP), F19.5 Building energy monitoring, A42. (See also Energy, monitoring) Building envelopes Building information modeling (BIM), A41.8; A60.18 Building materials, properties, F26 Building performance simulation (BPS), A65.8 Buildings Building thermal mass Burners Buses Bus terminals Butane, commercial, F28.5 CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD) Cafeterias, service water heating, A51.12, 19 Calcium chloride brines, F31.1 Candy Capillary action, and moisture flow, F25.10 Capillary tubes Carbon dioxide Carbon emissions, F34.7 Carbon monoxide Cargo containers, R25 Carnot refrigeration cycle, F2.6 |
| 1087 | Cattle, beef and dairy, A25.7. (See also Animal environments) CAV. See Constant air volume (CAV) Cavitation, F3.13 CBRE. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents CEER. See Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER) Ceiling effect. See Coanda effect Ceilings Central air conditioning, A43. (See also Air conditioning) Central plant optimization, A8.13 Central plants Central systems Cetane number, engine fuels, F28.9 CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Change-point regression models, F19.28 Charge minimization, R1.36 Charging, refrigeration systems, R8.4 Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents, A61 Chemical plants Chemisorption, A47.10 Chilled beams, S20.10 Chilled water (CW) Chillers Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F6.7 Chimneys, S35 Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), A35.44 Chocolate, R42.1. (See also Candy) Choking, F3.13 CHP systems. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Cinemas, A5.3 CKV. See Commercial kitchen ventilation (CVK) Claude cycle, R47.8 Cleanrooms. See Clean spaces Clean spaces, A19 |
| 1088 | Clear-sky solar radiation, calculation, F14.8 Climate change, F36 Climatic design information, F14 Clinics, A9.17 Clothing CLTD/CLF. See Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF) CMMS. See Computerized maintenance management system (CMSS) Coal Coanda effect, A34.22; F20.2, 7; S20.2 Codes, A66. (See also Standards) Coefficient of performance (COP) Coefficient of variance of the root mean square error [CV(RMSE)], F19.33 Cogeneration. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Coils Colburn’s analogy, F4.17 Colebrook equation Collaborative design, A60 Collectors, solar, A36.6, 11, 24, 25; S37.3 Colleges and universities, A8.11 Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER), S49.3 Combined heat and power (CHP), S7 Combustion, F28 |
| 1089 | Combustion air systems Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC), S7.21; S8.1 Comfort. (See also Physiological principles, humans) Commercial and public buildings, A3 Commercial kitchen ventilation (CKV), A34 Commissioning, A44 Comprehensive room transfer function method (CRTF), F19.11 Compressors, S38 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F13.1, F19.25 Computer-aided design (CAD), A19.6 Computerized maintenance management system (CMMS), A60.17 Computers, A41 Concert halls, A5.4 Concrete Condensate Condensation |
| 1090 | Condensers, S39 Conductance, thermal, F4.3; F25.1 Conduction Conductivity, thermal, F25.1; F26.1 Constant air volume (CAV) Construction. (See also Building envelopes) Containers. (See also Cargo containers) Contaminants Continuity, fluid dynamics, F3.2 Control. (See also Controls, automatic; Supervisory control) |
| 1091 | Controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage Controlled-environment rooms (CERs), and plant growth, A25.16 Controls, automatic, F7. (See also Control) Convection Convectors Convention centers, A5.5 Conversion factors, F39 Cooking appliances Coolants, secondary Coolers. (See also Refrigerators) |
| 1092 | Cooling. (See also Air conditioning) Cooling load Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF), F18.57 Cooling towers, S40 Cool storage, S51.1 COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP) Corn, drying, A26.1 Correctional facilities. See Justice facilities Corrosion Costs. (See also Economics) Cotton, drying, A26.8 Courthouses, A10.5 Courtrooms, A10.5 CPVC. See Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) Crawlspaces Critical spaces Crops. See Farm crops Cruise terminals, A3.6 Cryogenics, R47 |
