ASHRAE Guideline 21 2022

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ASHRAE Guideline 21-2022 — Guide for the Ventilation and Thermal Management of Batteries for Stationary Applications (IEEE Standard 1635-2022)

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASHRAE	2022

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Category: ASHRAE

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Description

Guideline 21 assists users involved in the design and management of new stationary lead-acid, valve-regulated lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and lithium-ion battery installations. The focus is the environmental design and management of the installation, and to improve workplace safety and improve battery reliability as well as the safety of personnel and equipment.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	Front Cover
2	Title page
4	Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Standards Documents
8	Participants
10	Introduction
11	Contents
13	1. Overview 1.1 Scope 1.2 Purpose
14	1.3 Exclusions 1.4 Word usage
15	1.5 Document organization 2. Normative references 3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations 3.1 Definitions
16	3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations
19	4. Battery safety hazards and considerations
20	5. Fundamentals 5.1 Battery types 5.1.1 Lead-acid batteries 5.1.1.1 Cell reactions 5.1.1.2 Vented lead-acid (VLA) batteries
21	5.1.1.3 Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries
22	5.1.2 Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries 5.1.3 Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries
23	5.2 Installation enclosure applications 5.2.1 General 5.2.2 Dedicated battery rooms
24	5.2.3 Indoor cabinets 5.2.4 Outdoor cabinets
25	5.2.5 Controlled environment vault (CEV) 5.2.6 ISO containers
26	5.2.7 Integrated battery and equipment areas 6. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 6.1 General 6.2 HVAC design for performance 6.2.1 Temperature
30	6.2.2 Air humidity 6.2.3 Air contaminants 6.2.3.1 Dust 6.2.3.2 Other contaminants 6.3 HVAC design for safety 6.3.1 Flammable/explosive gases
31	6.3.2 Hydrogen traps 6.3.3 Confined spaces 6.3.4 Thermal runaway
32	6.3.5 Toxic gases
33	7. Environmental design 7.1 General 7.2 Operating modes 7.2.1 General
34	7.2.2 Assumptions for the tables 7.2.2.1 Units 7.2.2.2 Standard temperature and atmospheric pressure 7.2.2.3 Upper bounds 7.2.2.4 Battery ratings
35	7.2.2.5 Current 7.2.2.6 Oxygen evolution 7.2.2.7 Counting the cells in a module 7.2.2.8 Estimates of resistance
36	7.2.2.9 Differing battery models in the same site 7.2.3 Standby/float operation
38	7.2.4 Accelerated recharge, boost, and equalize charge modes 7.2.4.1 General 7.2.4.2 Accelerated recharge mode (fast charge) 7.2.4.3 Boost charge mode (finish charge/absorptive charge) 7.2.4.4 Equalize charge mode
40	7.2.5 Discharge
41	7.2.6 Bulk recharge
42	7.2.7 Initial and freshening charge modes
43	7.2.8 Cycling operating mode
44	7.2.9 Failure modes (abnormal operation) 7.2.9.1 General 7.2.9.2 Thermal runaway
45	7.2.9.3 Shorted cells
46	7.2.9.4 Cell reversal 7.2.9.5 Charger runaway 7.3 Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system design requirements 7.3.1 General
47	7.3.2 Systems for heating and cooling 7.3.2.1 Battery installation heat sources 7.3.2.2 Active heating and cooling systems
48	7.3.2.3 Passive cooling 7.3.2.4 Radiant cooling 7.4 HVAC system design for ventilation 7.4.1 General
49	7.4.2 Natural ventilation
50	7.4.3 Active or forced ventilation system
51	7.5 Integrated battery areas 7.5.1 Integrated battery and charger/rectifier/inverter room 7.5.2 Integrated battery and equipment areas 7.6 Controls and alarms
52	7.6.1 General 7.6.2 Sensors 7.6.3 Reliability/redundancy
53	7.7 Battery room hazard classification 7.8 Battery enclosure design 7.8.1 General 7.8.2 Indoor cabinets 7.8.3 Outdoor cabinets/enclosures 7.8.4 Vaults
54	8. Economics 8.1 General 8.2 Battery replacement factors 8.3 Relative importance of the installation
55	8.4 Reliability of the HVAC system 8.5 Availability of maintenance resources 8.6 Cost and availability of battery replacement 8.7 HVAC System control based on battery operating mode 9. Environmental management (operation and maintenance)
56	9.1 Battery system operation and maintenance 9.2 HVAC system operation and maintenance 9.2.1 General 9.2.2 Operation 9.2.3 Maintenance
58	Annex A (informative) Hydrogen generation in lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries A.1 Purpose A.2 Gassing equations for lead-acid batteries A.2.1 General
59	A.2.2 Gassing of vented cells with constant-current charging A.2.3 Equations for lead-calcium and pure lead vented batteries A.2.3.1 General
60	A.2.3.2 Current equation for vented lead-calcium cells
61	A.2.3.3 Current equation for vented pure lead cells A.2.4 Equations for lead-antimony and lead-selenium vented batteries A.2.4.1 General
62	A.2.4.2 Simplified equations for vented lead-antimony cells
64	A.2.4.3 Simplified equations for vented lead-selenium cells
65	A.2.5 Temperature effects on the current A.2.6 Effects of shorted cells
