ASHRAE Guideline G28 2021

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ASHRAE Guideline 28-2021 — Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASHRAE	2021	76

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Category: ASHRAE

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Description

ASHRAE Guideline 28 serves as a companion to ASHRAE Standard 161, Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft, and provides supplemental information on air quality in air-carrier aircraft and on measurement and testing related to aircraft air quality.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	ASHRAE Guideline 28-2021
3	CONTENTS
4	FOREWORD 1. PURPOSE 2. SCOPE 2.1 This guideline applies to commercial passenger air-carrier aircraft carrying 20 or more passengers and certified under Title 14 CFR Part 25 (FAA 2008b). 2.2 This guideline considers chemical, physical, and biological contaminants as well as, but not limited to, factors such as moisture, temperature, and pressure that may affect air quality. 3. DEFINITIONS
5	4. CONVERSION FACTORS 4.1 Contaminant Concentrations. The concentrations of gaseous contaminants are often expressed in terms of volume fractions, mole fractions, and mass densities. Numerically, volume fractions and mole fractions are identical for ideal gases. The gases…
6	4.2 Airflow Rates. Airflow rates may be expressed in terms of volume flow rates or in terms of mass flow rates, cfm (L/s) or lbm/min (kg/min). The relationship between the volume flow rate and the mass flow rate depends on the density of the air, whi…
7	5. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
10	6. CABIN PRESSURE
11	6.1 Cabin Pressurization—Background. It is necessary to pressurize the cabin and flight deck because, during typical flights, the partial pressure of oxygen in the ambient outside air is too low to support life. The introduction of compressed air i…
12	6.2 Cabin Pressurization—Technology. Modulating the airflow discharged from the pressurized cabin through one or more cabin outflow valves controls cabin pressure. The cabin pressure control system includes the outflow valves, controller, selector …
13	6.3 Cabin Pressurization—Occupant Health Considerations
16	6.4 Cabin Pressurization—Altitude Adjustment Based on the Effects of Cabin Altitude on Respiratory Rates. Requirements for altitude adjustment of ventilation minima were considered for inclusion in ASHRAE Standard 161 but ultimately were not includ…
20	7. TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY 7.1 Temperature. During ground operations, additional capacity for cooling and heating may be necessary to effectively manage heat loads that are less predictable and more variable than those which occur in-flight. These include
21	7.2 Relative Humidity. Considerations of comfort, health, and safety provide a basis for RH recommendations for the aircraft cabin. Comfort-based recommendations for RH in ground-based environments are included in ASHRAE Standard 55 (ASHRAE 2010). Fo… 8. TRACE CONTAMINANTS 8.1 Rationale for Looking at Trace Contaminants. Table 8-1 presents a list of some contaminants that could be present in the aircraft cabin environment.
44	8.2 Guidelines, Methods, and Published Data. Table 8-5 lists health, safety, and comfort-related guidelines for exposure to various chemicals. There are currently no federal regulations governing levels of exposure to chemicals measured in aircraft c…
45	8.3 Measurements and Contaminant Identification. Measurements of cabin air quality generally fall into three categories:
50	9. NORMATIVE REFERENCES
59	INFORMATIVE APPENDIX A: MEASUREMENT METHODS FOR AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS, CABIN PRESSURE, AIRFLOW, AND AIR VELOCITY A1. Airborne Contaminants A1.1 Introduction. Section 7.2 of ASHRAE Standard 161 requires the user to monitor the air supply system for a substance or substances indicative of air supply system contamination by partly or fully pyrolyzed engine oil and hydraulic fluid and to di… A1.2 Sensor Location(s). There are several sources of hydraulic fluid and engine oil contamination. Hydraulic fluid from a leaking line or an overserviced reservoir, for example, can be ingested into either the auxiliary power unit (APU) or tail-moun… A1.3 Type of Sensor(s). It is difficult to recommend specific technologies for continuously monitoring and recording exposure to pyrolyzed oil and hydraulic fluid in the air supply system because the majority of research and development in the field …
60	A1.4 Flight Deck Indication. Section 7.2 requires that indication from the sensor(s) be displayed in the flight deck and recorded anytime the concentration is at or above the contaminant’s trigger point. It is especially important that flight deck … A1.5 Sampling Data Made Available. Section 7.2 requires that reports of exceedances shall be made available for at least 60 days to airline maintenance staff and occupants with a medical record indicating symptoms that could reasonably be attributed …
61	A1.6 Response to an Exceedance. The response to an exceedance varies depending on the number, magnitude, and frequency of triggered events. Line maintenance staff generally rely on visual inspection of aircraft systems and on assessing odor in the ca… A1.7 Portable Monitors for Additional Information. Section 8.2 of ASHRAE Standard 161 notes that sampling and analytical devices that are reliable and easy to operate would be useful in the cabin and flight deck as an additional source of information… A2. Cabin Altitude/Pressure Measurement and Rate of Change of Cabin Altitude/Pressure A3. Aircraft Ventilation Airflow Measurements
62	A3.1 Airflow Measurement Methods. Each of the four measurement methods is described in turn.
67	A3.2 Total Supply Airflow to a Zone. Sections A3.2.1, A3.2.2, and A3.2.3 describe three potential methods for measuring the total airflow to a zone. The measurement methods described in these sections do not include any flow to the zone through PAOs …
68	A3.3 Outside Airflow. The primary approach to determining the outside airflow to a zone is to first determine the fraction of the supply air that is outside air and then multiply the total airflow to the zone by this fraction.
70	A3.4 PAO Total Supply Flow. The primary purpose of personal air outlets is to provide occupant adjustable, local airflow. Personal air outlets may also be used to meet part of the total or outside airflow requirements of a zone. The procedure describ…
71	A4. Air Speed in Upper Body Area
72	INFORMATIVE APPENDIX B: INFORMATIVE REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
74	INFORMATIVE APPENDIX C: ADDENDA DESCRIPTION