| 1093 | Curtain walls, F15.6 Dairy products, R33 Dampers Dampness problems in buildings, A64.1 Dams, concrete cooling, R45.1 Darcy equation, F21.6 Darcy-Weisbach equation Data centers, A20 Data-driven modeling Daylighting, F19.26 DDC. See Direct digital control (DDC) Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS), F36.12; S4.14; S18.2, 8; S25.4; S51 Definitions, of refrigeration terms, R50 Defrosting Degree-days, F14.12 Dehumidification, A48.15; S24 Dehumidifiers Dehydration Demand control kitchen ventilation (DCKV), A34.18 Density Dental facilities, A9.17 Desiccants, F32.1; S24.1 |
| 1094 | Design-day climatic data, F14.12 Desorption isotherm, F26.20 Desuperheaters Detection Dew point, A64.8 Diamagnetism, and superconductivity, R47.5 Diesel fuel, F28.9 Diffusers, air, sound control, A49.12 Diffusion Diffusivity Dilution Dining halls, in justice facilities, A10.4 DIR. See Dispersive infrared (DIR) Direct digital control (DDC), F7.4, 11 Direct numerical simulation (DNS), turbulence modeling, F13.4; F24.13 Dirty bombs. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Disabilities, A8.23 Discharge coefficients, in fluid flow, F3.9 Dispersive infrared (DIR), F7.10 Display cases Display cases, R15.2, 5 District energy (DE). See District heating and cooling (DHC) District heating and cooling (DHC), S12 d-limonene, F31.12 DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS) DOAS. See Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) Doors Dormitories Draft Drag, in fluid flow, F3.5 Driers, S7.6. (See also Dryers) Drip station, steam systems, S12.14 Dryers. (See also Driers) Drying DTW. See Dual-temperature water (DTW) system Dual-duct systems Dual-temperature water (DTW) system, S13.1 DuBois equation, F9.3 Duct connections, A64.10 Duct design Ducts |
| 1095 | Dust mites, F25.16 Dusts, S29.1 Dynamometers, A18.1 Earth, stabilization, R45.3, 4 Earthquakes, seismic-resistant design, A56.1 Economic analysis, A38 Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP), S7.2 Economic performance degradation index (EPDI), A63.5 Economics. (See also Costs) Economizers ECOP. See Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP) ECS. See Environmental control system (ECS) Eddy diffusivity, F6.7 Educational facilities, A8 EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Effectiveness, heat transfer, F4.22 Effectiveness-NTU heat exchanger model, F19.19 Efficiency Eggs, R34 Electricity Electric thermal storage (ETS), S51.17 Electronic smoking devices (“e-cigarettes”), F11.19 Electrostatic precipitators, S29.7; S30.7 Elevators Emissions, pollution, F28.9 Emissivity, F4.2 Emittance, thermal, F25.2 Enclosed vehicular facilities, A16 Energy |
| 1096 | Energy and water use and management, A37 Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC), A38.8 Energy transfer station, S12.37 Engines, S7 Engine test facilities, A18 Enhanced tubes. See Finned-tube heat transfer coils Enthalpy Entropy, F2.1 Environmental control Environmental control system (ECS), A13 Environmental health, F10 Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) EPDI. See Economic performance degradation index (EPDI) Equipment vibration, A49.44; F8.17 ERF. See Effective radiant flux (ERF) ESPC. See Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC) Ethylene glycol, in hydronic systems, S13.24 ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Electric thermal storage (ETS) Evaluation. See Testing Evaporation, in tubes Evaporative coolers. (See also Refrigerators) Evaporative cooling, A53 Evaporators. (See also Coolers, liquid) Exfiltration, F16.2 Exhaust |
| 1097 | Exhibit buildings, temporary, A5.6 Exhibit cases Exhibition centers, A5.5 Expansion joints and devices Expansion tanks, S12.10 Explosions. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Fairs, A5.6 Family courts, A10.4. (See also Juvenile detention facilities) Fan-coil units, S5.6 Fans, F19.18; S21 Farm crops, drying and storing, A26 Faults, system, reasons for detecting, A40.4 f-Chart method, sizing heating and cooling systems, A36.20 Fenestration. (See also Windows) Fick’s law, F6.1 Filters, air, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Finned-tube heat-distributing units, S36.2, 5 Finned-tube heat transfer coils, F4.25 Fins, F4.6 Fire/smoke control. See Smoke control Firearm laboratories, A10.7 Fire management, A54.2 Fireplaces, S34.5 Fire safety Fish, R19; R32 Fitness facilities. (See also Gymnasiums) Fittings |
