The 2023 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Applications comprises more than 65 chapters covering a broad range of facilities and topics, written to help engineers design and use equipment and systems described in other Handbook volumes. Main sections cover comfort, industrial, energy-related, general applications, and building operations and management. ASHRAE Technical Committees in each subject area have reviewed all chapters and revised them as needed for current technology and design practice. This volume has been extensively revised, and boasts two new chapters on facilities for emergency medicine and firefighters, and on in-room air cleaners.

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1	2023 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications 2023 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications
9	— CHAPTER 01: RESIDENTIAL SPACE CONDITIONING — 1. Systems Table 1 Residential Heating and Cooling Systems Fig. 1 Typical Residential Installation of Heating, Cooling,Humidifying, and Air Filtering System
10	Fig. 2 Typical Residential Installation of a Split-System Air-to-Air Heat Pump Fig. 3 Example of Two-Zone, Ductless Multisplit System in Typical Residential Installation
11	2. Equipment Sizing
12	3. Single-Family Residences Furnaces Hydronic Heating Systems Solar Heating Heat Pumps
13	Unitary Air Conditioners
14	Evaporative Coolers Humidifiers Dehumidifiers
15	Air Filters Ventilation Controls
16	4. Multifamily Residences Fig. 4 Communicating HVAC Systems Simplify Wiring
17	Hydronic Systems Through-the-Wall Units Water-Loop Heat Pumps Special Concerns for Apartment Buildings 5. Manufactured Homes
18	References Fig. 5 Typical Installation of Heating and Cooling Equipment for Manufactured Home
19	Bibliography
20	— CHAPTER 02: RETAIL FACILITIES — 1. General Criteria 2. Small Stores
21	Design Considerations 3. Discount, Big-Box, and Supercenter Stores Load Determination Design Considerations
22	4. Supermarkets Load Determination Table 1 Refrigerating Effect (RE) Produced by Open Refrigerated Display Fixtures Fig. 1 Refrigerated Case Load Variation with StoreAir Humidity
23	Design Considerations
24	5. Department Stores Fig. 2 Floor Return Ducts Fig. 3 Air Mixing Using Fans Behind Cases
25	Load Determination Design Considerations Table 2 Approximate Lighting Load for Older Department Stores Fig. 4 Heat Reclaiming Systems Fig. 5 Machine Room with Automatic Temperature Control Interlocked with Store Temperature Control
26	6. Convenience Centers Design Considerations 7. Regional Shopping Centers Design Considerations Table 3 Typical Installed Cooling Capacity and Lighting Levels: Midwestern United States
27	8. Multiple-Use Complexes Load Determination Design Considerations 9. Sustainability and Energy Efficiency
28	References Bibliography
29	— CHAPTER 03: COMMERCIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS — 1. Office Buildings General Design Considerations Offices Employee/Visitor Support Spaces Table 1 Data for U.S. Office Buildings
30	Administrative Support Spaces Operation and Maintenance Spaces Design Criteria Load Characteristics Table 2 Typical Recommended Indoor Temperature and Humidity in Office Buildings Table 3 Typical Recommended Design Criteria for Ventilation and Filtration for Office Buildings
31	Design Concepts Table 4 Typical Recommended Design Guidelines for HVAC Related Background Sound for Areas in Office Buildings
32	Systems and Equipment Selection
33	Special Systems Spatial Requirements
34	Special Considerations 2. Transportation Centers Airports Cruise Terminals Design Criteria Table 5 Applicability of Systems to Typical Office Buildings
35	Load Characteristics Design Concepts Systems and Equipment Selection
36	Special Considerations 3. Warehouses and Distribution Centers General Design Considerations Design Criteria
37	Load Characteristics Design Concepts Systems and Equipment Selection Spatial Requirements Special Considerations 4. Sustainability and Energy Efficiency Energy Considerations Table 6 Applicability of Systems to Typical Warehouse Building Areas
38	Energy Efficiency and Integrated Design Process for Commercial Facilities Building Energy Modeling Energy Benchmarking and Benchmarking Tools
39	Combined Heat and Power in Commercial Facilities Renewable Energy
40	Value Engineering and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 5. Commissioning and Retrocommissioning Commissioning: New Construction Commissioning: Existing Buildings
41	6. Seismic and Wind Restraint Considerations References Table 7 Key Commissioning Activities for New Building Table 8 Key Commissioning Activities for Existing Building
42	Bibliography
43	— CHAPTER 04: TALL BUILDINGS — 1. Stack Effect Theory
44	Fig. 1 Airflow Driven by Winter and Summer Stack Effect and Reverse Stack Effect Fig. 2 Theoretical Stack Effect Pressure Gradient for Various External Temperatures
45	Practical Considerations Calculation Table 1 Parameters for New York Example Building
46	Minimizing Stack Effect Fig. 3 Temperature and Wind Speed as Function of Height in Building: Winter Conditions Fig. 4 Windward, Leeward, and Stack Pressures in Winter Conditions Fig. 5 Temperature and Wind Speed as Function of Height in Building: Summer Conditions Fig. 6 Windward, Leeward, and Stack Pressures: Summer Conditions
47	Wind and Stack Effect Pressure Analysis Safety Factors 2. Systems 3. System Selection Considerations
48	Air-Conditioning System Alternatives
49	Fig. 7 Typical UFAD System
50	Displacement Ventilation Fig. 8 Displacement Ventilation System Diagram
51	Chilled Beams Radiant Ceilings Condensation Control Electronically Commutated Motor (ECM) Fan-Coils Variable-Refrigerant-Flow (VRF) Systems
52	4. Central Mechanical Equipment Room Versus Floor-By-Floor Fan Rooms Central Fan Room (Alternative 1) Floor-by-Floor Fan Rooms with Chilled-Water Units (Alternative 2) Floor-by-Floor Fan Rooms with Direct-Expansion Units (Alternative 3)
53	Fig. 9 Central Fan Room Arrangement
54	Floor-by-Floor Units Located on Outer Wall (Alternative 4) Comparison of Alternative Schemes Acoustics 5. Central Heating and Cooling Plants Fig. 10 Floor-By-Floor Air-Conditioning Unit Layout (Normal Operation)
55	Table 2 Comparison of Construction Alternatives
56	Plant Economic Considerations Central Plant Location
57	Acoustical Considerations of Central Plant Locations Effect of Central Plant Location on Construction Schedule 6. Water Distribution Systems Hydrostatic Considerations
58	Effect of Refrigeration Machine Location Chilled-Water Pressure Reduction
59	Piping, Valves, and Fittings Piping Design Considerations Economics of Temperature Differentials Fig. 11 Typical Chilled-Water Distribution System for Supertall or Megatall Building
60	7. Vertical Transportation Elevator Machine Room Cooling Elevator Hoistway and Machine Room Venting Elevator Shaft Pressurization Air-Conditioning Equipment Delivery by Freight Elevators 8. Life Safety in Tall Buildings Codes and Standards
61	Components of Life Safety Systems for Tall Buildings Detection Automatic Sprinkler Protection Standpipe System Smoke Management Emergency Power Fire Command Center Pandemic Considerations in Tall Buildings 9. Renewable Energy Considerations
62	References Table 3 Bahrain World Trade Center Turbine Production Data from 2008-2016
63	Bibliography
64	— CHAPTER 05: PLACES OF ASSEMBLY — 1. General Criteria Safety and Security Outdoor Air Lighting Loads Indoor Air Conditions
65	Filtration Noise and Vibration Control Ancillary Facilities Air Conditioning Peak Load Reduction Stratification Air Distribution
66	Mechanical Equipment Rooms 2. Houses of Worship 3. Auditoriums Movie Theaters
67	Performance Theaters Concert Halls 4. Arenas and Stadiums Load Characteristics Enclosed Stadiums
68	Ancillary Spaces Ice Rinks Gymnasiums 5. Convention and Exhibition Centers
69	Load Characteristics System Applicability 6. Fairs and Other Temporary Exhibits Design Concepts Occupancy Equipment and Maintenance Air Cleanliness System Applicability
70	7. Atriums References
71	— CHAPTER 06: INDOOR SWIMMING POOLS — 1. Design Components Environmental Control Air Quality Control Humidity Control Temperature Control
72	Vapor Migration Building Pressurization Ventilation Air Exhaust Air Location of Mechanical Equipment 2. Design Issues
73	Fig. 1 Example Psychrometric Chart Fig. 2 Stages of Moisture Condensation on Glass
74	Outdoor Air Fig. 3 Structural Damage Caused by Condensation Fig. 4 Condensation Dew Point Chart Fig. 5 Condensation on Windows: Glass Surface Is below Space Dew Point
75	Load Estimation Table 1 Typical Activity Factors for Various Pool Feature Types Fig. 6 Effects of U-Values and Indoor and Outdoor Temperatures on Dew Point
76	Ventilation Requirements Air Distribution Effectiveness and Duct Design Table 2 Typical Natatorium Design Conditions
77	Envelope Design Condensation Control Pool Water Chemistry and Air Quality
78	Energy Considerations Fig. 7 Vapor Retarder Location for Indoor Pool Fig. 8 Supply Air Blanketing of Condensation-Prone Areas
79	Design Checklist References Bibliography
80	— CHAPTER 07: HOSPITALITY — 1. Load Characteristics 2. Design Concepts and Criteria
81	3. Systems Energy-Efficient Systems Energy-Neutral Systems
82	Energy-Inefficient Systems Total Energy Systems Special Considerations 4. Hotels and Motels
83	Guest Rooms Table1 Hotel Classes Table 2 Hotel Design Criteria a,b
84	Fig. 1 Alternative Location for Hotel Guest Room Air-Conditioning Unit above Hung Ceiling
85	Public Areas Fig. 2 Alternative Location for Hotel Guest Room Air-Conditioning Unit on Room Perimeter and Chase-Enclosed
86	Back-of-the-House (BOTH) Areas Special Concerns Table 3 Design Criteria for Hotel Back-of-the-House Areasa Table 4 Design Criteria for Hotel Guest Room DOAS
87	5. Dormitories 6. Multiple-Use Complexes
88	References Bibliography
89	— CHAPTER 08: EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES — 1. Preschools General Design Considerations Design Criteria Load Characteristics Table 1 Recommended Temperature and Humidity Design Criteria for Various Spaces in Preschools
90	Humidity Control Systems and Equipment Selection Table 2 Minimum Design Criteria for Ventilation and Filtration for Preschools Table 3 Typical Recommended Design Guidelines for HVAC Related Background Sound for Preschool Facilities Table 4 Applicability of Systems to Typical Areasd
91	2. K-12 Schools General and Design Considerations Table 5 Typical Spaces in K-12 Schools Table 6 Temperature and Humidity Design Ranges for K-12Schools
92	Design Criteria
93	Table 7 Minimum Design Criteria for Ventilation and Filtration for K-12 Schools
94	Load Characteristics Humidity Control Table 8 Typical Recommended Design Guidelines for HVAC Related Background Sound for K-12 Schools Table 9 Typical Classroom Summer Latent (Moisture) Loads
95	Room Air Distribution Systems and Equipment Selection
96	Fig. 1 Typical Configuration of DOAS Air-Handling Unit:Enthalpy Wheel with Heat Pipe for Reheat Fig. 2 Typical Configuration of DOAS Air-Handling Unit:Enthalpy Wheel with Wrap around Heat Pipe for Reheat
97	Fig. 3 Cooling/Dehumidification Psychrometric Process ofTypical DOAS Air-Handling Unit in Figure 1
98	Displacement Ventilation and Active/Induction Chilled Beams Fig. 4 Typical Configuration of Rooftop Packaged Air Conditioners with Energy Recovery Module and EnhancedDehumidification (Condenser Reheat Coil) Fig. 5 Typical Schematic of DOAS with Local Classroom Cooling/Heating Terminal
99	Table 10 Typical Design Criteria for DOASAir-Handling Unit Fig. 6 Typical Displacement Ventilation System Layout
100	Table 11 Applicability of Systems to Typical Areas Fig. 7 Typical Active/Induction Chilled-Beam Terminal
101	In-Room Air Cleaners Fig. 8 Upper Room Air Disinfection Fig. 9 In-AHU Air and Surface Disinfection
102	Fig. 10 In-Room Air Cleaner Sizing Example
103	Fig. 11 Space IAQ Dashboard Example Fig. 12 School District-Level IAQ Dashboard Example
104	Fig. 13 Real-Time Outdoor Air Quality Data Example: Map Fig. 14 Real-Time Outdoor Air Quality Data Example
105	Nurse / Health Suite Table 12 Typical Recommended Temperature and Humidity Ranges for K-12 Nurse /Health Suite Fig. 15 Real-Time Outdoor Air Quality Data Example: Outdoor Fire Alert
106	Table 13 Typical Recommended IAQ Parameter Ranges for K-12 Nurse/Health Suite Table 14 Minimum and Recommended ACH based Design Criteria for Ventilation and Filtration forK-12 Schools Nurse/Health Suite Table 15 Typical Recommended Design Guidelines for HVAC-Related Background Sound for K-12 Schools Nurse/Health Suite
107	Fig. 16 Conceptual Design of Nurse/Health Suite Fig. 17 Pressurization Plan of Example Nurse/Health Suite Fig. 18 Example of Nurse/Health Suite Temperature,Humidity, and IAQ Sensor Placement
108	3. Colleges and Universities General and Design Considerations
109	Housing Athletics and Recreational Facilities Social and Support Facilities Cultural Centers
110	Central Utility Plants 4. Sustainability, Energy Efficiency, and Indoor Air Quality Advanced Energy Design Guide (AEDG) for K-12 Schools ANSI/ASHRAE/ICC/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2020 Table 16 Housing Rooms Design Criteriaa
111	Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEEDÒ) ENERGY STAR for K-12 Facilities Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) International Institute for Sustainable Laboratories (I2SL)
112	EnergySmart Schools Other Domestic and International Rating Systems Underwriters’ Laboratories (UL) Verified Healthy Building Program International WELL Building Institute’s (IWBI) WELL Building Standard (WELL) RESET® 5. Energy Conservation Considerations Table 17 Examples of Domestic and International Rating Systems
113	6. Energy Measurement and Verification (M&V) ASHRAE Guideline 14-2014 Table 18 Selected Potential Energy Conservation Measures
114	International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP; 2007) 7. Selected Topics in Energy and Design Energy Efficiency, Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), and Building Design Table 19 IPMVP M&V Options
115	Building Energy Modeling Energy Benchmarking and Benchmarking Tools
116	Combined Heat and Power in Educational Facilities Renewable Energy Fig. 19 Example of Laboratory Building EnergyBenchmarking (Laboratory BenchmarkingTool [LBT])
117	Value Engineering (VE) and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) Fig. 20 Example of PV Installation at Ohlone College,Newark Center, Newark, CA: 450 kW, 3530 m2 Fig. 21 Example of PV Installation at Twenhofel MiddleSchool, Independence, KY: 22 kW Fig. 22 PV Installation at Discovery Elementary, NetZero Energy School, Arlington, VA: 500 kW
