ASHRAE Guideline 14 2023

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ASHRAE Guideline 14-2023, Measurement of Energy, Demand and Water Savings

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ASHRAE	2023

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Description

ASHRAE Guideline 14 provides guidance for reliably measuring the energy, demand, and water savings achieved in conservation projects. The guideline presents a standardized set of energy, demand, and water savings calculation procedures and guidance on minimum acceptable levels of performance for determining savings, using measurements, in commercial transactions. ASHRAE Guideline 14 is intended for transactions between energy service companies (ESCOs) and their customers, and between ESCOs and utilities, where the utilities have elected to purchase energy savings. Guideline 14 is expected to provide savings results sufficiently well specified and reasonably accurate that the parties to the transaction can have adequate assurance for the payment basis. Other applications of Guideline 14 may include documenting energy savings for various credit programs. The 2023 edition of Guideline 14 includes an expanded discussion of uncertainty calculations, a new cost estimation section, a new section discussing how to use the ASHRAE Inverse Modeling Toolkit, and a discussion of long-term data storage requirements. This guideline includes online access to the complete contents of the RP-1050 final report and Inverse Model Toolkit, as well as the contents of the RP-1093 final report and Diversity Factor Toolkit.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	ASHRAE Guideline 14-2023
3	Contents
4	Foreword 1. Purpose 2. Scope 2.1 What Is Included. The procedures
5	2.2 What Is not Included. The procedures do not include 3. Definitions, Abbreviations, and Acronyms 3.1 Definitions
9	3.2 Abbreviations and Acronyms
11	4. Requirements and Common Elements 4.1 Approaches. The three approaches to determining savings (Table 4-1) use similar concepts in savings computation. They differ in how they measure actual energy use and demand quantities to be used in savings determination.
12	4.2 Common Elements of all Approaches. Common elements of the three approaches for determining savings are presented below. Unique elements are presented in Sections 5.1 through 5.3.
20	4.3 Compliance Requirements. To claim compliance with this guideline, the savings measurement should meet the basic and specific requirements shown in Section 4.3.1 and Section 4.3.1, respectively. Examples of compliant savings measurement processes …
24	4.4 Design of a Savings Measurement Process. The design of a savings measurement process should be documented in an M&V plan as defined in Section 4.4.1. (See ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals 4, Chapter 19.) This plan should address the balance between…
26	4.5 Implementation of the Savings Measurement Process. Before beginning any savings measurement process, the process should be designed as outlined in Section 4.4. The subsequent implementation of the process will require proper integration of hardwa…
27	5. Specific Approaches 5.1 Whole-Building Approach
31	5.2 Retrofit Isolation Approach
37	5.3 Whole-Building Calibrated Simulation Approach (Calibrated Simulation)
43	6. Instrumentation 6.1 Introduction. This section discusses the selection and application of instruments used in measuring the information required to evaluate consumption and demand savings. It includes discussions of data acquisition and sensor types, application met… 6.2 Measurement Techniques. Measurement techniques will vary depending on the requirements of the specific measurement application. Such requirements include measurement budget, limits of uncertainty in the measured result, and the time required to g…
44	6.3 Uncertainty Analysis. Any statement of measured savings includes a degree of uncertainty, regardless of whether or not it is provided. The uncertainty in savings can be attributed to assumption errors; measurement errors in both the independent a… 6.4 Instrumentation Plan. A well-thought-out instrumentation plan can aid in selection of the most appropriate instruments for the particular application, optimal location of instruments, and development of appropriate maintenance and calibration sch…
46	6.5 Measurement System Verification and Data Validation
47	6.6 Measurement System Maintenance
48	7. Water 7.1 Overview. Water efficiency is directly coupled to energy efficiency because supplying potable water requires energy for the purification, pressurization, and distribution of the potable water. Wastewater also requires energy for transport and tre… 7.2 Scope. This guideline provides a method for using measured preretrofit and postretrofit data to quantify the billing determinants for gallons of water used and costs. The following water use types/sources are included: plumbing fixtures, landscap… 7.3 Use
49	7.4 Requirements and Common Elements
51	7.5 Approaches. The two approaches that are used to determine water savings, whole-building and retrofit isolation, use similar concepts in savings computation. They differ in their ways of measuring the actual water use quantities to be used in savi…
54	7.6 Water Calculations
58	8. Electric Demand 8.1 Electric Demand Modeling Using a Two-Step Method. To calculate electric demand savings, a two- step method can be used that utilizes the ASHRAE Diversity Factor Toolkit (RP-1093) 2,3 and ASHRAE Inverse Model Toolkit (IMT) (RP-1050) 27,28.