| 1098 | Fixed-guideway vehicles, A12.7. (See also Mass-transit systems) Fixture units, A51.1, 28 Flammability limits, gaseous fuels, F28.1 Flash tank, steam systems, S11.14 Floors Flowers, cut Flowmeters, A39.26; F37.18 Fluid dynamics computations, F13.1 Fluid flow, F3 Food. (See also specific foods) Food service Forced-air systems, residential, A1.1 Forensic labs, A10.6 Fouling factor Foundations Fountains, Legionella pneumophila control, A50.15 Fourier’s law, and heat transfer, F25.5 Four-pipe systems, S5.5 Framing, for fenestration Freeze drying, A31.6 Freeze prevention. (See also Freeze protection systems) Freeze protection systems, A52.19, 20 Freezers Freezing Friction, in fluid flow |
| 1099 | Fruit juice, R38 Fruits Fuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP), S7.22 Fuels, F28 Fume hoods, laboratory exhaust, A17.3 Fungi Furnaces, S33 Galleries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Garages Gases Gas-fired equipment, S34. (See also Natural gas) Gas vents, S35.1 Gaussian process (GP) models, F19.30 GCHP. See Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Generators Geothermal energy, A35 Geothermal heat pumps (GHP), A35.1 Glaser method, F25.15 Glazing Global climate change, F36 Global warming potential (GWP), F29.5 Glossary, of refrigeration terms, R50 Glycols, desiccant solution, S24.2 Graphical symbols, F38 Green design, and sustainability, F35.1 Greenhouses. (See also Plant environments) Grids, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Ground-coupled systems, F19.23 Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), A35.1 Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP), A35.30 GSHP. See Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) Guard stations, in justice facilities, A10.5 GWHP. See Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP) GWP. See Global warming potential (GWP) Gymnasiums, A5.5; A8.3 HACCP. See Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) Halocarbon Hartford loop, S11.3 Hay, drying, A26.8 Hazard analysis and control, F10.4 Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP), R22.4 Hazen-Williams equation, F22.6 HB. See Heat balance (HB) Health |
| 1100 | Health care facilities, A9. (See also specific types) Health effects, mold, A64.1 Heat Heat and moisture control, F27.1 Heat balance (HB), S9.23 Heat balance method, F19.3 Heat capacity, F25.1 Heat control, F27 Heaters, S34 Heat exchangers, S47 Heat flow, F25. (See also Heat transfer) Heat flux, F25.1 Heat gain. (See also Load calculations) Heating Heating load Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF), S48.6 Heating values of fuels, F28.3, 9, 10 Heat loss. (See also Load calculations) |
| 1101 | Heat pipes, air-to-air energy recovery, S26.14 Heat pumps Heat recovery. (See also Energy, recovery) Heat storage. See Thermal storage Heat stress Heat transfer, F4; F25; F26; F27. (See also Heat flow) Heat transmission Heat traps, A51.1 Helium High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, A29.3; S29.6; S30.3 High-rise buildings. See Tall buildings High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, R33.2 High-temperature water (HTW) system, S13.1 |
| 1102 | Homeland security. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Hoods Hospitals, A9.3 Hot-box method, of thermal modeling, F25.8 Hotels and motels, A7 Hot-gas bypass, R1.35 Houses of worship, A5.3 HSI. See Heat stress, index (HSI) HSPF. See Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) HTST. See High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization Humidification, S22 Humidifiers, S22 Humidity (See also Moisture) HVAC security, A61 Hybrid inverse change point model, F19.31 Hybrid ventilation, F19.26 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), R1.1 Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), R1.1 Hydrogen, liquid, R47.3 Hydronic systems, S35. (See also Water systems) Hygrometers, F7.9; F37.10, 11 Hygrothermal loads, F25.2 Hygrothermal modeling, F25.15; F27.10 IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ) IBD. See Integrated building design (IBD) Ice Ice makers Ice rinks, A5.5; R44 ID50‚ mean infectious dose, A61.9 Ignition temperatures of fuels, F28.2 IGUs. See Insulating glazing units (IGUs) Illuminance, F37.31 Indoor airflow, A59.1 |
| 1103 | Indoor air quality (IAQ). (See also Air quality) Indoor environmental modeling, F13 Indoor environmental quality (IEQ), kitchens, A33.20. (See also Air quality) Indoor swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums) Induction Industrial applications Industrial environments, A15, A32; A33 Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Industrial hygiene, F10.3 Infiltration. (See also Air leakage) Infrared applications In-room terminal systems Instruments, F14. (See also specific instruments or applications) Insulating glazing units (IGUs), F15.5 Insulation, thermal |