118	The School as a Learning Tool for Energy Conservation and Sustainability Energy Dashboards and Energy Management Information Systems (EMIS) Fig. 23 Integration of Sustainability Features for Educational Purposes, Twenhofel Middle School, Independence, KY
119	Central Plant Optimization for Higher Education Facilities Fig. 24 Integration of Sustainability Features forEducational Purposes, Discovery Elementary School,Arlington, VA Fig. 25 Integration of Sustainability Features forEducational Purposes, Discovery Elementary School,Arlington, VA: Energy Dashboard Fig. 26 Integration of Sustainability Features forEducational Purposes, Discovery Elementary School,Arlington, VA: Classroom Fig. 27 Typical Energy Management and InformationSystem (EMIS) Layout Fig. 28 Energy Dashboard, Kentucky Community TechnicalCollege Fig. 29 Energy Dashboard for Kentucky CommunityTechnical College: ACTC East Park II Building
120	Central Cooling Plants Fig. 30 Example of Comprehensive EMIS Features Fig. 31 Example of EMIS Energy Analytics Fig. 32 Example of Fault Detection and Diagnostics Screen Fig. 33 Example of Using EMIS to Optimize EnergyEfficiency and Infectious Disease Risk
121	8. Educational Facilities for Students with Disabilities Fig. 34 Example of Dynamic Central Plant Optimization Framework for Higher Education Campus
122	Fig. 35 Example of Central Plant Optimization System Operator Dashboard
123	9. Commissioning Commissioning: New Construction Commissioning Existing Buildings 10. Seismic- and Wind-Restraint Considerations 11. COVID-19 Pandemic Information Table 20 Key Commissioning Activities for New Building Table 21 Key Commissioning Activities for Existing Building
124	Table 22 Selected Case Studies from ASHRAE Journal
125	12. Selected Case Studies References Table 22 Selected Case Studies from ASHRAE Journal (Continued)
126	Table 23 Selected Case Studies from ASHRAE High Performing Buildings Magazine
127	Bibliography
129	— CHAPTER 09: HEALTH CARE FACILITIES — 1. Health Care Facility Categories 1.1 HOSPITAL , Inpatient
130	1.2 Ambulatory, Outpatient 1.3 Residential Facilities
131	1.4 Regulation and Resources
132	2. Indoor Environmental Quality 2.1 Infection, Disease, and Contamination Table 1 Sample of ASHRAE Standard 170 -2021 Design Parameters
133	2.2 Indoor Air Quality Infectious Disease Transmission Modeling (Inhalation)
134	Air Contamination Control Measures Table 2 Airborne Infectious Agent Quanta Generation Rates per Hour Table 3 Theoretical Effect of Air Change Rates on Particle Removal
136	2.3 THERMAL COMFORT IN HEALTH CARE Table 4 Health Care Occupants and Thermal Comfort Factors Fig. 1 Controlling Air Movement through Pressurization
137	2.4 ACOUSTICS Fig. 2 Thermal Comfort Factors for Patients
138	3. Operations and reliability 3.1 OPERATIONS Benchmarking Planning and Design Construction
139	Operations Maintenance 3.2 LIFE SAFETY Elevator Hoistway Opening Protection 3.3 EMERGENCY OPERATIONS Seismic Considerations
140	Risk Assessment for Facility Adaption to Emergency Conditions Resiliency Surge Capacity Considerations
141	4. Energy Use and Performance 4.1 BENCHMARKING 4.2 PERFORMANCE Fig. 3 Benchmarking of International Hospital Energy Use Fig. 4 U.S. Building Type Energy Use Benchmarking Fig. 5 Energy by End Use in U.S. Hospital
142	Natural Ventilation 5. HVAC system design considerations 5.1 Commissioning and Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing Fig. 6 Five-Step Method to Systematically Achieve Energy Performance
143	Commissioning Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing (TAB) 5.2 Medical Equipment 5.3 Heating systems Space Heating Table 5 Summary of Heat Gain to Air from Imaging Systems Table 6 Summary of Heat Gain to Air
144	5.4 cooling systems 5.5 Air Handling and Distribution Systems Air Handlers Exhaust Systems Duct Systems 5.6 HUMIDIFICATION Systems
145	6. HVAC Design Considerations for Specific Areas 6.1 SURGERY AND CRITICAL CARE Operating Rooms Fig. 7 Humidity Control at Air Handler
146	Fig. 8 Operating Room Layout
147	6.2 NURSING Fig. 9 Protective Environment Room Arrangement
148	6.3 DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT
149	Fig. 10 Biocontainment Treatment Areas Fig. 11 Biocontainment Treatment Areas
150	6.4 PHARMACY
151	6.5 ANCILLARY Table 7 Minimum Environmental Control Guidance for Pharmacies
152	Table 8 Engineering Requirements for Receiving, Storing, and Manipulating Hazardous Drugs
153	6.6 STERILIZATION AND SUPPLY 6.7 SERVICE AND SUPPORT AREAS
154	6.8 DENTAL Standards AENOR/UNE ANSI/AAMI ANSI/AIHA ANSI/ASHRAE ANSI/ASHRAE/IES ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE ANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA ASHRAE ANSI/ASTM ANSI/NFPA
155	ANSI/NSF ANSI/UL CAN/CSA FGI 2022 UK Department of Health and Social Care References
157	Bibliography
158	— CHAPTER 10: JUSTICE FACILITIES — 1. TERMINOLOGY 2. GENERAL SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
159	Energy Considerations Fig. 1 Typical Security Barrier Fig. 2 Typical Air Grille
160	Heating and Cooling Plants and Mechanical Rooms Controls Fire/Smoke Management Tear Gas and Pepper Spray Storage and Exhaust
161	Health Issues Pandemic HVAC Design 3. JAILS, PRISONS, AND FAMILY COURTS HVAC Design Criteria System Requirements
162	Dining Halls Kitchens Guard Stations Control Rooms Laundries 4. COURTHOUSES HVAC Design Criteria System Requirements Courtrooms/Chambers
163	Jury Facilities Libraries Jail Cells and U.S. Marshal Spaces (24 h Spaces) Fitness Facilities Acoustic Performance 5. FORENSIC LABS HVAC Design Criteria
164	System Requirements Intake Air Quality Firearms Testing Laboratories Acoustic Performance Critical Spaces
165	Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS) 6. INDOOR SHOOTING RANGES Bibliography
167	— CHAPTER 11: AUTOMOBILES — 1. Design Factors Thermal Comfort and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Fig. 1 Comfort as Function of Air Velocity
168	Cooling Load Factors Fig.2 ASHRAE Standard 64 Imposed Data for Four Occupants at a Vehicle Speed of 40 kph
169	Operational Environment of Components Airborne Contaminants and Ventilation Power Consumption and Availability Physical Parameters, Access, and Durability Fig. 3 Isometric View of Developed HVAC Unit with UV and Titanium Dioxide Filter
170	Noise and Vibration Vehicle Front-End Design 2. Air-Handling Subsystem Air Delivery Modes
171	Controls Air-Handling Subsystem Components
173	Fig. 4 Integrated HVAC Unit
174	3. Heating Subsystem Controls Components 4. Refrigeration Subsystem
175	Controls Components Fig. 5 Clutch-Cycling System with Orifice Tube Expansion DeviceFig Fig. 6 Clutch-Cycling System with Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TXV)
176	Fig. 7 Basic Compressor Designs for Automotive Application Fig. 8 Basic Automotive Condensers
177	Fig. 9 Conventional and Subcooled PRF Condenser Designs
178	Fig. 10 Schematic of Typical Accumulator-Dehydrator
179	Fig. 11 Comparison of Thermodynamic Cycle Between Base Case (R-134a) and HFO-1234yf Fig. 12 Comparison of Vapor Pressure Between Base Case (R-134a) and HFO-1234yf Fig. 13 Comparison of the Refrigerant for Heating and Cooling. Need a Magic Molecule that Will Be Suitable for Heat Pump Application for Colder Climates
180	Fig. 14 Heat Pump System in Cooling Mode Fig. 15 Heat Pump System in Cooling Mode (accumulator + EXV) Fig. 16 Heat Pump in Heating Mode with Dehumidification
181	Fig. 17 Automotive HVAC Unit with a Secondary Loop
182	5. Advanced Technologies Fig.18 Energy Storage Evaporator Fig. 19 A high voltage water heater for electric vehicles
184	High Voltage Water Heaters References
186	— CHAPTER 12: MASS TRANSIT — 1. Ventilation and Thermal Comfort
187	2. Thermal Load Analysis Cooling Design Considerations Heating Design Considerations Other Considerations 3. Bus HEATING, VENTILATION, AND Air Conditioning (HVAC)
188	Heat Load Interurban Buses Fig. 1 Distribution of Heat Load (Summer)
189	Air Distribution Urban Buses Fig. 2 Typical Main Heat Fluxes in Bus Fig. 3 Typical Arrangement of Air-Conditioning inInterurban Bus Fig. 4 Typical Mounting Location of Urban BusAir-Conditioning Equipment
190	Bus Air Distribution Small or Shuttle Buses Refrigerant Piping Shock and Vibration System Safety Fig. 5 Typical Mounting Location of Urban Bus Air-Conditioning Equipment with Single Compressor Fig. 6 Typical Mounting Location of Roof-Mounted UrbanBus Air-Conditioning Equipment with Single Compressor Fig. 7 Typical Mounting Location of Urban BusFully Electric Rear-Mounted Air-ConditioningEquipment with ac Generator
191	Controls Heat Pump Systems 4. Rail VEHICLE hvac Vehicle Types Fig. 8 Typical Mounting Location of Urban BusFully Electric Roof-Mounted Air ConditioningEquipment with ac Generator Fig. 9 Typical Mounting Location of Urban Bus FullyElectric Roof-Mounted HVAC Equipment
192	Equipment Design Considerations Fig. 10 Typical Light Rail Vehicle with Roof-MountedHVAC System
193	Other Requirements Air Distribution and Ventilation Piping Design Control Requirements 5. Fixed-Guideway Vehicle HEATING, VENTILATION, AND Air Conditioning (HVAC)
194	System Types Refrigeration Components Heating Controls Fig. 11 Typical Small Fixed-Guideway Vehicle withRoof-Mounted HVAC System Fig. 12 Example Monorail HVAC System Configurations
195	Ventilation Air Distribution References BIBLIOGRAPHY
196	—CHAPTER 13: AIRCRAFT — 1. Design Conditions Ambient Temperature, Humidity, and Pressure Heating/Air Conditioning Load Determination Fig. 1 Ambient Temperature Profiles Fig. 2 Design Humidity Ratio
197	Ambient Air Temperature in Flight Fig. 3 Cabin Pressure Versus Altitude Fig. 4 Psychrometric Chart for Cabin Altitude of 2440 m
198	Air Speed and Mach Number Ambient Pressure in Flight External Heat Transfer Coefficient in Flight External Heat Transfer Coefficient on Ground
199	External Radiation Conduction Stack Pressure across Cabin Wall Fig. 5 Example of Aircraft Insulation Arrangement
200	Metabolic Heat from Occupants Internal Heat Sources
201	Temperature Control Air Velocity Ventilation Table 1 Heat and Mass Transfer Coefficients forHuman Body Versus Altitude Fig. 6 Transient Air Velocity Measured in Seated Areaof Aircraft Cabin
202	Table 2 FAA-Specified Bleed Air Flow per Person Fig. 7 Cabin Air Velocities from CFD, m/s
203	Dilution Ventilation Air Exchange
204	Filtration Pressurization/Oxygen Fig. 8 Flow Reduction Caused by Filter Loading
205	System Description Pneumatic System Air Conditioning Fig. 9 Cabin Airflow Path Fig. 10 Engine/APU Bleed System
206	Cabin Pressure Control Fig. 11 Some Aircraft Refrigeration Cycles Fig. 12 Aircraft Air-Conditioning Schematic
207	2. Typical Flight (1) At the gate (2) Engine start and taxi (3) Take off/ascent (4) Cruise Ozone Protection Fig. 13 Bleed Air Temperatures
208	Air Conditioning and Temperature Control Air Recirculation Air Distribution Cabin Pressure Control (5) Descent, landing, and taxi 3. Air Quality Factors Affecting Perceived Air Quality
209	Airflow Air Changes Ozone Infectious Aerosols Fig. 14 Multiple Comfort Factors
210	Activity Levels Volatile Organic Compounds Carbon Dioxide 4. Design Regulations
211	14 CFR/CS Paragraph 25.831: Ventilation FAA Advisory Circular (AC) 25-20/ Acceptable Means of Compliance/Advisory Circular-Joint 25.831 14 CFR/CS 25.832: Cabin Ozone Concentration 14 CFR/CS 25.841: Pressurized Cabins 14 CFR Amendment 25-87 14 CFR/CS 25.1301: Function and Installation 14 CFR/CS 25.1309: Equipment, Systems, and Installations 14 CFR/CS 25.1438: Pressurization and Pneumatic Systems
212	14 CFR/CS 25.1461: Equipment Containing High- Energy Rotors Categories and Definitions 5. ASHRAE Research Projects RP-959 (2001) RP-957 (1999) RP-1262
213	RP-1306 (2014) RP-1830 (2022) References
215	—CHAPTER 14: SHIPS— 1. Merchant Ships Load Calculations
216	Equipment Typical Systems
217	Air Distribution Methods Control Regulatory Agencies 2. Naval Surface Ships Design Criteria Table 1 Minimum Thickness of Steel Ducts
218	Load Determination Equipment Selection Typical Air Systems Air Distribution Methods Control
219	Table 2 Minimum Thickness of Materials for Ducts References Bibliography
220	— CHAPTER 15: INDUSTRIAL AIR CONDITIONING — 1. General Requirements Terminology 2. Process and Product Requirements Rate of Chemical Reaction Rate of Crystallization Rate of Biochemical Reaction
221	Table 1 Design Requirements for Industrial Air Conditioning1
222	Product Accuracy and Uniformity
223	Product Formability Moisture Regain Corrosion, Rust, and Abrasion Air Cleanliness Table 2 Regain of Hygroscopic Materials*
224	Static Electricity 3. Personnel Requirements Thermal Control Levels Contamination Control Levels 4. Design Considerations
225	Material Handling (MH) Airlock Interface 5. Load Calculations Table 3 Facilities Checklist
226	Solar and Transmission Internal Heat Generation Stratification Effect Makeup Air Fan Heat 6. Pressurization Explosion Management
227	7. System and Equipment Selection 8. Heating Systems Floor Heating Unit and Ducted Heaters Infrared Heaters
228	9. Cooling Systems Refrigerated Cooling Systems Evaporative Cooling Systems 10. Air Filtration Systems Exhaust Air Filtration Systems Contamination Control 11. Exhaust Systems
229	12. Operation and Maintenance 13. Heat Recovery and Energy Conservation 14. Control Systems
230	15. Life and Property Safety 16. Commissioning
231	References Bibliography
232	— CHAPTER 16: ENCLOSED VEHICULAR FACILITIES — 1. Tunnels Tunnel Ventilation Concepts Tunnel Ventilation Systems
233	Design Approach
234	Tunnel Fires Fig. 1 Roadway Grade Factor
235	Road Tunnels Fig. 2 Natural Ventilation
236	Table 1 List of Road Tunnel Fires
237	Table 2 Smoke Movement During Natural Ventilation Tests Fig. 3 Longitudinal Ventilation
239	Fig. 4 Semitransverse Ventilation Fig. 5 Full Transverse Ventilation
240	Table 3 Average Dimensional Data for Automobiles Soldin the United States Fig. 6 Combined Ventilation System
241	Table 4 Typical Fire Size Data for Road Vehicles Table 5 Maximum Air Temperatures at Ventilation FansDuring Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program Fig. 7 Fan Total Pressure
243	Rapid Transit Tunnels and Stations
244	Fig. 8 Tunnel Ventilation Shaft Fig. 9 Tunnel Ventilation Concept
245	Fig. 10 Trackway Ventilation Concept (Cross-Sections) Fig. 11 Emergency Ventilation Concept
247	Table 6 Typical Heat Source Emission Values
248	Railroad Tunnels Fig. 12 Typical Diesel Locomotive Arrangement
249	Fig. 13 Railroad Tunnel Aerodynamic Related Variables