60	9. Measurement and Verification (M&V) for Renewable Energy Technologies 9.1 Overview. Significant growth of renewable energy technology installations has been seen worldwide. Renewable energy projects have been funded by governments, private companies, organizations, and third- party financiers. To recognize the potentia… 9.2 Objectives. From the earliest stages of project development to the operation of a completed renewable energy system, M&V may actually have several objectives, including the following:
61	9.3 Operational Verification. Verifying the correct installation and operation of renewable energy systems is important to accurately assess the performance of these types of systems and is a first step toward more involved M&V efforts. Operational v… 9.4 Savings Verification. Renewable energy saving can be measured directly or indirectly. Directly measured energy savings typically involve isolated electricity or isolated thermal generation systems. This can be accomplished if there is a clear poi…
62	9.5 M&V for Renewable Energy Systems Approaches. This section addresses the application of the M&V approaches that can be used in general for renewable energy projects.
63	9.6 Programmatic Applications. The approaches presented in this section can be used for individual projects but also for renewable systems programs. For a program that involves a large number of renewable systems, this can pose a challenge, as there … 10. Normative References
65	Informative Appendix A: Physical Measurements A1. Introduction
67	A2. Metering Devices A2.1 Electric Power Measurement. Real power, power that has the ability to perform work, can be measured directly using watt transducers. These devices determine power from voltage and current sensors, making the necessary calculations to account for…
70	A2.2 Natural Gas
73	A2.3 Btu Meters
75	A2.4 Steam. Thermal energy use measurements for steam can require steam flow measurements (e.g., steam flow or condensate flow), steam pressure, temperature, and feedwater temperature, where the energy content of the steam is then calculated using st…
76	A2.5 Liquid Flow for Thermal Applications. Choosing a liquid flowmeter for a particular application requires knowledge of installation requirements (flange, tap, straight length, pipe size, etc.); accuracy required; fluid type and properties, includi…
80	A2.6 Liquid Flow for Non-Thermal Applications. Liquid flow measurement is not only needed for thermal applications, it is also needed in other applications, including
82	A2.7 Temperature. Most commonly used temperature sensing devices use one of four basic methods for measuring temperatures: RTDs; thermoelectric sensors (thermocouples); semiconductor-type resistance thermometers (thermistors); and junction semiconduc…
84	A2.8 Psychrometric Properties. Obtaining accurate, affordable, and reliable humidity measurement has always been difficult and time-consuming. Recently, such measurements have become more important in HVAC applications for purposes of control, comfor…
85	A2.9 Airflow. Airflow is measured with many of the same measurement techniques used for liquid flow. Sensor selection is also dependent on the measurement application, although cooling-coil face velocity, fume hood ventilation airflow, and compressed…
86	A2.10 Pressure. Selecting a pressure measurement device for an application entails consideration of
89	A2.11 Thermal Fuel Energy Use Measurements. Thermal fuel energy use measurements refers to measurements of the fuel that is being consumed by the energy conversion device, including coal, wood, biomass, natural gas, oil, and various forms of liquid p… A2.12 Run Time. Measurement and verification (M&V) of energy savings often involves little more than an accurate accounting of the amount of time that a piece of equipment is operated or “on.” Constant-load motors and lights are typical of this c…
90	A2.13 Ventilation and Ventilation Standards A2.14 Weather Data. Building energy use is often dependent on variables other than temperature and relative humidity. In locations where complete weather data are not available from the National Weather Service, additional measurements such as solar … A2.15 Thermal Imaging Cameras. Thermal imaging cameras have been used as a diagnostic tool for many years. They are useful for detecting A3. Equipment Testing Standards—Factory A3.1 Equipment Testing Standards—Chillers. The theoretical aspects of calculating chiller performance are well understood and documented. Chiller capacity and efficiency are calculated from measurements of water flow, temperature difference, and po…