| 1104 | Integrated building design (IBD), A60.1 Integrated project delivery (IPD), A60.1 Integrated project delivery and building design, Intercoolers, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.12 Internal heat gains, F19.13 Jacketing, insulation, R10.7 Jails, A10.4 Joule-Thomson cycle, R47.6 Judges’ chambers, A10.5 Juice, R38.1 Jury facilities, A10.5 Justice facilities, A10 Juvenile detention facilities, A10.1. (See also Family courts) K-12 schools, A8.3 Kelvin’s equation, F25.11 Kirchoff’s law, F4.12 Kitchens, A34 Kleemenko cycle, R47.13 Krypton, recovery, R47.18 Laboratories, A17 Laboratory information management systems (LIMS), A10.8 Lakes, heat transfer, A35.37 Laminar flow Large eddy simulation (LES), turbulence modeling, F13.3; F24.13 Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA), F37.17 Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV), F37.17 Latent energy change materials, S51.2 Laundries LCR. See Load collector ratio (LCR) LD50‚ mean lethal dose, A61.9 LDA. See Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA) LDV. See Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV) LE. See Life expectancy (LE) rating Leakage |
| 1105 | Leakage function, relationship, F16.15 Leak detection of refrigerants, F29.9 Legionella pneumophila, A50.15; F10.7 Legionnaires’ disease. See Legionella pneumophila LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES) Lewis relation, F6.9; F9.4 Libraries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Life expectancy (LE) rating, film, A23.3 Lighting Light measurement, F37.31 LIMS. See Laboratory information management systems (LIMS) Linde cycle, R47.6 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), S8.6 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F28.5 Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R4 Lithium bromide/water, F30.71 Lithium chloride, S24.2 LNG. See Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Load calculations Load collector ratio (LCR), A36.22 Local exhaust. See Exhaust Loss coefficients Louvers, F15.33 Low-temperature water (LTW) system, S13.1 LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) LTW. See Low-temperature water (LTW) system Lubricants, R6.1; R12. (See also Lubrication; Oil) Lubrication, R12 Mach number, S38.32 Maintenance. (See also Operation and maintenance) Makeup air units, S28.8 Malls, 12.7 Manometers, differential pressure readout, A39.25 Manufactured homes, A1.9 Masonry, insulation, F26.7. (See also Building envelopes) Mass transfer, F6 |
| 1106 | Mass-transit systems McLeod gages, F37.13 Mean infectious dose (ID50), A61.9 Mean lethal dose (LD50), A61.9 Mean temperature difference, F4.22 Measurement, F36. (See also Instruments) Measurement, F37. (See also Instruments) Meat, R30 Mechanical equipment room, central Mechanical traps, steam systems, S11.8 Medium-temperature water (MTW) system, S13.1 Megatall buildings, A4.1 Meshes, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Metabolic rate, F9.6 Metals and alloys, low-temperature, R48.6 Microbial growth, R22.4 Microbial volatile organic chemicals (MVOCs), F10.8 Microbiology of foods, R22.1 Microphones, F37.29 Mines, A30 Modeling. (See also Data-driven modeling; Energy, modeling) Model predictive control (MPC), A65.6 Moist air Moisture (See also Humidity) Mold, A64.1; F25.16 Mold-resistant gypsum board, A64.7 |
| 1107 | Molecular sieves, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Zeolites) Montreal Protocol, F29.1 Morgues, A9.1 Motors, S45 Movie theaters, A5.3 MPC (model predictive control), A65.6 MRT. See Mean radiant temperature (MRT) Multifamily residences, A1.8 Multiple-use complexes Multisplit unitary equipment, S48.1 Multizone airflow modeling, F13.14 Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries MVOCs. See Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) Natatoriums. (See also Swimming pools) Natural gas, F28.5 Navier-Stokes equations, F13.2 NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curves Net positive suction head (NPSH), A35.31; R2.9; S44.10 Network airflow models, F19.25 Neutral pressure level (NPL), A4.1 Night setback, recovery, A43.44 Nitrogen Noise, F8.13. (See also Sound) Noise criterion (NC) curves, F8.16 Noncondensable gases Normalized mean bias error (NMBE), F19.33 NPL. See Neutral pressure level (NPL) NPSH. See Net positive suction head (NPSH) NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU) Nuclear facilities, A29 Number of transfer units (NTU) Nursing facilities, A9.17 Nuts, storage, R42.7 Odors, F12 ODP. See Ozone depletion potential (ODP) Office buildings Oil, fuel, F28.7 Oil. (See also Lubricants) Olf unit, F12.6 One-pipe systems Operating costs, A38.4 Operation and maintenance, A39. (See also Maintenance) OPR. See Owner’s project requirements (OPR) Optimization, A43.4 |