250	2. Parking Garages Ventilation Requirements and Design Table 7 Average Entrance and Exit Times for Vehicles
251	Table 8 Predicted CO Emissions in Parking Garages Fig. 14 Ventilation Requirement for Enclosed ParkingGarage
252	Types of Ventilation Systems for Enclosed Parking Garages Fig. 15 Typical Energy Savings and Maximum CO Level Obtained for Demand CO-Ventilation Controls Fig. 16 Three Car Movement Profiles Fig. 17 Section View of Typical Ducted System
253	Ductless Design Methodology Supply and Exhaust Placement
254	Jet Fan Design and Placement CFD Analysis Control Sequencing Fig. 18 Typical Three Level Underground Parking Garage with a Share Supply and Exhaust System Fig. 19 Typical Three-Level Underground Parking Garagewith Separate Exhaust
255	High-Temperature Product Requirements Other Considerations 3. Automotive Repair Facilities 4. Bus Garages Maintenance and Repair Areas
256	Servicing Areas Storage Areas Design Considerations and Equipment Selection Fig. 20 Typical Equipment Arrangement for Bus Garage
257	Effects of Alternative Fuel Use 5. Bus Terminals
258	Platforms Bus Operation Areas Fig. 21 Partially Enclosed Platform, Drive-Through Type Fig. 22 Fully Enclosed Waiting Room with Sawtooth Gates
259	Calculation of Ventilation Rate Table 9 8 h TWA Exposure Limits for Gaseous Pollutants from Diesel Engine Exhaust, ppm Table 10 EPA Emission Standards for Urban Bus Diesel Engines
260	6. Tollbooths Air Quality Criteria Design Considerations
261	Equipment Selection 7. Diesel Locomotive Facilities Ventilation Guidelines and Facility Types
262	Contaminant Level Criteria Table 11 Contaminant Exposure Limits for NO2
263	Contaminant Emission Rate Table 12 Sample Diesel Locomotive Engine Emission Data
264	Locomotive Operation Design Methods Fig. 23 Section View of Locomotive and General Exhaust System Fig. 24 Elevation View of Locomotive and General Exhaust System
265	Table 13 Constants for Equation (20)
266	Table 14 Constants for Equation (22) Fig. 25 Section View of Locomotive and Exhaust Hood System Fig. 26 Elevation View of Locomotive and Exhaust Hood System
267	8. Equipment Fans Fig. 27 Typical Jet Fan Arrangement in Niche
269	Dampers
271	9. National and International Safety Standards and Guidelines ASHRAE National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
272	World Road Association (PIARC) Country-Specific Standards and Guidelines Building and Fire Codes
273	References
274	Bibliography
276	— CHAPTER 17: LABORATORIES — 1. General Design Guidance 1.1 LABORATORY TYPES Laboratory Resource Materials
277	1.2 Hazard Assessment 1.3 Design Parameters Internal Thermal Considerations
278	Architectural Considerations
279	2. Laboratory Exhaust and Containment Devices 2.1 FUME HOODS Types of Fume Hoods Fig. 1 Bypass Fume Hood with Vertical Sash and Bypass Air Inlet
280	Fume Hood Performance Fume Hood Sash Configurations
281	2.2 Biological Safety Cabinets Fig. 2 Types of Biological Safety Cabinets
282	Class I Cabinets Class II Cabinets Class III Cabinets
283	2.3 Miscellaneous Exhaust Devices 2.4 Laminar Flow Clean Benches 2.5 Compressed Gas Storage and Ventilation Gas Cylinder Closets Gas Cylinder Cabinets 3. Laboratory Ventilation
284	Diversity Noise 3.1 SUPPLY AIR SYSTEMS Filtration Air Distribution 3.2 Exhaust Systems
285	Types of Exhaust Systems Ductwork Leakage
286	Containment Device Leakage Materials and Construction 3.3 Fire Safety for Ventilation Systems
287	3.4 Control Thermal Control Constant-Air-Volume (CAV) Versus Variable-Air- Volume (VAV) Room Airflow Control Room Pressure Control
288	Fume Hood Control 3.5 Stack Heights and Air Intakes Stack/Intake Separation
289	Stack Height Stack Height plus Vertical Momentum Architectural Screens Criteria for Suitable Dilution Adjacent Building Effects 4. Applications 4.1 Laboratory Animal Facilities Primary Uses of Animal Housing Facilities
290	Regulatory Environment Temperature and Humidity Ventilation Table 1 Recommended Dry-Bulb Microenvironmental Temperatures for Common Laboratory Animals Table 2 Heat Generated by Laboratory Animals
291	Animal Heat Production Design Considerations Caging Systems
292	4.2 Ancillary Spaces for Animal Laboratories 4.3 Containment Laboratories Biosafety Level 1 Biosafety Level 2 Biosafety Level 3
293	Biosafety Level 4 Biosafety Level 3Ag 4.4 Scale-Up Laboratories 4.5 Teaching Laboratories 4.6 Clinical Laboratories 4.7 Radiochemistry Laboratories 4.8 Operation and Maintenance
294	4.9 Energy Energy Efficiency
295	Energy Recovery Sustainable Design 4.10 Commissioning
296	4.11 Economics References
297	Bibliography
300	— CHAPTER 18: ENGINE TEST FACILITIES — 1. Engine Heat Release 2. Engine Exhaust
301	3. Internal Combustion Engine Test Cells Test Cell Exhaust Fig. 1 Engine Exhaust Systems Fig. 2 Engine Test Cell Showing Direct Engine Exhaust: Unitary Ventilation System
302	4. Test Cell Supply 5. Gas-Turbine Test Cells Table 1 Exhaust Quantities for Test Cells Fig. 3 Heat Removal Ventilation Systems
303	6. Chassis Dynamometer Rooms 7. Ventilation 8. Combustion Air Supply 9. Cooling Water Systems 10. Noise Fig. 4 Chassis Dynamometer Room
304	Bibliography Table 2 Typical Noise Levels in Test Cells
305	— CHAPTER 19: CLEAN SPACES — 1. Terminology
306	Table 1 Airborne Particle Concentration Limits by Cleanliness Class per ISO Standard 14644-1 (2015)
307	2. Clean Spaces and Cleanroom Applications 3. Airborne Particles and Particle Control Fig. 1 Air Cleanliness Classifications in ISO Standard 14644-1
308	Particle Sources in Clean Spaces Fibrous Air Filters Table 2 Filter Classification, per ISO 29463, of High-Efficiency Filters and Filter Media for Removing Particles in Air
309	4. Air Pattern Control Non-unidirectional Airflow Unidirectional Airflow Fig. 2 ISO Class 7 Non-unidirectional Cleanroom withDucted HEPA Filter Supply Elements and ISO Class 5Unidirectional Cleanroom with Ducted HEPA or ULPA Filter Fig. 3 ISO Class 7 Non-unidirectional Cleanroom withHEPA Filters Located in Supply Duct and ISO Class 5 Local Workstations Fig. 4 ISO Class 7 Non-Unidirectional Cleanroom with HEPA Filters Located in Supply Duct and ISO Class 5 Unidirectional Airflow Modules
310	Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
311	Air Change Rate Determination Fig. 5 Cleanroom Airflow Velocity Vectors Generated by Computer Simulation Fig. 6 Computer Modeling of Cleanroom Airflow Streamlines
312	Demand Control Airflow Fig. 7 Computer Simulation of Particle Propagation in Cleanroom Fig. 8 Computer Simulated Airflow Patterns in Mini environment Cleanroom: (A) Unidirectional Flow and (B) Mixed Flow
313	5. Airflow Direction Control Between Clean Spaces Space Pressurization Fig. 9 Computer Simulated Particle Concentration in Minienvironment Cleanroom Showing(A) Lower Particle Concentration in Mini environment and Higher Concentration near Person because of Recirculation of Airaround Occupant and (B) Particle Cloud of 35 311 particles/m3 with Higher Particle Concentration near Occupant’s Face Fig. 10 Actual versus Recommended Cleanroom Airflow
314	Fig. 11 Room Airflow Offset (Either Surplus or Deficit) Is Required to Create Pressurization or Depressurization
315	Multiple-Space (Suite) Pressurization 6. Testing Clean Air and Clean Spaces Fig. 12 Flow Rate Through Leakage Area under Pressure Differential
316	7. Pharmaceutical and Biomanufacturing Clean Spaces Design Process
317	Design Concerns for Pharmaceutical Cleanrooms Fig. 13 Typical Aseptic Suite
318	Fig. 14 Air Lock Types and Applications
320	Decontamination Barrier Technology Maintainability
321	Controls, Monitors, and Alarms Noise Concerns Nonaseptic Products 8. Start-Up and Qualification of Pharmaceutical Cleanrooms Qualification of HVAC for Aseptic Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Qualification Plan and Acceptance Criteria
322	9. Semiconductor Cleanrooms Configuration
323	Contamination Control Static Charge and Electromagnetic Interference Fig. 15 Multilevel Fabs
324	Semiconductor Fab Conditions Cleanroom Cleanliness and Airflow Concepts Table 3 Process Area Environmental Conditions Fig. 16 Fab Environment Figures
325	Fig. 17 Wafer Fab Environment in Psychrometric Chart
326	10. High-Bay Cleanrooms Downflow and Horizontal-Flow Designs Table 4 High-Bay Cleanroom Air Changes per Hour Versus Average Vertical Airflow Velocity, Space Height, and Cleanliness Class Fig. 18 Makeup Air Configuration Schemes
327	Air Handling Equipment and Filter Access Prefilter Selection Design Criteria and Indoor Air Quality 11. Environmental Systems Cooling Loads and Cooling Methods Fig. 19 High-Bay Cleanroom Scheme
328	Makeup Air Process Exhaust Fire Safety for Exhaust Air Temperature and Humidity
329	Air Pressurization
330	Sizing and Redundancy Minienvironments Fan-Filter Units
331	12. Sustainability and Energy Conservation
332	Cleanrooms and Resource Use: Opportunities to Improve Sustainability 13. Noise and Vibration Control Fig. 20 Energy Efficiency of Air Recirculation Systems
333	14. SPACE Construction and Operation Construction Finishes Personnel and Garments Materials and Equipment Particulate Producing Operations Entries 15. Cleanroom Installation and Test Procedures Installation
335	Pressurization Test and Map Operation Personnel Training Program Cleanliness Verification Test Commissioning Process Equipment Installation (Tool Hook-up) 16. Integration of Cleanroom Design and Construction
336	17. Life and Property Safety Hazards Generated on Cleanroom Property Fire and Hazardous Gas Detection, Alarm, and Suppression Systems Fig. 21 General Design and Construction Procedure
337	Homeland Security and Emergency Response Plan IEST Recommended Practices References
338	Bibliography
340	— CHAPTER 20: DATA CENTERS AND TELECOMMUNICATION FACILITIES — 1. overview and definitions Definitions
341	2. Datacom Equipment, Power Trends, and Environmental Guidelines 2.1 Datacom Equipment Workload Load Characterization Fig. 1 Typical Datacom Facility Space Plan
342	2.2 Datacom Equipment Racks 2.3 Datacom Equipment (Hardware) Server Classifications Fig. 2 Typical Rack and Cabinet Examples Fig. 3 Typical Computer Server Packaging Form Factors
343	Datacom Equipment Airflow Liquid-Cooled Datacom Equipment Fig. 4 Equipment Airflow Fig. 5 Internal Liquid-Cooling Loop Exchanging Heat with Liquid-Cooling Loop External to Racks
344	Contamination Environmental Guidelines for Air-Cooled Equipment
345	Table1 2021 Thermal Guidelines: Equipment Environment Specifications for Air Cooling
346	Controlling Both Temperature and Moisture in a Datacom Environment to Maintain High Reliability Fig. 6 Environmental Classes for Datacom Equipment Classes with Low (Top) and High (Bottom) Pollutant Levels
347	Environmental Guidelines for Liquid-Cooled Equipment Datacom Equipment Nameplate Ratings and Manufacturers’ Heat Release Power Trends Table 2 Liquid Cooled Datacom Facility Classes (Product Operation)
348	2.4 Datacom Equipment Components Thermal Design Overview Table 3 Workload Types Fig. 7 ASHRAE Projected Power Trends for 2U 2-Datacom Hardware by Workload Type Fig. 8 ASHRAE Power Compound Annual Growth Rate for Datacom Hardware by Workload Type and Size
349	Air-Cooled Datacom Equipment Components Power and Thermal Management Liquid-Cooled Datacom Equipment Components Fig. 9 System Thermal Management Fig. 10 Example Component in System and Rack
350	3. Datacom Facilities 3.1 General Considerations Spatial and Envelope Considerations Datacom Rooms
351	Support and Ancillary Spaces
352	Other Systems and Considerations
354	Redundancy, Reliability, and Concurrent Maintainability Commissioning
355	3.2 Air Cooling Air-Cooling System Configurations
356	Air Distribution
358	Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Analysis
359	Fig. 11 Examples of Main Types of Containment
360	3.3 Liquid Cooling Liquid-Cooling System Configurations Fig. 12 Typical Liquid Cooling Systems/Loops Within Datacom Facility Fig. 13 Direct Liquid Cooling with Cold Plate on Computer Chip
361	Piping and Distribution Systems Liquid Coolants Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) and Flow Network Analysis Fig.14 Liquid Immersion Cooling System Servers in Liquid Bath Fig. 15 Liquid Immersion Cooling System Approaches Fig. 16 Example of Chilled-Water Distribution Piping System
362	3.4 Water USAGE and Energy Efficiency Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE™) Energy Efficiency Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE™)
363	Partial-Load Operation Economizers/Free Cooling Fig. 17 Illustration of Typical Air Economizer approaches
364	Fig.18 Typical Direct Air Economizer (Free Cooling) Fig. 19 Typical Indirect Single-Step Air-Side Economizer with Air-to-Air Plate Heat Exchanger Fig. 20 Typical Indirect Single-Step Air-Side Economizer with Air-to-Air Heat Transfer Wheel Fig. 21 Indirect Two-Step Single-Phase Fluid Economizer with Dual-Coil CRAC Unit Fig. 22 Two-Step Indirect Single-Phase Fluid Economizer with CRAH and Air-Cooled Chiller
365	X-Factor Reliability Analysis Fig. 23 Indirect Three-Step Single-Phase Fluid Economizer with Water-Cooled Chiller Fig. 24 Indirect Two-Step Two-Phase Fluid Economizer with CRAC and Refrigerant Pumps
366	Liquid Cooling of ITE as Means to Increase Economizer Use 4. Resources ASHRAE Datacom Series Fig. 25 Indirect Two-Step Two-Phase Fluid Economizer with CRAH and Active/Passive Thermosiphon Refrigerant Loop
368	ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.4-2019, Energy Standard for Data Centers (ASHRAE 2019b) ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 127-2020, Method of Testing for Rating Air Conditioning Units Serving Data Centers (DC) and Other Information Technology Equipment (ITE) Spaces ANSI/AHRI Standard 1361-2017, Performance Rating of Computer and Data Processing Room Air Conditioners Data Center Handbook, 2nd ed. (John Wiley & Sons, 2021) ANSI/TIA Standard TIA-942-B-2017, Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers ANSI/BICSI Standard 002-2019, Data Center Design and Implementation Best Practices ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 202-2018, Commissioning Process for Buildings and Systems (ANSI Approved; IES Co- sponsored) ASHRAE Guideline 0-2019, The Commissioning Process
369	ANSI/BICSI Standard 009-2019, Data Center Operation and Maintenance Best Practices The Green Grid, White Paper 79. Data Center Automation with a DCIM System. The Green Grid, White Paper 68. The Performance Indicator: Assessing and Visualizing Data Center Cooling Performance. DIN EN 50600; Information Technology—Data Centre Facilities and Infrastructures ISO/IEC 22237 Series: Information technology—Data Centre Facilities and Infrastructures European Commission—The European Code of Conduct for Energy Efficiency in Data Centres References