93	A3.2 Equipment Testing Standards—Fans. The theoretical aspects of calculating fan performance are well understood and documented. Fan capacity and efficiency are calculated from measurements of static pressure, velocity pressure, flow rate, fan spe…
95	A3.3 Equipment Testing Standards—Pumps. The theoretical aspects of calculating pump performance are well understood and documented. Pump capacity and efficiency are calculated from measurements of pump head, flow rate, and power input (Figure A-6)…. A3.4 Equipment Testing Standards—Motors. The following standards are included for completeness. In this project, the motors are considered a part of the equipment being tested. In addition, these motor-testing standards are not applicable in most i…
96	A3.5 Equipment Testing Standards—Boilers and Furnaces. There are two principal methods for determining boiler efficiency, the input-output method and the heat loss method, also known as the “direct method” and the “indirect method,” respect…
99	A3.6 Equipment Testing Standards—Thermal Storage
100	A3.7 Equipment Testing Standards—HVAC System (Air Side) A4. Performance Monitoring A4.1 ASHRAE Guideline 22, Monitoring Central Chilled Water Plant Efficiency. The basic purpose of this guideline (ASHRAE 2012) is to provide a method to monitor chilled-water plant efficiency on a continuous basis to aid the plant operating staff in … A4.2 ASHRAE RP-1004, Methodology Development to Determine the Long-Term Performance of Cool Storage Systems from Short Term Measurements. The purpose of ASHRAE RP-1004 (Haberl et al. 2000) was to develop a generalized method for determining long-term… A4.3 ASHRAE RP-1092, Procedures to Determine In Situ Performance of HVAC Systems. The objective of ASHRAE RP-1092 (2009) was to develop a simplified model calibration procedure to allow building professionals to project annual cooling and heating ene…
101	Informative Appendix B: Determination of Savings Uncertainty B1. Scope and Objective B2. General Equation for Uncertainty
102	B3. Sampling Uncertainty B4. Uncertainty of Regression-Based Savings Models B4.1 Calculation of Actual Savings. Conceptually, actual savings (as opposed to normalized savings) are calculated as follows:
103	B4.2 Weather-Independent Models. When energy use is independent of weather and other variables, then baseline energy use per period can be modeled as an average value plus or minus some random variation. Suppose the average baseline energy use per pe…
104	B4.3 Weather Models with Uncorrelated Residuals. Reddy and Claridge (2000) presented a method for determining uncertainty in actual savings for cases where baseline energy use can be fit to a linear model dependent on weather and/or other variables. …
107	B4.4 Weather-Dependent Models with Correlated Residuals. Note that Equations B-26 through B-28 are appropriate for regression models without serial correlation in the residuals. This would apply to models identified from utility (e.g., monthly) data…. B4.5 Normalized Savings. Up to this point, the uncertainty equations presented have applied only to so- called actual savings. In many cases, it is necessary to normalize the savings to a typical or average period (usually a year) at the site. It was…
109	B4.6 Bayesian Analysis of Savings Uncertainty. As seen in the previous sections, savings uncertainty can only be determined exactly when energy use is a linear function of some independent variable(s). For more complicated models of energy use, such …
110	Informative Appendix C: Data Comparison C1. Hourly Data Comparison and Calibration Techniques C1.1 Graphical Comparison Techniques. ASHRAE Guideline 14 discusses four different graphical techniques, including (a) weather-day-type 24-hour profile plots, (b) binned interquartile analysis using box- whisker-mean (BWM) plots, (c) three-dimensiona…
113	C2. Statistical Comparison Techniques C2.1 Refine Model Until an Acceptable Calibration Is Achieved. If the statistical indexes calculated during the previous step indicate that the model is not sufficiently calibrated, revise the model and compare it again to measured data. Numerous ite… C2.2 Produce Baseline and Postretrofit Models. This section describes the development of both of these models and how to proceed if it is not possible to calibrate simulation models to both the baseline and postretrofit buildings.