| 1108 | Outdoor air, free cooling (See also Ventilation) Outpatient health care facilities, A9.16 Owning costs, A38.1 Oxygen Ozone Ozone depletion potential (ODP), F29.5 PACE. (See Property assessment for clean energy) Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), S49.5 Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), S49.5 PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Paint, and moisture problems, F25.16 Panel heating and cooling, S6. (See also Radiant heating and cooling) Paper Paper products facilities, A27 Parallel compressor systems, R15.14 Particulate matter, indoor air quality (IAQ), F10.5 Passive heating, F19.27 Pasteurization, R33.2 Peak dew point, A64.10 Peanuts, drying, A26.9 PEC systems. See Personal environmental control (PEC) systems PEL. See Permissible exposure limits (PEL) Performance contracting, A42.2 Performance monitoring, A48.6 Permafrost stabilization, R45.4 Permeability Permeance Permissible exposure limits (PELs), F10.5 Personal environmental control (PEC) systems, F9.26 Pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11 Pharmacies, A9.13 Phase-change materials, thermal storage in, S51.16, 27 Photographic materials, A23 Photovoltaic (PV) systems, S36.18. (See also Solar energy) Physical properties of materials, F33 Physiological principles, humans. (See also Comfort) Pigs. See Swine Pipes. (See also Piping) Piping. (See also Pipes) |
| 1109 | Pitot tubes, A39.2; F37.17 Places of assembly, A5 Planes. See Aircraft Plank’s equation, R20.7 Plant environments, A25.10 Plenums PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV) Police stations, A10.1 Pollutant transport modeling. See Contami- nants, indoor, concentration prediction Pollution Pollution, air, and combustion, F28.9, 17 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), F10.6 Polydimethylsiloxane, F31.12 Ponds, spray, S40.6 Pope cell, F37.12 Positive building pressure, A64.11 Positive positioners, F7.8 Potatoes Poultry. (See also Animal environments) Power grid, A63.9 Power-law airflow model, F13.14 Power plants, A28 PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD) Prandtl number, F4.17 Precooling Predicted mean vote (PMV), F37.32 Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F9.18 Preschools, A8.1 Pressure Pressure drop. (See also Darcy-Weisbach equation) Primary-air systems, S5.10 Printing plants, A21 |
| 1110 | Prisons, A10.4 Produce Product load, R15.6 Propane Property assessment for clean energy (PACE), A38.9 Propylene glycol, hydronic systems, S13.24 Psychrometers, F1.13 Psychrometrics, F1 PTACs. See Packaged terminal air condition- ers (PTACs) PTHPs. See Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs) Public buildings. See Commercial and public buildings; Places of assembly Pumps Pumps, F19.18 Purge units, centrifugal chillers, S43.11 PV systems. See Photovoltaic (PV) systems; Solar energy Radiant heating and cooling, A55; S6.1; S15; S33.4. (See also Panel heating and cooling) Radiant time series (RTS) method, F18.2, 22 Radiation Radiators, S36.1, 5 Radioactive gases, contaminants, F11.21 Radiosity method, F19.26 Radon, F10.16, 22 Rail cars, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Railroad tunnels, ventilation Rain, and building envelopes, F25.4 RANS. See Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation Rapid-transit systems. See Mass-transit systems Rayleigh number, F4.20 Ray tracing method, F19.27 RC curves. See Room criterion (RC) curves Receivers Recycling refrigerants, R9.3 Refrigerant/absorbent pairs, F2.15 Refrigerant control devices, R11 |
| 1111 | Refrigerants, F29.1 Refrigerant transfer units (RTU), liquid chillers, S43.11 Refrigerated facilities, R23 Refrigeration, F1.16. (See also Absorption; Adsorption) |