370	Bibliography
371	— CHAPTER 21: PRINTING PLANTS — 1. Design Criteria Special Considerations Fig. 1 Work Flow Through a Printing Plant
372	2. Control of Paper Moisture Content 3. Platemaking 4. Relief Printing Fig. 2 Temperature-Conditioning Chart for Paper
373	5. Lithography Recommended Environment Fig. 3 Effects of Variation in Moisture Content on Dimensions of Printing Papers
374	Air Conditioning 6. Rotogravure 7. Other Plant Functions Flexography Collotype Printing Salvage Air Filtration
375	Binding and Shipping References
376	— CHAPTER 22: TEXTILE PROCESSING PLANTS — 1. TERMINOLOGY 2. FIBER MAKING
377	3. YARN MAKING Cotton System Fig. 1 Textile Process Flowchart and Ranges of Humidity
378	Woolen and Worsted Systems Twisting Filaments and Yarns 4. FABRIC MAKING Preparatory Processes Weaving
379	Knitting Dyeing and Finishing 5. AIR-CONDITIONING DESIGN Open-Sump Chilled-Water Systems Integrated Systems
380	Collector Systems Fig. 2 Mechanical Spinning Room with Combined Air-Conditioning and Collector System
381	Air Distribution Fig. 3 Central Collector for Carding Machine
382	Health Considerations Safety and Fire Protection 6. ENERGY CONSERVATION Bibliography
383	— CHAPTER 23: FIRE AND EMT STATIONS AND TRAINING ACADEMIES — 1. TERMINOLOGY 2. GENERAL CRITERIA 3. ENERGY CONSERVATION 4. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Fire Stations
384	Apparatus Bay Apparatus Exhaust Systems HVAC Systems and Equipment Kitchen Dining/Training/Break Area(s) Offices Sleeping Quarters
385	Locker/Showers/Toilet Areas 5. EMT STATIONS 6. TRAINING ACADEMIES Fire Training Academies EMT Training Academies 7. PANDEMIC HVAC DESIGN New Construction Existing Facilities 8. SEISMIC AND WIND BRACING Table 1 Fire and EMT Station Indoor Design Criteria
386	9. COMMISSIONING REFERENCES
387	— CHAPTER 24: MUSEUMS, GALLERIES, ARCHIVES, AND LIBRARIES — 1. Terminology
388	2. Key Considerations 2.1 Heritage 2.2 Context 2.3 International Standards 2.4 Preservation and Risk Management 2.5 Sustainability
389	3. Context and Predesign 3.1 Mission and Strategy 3.2 Determine Needs
390	3.3 Current Environment Fig. 1 Decision Diagram for Environmental Management Strategies in Museums, Galleries, Archives, and Libraries
391	3.4 Overview of Risks 3.5 Accept or Modify Environment Table 1 Examples of Space Types in Museums, Galleries, Archives, and Libraries
392	3.6 Analyze/Predict Achievable Environments and Impediments 3.7 Set Parameters and Objectives 3.8 Develop Options 3.9 Review Options and Select 3.10 Predesign Program Brief 3.11 Design of Solution 3.12 Procurement and Construction
393	3.13 Start-up and Commissioning 3.14 Training and Documentation 3.15 Evaluate and Revise 4. Overview of risks 5. Environmental Effects on Collections 5.1 Biological Damage Fig. 2 Temperature and Humidity for Visible Mold in 100 to 200 days
394	5.2 Mechanical Damage Table 2 Agents of Deterioration: Potential Hazards in Managing Collection Environments
395	Fig.3 Time Required for Visible Mold Growth Fig. 4 Number of Eggs Laid by Webbing Cloth Moth (Tieneola bisselliella) as Function of Temperature
396	Table 3 Sensitivity of Unproofed Objects to Relative Humidity Fluctuationsa
397	5.3 Chemical Damage Relative Humidity Table 4 ISO Storage Standards for Collections that Use Cold Storage
398	Table 5 Classes of Chemical Stability Fig. 5 Effect of Temperature on Lifetime for Various Ea
399	Temperature Fig. 6 Lines of Constant Lifetime (Isoperms) for Three Models
400	Table 6 Object Lifetime and Effects of Time Out of Storage Table 7 Examples of Corrections to Temperature Midpoint Fig. 7 Effect of Time Out of Cold Storage Fig. 8 Reduced Lifetime Caused by Occasional Hot Conditions Fig. 9 Seasonal Patterns Used for Sudden and Gradual Changes Fig. 10 Correction to Temperature Midpoint Caused by Seasonal Adjustment
401	5.4 Critical Relative Humidity Response Times of Artifacts Fig. 11 Calculated Humidity Response Times of Wooden Artifacts
402	Table 8 Hygric Half-Times (near 20°C)
403	5.5 Airborne Pollutants/Contaminants Sources Impact Fig. 12 Interaction of Air Leakage, Wood Coating, and Textile Buffering on Response of Wooden Chest of Drawers
404	Table 9 Airborne Pollutants: Sources and High-Vulnerability Materials
405	6. Design Parameters for Performance Target Specifications 6.1 Climate Loads 6.2 Building Envelope
406	Fig. 13 World Map of Climate Zones
407	6.3 Temperature and Relative Humidity Fig. 14 Climate Zones in United States
408	Table 10 Climate Zone Classifications for Select World Cities
409	Table 11 Type of Control, Climate Zone, and Typical Envelope Performance Necessary
410	6.4 Airborne Pollutant Control Strategies Table 12 Examples of Typical Envelope Assemblies or Features
411	6.5 Control Strategies for Objects with High Vulnerability to Pollutants Silver Fig. 15 Psychrometric Depiction of Control Type A1
412	Table 13A Temperature and Relative Humidity Specifications for Collections in Buildings or Special Rooms
413	Lead Calcareous Objects Sodium- and Potassium-Rich Glasses Colorants Table 13B Temperature and Relative Humidity Specifications for Collections in Buildings or Special Rooms
414	Cellulose Papers Cellulose Acetate Films Cellulose Nitrate Films Table 14 Strategies for the Control of Airborne Pollutants
415	Difficult-to-Clean Objects 7. Controls Design 7.1 Philosophy
416	7.2 Zoning 7.3 Basic Processes
417	7.4 Outdoor Air and Ventilation Outdoor Air Air-Side Economizers Pressurization Natural Ventilation for Preservation Air Change Rates Stack Effect
418	Stratification 7.5 Special Climatic Consideration Humidistatically Controlled Heating Hot and Humid Environments 7.6 Interior Construction
419	8. Control Equipment 8.1 Hardware Sensors Variable-Frequency Drives 8.2 Software
420	9. System Design and Selection 9.1 Energy and Operating Costs Energy Audits Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) Energy Efficiency
421	Lighting and Daylighting Hybrid (Load-Sharing) HVAC Systems Dual Fuel and Multiple Energy Sources Maintenance and Ease of Operation
422	9.2 Design Issues Zoning/Functional Organization System Design and Envelope Performance Reliability and Resiliency
423	Loads Shelving, Storage Cabinetry, and Compact Storage Integrating HVAC with Design of Exhibit Cases, Closed Cabinets, and Packaging
424	9.3 Specialized Spaces Cold/Frozen Storage Vaults Conservation Laboratories 9.4 Primary Elements and Features Air Volumes Fans Fig. 16 Basic Components of HVAC System for Museums, Galleries, Archives, and Libraries
425	Heating Equipment Cooling Equipment Humidification Dehumidification
426	Outdoor Air Ductwork 9.5 Filtration Design Performance
427	9.6 System Types Variable-Air-Volume and Constant-Volume VAV or CV Reheat Multizone Systems
428	Dual-Duct Systems Fan-Coil Units Fan-Powered Mixing Boxes 10. Construction 11. Commissioning 12. Training and Documentation
429	13. Optimization References
433	Bibliography
434	— CHAPTER 25: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FORANIMALS AND PLANTS — 1. Design for Plant and Animal Environments 1.1 Environmental Management 1.2 Ventilation Systems Natural Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation
435	1.3 Cooling Systems Evaporative Cooling Mechanical Refrigeration (Air Conditioning) Ventilation Heat Exchangers 1.4 Heating Systems Heating Systems 1.5 Air Distribution System Air Distribution and Circulation
436	Fans
437	1.6 Sensors and Controls Sensors Controls 2. Design for Animal Environments 2.1 Design Approach Fig. 1 Logic for Selecting Appropriate Ventilation Rate in Livestock Buildings
438	Temperature Control Moisture Control Air Quality Control
439	Disease Control Air Distribution Degree of Shelter 2.2 Cooling and Heating Fig. 2 Response of Swine to Air Velocity
440	Insulation Requirements Cooling Table 1 Minimum Recommended Overall Coefficients of Heat Transmission U for Insulated Assemblies Fig. 3 Energy Exchange Between Farm Animal and Surroundings in Hot Environment Fig. 4 Climatic Zones Fig. 5 Typical Livestock Building Inlet Configurations
441	Evaporative Cooling Mechanical Refrigeration (Air Conditioning) Heating Heat Exchangers Earth Tubes Air Velocity 2.3 Ventilation Natural Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation 2.4 Ventilation Management Air Distribution
442	Fig. 6 Example of Mono-Flow Ceiling (One Open Baffle; Cd = 0.60), Bi-Flow Ceiling (Two Open Baffles; Cd = 0.60), and Wall (One Open Baffle, Cd = 0.90) Fig. 7 Example commercially available 91 cm diameter axial fan curve (o) against ten commercially available bi-flow ceiling inlets (□) and these inlets combined with total infiltration (Δ)
443	Fans Sensors and Controls Emergency Warning 2.5 Recommended Practices by Species Dairy Cattle Beef Cattle
444	Swine Fig. 8 Critical Ambient Temperatures and Temperature Zone for Optimum Performance and Nominal Performance Loss in Farm Animals
445	Poultry Laboratory Animals
446	3. Design for Plant Environments
447	3.1 Greenhouses Site Selection Fig. 9 Structural Shapes of Commercial Greenhouses Fig. 10 Transmittance of Solar Radiation Through Glazing Materials for Various Angles of Incidence
448	Ventilation Cooling and Heating Loads Cooling Table 2 Suggested Heat Transmission Coefficients Table 3 Construction U-Factor Multipliers Fig. 11 Influence of Air Exchange Rate on Temperature Rise in Single- and Double-Covered Greenhouses
449	Table 4 Suggested Design Air Changes (N) Table 5 Multipliers for Calculating Airflow for Pad-and-Fan Cooling Table 6 Velocity Factors for Calculating Airflow for Pad-and-Fan Cooling Table 7 Recommended Air Velocity Through Various Pad Materials Table 8 Recommended Water Flow and Sump Capacityfor Vertically Mounted Cooling Pad Materials
450	Heating Fig. 12 Temperature Profiles in Greenhouse Heated with Radiation Piping along Sidewalls
451	Other Environmental Controls Lighting
452	Energy Saving Strategies Table 9 Constants to Convert to W/m2 Table 10 Suggested Radiant Energy, Duration, and Time of Day for Supplemental Lighting in Greenhouses
453	Modifications to Reduce Heat Loss Sensors and Controls 3.2 Indoor Plant Environments Without Sunlight Construction and Materials Floors and Drains
454	Sensors and Controls 3.3 Commercial Indoor Farms Planting Benches and Support Structures Design Conditions Cooling Dehumidification Heating Ventilation Heat Exchangers
455	Air Distribution and Air Velocity Lighting Table 11 Input Power Conversion of Light Sources Table 12 Approximate Mounting Height and Spacing of Luminaires in Greenhouses
456	3.4 Plant Growth Chambers Location Plant Benches Design Conditions Humidity Control Air Distribution
457	Lighting 3.5 Phytotrons Table 13 Height and Spacing of Luminaires Fig. 13 Cooling Lamps in Growth Chambers
458	Electrical Requirements Heat Rejection
459	Energy Conservation Operating Considerations 3.6 Other Indoor Plant Environment Facilities Table 14 Mounting Height for Luminaires in Storage Areas
460	References Bibliography ANIMALS
462	PLANTS
464	— CHAPTER 26: DRYING AND STORING SELECTED FARM CROPS — Grain Quantity Economics Table 1 Approximate Allowable Storage Time (Days) for Cereal Grains
465	1. Drying 1.1 Drying Equipment and Practices Fans Heaters Controls Table 2 Calculated Densities of Grains and Seeds Based on U.S. Department of Agriculture Data Table 3 Estimated Corn Drying Energy Requirement
466	1.2 Shallow-Layer Drying Batch Dryers Continuous-Flow Dryers Reducing Energy Costs Fig. 1 Rack-Type Continuous-Flow Grain Dryer with Alternate Rows of Air Inlet and Outlet Ducts
467	1.3 Deep-Bed Drying Full-Bin Drying Fig. 2 Crop Dryer Recirculation Unit Fig. 3 Dryeration System Schematic
468	Layer Drying Table 4 Recommended Airflow Rates for Dryeration Fig. 4 Perforated Floor System for Bin Drying of Grain Fig. 5 Tunnel or Duct Air Distribution System Fig. 6 Three Zones Within Grain During Full-Bin Drying
469	Batch-in-Bin Drying Recirculating/Continuous-Flow Bin Drying Table 5 Maximum Corn Moisture Contents, Wet Mass Basis, for Single-Fill Unheated Air Drying Table 6 Minimum Airflow Rate for Unheated Air Low-Temperature Drying of Small Grains and Sunflower in the Northern Plains of the United States Fig. 7 Example of Layer Filling of Corn
470	2. Drying Specific Crops 2.1 Soybeans Drying Soybeans for Commercial Use Drying Soybeans for Seed and Food 2.2 Hay Table 7 Recommended Unheated Air Airflow Rate for Different Grains and Moisture Contents in the Southern United States Fig. 8 Grain Recirculators Convert Bin Dryer to High-Speed Continuous-Flow Dryer
471	In-Storage Drying Batch Wagon Drying 2.3 Cotton Fig. 9 Central Duct Hay-Drying System with Lateral Slatted Floor for Wide Mows
472	2.4 Peanuts 2.5 Rice 3. Storage Problems and Practices 3.1 Moisture Migration 3.2 Grain Aeration Fig. 10 Grain Storage Conditions Associated with Moisture Migration During Fall and Early Winter
473	Aeration Systems Design Table 8 Airflow Rates Corresponding to Approximate Grain Cooling Time Fig. 11 Aerating to Change Grain Temperature
474	Operating Aeration Systems Table 9 Maximum Recommended Air Velocities Within Ducts for Flat Storages Fig. 12 Common Duct Patterns for Round Grain Bins Fig. 13 Duct Arrangements for Large Flat Storages
475	4. Seed Storage Bibliography
476	— CHAPTER 27: AIR CONDITIONING OF WOOD AND PAPER PRODUCT FACILITIES — 1. General Wood Product Operations Fig. 1 Relationship of Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Vapor Pressure of Air and Equilibrium Moisture Content of Wood
477	Process Area Air Conditioning Finished Product Storage 2. Pulp and Paper Operations Paper Machine Area Fig. 2 Paper Machine Area
478	Finishing Area Process and Motor Control Rooms Fig. 3 Pocket Ventilation
479	Paper Testing Laboratories Miscellaneous Areas System Selection Bibliography
480	— CHAPTER 28: POWER PLANTS — 1. General Design Criteria Temperature and Humidity
481	Table 1 Design Criteria for Fuel-Fired Power Plant
482	Equipment Selection Ventilation Rates Chlorine Room Ventilation
483	Infiltration and Exfiltration Filtration and Space Cleanliness Redundancy Noise Ductwork and Equipment Location 2. Ventilation Approach
484	3. Applications Driving Forces Air Distribution Inlet and Exhaust Areas Noise Plant Cleanliness Economics 4. Steam Generator Buildings: Industrial and Power Facilities Burner Areas
485	Steam Drum Instrumentation Area Fig. 1 Steam Generator Building
486	Local Control and Instrumentation Areas Coal- and Ash-Handling Areas
487	Stack Effect Sources of Combustion Air 5. Turbine Generator Building Fig. 2 Generation Building Arrangement
