ASHRAE Guideline 34 2019

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ASHRAE Guideline 34-2019 – Energy Guideline for Historic Buildings

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASHRAE	2019	42

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Category: ASHRAE

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Description

ASHRAE Guideline 34 provides sound advice on the practices, processes, and workflows that should be followed when performing energy efficiency and energy conservation improvement projects and programs involving historic buildings, while minimizing disturbance to the historic character, characteristics, and materials (significance, value, and qualities) of the building.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	ASHRAE Guideline 34-2019
3	CONTENTS
4	FOREWORD 1. PURPOSE 2. SCOPE 2.1 This guideline applies to buildings that are listed as historic buildings or which are eligible to be so listed by applicable law in the jurisdiction where the building is located. 2.2 This guideline applies to projects that are intended to improve the following: 2.3 This guideline applies to projects that include the following: 3. DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS 3.1 Definitions
6	3.2 Abbreviations/Acronyms
7	4. BACKGROUND 4.1 Goals of Preservation. The aims for preserving a historic building may be expressed in terms such as those of the United States Secretary of the Interior: 4.2 Related Existing Guidance
8	4.3 Historic Buildings, Their Significance, and Character Defining Features
9	4.4 Understanding Past Use 4.5 Impacts of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) on Historic Buildings. EEMs may have a range of impacts on historic buildings. Four types of EEM impacts are listed in the following subsections; the impact of a specific EEM may differ between buildin… 5. PLANNING PHASE 5.1 Project Team. The project team makeup will vary depending on the project scope of work and phase of the project (design, construction, O&M). Team members at each phase should be carefully selected based on the members’ education, experience, an…
10	Table 4-1 Examples of Typical EEMs and Their Potential Impact on a Historic Building
11	5.2 Building Research, Investigation, and Documentation. Planning for a successful project involves research and careful documentation. 5.3 Preliminary Energy Use Analysis
12	5.4 Field Investigations and Condition Assessment. The building and its mechanical and electrical systems should be investigated to
13	5.5 Predesign Planning Phase
14	5.6 Considerations for Envelope Improvements and Energy Systems Design
16	5.7 Occupancy and Operations Phase 6. BUILDING ENVELOPES
17	6.1 Roof Assemblies 6.2 Wall Assemblies. Building walls can and should be studied for opportunities for air-tightening. There is no penalty for improving the airtightness of building walls, and air-tightening is encouraged. Exterior rain-shedding layers, such as brick a…
19	6.3 Foundations. The thermal performance of building foundations can usually be improved. See the discussion above of gutters and leaders (downspouts). However, many foundations of historic buildings get wet, so any strategy of energy improvement sho…
20	6.4 Glazing. Retain historic windows and doors with original glazing, where possible. When upgrades or replacements are made in the name of energy efficiency, avoid those that compromise the distinct character (original materials, visual framing), in…
21	7. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND ENERGY SYSTEMS 7.1 Introduction. The purpose of this section is to recommend provisions for energy efficient design, operation, and maintenance of energy-using systems and equipment in historic structures to increase efficiency without compromising the historic fab… 7.2 Environmental Systems in Historic Buildings Background. Prior to using active environmental systems, with the exception of open fires, oil lamps, and candles, mankind employed passive systems for comfort. Through trial and error, and by necessity… 7.3 Field Investigation. In some historic buildings, the environmental systems or some of their elements are suitable for reuse in more energy efficient applications. This includes passive systems that may have been disabled but might work well with …
22	7.4 Extent of Intervention. The extent of intervention, e.g., between simply improving the energy performance by enhancing existing systems or by total replacement, will depend on the outcome of the field investigation. As part of that investigation,… 7.5 Retrofitting Existing Systems. Whether existing systems can practically be retrofitted depends on a number of factors but particularly on the results of the field investigation and the extent of intervention necessary to provide an energy efficie…
23	8. HVAC SYSTEM SELECTION 8.1 Introduction. There are many factors to consider when deciding to keep or retain existing passive systems: choosing whether to add (or modify existing) mechanical systems, establishing design criteria, and selecting HVAC systems. Such considerati…
25	8.2 Electrical Considerations. Upgrades to lighting and HVAC systems will likely require renovations to their respective power distribution systems. Changes in electric and electronic technologies have rendered many existing or traditional electrical… 9. LIGHTING 9.1 General Consideration in Historic Buildings. When a historic building is appropriately illuminated, the viewers and occupants are able to gain a full appreciation of the architecture and artistic elements that are intrinsic in its construction. I… 9.2 Site Survey. Perform a site survey at the earliest stages of the lighting design. This allows one to ascertain the current state of the electrical system and discover, through available historical documents and photographs, what the lighting look… 9.3 Design Approach. The approach to designing a lighting system for a historic structure depends on the design direction supplied by the architect, Owner, and/or the local historic preservation group. There are three possible approaches:
26	9.4 Exterior Lighting. When designing lighting systems for building facades, first investigate the durability of the facade materials. Construction materials for many historic buildings include masonry, terra cotta, and wood. Although the Roman cemen… 9.5 Light Source Selection. In many jurisdictions, historic buildings are exempt from energy codes; however, good lighting practice dictates that lamps have high efficacy ratings and that lighting systems require low maintenance and be operated energ… 9.6 Color Temperature and Color Rendering. In historic buildings, a change in lamp type can alter the appearance of historic architectural finishes, especially wall coverings and decorative painting. The designer needs to weigh the applicability of u…
27	9.7 Dimming and Lighting Controls. Most code restrictions require high-efficacy lighting fixtures with defined minimums for lumens per watt, maximum limits to lighting power density (LPD) in watts per unit area, and separate controls for lighting fix… 10. REFERENCES
31	INFORMATIVE APPENDIX A: PROJECT FLOW OVERVIEW Figure A-1 Main steps involved in planning and implementing a typical retrofit project.
32	INFORMATIVE APPENDIX B: RECOMMENDED READING
33	INFORMATIVE APPENDIX C: COLLECTED CASE STUDIES
34	INFORMATIVE APPENDIX D: BUILDING DIAGNOSTICS D1. Hygrothermal Analysis D2. Analysis of Measured Indoor Temperature and Humidity
35	D3. Blower Door Testing D4. Infrared Thermography D5. References
36	INFORMATIVE APPENDIX E: ENERGY MODELING FOR HISTORIC BUILDINGS E1. Purpose and Limitations E2. Key Considerations E2.1 Model Accuracy. Best-practice energy simulation of existing buildings suggests that baseline models should be calibrated to actual consumption to ensure that the model results are as accurate a reflection of the true performance of the building …
37	E2.2 Modeling Passive Systems. Historic buildings, particularly those built without mechanical cooling or ventilation systems, often relied on architectural features to reduce heating and cooling loads and create tolerable interior conditions. Becaus… E2.3 Impact of Previous Changes. Several factors that contribute to a historic building’s heating and cooling load are likely to have changed over time. While the basic building form is likely the same, the site and landscape, internal gains, and e… E2.4 Defining Acceptable Indoor Conditions. As discussed in Section 8.1.1, the design criteria for a historic building may differ significantly by building type and use. A large historic museum building housing archives and significant artifacts is l…
38	E2.5 Model Uncertainty. Project teams may find it useful to conduct energy simulation probabilistically rather than deterministically. This may be particularly useful on a historic building project, because probabilistic modeling can help quantify th… E3. Recommended Strategies E4. References