| 1112 | Refrigeration oils, R12. (See also Lubricants) Refrigerators Regulators. (See also Valves) Relative humidity, F1.12 Residential health care facilities, A9.17 Residential systems, A1 Resistance, thermal, F4; F25; F26. (See also R-values) Resistance temperature devices (RTDs), F7.9; F37.6 Resistivity, thermal, F25.1 Resource utilization factor (RUF), F34.2 Respiration of fruits and vegetables, R19.17 Restaurants Retail facilities, 12 Retrofit performance monitoring, A42.4 Retrofitting refrigerant systems, contaminant control, S7.9 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, F13.3; F24.13 Reynolds number, F3.3 Rice, drying, A26.9 RMS. See Root mean square (RMS) Road tunnels, A16.3 Roofs, U-factors, F27.2 Room air distribution, A58; S20.1 Room criterion (RC) curves, F8.16 Root mean square (RMS), F37.1 RTDs. See Resistance temperature devices (RTDs) RTS. See Radiant time series (RTS) RTU. See Refrigerant transfer units (RTU) RUF. See Resource utilization factor (RUF) Rusting, of building components, F25.16 R-values, F23; F25; F26. (See also Resistance, thermal) Safety Sanitation Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR), A38.12 Savings-to-investment-ratio (SIR), A38.12 Scale Schneider system, R23.7 Schools Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) Security. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents |
| 1113 | Seeds, storage, A26.12 SEER. See Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) Seismic restraint, A49.53; A56.1 Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), F10.4, 12; F11.15 Sensors Separators, lubricant, R11.23 Service water heating, A51 SES. See Subway environment simulation (SES) program Set points, A65.1 Shading Ships, A13 Shooting ranges, indoor, A10.8 Short-tube restrictors, R11.31 Silica gel, S24.1, 4, 6, 12 Single-duct systems, all-air, S4.11 SIR. See Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) Skating rinks, R44.1 Skylights, and solar heat gain, F15.21 Slab heating, A52 Slab-on-grade foundations, A45.11 SLR. See Solar-load ratio (SLR) Smart building systems, A63.1 Smart grid, A63.9, 11 Smoke control, A54 Snow-melting systems, A52 Snubbers, seismic, A56.8 Sodium chloride brines, F31.1 Soft drinks, R39.10 Software, A65.7 Soils. (See also Earth) Solar energy, A36; S37.1 (See also Solar heat gain; Solar radiation) |
| 1114 | Solar heat gain, F15.14; F18.16 Solar-load ratio (SLR), A36.22 Solar-optical glazing, F15.14 Solar radiation, F14.8; F15.14 Solid fuel Solvent drying, constant-moisture, A31.7 Soot, F28.20 Sorbents, F32.1 Sorption isotherm, F25.10; F26.20 Sound, F8. (See also Noise) Soybeans, drying, A26.7 Specific heat Split-flux method, F19.26 Spot cooling Stack effect Stadiums, A5.4 Stairwells Standard atmosphere, U.S., F1.1 Standards, A66. (See also Codes) Static air mixers, S4.8 Static electricity and humidity, S22.2 |
| 1115 | Steam Steam systems, S11 Steam traps, S11.7 Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F4.2, 12 Stevens’ law, F12.3 Stirling cycle, R47.14 Stokers, S31.17 Storage Stoves, heating, S34.5 Stratification Stroboscopes, F37.28 Subcoolers Subway environment simulation (SES) program, A16.3 Subway systems. (See also Mass-transit systems) Suction risers, R2.24 Sulfur content, fuel oils, F28.9 Superconductivity, diamagnetism, R47.5 Supermarkets. See Retail facilities, supermarkets Supertall buildings, A4.1 Supervisory control, A43 Supply air outlets, S20.2. (See also Air outlets) Surface effect. See Coanda effect Surface transportation Surface water heat pump (SWHP), A35.3 Sustainability, F16.1; F35.1; S48.2 SVFs. See Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) SVOCs. See Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) SWHP. See Surface water heat pump (SWHP) Swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums) Swine, recommended environment, A25.7 Symbols, F38 Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F10.6 TABS. See Thermally activated building systems (TABS) |
| 1116 | Tachometers, F37.28 Tall buildings, A4 Tanks, secondary coolant systems, R13.2 TDD. See Tubular daylighting devices Telecomunication facilities, air-conditioning systems, A20.1 Temperature Temperature-controlled transport, R25.1 Temperature index, S22.3 Terminal units. [See also Air terminal units (ATUs)], A48.13, F19.16; S20.7 Terminology, of refrigeration, R50 Terrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents TES. See Thermal energy storage (TES) Testing Testing, adjusting, and balancing. (See also Balancing) TETD/TA. See Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA) TEWI. See Total equivalent warning impact (TEWI) Textile processing plants, A22 TFM. See Transfer function method (TFM) Theaters, A5.3 Thermal bridges, F25.8 Thermal comfort. See Comfort Thermal displacement ventilation (TDV), F19.17 Thermal emittance, F25.2 Thermal energy storage (TES), S8.6; S51 |