488	Local Control and Instrumentation Areas Deaerator Mezzanine Bridge Crane Operating Rooms Turbine Operating Floor and Suboperating Level Electric Transformer Rooms Plant Electrical Distribution Equipment and Switchgear/MCC Rooms Isophase Bus Duct Cooling 6. Combustion Turbine Areas
489	7. Main Control Center Control Rooms Battery Rooms Chemical Analysis Facilities 8. Substation and Switchyard Control Structures Design Considerations
490	9. Turbine Lubricating Oil Storage 10. Oil Storage and Pump Buildings 11. Coal Crusher and Coal Transportation System Buildings Potential for Dust Ignition Explosion Ventilation of Conveyor and Crusher Motors in Coal Dust Environment Cooling or Ventilation of Electrical and Control Equipment Ventilation of Methane Fumes Underground Tunnels and Conveyors Dust Collectors
491	12. Heating/Cooling Systems Cooling Heating Hydroelectric Power Plants 13. Energy Recovery
492	14. Safety Considerations 15. Security Considerations References Bibliography
493	— CHAPTER 29: NUCLEAR FACILITIES — 1. General Design Issues 1.1 As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) 1.2 Design
494	1.3 Normal or Power Design Basis 1.4 Safety Design Basis 1.5 Outdoor Conditions 1.6 Indoor Conditions 1.7 Indoor Pressures 1.8 Airborne Radioactivity 1.9 Tornado/Missile Protection 1.10 Fire Protection
495	1.11 Smoke Management Control Room Habitability Zone Air Filtration
496	2. Department of Energy Facilities 2.1 Confinement Systems Zoning Air Locks Zone Pressure Control Cascade Ventilation Fig. 1 Typical Process Facility Confinement Categories
497	Differential Pressures 2.2 Ventilation Ventilation Requirements Ventilation Systems Control Systems
498	Air and Gaseous Effluents Containing Radioactivity 3. Commercial Facilities 3.1 Operating Nuclear Power Plants Accident Scenarios Major NSSS Types
499	Commercial Plant License Renewal and Power Uprate 3.2 New Nuclear Power Plants Advanced Passive AP1000 Fig. 2 Typical Pressurized-Water Reactor Fig. 3 Typical Boiling-Water Reactor
500	Economic Simplified Boiling-Water Reactor (ESBWR) U.S. Evolutionary Power Reactor (USEPR) Small Modular Reactor (SMR)
501	4. Plant HVAC&R Systems 4.1 Pressurized-Water Reactors Containment Building 4.2 Boiling-Water Reactors Primary Containment Reactor Building
502	Turbine Building 4.3 Heavy Water Reactors Containment Inlet Air-Conditioning/Exhaust Ventilation System 4.4 Areas Outside Primary Containment Auxiliary Building Control Room
503	Control Cable Spreading Rooms Diesel Generator Building Emergency Electrical Switchgear Rooms Battery Rooms Fuel-Handling Building Personnel Facilities Pumphouses Radioactive Waste Building Technical Support Center 4.5 Nonpower Medical and Research Reactors 4.6 Laboratories Glove Boxes
504	Laboratory Fume Hoods Radiobenches 4.7 Decommissioning Nuclear Facilities Low-Level Radioactive Waste 4.8 Waste-Handling Facilities 4.9 Reprocessing Plants Resources AGS ANS Standards AHRI ASHRAE ASME ASTM Canadian Standards Code of Federal Regulations
505	DOE Guides DOE Handbooks DOE Orders DOE Policy DOE Standards HPS ISO Standards IEC/IEEE IEEE IEEE/ASHRAE NFPA NRC
507	— CHAPTER 30: MINE AIR CONDITIONING AND VENTILATION — 1. Definitions
508	2. Sources of Heat Entering Mine Air Adiabatic Compression Electromechanical Equipment Groundwater
509	Wall Rock Heat Flow Table 1 Maximum Virgin Rock Temperatures Table 2 Thermal Properties of Rock Types
510	Heat from Broken Rock Heat from Other Sources Summation of Mine Heat Loads 3. Heat Exchangers Shell-and-Tube and Plate Heat Exchangers
511	Cooling Coils Small Spray Chambers Cooling Towers
512	Table 3 Factors of Merit
513	Large Spray Chambers (Bulk Air Coolers) 4. Mine-Cooling Techniques Increasing Airflows Chilling Service Water Fig. 1 Underground Open Counterflow Cooling Tower Fig. 2 Two-Stage Horizontal Spray Chamber
514	Reducing Water Pressure and Energy Recovery Systems Bulk Cooling Versus Spot Cooling Combination (Integrated) Surface Systems Underground Refrigeration Ice Plants Fig. 3 Integrated Cooling System
515	Thermal Storage Controlled Recirculation Operator Cabs and Cooling Vests Other Methods 5. Selecting a Mine-Cooling Method 6. Mechanical Refrigeration Plants Surface Plants Underground Plants
516	Spot Coolers Maintenance 7. Mine Air Heating Table 4 Basic Cooling Alternatives
517	8. Mine Ventilation Determining Airflows Planning the Circuit Table 5 Heating Values for Fuels
518	Specifying Circuit Fans
519	Determining Auxiliary System Requirements Assessing Health and Safety References
521	— CHAPTER 31: INDUSTRIAL DRYING SYSTEMS — 1. Mechanism of Drying 2. Applying Hygrometry to Drying 3. Determining Drying Time
522	Commercial Drying Time Dryer Calculations
523	4. Drying System Selection 5. Types of Drying Systems Radiant Infrared Drying Ultraviolet Radiation Drying Conduction Drying Fig. 1 Drum Dryer
524	Dielectric Drying Microwave Drying Convection Drying (Direct Dryers) Fig. 2 Platen-Type Dielectric Dryer Fig. 3 Rod-Type Dielectric Dryers Fig. 4 Cross Section and Longitudinal Section of Rotary Dryer
525	Fig. 5 Compartment Dryer Showing Trucks withAir Circulation Fig. 6 Explosionproof Truck Dryer Showing Air Circulationand Safety Features
526	Freeze Drying Vacuum Drying Fluidized-Bed Drying Agitated-Bed Drying Drying in Superheated Vapor Atmospheres Fig. 7 Section of Blow-Through Continuous Dryer Fig. 8 Pressure-Spray Rotary Spray Dryer
527	Flash Drying Constant-Moisture Solvent Drying Fig. 9 Humidified Cross-Flow Tray Dryer References
528	— CHAPTER 32: VENTILATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT —
529	1. Ventilation Design Principles General Ventilation Makeup Air 2. General Comfort and Dilution Ventilation Quantity of Supplied Air
530	Air Supply Methods Fig. 1 Localized Ventilation Systems
531	Local Area and Spot Cooling Locker Room, Toilet, and Shower Space Ventilation Roof Ventilators
532	3. Heat Control Ventilation for Heat Relief Heat Stress—Thermal Standards Fig. 2 Recommended Heat Stress Exposure Limits forHeat-Acclimatized Workers
533	Heat Exposure Control 4. Energy Conservation, Recovery, and Sustainability
534	References
535	Bibliography
537	— CHAPTER 33: INDUSTRIAL LOCAL EXHAUST SYSTEMS —
538	Local Exhaust Versus General Ventilation 1. Local Exhaust Fundamentals System Components System Classification Effectiveness of Local Exhaust Fig. 1 Enclosing and Nonenclosing Hoods Fig. 2 Portable Fume Extractor with Built-in Fan and Filter
539	Principles of Hood Design Optimization 2. Air Movement in Vicinity of Local Exhaust Table 1 Range of Capture (Control) Velocities Fig. 3 Use of Interior Baffles to Ensure Good Air Distribution Fig. 4 Influence of Hood Location on Contamination of Air in Operator’s Breathing Zone
540	Pressure Loss in Hoods and Ducts Fig. 5 Velocity Contours for Plain Round Opening Fig. 6 Velocity Contours for Plain Rectangular Opening with Sides in 1:3 Ratio
541	Fig. 7 Entry Losses for Typical Hoods Fig. 8 Hood on Bench Fig. 9 Multislot Nonenclosing Hood
542	Overhead Canopy Hoods Canopy Hoods with Sidewalls Low Canopy Hoods High Canopy Hood Use as Redundant Control Measure Ventilation Controls for Large-Scale Hot Processes Ventilation Controls for Small-Scale Hot Processes Sidedraft Hoods 3. Other Local Exhaust System Components Duct Design and Construction Fig. 10 Sidedraft Hood and Slot Hood on Tank
543	Table 2 Contaminant Transport Velocities Fig. 11 Air Bleed-In
544	Air Cleaners Air-Moving Devices Energy Recovery to Increase Sustainability Exhaust Stacks Instrumentation and Controls
545	4. Operation System Testing and Balancing Operation and Maintenance References Bibliography Fig. 12 Comparison of Flow Pattern for Stack Headsand Weather Caps
547	—CHAPTER 34: KITCHEN VENTILATION — 1. Commercial Kitchen Ventilation Sustainability
548	1.1 Commissioning 1.2 Ventilation Design Design Process
549	1.3 System Integration and Design Principles Design Best Practices
550	Incorporating Variable-Frequency Drives (VFDs) for Exhaust Fan Control Table 1 Size, First Cost, and Operating Cost of Five Upblast Exhaust Fans Operating at Same Design Duty Table 2 Life-Cycle Analysis of Five Different Exhaust Fans Operating at Same Design Duty*
551	Multiple-Hood Systems Served by Single Exhaust Fan Dynamic Volumetric Flow Rate Effects Fig. 1 Bleed Method of Introducing Outdoor Air Directly into Exhaust Duct
552	1.4 Energy Considerations Energy Conservation Strategies
553	Demand-Controlled Kitchen Ventilation Fig. 2 Typical DCKV Equipment and Configuration
554	Reduced Exhaust and Associated Duct Velocities Dishroom Ventilation
555	Designing for High-Performance Green Building Compliance under ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1
556	1.5 Thermal Comfort Dishwashing Area 1.6 Commercial Exhaust Hoods Fig. 3 Thermal Comfort Zone for Commercial Kitchens Work Space Based on the Results From RP-1469: Comfort in Commercial Kitchens
557	Hood Types Type I Hoods
558	Fig. 4 Styles of Commercial Kitchen Exhaust Hoods
559	Island Canopy Hoods
560	Table 3 Appliance Types by Duty Category Table 4 Type I Hood Requirementsa by Appliance Type Table 5 Typical Exhaust Flow Rates by Cooking Equipment Category For Listed Type I Hoods
561	Wall Canopy Hoods, Appliance Positioning, and Diversity
562	Fig. 5 Capture and Containment Exhaust Rates for Gas Underfired Broilers under 3 m Wall Canopy Hood With and Without Rear Appliance Seal at Various Front Overhangs Fig. 6 Exhaust Capture and Containment Rates for One or Three Appliances Cooking from Like-Duty Classes under a 3 m Wall-Canopy Hood Fig. 7 Capture and Containment Exhaust Rates for Cooking Conditions on Multiduty Appliance Lines (Compared with Single-Duty Lines with Only One Appliance Operating) under 3 m Wall Canopy Hood
563	Fig. 8 Exhaust Capture and Containment Rates for Three Two-Vat Gas Fryers with Various Side Panel and Overhang Configurations under 3 m Wall Canopy Hood Fig. 9 Exhaust Capture and Containment Rates for Heavy-Duty Gas Underfired Broiler Line under 3 m Wall Canopy Hood with 1.2 and 1.5 m Hood Depths and Front Various Front Overhangs Fig. 10 Three Ovens under Wall-Mounted Canopy Hood at Exhaust Rate of 1600 L/s
564	Type II Hoods Table 6 Capture and Containment Exhaust Rates for Three Like-Duty Appliance Lines at Cooking Conditions with Various Front Overhang and Side Panel Configurations under 3 m Wall-Mounted Canopy Hood Table 7 Exhaust Static Pressure Loss of Type I Hoodsfor Various Exhaust Airflows* Fig. 11 Exhaust Capture and Containment Rates for a Gas Underfired Broiler under 3 m Wall Canopy Hood at Various Mounting Heights Fig. 12 Type II Hoods
565	Ventilation Rates for Hooded Door Dishwashers Ventilation for Conveyor Dish Machines Recirculating Systems Downdraft Appliance Ventilation Systems
566	Table 8 Type II Hood Duty Classification by Appliance Type
567	Field Performance Testing 1.7 Cooking Effluent Generation and Control Effluent Generation Table 9 Minimum Net Exhaust Airflow Requirements for Type II Hoods Table 10 Recommended Duct-Cleaning Schedules Fig. 14A Grease in Particulate and Vapor Phases for Commercial Cooking Appliances with Total Emissions Approximately Less Than 50 kg/1000 kg of Food Cooked
568	Thermal Plume Behavior Fig. 13 Typical Filter Guidelines Versus Appliance Duty and Exhaust Temperature Fig. 14B Grease in Particulate and Vapor Phases for Commercial Cooking Appliances with Total Emissions Approximately Greater Than 50 kg/1000 kg of Food Cooked
569	Effluent Control Grease Extraction Fig. 14C Plume Volumetric Flow Rate at Hood Entrance from Various Commercial Cooking Appliances Fig. 15 Hot-Air Plume from Cooking Appliances under Wall-Mounted Canopy Hood
570	Fig. 16 Particulate Versus Vapor-Phase Emission Percentage per Appliance (Average) Fig. 17 Size Distribution of Common Particles Fig. 18 Gas Griddle Mass Emission Versus Particle Size Fig. 19 Gas Underfired Broiler Mass Emission Versus Particle Size Fig. 20 Baffle Filter Particle Efficiency Versus Particle Size
571	Fig. 21 Baffle Filter Particle Efficiency Versus Particle Size
572	1.8 Replacement (Makeup) Air Systems Indoor Environmental Quality Replacement Air Introduction Table 11 Outdoor Air Requirements for Dining and Food Preparation Areas
573	Replacement Air Categories Air Distribution
574	Fig. 22 Compensating Hood Configurations Fig. 23 Schlieren Image Showing Thermal Plume Being Pulled Outside Hood by Air Curtain
575	Fig. 24 Schlieren Image Showing Thermal Plume Being Captured with Back-Wall Supply Fig. 25 Schlieren Image Showing Thermal Plume Being Pulled Outside Hood by Front Face Fig. 26 Schlieren Image Showing Thermal Plume Being Displaced by Short-Circuit Supply, Causing Hood to Spill
576	Fig. 27 Schlieren Image Showing Effective Plume Capture with Replacement Air Supplied Through 400 mm Wide Perforated Perimeter Supply, Shown with Additional Front Overhang Fig. 28 Schlieren Image Showing Thermal Plume Being Pulled Outside Hood by Air Discharged from Four-Way Diffuser
577	1.9 HVAC System Design Hooded and Unhooded Appliance Loads Table 12 Appliance Heat Gain Reference Table 13 Heat Gain from Outdoor Air Infiltration Fig. 29 Schlieren Image Showing Plume Being Effectively Captured when Replacement Air Is Supplied at Low Velocity from Displacement Diffusers
578	Outdoor Air Loads Thermal Comfort Research Results 1.10 Exhaust Systems Duct Systems Fig.30 Summer Temperatures by Height and Kitchen Zone in Casual Kitchens Fig. 31 Summer Temperatures by Height and Kitchen Zone in Institutional Kitchens
579	1.11 Exhaust Fans Types of Exhaust Fans Fig. 32 Summer Temperatures by Height and Kitchen Zone in Quick-Service Restaurant Kitchens Fig. 33 Power Roof Ventilator (Upblast Fan)
580	Exhaust Terminations Fig. 34 Centrifugal Fan (Utility Set) Fig. 35 Tubular Centrifugal (Inline) Fan Fig. 36 High-Plume Fan Fig. 37 Rooftop Centrifugal Fan (Utility Set) with Vertical Discharge
581	1.12 Fire Safety Fire Suppression Systems
583	Preventing Fire Spread
584	1.13 System Commissioning and Air Balancing Air Balancing
585	System Tests Performance Test Follow-Up: Records
586	1.14 Operations and Maintenance Sustainability Impact Operation Maintenance Cooking Equipment
587	Exhaust Systems (e.g., Hoods) Supply, Replacement, and Return Air Systems Recommissioning 2. Residential Kitchen Ventilation Equipment and Processes
588	2.1 Exhaust Systems Hoods and Other Ventilation Equipment Differences Between Commercial and Residential Equipment
589	Exhaust Duct Systems Replacement (Makeup) Air High-Rise Systems Energy Conservation Fire Protection for Residential Hoods Maintenance 3. Research Research Overview