115	C2.3 Calculate Savings. Savings are equivalent to the energy use or demand of the baseline model minus the energy use or demand of the retrofit model. To simulate savings, first ensure that all inputs to the baseline model and the postretrofit model … C2.4 Report Observations and Savings. When the savings analysis is complete, prepare a report on the estimated savings. It is recommended that such a report include the following:
117	Informative Appendix D: Regression Techniques D1. Overview D2. Whole-Building Energy Use Models
118	D2.1 Example Input File Description. To generate examples of the linear regression models listed in Section D2, two types of input files were created using uniform and nonuniform time scales. Uniform time-scale data files are composed of records in w…
122	D2.2 One-Parameter or Constant Models. One-parameter or constant models are models where the energy use is constant over a given period. Such models are appropriate for modeling buildings that consume electricity in a way that is independent of the o… D2.3 Day-Adjusted Models. Day-adjusted models are similar to any model type with the exception that the dependent variable is expressed as an energy use per day to adjust for variations in the number of days in a utility billing cycle. Such day-adjus…
123	D2.4 Two-Parameter Models. Two-parameter models are appropriate for modeling building heating or cooling energy use in climates where a building requires only heating, or only cooling, year around or for systems that provide only cooling or only heat… D2.5 Three-Parameter Models. Three-parameter models, which include change-point linear models or VBDD models, can be used on a wide range of building types, including residential heating and cooling loads, small commercial buildings, and models that …
124	D2.6 Four-Parameter Models. The four-parameter change-point linear heating model is typically applicable to heating use in buildings with HVAC systems that have variable-air-volume (VAV) heating or whose output varies with the ambient temperature (Ru… D2.7 Five-Parameter Models. Five-parameter change-point linear models are useful for modeling the whole-building energy use in buildings that contain air conditioning and electric heating. Such models are also useful for modeling the weather-dependen…
125	D2.8 Multivariable Regression Models. The IMT can calculate a multiple-variable linear regression (MVR) model, with up to six independent variables, of the following type:
126	D3. Whole-Building Peak Demand Models D3.1 Weather-Independent Whole-Building Peak Demand Models. Weather-independent whole-building peak demand models are used to measure the peak electric use in buildings or submetered data that do not show significant weather dependencies. ASHRAE has … D3.2 Weather-Dependent Whole-Building Peak Demand Models. Weather-dependent whole-building peak demand models (Figure D-28, Figure D-29, and Figure D-30) can be used to model the peak electricity use of a facility. Such models can be calculated with … D4. Whole-Building Water Use Models D4.1 Weather-Independent Building Water Use Models. Weather-independent building water use models (i.e., indoor water use) can be used to model the water use in buildings or submetered data that do not show significant weather dependencies.
127	D4.2 Weather-Dependent Building Water Use Models. Weather-dependent building water use models can be used to model the whole-building water use in buildings (i.e., indoor water use) or submetered data that shows weather dependencies. Such models can … D4.3 Weather-Dependent Landscape Water Use Models. Weather-dependent landscape (i.e., outdoor) water use models can be used to model the landscape water use that shows significant weather dependencies. Such models can be calculated with linear and ch…
144	Normative Appendix E: Retrofit Isolation Approach Techniques E1. Retrofit Isolation Approach for Pumps
145	E1.1 Pump Testing Methods. The test methods detail the measurement requirements for volumetric flow rate, coincident RMS power, differential pressure, and rotational speed at defined operating conditions. Temperature measurements are included to chec…
147	E1.2 Calculations
149	E2. Retrofit Isolation Approach for Fans E2.1 Fan Test Methods
150	E2.2 Calculations
151	E3. Retrofit Isolation Approach for Chillers
152	E3.1 Conversion Factors. The following conversion factors can be used to make unit conversions between the various commonly used values for expressing chiller efficiency.