| 1117 | Thermally activated building systems (TABS), A43.3, 34 Thermal-network method, F19.11 Thermal properties, F26.1 Thermal resistivity, F25.1 Thermal storage, Thermal storage. See Thermal energy storage (TES) S51 Thermal transmission data, F26 Thermal zones, F19.14 Thermistors, R11.4 Thermodynamics, F2.1 Thermometers, F37.5 Thermopile, F7.4; F37.9; R45.4 Thermosiphons Thermostats Three-dimensional (3D) printers, F11.18 Three-pipe distribution, S5.6 Tobacco smoke Tollbooths Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA), F18.57 Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), F29.5 Trailers and trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Transducers, F7.10, 13 Transfer function method (TFM); F18.57; F19.3 Transmittance, thermal, F25.2 Transmitters, F7.9, 10 Transpiration, R19.19 Transportation centers Transport properties of refrigerants, F30 Traps Trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Tubular daylighting devices (TDDs), F15.30 Tuning automatic control systems, F7.19 Tunnels, vehicular, A16.1 Turbines, S7 Turbochargers, heat recovery, S7.34 Turbulence modeling, F13.3 Turbulent flow, fluids, F3.3 Turndown ratio, design capacity, S13.4 Two-node model, for thermal comfort, F9.18 Two-pipe systems, S5.5; S13.20 U.S. Marshal spaces, A10.6 U-factor Ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, S29.6; S30.3 Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems, S17 |
| 1118 | Ultraviolet air and surface treatment, A62 Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A60.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems] Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A62.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems] Uncertainty analysis Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems, A4.6; A58.14; F19.17 Unitary systems, S48 Unit heaters. See Heaters Units and conversions, F39 Unit ventilators, S28.1 Utility interface, electric, S7.43 Utility rates, A63.11 UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems UVGI. See Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) Vacuum cooling, of fruits and vegetables, R28.9 Validation, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Valves. (See also Regulators) Vaporization systems, S8.6 Vapor pressure, F27.8; F33.2 Vapor retarders, jackets, F23.12 Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Variable-frequency drives, S45.14 Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), S18.1; S48.1, 14 Variable-speed drives. See Variable-frequency drives S51 VAV. See Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Vegetables, R37 Vehicles Vena contracta, F3.4 Vending machines, R16.5 Ventilation, F16 |
| 1119 | Ventilators Venting Verification, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.11 Vibration, F8.17 Viral pathogens, F10.9 Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat release rate, A30.3 Viscosity, F3.1 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), F10.11 Voltage, A57.1 Volume ratio, compressors VRF. See Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) VRT. See Virgin rock temperature (VRT) Walls Warehouses, A3.8 Water Water heaters Water horsepower, pump, S44.7 Water/lithium bromide absorption Water-source heat pump (WSHP), S2.4; S48.11 Water systems, S13 |
| 1120 | Water treatment, A50 Water use and management (See Energy and water use and management) Water vapor control, A45.6 Water vapor permeance/permeability, F26.12, 17, 18 Water vapor retarders, F26.6 Water wells, A35.30 Weather data, F14 Weatherization, F16.18 Welding sheet metal, S19.12 Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat stress, A32.5 Wheels, rotary enthalpy, S26.9 Whirlpools and spas Wien’s displacement law, F4.12 Wind. (See also Climatic design information; Weather data) Wind chill index, F9.23 Windows. (See also Fenestration) Wind restraint design, A56.15 Wineries Wireless sensors, A63.7 Wood construction, and moisture, F25.10 Wood products facilities, A27.1 Wood pulp, A27.2 Wood stoves, S34.5 WSHP. See Water-source heat pump (WSHP) Xenon, R47.18 Zeolites, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Molecular sieves) |
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