590	Benefits to the HVAC Industry References Table 14 Summary of TC 5.10 Research Projects
591	Bibliography
593	— CHAPTER 35: GROUND-SOURCE HEAT PUMPS AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY — 1. Ground-Source Heat Pumps 1.1 Terminology Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems
594	Fig. 1 Vertical Closed-Loop Ground-CoupledHeat Pump System Fig. 2 Vertical Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Piping Fig. 3 Trenched Horizontal (top) and Horizontally Bored(bottom) Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Piping
595	Groundwater Heat Pump (GWHP) Systems Surface Water Heat Pump Systems Fig. 4 Unitary Groundwater Heat Pump System
596	1.2 General Information Site Characterization Fig. 5 Lake Loop Piping Fig. 6 Lake Heat Exchanger and Nearby Temperatures Fig. 7 Monthly Energy Consumption and Billed Demand Fig. 8 Summer Lake Loop Liquid Temperatures
597	Commissioning GSHP Systems Codes and Standards 1.3 Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems Using Water-Based Heat Transfer Fluids Vertical Design Table 1 SWHP System Installation Costs
598	Table 2 Example of GSHP Commissioning Process for Mechanical Design
599	Fig. 9 Thermal Properties Test Apparatus Fig. 10 Example Thermal Property Test Results
600	Table 3 Thermal Properties of Selected Soils, Rocks, and BoreGrouts/Fills
601	Table 4 Summary of Potential Completion Methods for Different Geological Regime Types
602	Table 5 Thermal Resistance of Bores Rb for Locations B, C, and Double Fig. 11 Coefficients for Equation (8)
603	Table 6 Short-Circuiting Heat Loss Factor Fig. 12 Fourier/G-Factor Graph forGround Thermal Resistance
604	Fig. 13 Water and Ground Temperatures in Alabamaat 15 and 45 m Depth
605	Fig. 14 Approximate Groundwater Temperature (°C) in the Continental United States Fig. 15 Representative Soil Cylinders and Adiabatic Symmetry Boundary for Heat Storage
606	Table 7 Equivalent Full-Load Hours (EFLH) for Typical Occupancy with Constant-Temperature Set Points
607	Fig. 16 Borefield with (A) 20 Boreholes, Nwide = 5, Nlong = 4,and (B) 4 Boreholes, Nwide = 1, Nlong = 4 (i.e., Single Row)
609	Simulation of Ground Heat Exchangers Fig. 17 Typical g-Function Curves for 3 × 2 Bore Field
610	Hybrid System Design Fig. 18 Hybrid System Configuration Options, (A) Series and (B) Parallel
611	Pump and Piping System Options
612	Fig. 19 Unitary GCHP Loops with On/Off Circulator Pumps Fig. 20 Subcentral GCHP Loop with On/Off Circulator Pumps
613	Table 8 Guidelines for Pump Power for GSHP GroundHeat Exchangers Table 9 Average Costs for Three GSHP Systems Fig. 21 Central Loop GCHP Fig. 22 GSHP System and Loop Cost Fig. 23 GSHP System and Ground Loop Cost Based onBuilding Floor Area
614	Fig. 24 Project Installation Cost Comparison of 530 kWGSHP with Four-Pipe Systems
615	Pressure Considerations in Deeper Vertical Boreholes Table 10 Internal Pressure Rating (IPR) for HDPE Table 11 Temperature Compensating Multipliers for HDPE Table 12 External Pressure Rating (EPR) for HDPE*
616	Table 13 Safe Deflection Limits for Pressurized Pipe Table 14 Sustained External Pressure Duration CompensationFactors for HDPE Fig. 25 Ovality Compensation Factors for HDPE
617	Effect of GSHP Equipment Selection on Heat Exchanger Design Horizontal and Shallow Vertical System Design Table 15 Rating Conditions for Water-to-Air Heat Pumpsfor Total Cooling (TC, W), Energy Efficiency Ratio(EER, W/W), Heating Capacity (HC, W) andCoefficient of Performance (COP, W/W) Table 16 Rating Conditions for Water-to-Water Heat Pumpsfor Total Cooling (TC, W), Energy Efficiency Ratio(EER, W/W), Heating Capacity (HC, W) andCoefficient of Performance (COP, W/W)
618	Table 17 Rated Efficiency, Component Power, and Corrected System Efficiency for Various GSHP Equipment Options(30°C ELT Cooling/10°C ELT Heating) Fig. 26 Horizontal Ground Heat Exchanger Configurations
619	Table 18 Recommended Lengths of Trench or Bore per kW for Residential GCHPs Fig. 27 General Layout of Spiral Earth Coil Fig. 28 Parallel and Series Ground Heat Exchanger Configurations
620	Central Plant Systems Table 19 Recommended Residential GCHP Piping Arrangements and Pumps Fig. 29 Residential Design Example
621	Antifreeze Requirements Fig. 30 Central Plant GCHP System
622	1.4 Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems Using Refrigerant-Based Heat Transfer Fluids (Direct Exchange) System Design Table 20 Suitability of Selected GCHP Antifreeze Solutions Fig. 31 DXGCHP Ground Heat Exchanger Configurations
623	Ground Heat Exchanger Corrosion Protection System 1.5 Open-Loop Groundwater Heat Pump System components Fig. 32 Typical DXGCHP Ground Heat Exchanger Distribution System
624	Water Wells Table 21 Nominal Well Surface Casing Sizes Fig. 33 Typical Impressed Current Protection System Fig. 34 Water Well Terminology
625	Flow Testing
626	Testing for Recharge Wells Groundwater Quality Table 22 Example Well Flow Test Results SWL 21 m Table 23 Water Chemistry Constituents
627	Well Pumps Heat Exchangers Table 24 Controller Range Values for Dual Set-Point WellPump Control* Table 25 Example GWHP System* Design Data
628	1.6 Open-Loop Groundwater Heat Pump System Design Extraction Well Commercial Systems Central Plant Systems Fig. 35 Optimum Groundwater Flow for Maximum System COP Fig. 36 Central Plant Groundwater System
629	Extraction Well Residential Systems Standing-Column Systems Fig. 37 Motorized Valve Placement
630	1.7 Surface Water Heat Pumps Heat Transfer in Lakes Fig. 38 Commercial Standing-Column Well
631	Thermal Patterns in Lakes Fig. 39 Idealized Diagram of Annual Cycle of ThermalStratification in Lakes
632	Closed-Loop Lake Water Heat Pump Systems Open-Loop Lake Water Heat Pump and Direct Surface Cooling Systems Fig. 40 SWHEs: (A) HDPE Coil Type and (B) Plate Type
633	2. Direct-Use Geothermal Energy 2.1 Resources Temperature 2.2 Fluids
634	2.3 Present Use Fig. 41 U.S. Hydrothermal Resource Areas Fig. 42 Frequency of Identified Hydrothermal Convection Resources Versus Reservoir Temperature
635	2.4 Design 2.5 Cost Factors Well Depth Distance Between Resource Location and Application Site Well Flow Rate Resource Temperature Temperature Drop Load Factor Fig. 43 Geothermal Direct-Use System with Wellhead Heat Exchanger and Injection Disposal
636	Composition of Fluid Ease of Disposal Direct-Use Water Quality Testing Table 26 Selected Chemical Species Affecting Fluid Disposal Table 27 Principal Effects of Key Corrosive Species
637	2.6 Materials and Equipment Performance of Materials
638	Pumps Heat Exchangers Fig. 44 Chloride Concentration Required to Produce Localized Corrosion of Stainless Steel as Function ofTemperature
639	Valves Piping Fig. 45 Typical Connection of Downhole Heat Exchanger for Space and Domestic Hot-Water Heating
640	2.7 Residential and Commercial Building Applications Space Heating Domestic Water Heating Space Cooling Fig. 46 Heating System Schematic
641	Fig. 47 Closed Geothermal District Heating System Fig. 48 Typical Lithium Bromide Absorption Chiller Performance Versus Temperature
642	Cascading Systems 2.8 Industrial Applications 3. Renewability References
645	Bibliography
646	— CHAPTER 36: SOLAR ENERGY USE — 1. Quantity and Quality of Solar Energy Total Solar Intensity TSI Solar Declination Angle d
647	Solar Time AST Fig. 1 Variation of Declination  (degrees) and Equation ofTime ET as Function of Day of Year Fig. 2 Apparent Daily Path of the Sun Showing SolarAltitude  and Solar Azimuth 
648	Incident Angle q Solar Spectrum Solar Radiation at the Earth’s Surface Fig. 3 Solar Angles with Respect to a Tilted Surface
649	Design Values of Total Solar Irradiation Fig. 4 Spectral Solar Irradiation at Sea Level for Air Mass = 1.0 Fig. 5 Variation with Solar Altitude and Time of Year forDirect Normal Irradiation
650	Longwave Atmospheric Radiation Table 1 Sky Emittance and Amount of Precipitable MoistureVersus Dew-Point Temperature Fig. 6 Total Daily Irradiation for Horizontal, Tilted,and Vertical Surfaces at 40° North Latitude
651	2. Solar Energy Harnessing Solar Thermal Collection By Flat-Plate Solar Collectors (FPC) Fig. 7 Radiation Heat Loss to Sky fromHorizontal Blackbody Fig. 8 Exploded Cross Section Through Double-GlazedSolar Water Heater
652	Glazing Materials Absorber Plates Flat-Plate Collector (FPC) Performance Table 2 Variation with Incident Angle of Transmittancefor Single and Double Glazing and Absorptancefor Flat-Black Paint
653	Fig. 9 Various Types of Non-Concentrating Solar Collectors Fig. 10 Variation of Absorptance and Transmittance with Incident Angle
654	Fig. 11 Variation of Overall Heat Loss Coefficient UL withAbsorber Plate Temperature and Ambient Air Temperatures for Single-, Double-, and Triple-Glazed Collectors Fig. 12 Efficiency Versus (tfi  tat)/It for Single-Glazed Solar Water Heater and Double-Glazed Solar Air Heater
655	Solar Concentrating Collectors Fig. 13 Types of Concentrating Collectors
656	3. Water Heating Systems 1.1 Hot-Water System Components
658	Thermosiphon Systems Direct-Circulation Systems Fig. 14 Thermosiphon System
659	Indirect Water-Heating Systems Integral Collector Storage Systems Fig. 15 Direct Circulation System Fig. 16 Draindown System Fig. 17 Indirect Water Heating
660	Site-Built Systems Pool Heaters Hot-Water Recirculation 4. Active and Passive Systems for Solar Heating and Cooling Systems Fig. 18 Drainback System Fig. 19 Shallow Solar Pond Fig. 20 DHW Recirculation System
661	Passive Systems Fig. 21 DHW Recirculation System with Makeup Preheat
662	5. Cooling by Nocturnal Radiation and Evaporation Active Systems Fig. 22 Average Monthly Sky Temperature Depression(Tair – Tsky) for July, °C Fig. 23 Percentage of Monthly Hours whenSky Temperature Falls below 16°C
663	Space Heating and Service Hot Water 6. Cooling by Solar Energy Fig. 24 July Nocturnal Net Radiative Cooling Rate fromHorizontal Dry Surface at 25°C Fig. 25 Solar Collection, Storage, and Distribution Systemfor Domestic Hot Water and Space Heating
664	Solar Cooling with Absorption Refrigeration Design, Control, and Operation Guidelines Fig. 26 Space Heating and Cooling System Using Lithium Bromide/Water Absorption Chiller
665	7. Sizing Solar Heating and Cooling Systems: Energy Requirements Performance Evaluation Methods Simplified Analysis Methods Water-Heating Load Active Heating/Cooling Standard Systems f-Chart Method
666	Fig. 27 Liquid-Based Solar Heating System Fig. 28 Solar Air Heating System Fig. 29 Chart for Air System
667	Other Active Collector Methods Passive Heating
668	Table 3 Calculations for Example 7 Fig. 30 Commercial Building in Example 7
669	Other Passive Heating Methods 8. Installation Guidelines of Solar Thermal Collectors Collector Mounting Fig. 31 Monthly SSF Versus Monthly S/KD forVarious LCR Values
670	Freeze Protection Overheat Protection Safety Start-Up Commissioning Procedure Maintenance Performance Monitoring/Minimum Instrumentation 9. Design, Installation, and Operation Checklist of Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
671	Collectors Heat Transfer Fluid Airflow Thermal Storage Uses
672	Controls Performance 10. Photovoltaic Applications Grid-Connected Systems PV for Buildings
673	Other Photovoltaic Applications Fig. 32 Grid-Connected (Left) and Grid-Interactive (Right) Photovoltaic Applications for Buildings Fig. 33 Representation of Major Interactions Between BIPV Application, Building Systems, and Occupants
674	11. Solar pvt systems 12. Design and Performance of pv AND pvt Systems PV Design Considerations Fig. 34 Air-Based PVT System
676	PV, BAPV, and BIPV Electrical Performance Fig. 35 Air-Based BIPVT Thermal Efficiency, Temperature Rise, and Back-Surface Temperature as Function of SpecificFlowrate and Incident Irradiance
677	Table 4 Typical Values and Range of Module ElectricalEfficiency (ref) and Temperature Coefficient at MaximumPower Point (P,mp), for Various Photovoltaic Technologies Fig. 36 Air-Based BIPVT Thermal Efficiency, Temperature Rise, and Back-Surface Temperature as Function of SpecificFlowrate and Wind Speed
678	Table 5 Typical Values for Coefficients a, b, and t inPrediction of PV or BIPV Electrical Yield Table 6 Typical Values and Range of PV System ElectricLosses Due to Various Factors
679	13. Installation and Operation Guidelines for Photovoltaic Systems Safety Documentation Fig. 37 Side View and Top View of Tilted PV ArrayMounted on Flat Building Roof
680	Start-Up Commissioning Maintenance Performance Monitoring/Minimum Instrumentation
681	Solar Energy and Green Hydrogen 14. Symbols Greek
682	References
684	Bibliography
685	— CHAPTER 37: ENERGY AND WATER USE AND MANAGEMENT — 1. Energy and Water Use Management Fig. 1 An Energy and Water Management Process
686	Organizing for Energy and Water Management Energy Managers
687	2. Communications 3. Energy and Water Accounting Systems Energy and Water Accounting Process Energy and Water Accounting Utility Rates 4. Analyzing Energy and Water Data Preparing for Cost and Efficiency Improvements
688	Analyzing Energy and Water Use Data Electrical Use Profile Fig. 2 Electrical Use Profile for Atlanta Example Building
689	Table 1 Electricity Consumption for Atlanta Example Building
690	Calculating Electrical Load and Occupancy Factors Calculating Seasonal ELFs Electricity Demand Billing Benchmarking Energy Use
691	Fig. 3 Comparison Between Actual and Billed Demand for Atlanta Example Building Fig. 5 Floor Areas Included in Total Home Floor Areaof RECS EUI Calculations
692	Benchmarking Water Use Fig. 4 United States Census Regions Map
693	5. Surveys and Audits Energy and Water Audits
694	Table 2 2012 Commercial Sector Floor Area and EUI Percentiles
695	Table 3 2012 Commercial Sector Floor Area and Source EUI Percentiles
696	Table 4 Electricity Index Percentiles from 2012 Commercial Survey
697	Table 5 Energy Cost Percentiles from 2012 Commercial Survey
698	Table 6 Residential Site Energy EUIs from RECs 2015 Data Table 7 Residential Energy CUIs from RECS 2015 Data
699	Table 8 Water Use Intensity Metrics for U.S. Buildings Table 9 Water Use Intensity Metrics for U.S. Buildings
700	6. Improving Discretionary Operations Basic Energy and Water Management Optimizing More Complex System Operation 7. Energy- and Water-Efficiency Measures Identifying Energy- and Water-Efficiency Measures
701	Evaluating Energy- and Water-Efficiency Measures
702	Exploring Financing Options 8. Implementing Energy-Efficiency Measures 9. Monitoring Results 10. Evaluating Success and Establishing New Goals Establishing Key Performance Indicators
703	Building Energy Labels Fig. 6 ENERGY STAR Rating for Atlanta Building Fig. 7 ASHRAE Building EQ Label