154	E3.2 Thermodynamic Chiller Model Description. The chiller model expresses chiller efficiency as 1/COP because it has a linear relationship with 1/(evaporator load). The final result of the model can then be inverted to the conventional efficiency mea… E3.3 Simple Model. The simpler version of the chiller model 31 predicts a linear relationship between 1/COP and 1/Qevap, with a scatter about the line due to variations in evaporator and condenser water temperatures. Coefficients found by using the p… E3.4 Temperature-Dependent Model. The temperature-dependent model carries the thermodynamic analysis one step further by defining the losses in the heat exchangers of the evaporator and condenser as a function of the chilled-water supply and condense…
155	E3.5 Chiller Testing Methods. Five testing methods have been developed. In all cases, the data are used to implement either the simple or temperature-dependent models described in the previous sections. For those methods using the simple model, the l…
157	E3.6 Calculations
158	E4. Retrofit Isolation Approach for Boilers And Furnaces E4.1 Boiler/Furnace Testing Methods. Twelve testing methods have been developed and are described below.
161	E4.2 Calculations
162	E5. Retrofit Isolation Approach for Lighting E5.1 Thermal Interaction and Lighting Use Profiles E5.2 Methods for Calculating Savings from Lighting Measurements (Table E-4)
164	E5.3 Calculations
165	E6. Retrofit Isolation Approach for Unitary and Split Condensing Equipment E6.1 Statement of the Problem. The need for a retrofit isolation measurement and verification (M&V) plan and test procedure for unitary and split condensing equipment is driven by the extraordinary prevalence of such equipment in the residential, com…
166	E6.2 Factors Affecting Unitary and Split Condenser Equipment Performance. The actual performance of old and new unitary and split condenser equipment in buildings can vary widely due to a number of factors, including the following: E6.3 Method for Split Condensing Equipment (Cooling Only). A split condensing (cooling only) unit can be considered and modeled as a combination of the following elements:
167	E6.4 Method for Split Heat-Pump Condensing Equipment. A split heat-pump condensing unit can be considered and modeled as a combination of the following elements:
168	E6.5 Method for Unitary Equipment. A piece of unitary HVAC equipment can be considered and modeled as a combination of the following elements:
169	E6.6 Ancillary System Improvement Adjustment Factors. Frequently, the newly installed equipment will either have features not found in the old, removed equipment (e.g., air-side economizer cycle) or will be accompanied by other ancillary measures who…
170	Informative Appendix F: Cost Estimation for Measurement and Verification F1. Introduction F2. Cost Consideration in the M&V Costing Toolkit F3. Cost Consideration Beyond the M&V Costing Toolkit
171	F3.1 Consideration for Networking and Cloud-Storage Facilities. Internet-connected and cloud-storage facilities transmit monitoring data from the measurement equipment to cloud servers and store data in the servers. These enabling technologies includ… F3.2 Consideration for Long-Term M&V. The M&V Costing Toolkit only considers short-term M&V scenarios spanning fewer than ten years. Longer M&V projects will likely be guided by a succession of different project leaders. To facilitate transition from…
172	Informative Appendix G: ASHRAE Inverse Modeling Toolkit (IMT) G1. Overview G1.1 File Access. The IMT can be downloaded at www.ashrae.org/G14. G1.2 File Description. The IMT zip file can be opened by the file compression applications embedded in modern operating systems. Once opened, three folders and one file can be seen as shown in Figure G-1. The “IMT-reports” folder contains the fin…
173	G2. Tutorial of IMT with Default Files G2.1 Installation. Extract the files in the “IMT-software” folder to the same folder on the computer drive. G2.2 File Checking. Check the executable file “IMT.EXE” and the two .TXT files in the extracted folder.
175	G2.3 Running the IMT. After executing “IMT.EXE,” type in the name of the instruction file “DAILYINS.TXT” and press enter. The IMT dialogue box (which looks like the command prompt screen) will close. The analysis result will be generated in t…
177	G2.4 Interpreting the IMT analysis result. Open the file “IMT.OUT” to see the regression analysis result in Figure G-7.
178	Informative Appendix H: Long-Term Data Storage H1. Introduction H2. Archiving Data Collected from a Major Project H3. An Ongoing Project H4. Chain of Custody H5. Data Archiving
179	H6. Data Collection Methodology H7. Calculation of Secondary Variables
180	Informative Appendix I: Informative References and Bibliography