66	A.2.7 Equations for VRLA batteries A.2.7.1 General
67	A.2.7.2 AGM cells A.2.7.2.1 General A.2.7.2.2 Upper-bound gassing equations for the tables
68	A.2.7.3 Gel cells
69	A.3 Sample gassing calculations for vented lead-calcium batteries A.3.1 Assumptions A.3.2 Fire code default A.3.3 Normal gassing A.3.4 Gassing during initial charging
70	A.3.5 Fire code worst-case calculation
71	A.4 Sample gassing calculations for lead-calcium-tin VRLA batteries A.4.1 Assumptions A.4.2 Fire code default A.4.3 Normal gassing A.4.4 Gassing during initial charging
72	A.4.5 Fire code worst-case calculation A.5 Sample gassing calculations for vented lead-antimony batteries A.5.1 Assumptions
73	A.5.2 Fire code default A.5.3 Normal gassing A.5.4 Gassing during initial charging
74	A.5.5 Fire code worst-case calculation A.6 Battery gassing calculations for Ni-Cd batteries A.6.1 General
75	A.6.2 Float charging A.6.2.1 General
76	A.6.2.2 Partially-recombinant Ni-Cd hydrogen gassing A.6.2.3 Foamed/PBE float current and gassing A.6.3 Finish/boost/equalize charging A.6.3.1 General A.6.3.2 Non-recombinant Ni-Cd technologies A.6.3.3 Foamed/PBE plate technology
77	A.6.3.4 Partially-recombinant fiber or pocket plate technology A.6.4 Initial charging A.6.5 Worst-case scenarios
78	A.7 Sample gassing calculations for Ni-Cd batteries A.7.1 General A.7.2 Assumptions
79	A.7.3 Fire Code default A.7.4 Normal gassing A.7.5 Gassing during initial charging A.7.6 Fire Code worst-case calculation
81	Annex B (informative) Heat generation in batteries B.1 Purpose B.2 Basics of battery heat generation B.2.1 General
82	B.2.2 Sources of heat B.2.2.1 General B.2.2.2 Heat of reaction
83	B.2.2.3 Joule effect heat B.2.2.3.1 General
84	B.2.2.3.2 Joule effect discharge heat
85	B.2.2.3.3 Joule effect charging heat
88	B.2.2.3.4 Joule effect overcharge heat
90	B.2.2.4 Total heat generation
91	B.2.2.5 Dependency of heat on current B.2.2.5.1 General B.2.2.5.2 VRLA current
93	B.2.3 Heat generation calculations for various operating modes B.2.3.1 Charging B.2.3.1.1 General B.2.3.1.2 Float charging
97	B.2.3.1.3 Accelerated/boost/equalize charging
98	B.2.3.1.4 Bulk recharge
100	B.2.3.1.5 Freshening/initial charging
102	B.2.3.1.6 Thermal runaway B.2.3.2 Discharge
104	B.2.3.3 Heating for batteries on constant-current chargers B.3 Sample battery heat generation calculations for vented lead-acid batteries B.3.1 Assumptions
105	B.3.2 Worst-case discharge calculation B.3.3 Bulk recharge calculation B.3.4 Normal heat release
106	B.3.5 Battery heat release during initial charging B.3.6 Boost/equalize charging heat release calculation B.4 Sample heat generation calculations for lead-calcium tin VRLA batteries B.4.1 Assumptions
107	B.4.2 Worst-case discharge calculation B.4.3 Bulk recharge calculation B.4.4 Normal heat release
108	B.4.5 Heat release during initial charging B.4.6 Heat release calculations for equalize/boost charging B.5 Sample heat generation calculations for Ni-Cd batteries B.5.1 Assumptions
109	B.5.2 Sample heat release during discharge for a UPS Ni-Cd battery B.5.3 Sample heat release during bulk recharge for a UPS Ni-Cd battery B.6 Sample heat generation calculations for Li-ion batteries B.6.1 Assumptions
110	B.6.2 Sample heat release during float charging for a UPS Li-ion battery B.6.3 Sample heat release during discharge for a UPS Li-ion battery B.6.4 Sample heat release during recharge for a UPS Li-ion battery
111	B.6.5 Sample heat release during freshening charge for a Li-ion battery
112	Annex C (informative) Existing U.S. codes and standards
114	Annex D (informative) Explosive and toxic gas allowance considerations D.1 Permissible hydrogen and other combustible gas concentrations
115	D.2 Permissible hydrogen sulfide concentrations and responsive actions
116	D.3 Permissible arsine and stibine concentrations
117	D.4 Permissible concentrations of toxic gasses produced by Li-ion thermal runaway
120	Annex E (informative) Aqueous battery thermal runaway E.1 Lead-acid battery thermal runaway
121	E.2 Thermal runaway in Ni-Cd batteries
122	E.3 Li-ion battery thermal runaway
124	Annex F (informative) Sample HVAC calculations F.1 Heat and hydrogen generation sample calculations
125	F.2 Cooling F.3 Ventilation/Exhaust
126	Annex G (informative) Example battery data sheets G.1 General G.2 Long or medium duration lead-acid battery data sheet examples
127	G.3 High rate lead-acid battery data sheet examples
131	G.4 Ni-Cd battery data sheet example
132	G.5 Li-ion battery data sheet example
133	Annex H (informative) Li-ion battery fires/explosions, fire control, and venting H.1 Experience with Li-ion BESS fires H.2 Types of water suppression systems for Li-ion battery spaces
135	Annex I (informative) Bibliography
140	Back Cover

Additional information

Standard Title	ASHRAE Guideline 21-2022 — Guide for the Ventilation and Thermal Management of Batteries for Stationary Applications (IEEE Standard 1635-2022)
Published Code	ASHRAE
Publication Date	2022

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ASHRAE Guideline 21 2022

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