704	Tracking Performance Establishing New Goals Reporting Fig. 8 Scatter Plot, Showing Best-Fit Baseline Model andTarget Models Fig. 9 Progress Toward Energy Reduction Goals forFederal Standard Buildings
705	11. Building Emergency Energy Use Reduction Implementing Emergency Energy and Water Use Reductions General Thermal Envelope HVAC Systems and Equipment
706	Lighting Systems Water Use Systems Special Equipment Building Operation Demand Reduction When Power Is Restored When Water and Wastewater Is Restored References
707	Bibliography Online Resources
708	— CHAPTER 38: OWNING AND OPERATING COSTS — 1. OWNING COSTS Initial Cost Analysis Period Service Life
709	Table 1 Owning and Operating Cost Data and Summary Table 2 Initial Cost Checklist Table 3 Median Service Life
710	Table 4 Comparison of Service Life Estimates Fig. 1 Survival Curve for Centrifugal Chillers
711	Depreciation Interest or Discount Rate Periodic Costs 2. Operating Costs
712	Electrical Energy Fig. 2 Bill Demand and Actual Demand forAtlanta Example Building, 2004
713	Natural Gas Other Fossil Fuels Energy Source Choices Table 5 Electricity Data Consumption and Demand for ASHRAE Headquarters, 2003 to 2004
714	Water and Sewer Costs 3. Maintenance Costs Estimating Maintenance Costs Factors Affecting Maintenance Costs Table 6 Comparison of Maintenance Costs Between Studies
715	4. Refrigerant Phaseouts Other Sources 5. Financing Alternatives Financing Alternatives
717	6. District energy vs on-site generation District Energy Service On-Site Electrical Power Generation Table 7 Key Pros and Cons of PACE Fig. 3 PACE Process
718	7. Economic analysis techniques Simple Payback More Sophisticated Economic Analysis Methods
720	Computer Analysis Reference Equations 8. Symbols
721	Table 8 Two Alternative LCC Examples
722	References Bibliography Table 9 Commonly Used Discount Formulas
723	— CHAPTER 39: TESTING, ADJUSTING, AND BALANCING — 1. Terminology 2. General Criteria Design Considerations
724	Stratification 3. Air Volumetric Measurement Methods Air Devices Duct Flow 3.1 Mixture Plenums Pressure Measurement
725	4. Instruments Air Testing and Balancing
727	Fluid Testing and Balancing
728	Other Air or Fluid System Measurements
732	5. Air Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing System Preparation Air System Testing and Adjusting Air System Balancing
735	Report Information
736	6. Balancing Hydronic Systems Heat Transfer at Reduced Flow Rate Fig. 1 Effects of Flow Variation on Heat Transferfrom Hydronic Terminal
737	Heat Transfer at Excessive Flow Generalized Chilled Water Terminal: Heat Transfer Versus Flow Table 1 Load Flow Variation Fig. 2 Percent of Design Flow Versus Design tto Maintain 90% Terminal Heat Transfer forVarious Supply Water Temperatures Fig. 3 Typical Heating-Coil Heat Transfer Versus Water Flow
738	Flow Tolerance and Balance Procedure Water-Side Balancing Fig.4 Chilled Water Terminal Heat Transfer Versus Flow Fig. 5 Chilled Water Terminal Heat Transfer Versus Flow for VAV Unit with 20% Outdoor Air Fig. 6 Example of Coil Schematic
739	Fig. 7 Typical Coil Kit Components
740	Normal Instrumentation for Field Measurement
741	System Calculation and Specification
742	Fig. 8 Example of Flat System Schematic Drawing and Labeling for Devices
743	Fig.9 Example Spreadsheet Fig. 10 System Flow and Valve Characteristics
744	Equipment Record Keeping Sizing Balancing Valves and Flow Measurement Devices 7. Hydronic Balancing Methods System Preparation for Static System
745	Pump Start-Up Confirmation of System Venting Balancing Balance by Temperature Difference Water Balance by Proportional Method Fig. 11 Water Temperature Versus Outdoor Temperature Showing Approximate Temperature Difference
746	Proportional Balancing Other Balancing Techniques Fig. 12 Coil Performance Curve
747	General Balance Procedures Balance Procedure: Primary and Secondary Circuits 8. Fluid Flow Measurement Flow Measurement Based on Manufacturer’s Data Pressure Differential Readout
748	Conversion of Differential Pressure to Head Differential Head Readout with Manometers Table 2 Differential Pressure Conversion to Head Fig. 13 Single Gage for Reading Differential Pressure Fig. 14 Fluid Density Correction Chart for Pump Curves Fig. 15 Fluid Manometer Arrangement for Accurate Reading and Blowout
749	Orifice Plates, Venturi, and Flow Indicators Using Pump as Indicator Fig. 16 Minimum Installation Dimensions for Flowmeter Fig. 17 Single Gage for Differential Readout Across Pump and Strainer
750	Central Plant Chilled-Water Systems Water Flow Instruments 9. Balancing Steam Distribution Systems Procedures for Steam Balancing Variable Flow Systems Table 3 Instruments for Monitoring a Water System Fig .18 Differential Pressure Used to Determine Pump Flow
751	Steam Flow Measuring Devices Steam Pressure Regulation 10. Balancing Cooling Towers Measurements and Verification Process 11. Verification of Controls Operation
752	12. Thermal Performance Verification 13. Outdoor Air Ventilation Verification 14. Temperature Control Verification Suggested Procedures
753	15. Testing for Sound and Vibration Testing for Sound
756	Testing for Vibration Fig. 19 Obstructed Isolation Systems
757	Fig. 20 Testing Isolation Efficiency Fig. 21 Isolator Natural Frequencies and Efficiencies
758	Fig. 22 Vibration from Resonant Condition Fig. 23 Vibration Caused by Eccentricity Fig. 24 Bent Shafts
759	16. Field Survey for Energy Audit Instruments Table 4 Common Causes of Vibration Other thanUnbalance at Rotation Frequency Fig. 25 Natural Frequency of Vibration Isolators Fig. 26 Typical Tie Rod Assembly
760	Data Recording Building Systems Process Loads Guidelines for Developing Field Study Form
761	17. TAB Reports General Items System Diagram Air Apparatus Test Report
762	Gas/Oil Fired Heat Apparatus Test Report Electric Coil/Duct Heater Test Report Fan Test Report Duct Traverse Report
763	Air Terminal Device Report System Coil Report Packaged Chiller Test Report Package Rooftop/Heat Pump A/C Unit Test Report
764	Compressor and/or Condenser Test Report Cooling Tower or Condenser Test Report Heat Exchanger/Converter Test Report
765	Pump Test Report Boiler Test Report Instrument Calibration Report Component Failure Report References Bibliography
767	— CHAPTER 40: OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT — 1. MANAGEMENT Organization Communication
768	Benchmarking Table 1 Organizational Requirements and Tasks
769	Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA) Building Life Cycle Change Management Fig. 1 Sample O&M Tasks Over Life of Building
770	2. Commissioning and Operation Guiding Principles for Optimal Performance Automated Fault Detection and Diagnosis (AFDD)
771	Operator Logs 3. Maintenance Table 2 Examples of General Operating Principles in Practice Table 3 Sample Operator Log Excerpt
772	Maintenance Strategies Table 4 Maintenance Strategies
773	Choosing the Best Combination of Maintenance Strategies 4. O&M Objectives, Goals, and Key Performance Indicators
774	5. Documentation Table 5 Key Performance Indicators
775	O&M Documents Documentation Methods
776	6. Staffing Table 6 Recommended Tables of Contents for Manuals Forming O&M Documentation Library
777	7. Training Requirements for Knowledge, Skills and Competencies Table 7 Common Roles Within Operations and Maintenance Department
778	Plan and Program 8. Self-Performance Versus Contract
779	References Bibliography
781	— CHAPTER 41: COMPUTER APPLICATIONS — 1. Introduction to Computing Technologies 1.1 Software Availability
782	1.2 Custom Programming 1.3 Programming Languages 2. Big Data Fig. 1 Four Vs of Big Data
783	2.1 HVAC Applications Sustainability Economic Benefits 3. Cloud Computing 4. Mobile Computing
784	4.1 Mobile Applications in the HVAC Industry
785	5. CyberSecurity 5.1 Basic Cybersecurity Practices Operational Technology Network System Isolation Fig. 2 Psychrometric Chart Example
786	Password Security Account and Software Management Internet Security
787	6. Software Applications 6.1 Example Software Applications Design Construction
788	Operations and Maintenance 6.2 BIM and Data Interoperability 7. Building Automation and Control
789	7.1 Application and Purpose 7.2 Network Architecture and Components 7.3 Control Communication Protocols Fig. 3 Tiers of BAS
790	7.4 BAS Security 7.5 ASHRAE Resources for BAS System Design References Bibliography
791	Further Internet Resources
792	— CHAPTER 42: BUILDING ENERGY AND WATER MONITORING — 1. Reasons for Energy or Water Monitoring Energy or Water End Use Assessment
793	Specific Technology Assessment Savings Measurement and Verification (M&V) Building Operation and Diagnostics Table 1 Characteristics of Major Monitoring Project Types
794	2. Small Projects How to Use This Chapter for Small Projects Table 2 Comparison of Small Projects to Overall Methodology
795	3. Protocols for Performance Monitoring Residential Retrofit Monitoring Commercial Retrofit Monitoring Table 3 Data Parameters for Residential Retrofit Monitoring
796	Commercial New Construction Monitoring Table 4 Time-Sequential Parameters for Residential Retrofit Monitoring Table 5 Performance Data Requirements of Commercial Retrofit Protocol
797	4. Common Monitoring Issues Planning Implementation and Data Management
798	Data Analysis and Reporting 5. Steps for Project Design and Implementation Part One: Identify Project Objectives, Resources, and Constraints Fig. 1 Methodology for Designing Field Monitoring Projects
799	Part Two: Specify Building and Occupant Characteristics Part Three: Specify Data Products and Project Output Part Four: Specify Design of Monitoring
800	Table 6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Common Experimental Approaches
801	Part Five: Specify Data Analysis Procedures and Algorithms Table 7 Whole-Building Analysis Guidelines
803	Part Six: Specify Field Data Monitoring Points
804	Table 8 General Characteristics of Data Acquisition System (DAS) Table 9 Practical Concerns for Selecting and Using Data Acquisition Hardware Table 10 Instrumentation Accuracy and Reliability
805	Part Seven: Resolve Project Data Accuracies
806	Part Eight: Specify Verification and Quality Assurance Procedures Table 11 Quality Assurance Elements
807	Part Nine: Specify Recording and Data Exchange Formats References Table 12 Documentation Included with Computer Datato Be Transferred
809	— CHAPTER 43: SUPERVISORY CONTROL STRATEGIES AND OPTIMIZATION — 1. Terminology
811	2. Methods 2.1 Control Variables Systems and Controls Fig. 1 Schematic of Chilled-Water Cooling System Fig. 2 Schematic of Hot-Water Heating System
812	2.2 SUPERVISORY CONTROL STRATEGIES Sampling Intervals for Reset Controls 2.3 Static Optimization General Static Optimization Problem
813	2.4 Dynamic Optimization Fig. 3 Schematic of Modular Optimization Problem
814	Cooling Systems with Discrete Storage
815	Cooling Systems with Thermally Activated Building Systems
816	3. Control Strategies and Optimization 3.1 Control Strategies for Cooling Tower Fans Near-Optimal Tower Fan Sequencing Fig. 4 Condenser Water Loop Schematic
817	Near-Optimal Tower Airflow Fig. 5 Trade-Offs Between Chiller Power and Fan Power with Tower Airflow Fig. 6 Example of Optimal Tower Fan Control Fig. 7 Fractional Tower Airflow Versus Part-Load Ratio
818	Table 1 Parameter Estimates for Near-Optimal TowerControl Equation
819	Overrides for Equipment Constraints Implementation
820	3.2 Chilled-Water Reset with Fixed-Speed Pumping Pump Sequencing Optimal Chilled-Water Temperature Fig. 8 Typical Chilled-Water Distribution for Fixed-Speed Pumping
821	Overrides for Equipment and Comfort Constraints Implementation 3.3 Chilled-Water Reset with Variable-Speed Pumping Optimal Differential Pressure Set Points Fig. 9 Typical Chilled-Water Distribution for Primary/Secondary Pumping
822	Near-Optimal Chilled-Water Set Point Fig. 10 Trade-off of Chiller and Pump Power with Chilled-Water Set Point Fig. 11 Comparisons of Optimal Chilled-Water Temperature Fig. 12 Dimensionless Chilled-Water Set Point Versus Part-Load Ratio
823	Pump Sequencing Table 2 Parameter Estimates for Near-OptimalChilled-Water Set Point Equation
824	Overrides for Equipment and Comfort Constraints Implementation 3.4 Sequencing and Loading Multiple Chillers Near-Optimal Condenser Water Flow Distribution
825	Optimal Chiller Load Distribution Fig. 13 Effect of Condenser Water Flow Distribution for Two Chillers In Parallel Fig. 14 Effect of Relative Loading for Two Identical Parallel Chillers
826	Table 3 Chiller Characteristics forOptimal Loading Example 3 Fig. 15 Chiller COP for Two Chillers
827	Order for Bringing Chillers Online and Off-Line
828	Load Conditions for Bringing Chillers Online or Off-Line Table 4 Chiller Characteristics for Maximum COP, Example 4 Table 5 Results for Maximum COP, Example 4 Fig. 16 Chiller A and B Performance Characteristics for Maximum COP, Example 4
829	3.5 Simplified Static Optimization of Cooling Plants Simplified System-Based Optimization Approach
831	Static Optimization for Cooling Plants Fig. 17 Comparisons of Optimal Supply Air Temperature Fig. 18 Comparisons of Optimal Condenser Pump Control Fig. 19 Example Chiller Plant Power Contours for Condenser-Loop Control Variables
832	Fig. 20 Example Chiller Plant Power Contours for Chilled-Water and Supply Air Temperatures Fig. 21 Example of Effect of Chiller and Pump Sequencing on Optimal Performance
833	Fig. 22 Example Comparison of Free-Floating and Fixed Humidity Fig. 23 Comparisons of Optimal Control with Conventional Control Strategies
834	Fig. 24 Example of Optimal Performance for Variable- and Fixed-Speed Chillers Fig. 25 Example Comparison of One-, Two-, and Variable-Speed Fans for Four-Cell Cooling Tower
835	3.6 Dynamic Optimization for Cooling Using Discrete Storage Cooling Systems with Discrete Thermal Storage Fig. 26 Example of Optimal Performance for Variable- and Fixed-Speed Chillers Fig. 27 Generic Storage System for Cooling (Arrows Show Direction of Heat Flow)
836	Fig. 28 Schematic of an Ice Storage System
837	Control Strategies for Cooling Systems with Discrete Thermal Storage Charging Strategies
838	Discharging Strategies Fig. 29 Flowchart for Rule-Based Controller Discharge Strategy
839	3.7 Dynamic Optimization for Cooling Using Thermal Mass or Tabs Precooling of Building Thermal Mass
840	Fig. 30 Comparison of Cooling Requirements for Minimum Energy and Night Setup Control Fig. 31 Comparison of Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) for Minimum Energy and Night Setup Control Fig. 32 Comparison of Cooling Requirements for Minimum Demand and Night Setup Control
841	Table 6 Cooling Season Energy, Demand, and Total Costs andSavings Potential of Different Building Mass Control Strategies
842	Thermally Activated Building Systems (TABS) Fig. 33 Schematic of Thermally Activated Building System with Three Cooling Options Fig. 34 Performance of Optimally Controlled Chiller for Two Different Load-Side Boundary Conditions
843	Combined Thermal Energy Storage Systems Fig. 35 Chiller Load Distributions for Chicago Fig. 36 Savings Using TABS Only Compared to (A) Conventional VAV and (B) Sensible-Only MPC-VRF
844	Table 7 Energy Savings Potential for Precooling with HighPart-Load Efficiency Chiller Fig. 37 Full-Load Equivalent Operating Hours (FLEOH) Distributions with TABS Acting Both as Cool Storage andDemand-Responsive Heat Sink
845	3.8 Forecasting Diurnal Cooling and Whole-Building Demand Profiles Data-Driven Algorithms
846	A Forecasting Algorithm
847	3.9 Predictive HVAC Control Strategies Objective Functions Constraints Fig. 38 Standard Deviation of Annual Errors for 1 to 24 h Forecasts Fig. 39 Receding Horizon Control Actions (Adapted from Mirakhorli and Dong [2016])
848	Optimization Method Control Oriented Model Fig. 40 Solar Radiation Prediction by ANN and RNN Models with 10-Minute Data Sampling Frequency
849	3.10 Control Strategies for Heating Systems Excess Air in Combustion Process Fig. 41 Building Electricity Use Profiles for 6 h PredictiveOptimal Control Fig. 42 Building Electricity Use Profiles for 24 h Predictive Optimal Control
850	Table 8 Typical Optimum Excess Air for Various Boiler Types Fig. 43 Effect of Percent of Excess Air onCombustion Efficiency Fig. 44 Hypothetical CO-O2 Characteristic Combustion Curves for a Gas-Fired Industrial Boiler
851	Sequencing and Loading of Multiple Boilers Load Conditions for Bringing Boilers Online or Off-Line Optimal Boiler Load Distribution
852	Maintaining Boilers in Standby Mode Supply Water and Supply Pressure Reset for Boilers 3.11 Control Strategies for Air-Handling Units Air Handler Sequencing and Economizer Cooling Fig. 45 AHU Sequencing Strategy with Single Feedback Controller
853	Supply Air Temperature Reset for Constant Air Volume (CAV) Static Pressure Reset for Variable Air Volume (VAV) 3.12 Control Strategies for Building Zones Recovery from Night Setback or Setup Fig. 46 AHU Sequencing Strategy with Multiple Feedback Controllers
854	Emergency Strategy to Limit Peak Cooling Requirements Fig. 47 Zone Air Temperature Set Points
855	References Fig. 48 To tal Coil Load for East and West Chiller Units
858	Bibliography
859	— CHAPTER 44: HVAC COMMISSIONING — 1. Considerations Applicability Background Benefits
860	Key Contributors Definitions 1.1 Commissioning Objective
861	1.2 Management and Responsibilities Management Strategies Team Members Roles and Responsibilities
863	2. Commissioning Process for New Buildings 2.1 Predesign-Phase Commissioning Objectives Activities
864	Predesign-Phase Commissioning Plan Acceptance of Predesign Commissioning 2.2 Design-Phase Commissioning Objectives Activities
866	2.3 Construction-Phase Commissioning Objectives Activities
869	2.4 Occupancy- and Operations-Phase Commissioning Objectives
870	Activities 3. Existing Building Commissioning
871	4. Life and Property Safety Check Hazards Generated on Site Effective Fire and Hazardous Gas Detection and Alarm Systems Active Fire Protection Systems National Security and Emergency Response Plan 5. Commissioning Costs
872	5.1 Design-Phase Costs for New Construction (Including Predesign and Design) 5.2 Construction- and Occupancy/ Operations-Phase Costs 5.3 Certification References Table 1 Estimated Commissioning Provider Costs to Ownerfor Predesign and Design Phases Table 2 Estimated Commissioning Provider Costs to Ownerfor Construction and Occupancy/Operations Phases
873	Bibliography
874	— CHAPTER 45: BUILDING ENVELOPES — 1. Terminology
875	2. Governing Principles Design Parameters
876	Other Important Performance Criteria 3. Design Principles Heat Flow Control
877	Thermal Performance Thermal Mass Thermal Bridges Air Leakage Control
878	Moisture Control Liquid Water Control Fig. 1 Schematic Detail of (A) Uninsulated and (B) Insulated Slab Edge and Metal Shelf Angle
879	Water Vapor Control Common Envelope Problems
880	Control of Surface Condensation Interzonal Environmental Loads Interstitial Spaces Fig. 2 Dropped-Ceiling Return Plenum
881	4. Quick Design Guide for High- Performance Building Envelopes 5. Roofs Low-Slope Roof Assemblies Steep-Roof Assemblies Vegetated Roofing
882	6. Walls Curtain Walls Precast Concrete Panels Fig. 3 Sandwich Panel with Insulation Encased in Concrete
883	Steel-Stud Wall Assemblies Wall Geometry with High Thermal Conductivity 7. Fenestration Conduction/Convection and Radiation Effects Air Infiltration Effects Solar Gain Interactions Between Thermal Loss and Solar Gain Control of Rain Entry Fig. 4 Details of Insulation Around Column in Masonry Wall
884	8. Foundations Heat Transfer Moisture 9. Existing and Historic Buildings
885	Building Materials Changing HVAC Equipment and/or Control Strategy Envelope Modifications Without Mechanical System Upgrades
886	References
887	BIBLIOGRAPHY
888	— CHAPTER 46: BUILDING AIR INTAKE AND EXHAUST DESIGN — 1. Exhaust Stack and Air Intake Design Strategies Stack Design Strategies Fig. 1 Flow Recirculation Regions and Exhaust Parameters
889	Recommended Stack Exhaust Velocity Other Stack Design Standards Contamination Sources Fig. 2 Stack Designs Providing Vertical Dischargeand Rain Protection Fig. 3 Reduction of Effective Stack Heightby Stack Wake Downwash
890	General Guidance on Intake Placement Fig. 4 Flow Patterns Around Rectangular Building
891	Code Requirements for Air Intakes Treatment and Control Strategies Intake Locations for Heat-Rejection Devices Wind Recirculation Zones on Flat-Roofed Buildings Fig. 5 Surface Flow Patterns and Building Dimensions Fig. 6 Design Procedure for Required Stack Height toAvoid Contamination
892	2. Geometric Method for Estimating Stack Height
893	Table 1 Atmospheric Boundary Layer Parameters
894	3. Exhaust-To-Intake Dilution or Concentration Calculations Worst-Case Critical Dilution or Maximum Concentration Dilution and Concentration Definitions Roof-Level Dilution Estimation Method
895	Cross-Wind and Vertical Plume Spreads for Dilution Calculations
896	Stack Design Using Dilution Calculations Dilution from Flush Exhaust Vents with No Stack Dilution at a Building Sidewall (Hidden) Intakes Fig. 7 Spreadsheet for Example 2
897	EPA Models Wind Tunnel Modeling Computer Simulations Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Fig. 8 Spreadsheet for Example 3
898	4. Other Considerations Annual Hours of Occurrence of Highest Intake Contamination Combined Exhausts Ganged Exhausts Influence of Architectural Screens on Exhaust Dilution Emissions Characterization
899	Symbols
900	References Bibliography
902	— CHAPTER 47: AIR CLEANERS FOR GASEOUS CONTAMINANTS — 1. Terminology
903	2. Gaseous Contaminants
904	Using Source Data to Predict Indoor Concentrations Table 1 Emissions of Selected Toxic Compounds from Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke of Cigarettes
905	Fig. 1 Recirculating Air-Handling System with Gaseous Contaminant Modifiers
906	Table 2 Example Generation of Gaseous Contaminants by Building Materials
907	3. Problem Assessment Contaminant Load Estimates Table 3 Example Generation of Gaseous Contaminants by Indoor Combustion Equipment
908	4. Contaminant Reduction Strategies Table 4 Gaseous Contaminant Emission Rates, μg/h·unit from Office Equipment Table 5 Emission Rates of Selected Gaseous Compounds from Human Occupants
909	Elimination or Reduction of Emissions Local Source Management Table 6 Typical U.S. Outdoor Concentration of Selected Gaseous Air Contaminants
910	Dilution Through General Ventilation 5. Contaminant Removal by Air Cleaning Gaseous Contaminant Removal Processes Fig. 2 Steps in Contaminant Adsorption
911	Fig. 3 Dependence of Contaminant Concentration on Bed Depth and Exposure Time Fig. 4 Breakthrough Characteristics of Fixed-Bed Adsorbents
912	Table 7 Comparison of Physical Adsorption and Chemisorption
913	6. Equipment 7. Air Cleaner System Design
914	Media Selection Fig. 5 Sectional and Schematic Views of Typical Physical Adsorbent and Chemisorbent Configurations
915	Air Cleaner Location and Other HVAC Concerns Fig. 6 Filtration and Media Selection Methods
916	Sizing Gaseous Contaminant Removal Equipment
917	Special Cases Table 8 Typical Contaminants in Commercial Applications
918	Energy Concerns Table 9 Media Selection by Contaminant
919	Economic Considerations 8. Safety 9. Installation, Start-Up, and Commissioning Table 10 Suggested Mesh 4.8  3.4 or 4.8  2.4 mm CoconutShell Carbon Residence Time Ranges Table 11 Items Included in Economic Comparisons Between Competing Gaseous Contaminant Removal Systems
920	Start-Up and Commissioning 10. Operation and Maintenance When to Change Media Replacement and Reactivation
921	11. Environmental Influences on Air Cleaners 12. Testing Media, Equipment, and Systems Laboratory Tests of Media and Complete Air Cleaners
922	Field Tests of Installed Air Cleaners
923	References
925	Bibliography
927	— CHAPTER 48: DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF CONTROLS — 1. System Types 2. Design Considerations and Principles Mechanical and Electrical Coordination Sequences of Operation
928	3. Control Principles for Energy Conservation System Selection Load Matching Size of Controlled Area
929	Location of Space Sensors Commissioning Third-Party Performance Certification Air-Handling Unit Controls Integration with Packaged Control Systems
930	4. Air Systems Constant-Volume (CV) Systems Variable Air Volume (VAV) Terminal Units Fig. 1 Single-Duct Constant-Volume Zone Reheat
931	Fig. 2 Throttling VAV Terminal Unit Fig. 3 Throttling VAV Terminal Unit: Dual Maximum Control Sequence Fig. 4 Induction VAV Terminal Unit Fig. 5 Series Fan-Powered VAV Terminal Unit
932	Fig. 6 Parallel Fan Terminal Unit Fig. 7 Variable-Volume Dual-Duct Terminal Unit
933	Fig. 8 Duct Static-Pressure Control
934	Fig. 9 Supply/Return Fan Control
935	Fig. 10 Airflow Tracking Control Fig. 11 Building Pressure Model Fig. 12 Minimum Outdoor Air Control Using DifferentialPressure Controls Fig. 13 Minimum Outdoor Air Control with Outdoor Air Injection Fan
936	Table 1 Economizer Damper Type and Sizing Fig. 14 Outdoor Air Control with Airflow Measuring Stations Fig. 15 “Integrated” Economizer Cycle Control
937	Humidity Control Fig. 16 Psychrometric Chart: Cooling and Dehumidifying, Practical Low Limit Fig. 17 Cooling and Dehumidifying with Reheat
938	Single-Zone Systems Fig. 18 Psychrometric Chart: Desiccant-Based Dehumidification Fig. 19 Desiccant Dehumidifier Fig. 20 Steam Injection Humidifier Fig. 21 Single-Zone Fan System
939	Makeup Air and Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS) Fig. 22 Single-Zone VAV Control Fig. 23 Unit Ventilator Control Arrangements Fig. 24 Valve and Damper Positions with Respect to Room Temperature Fig. 25 Makeup Air Unit
940	Multiple-Zone, Dual-Duct Systems 5. Heating Systems Heating Coils Fig. 26 Single-Fan, Dual-Duct System
941	Fig. 27 Dual-Fan, Dual-Duct Systems Fig. 28 Control of Hot-Water Coils Fig. 29 Preheat with Face-and-Bypass Dampers Fig. 30 Coil Pump Piped Primary/Secondary
942	Fig. 31 Pumped Hot-Water Coil Variations:(A) Series and (B) Parallel Fig. 32 Electric Heat: Solid-State Controller Fig. 33 Duct Heater Control
943	Radiant Heating and Cooling Hot-Water Distribution Systems Hot-Water and Steam Boilers Fig. 34 Load and Zone Control in Constant Flow System
944	6. Cooling Systems Cooling Coil Fig. 35 Steam-to-Water Heat Exchanger Control Fig. 36 Control of Chilled-Water Coils Fig. 37 Boiler Control
945	Chillers Fig. 38 Variable-Flow Chilled-Water System (Primary Only) Fig. 39 Variable-Flow Chilled-Water System(Primary/Secondary) Fig. 40 Constant-Flow Chilled-Water System (Primary Only)
946	Air-Cooled Chillers Cooling Tower Fig. 41 Cooling Tower
947	Chiller Plant Operation Optimization Water-Side Economizers
948	7. Special Applications Mobile Unit Control Explosive Atmospheres Extraordinary Incidents References
949	Bibliography
950	— CHAPTER 49: NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL — 1. Data Reliability 2. Acoustical Design of HVAC Systems Fig. 1 Typical Paths of Noise and Vibration Propagation in HVAC Systems
951	2.1 Receiver Considerations Indoor Sound Criteria Fig. 2 HVAC Sound Spectrum Components forOccupied Spaces Fig. 3 Frequency Ranges of Likely Sources ofSound-Related Complaints Fig. 4 Frequencies at Which Different Types of Mechanical Equipment Generally Dominate Sound Spectra
952	Table 1 Design Guidelines for HVAC-Related Background Sound in Rooms
953	Fig. 5 Noise Criteria Curves
954	Table 2 Example 1 Calculation of RC Mark II Rating Fig. 6 Room Criterion Curves, Mark II
955	Table 3 Definition of Sound-Quality Descriptor and Quality Assessment Index (QAI), to Aid in Interpreting RC Mark II Ratings of HVAC-Related Sound Fig. 7 NCB Noise Criterion Curves
956	Outdoor Sound Criteria Table 4 Comparison of Sound Rating Methods Table 5 Plumbing Noise Levels
957	2.2 Basic Acoustical Design Techniques 2.3 Source Sound Levels Fans
958	Table 6 Sound Sources, Transmission Paths, and Recommended Noise Reduction Methods Fig. 8 Test Data for Plenum Fan, ComparingOperating Point (Static Pressure and Airflow),A-Weighted Sound Power Level
959	Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems
960	Rooftop-Mounted Air Handlers Fig. 9 Basis for Fan Selection in VAV Systems
961	Aerodynamically Generated Sound in Ducts Fig. 10 Sound Paths for Typical Rooftop Installations
962	Table 7 Duct Breakout Insertion Loss—Potential Low-Frequency Improvement over Bare Duct and Elbow
963	Table 8 Maximum Recommended Duct Airflow Velocities toAchieve Specified Acoustic Design Criteria Fig. 11 Velocity-Generated Sound of Duct Transitions Fig. 12 Velocity-Generated Sound of Elbows Fig. 13 Velocity-Generated Sound of 600 by 600 mmVolume Damper
964	Water and Air-Cooled Chillers and Air-Cooled Condensers Table 9 Maximum Recommended Air Velocities at Neck of Supply Diffusers or Return Registers to AchieveSpecified Acoustical Design Criteria Table 10 Decibels to Be Added to Diffuser Sound Rating to Allow for Throttling of Volume Damper
965	Fig. 14 (A) Proper and Improper Airflow Condition toan Outlet; (B) Effect of Proper and ImproperAlignment of Flexible Duct Connector Fig. 15 Typical Minimum and Maximum AHRI Standard 575Lp Values for Centrifugal Chillers (450 to 4500 kW)
966	Table 11 Calculations for Reverberation Build-Up Fig. 16 Typical Minimum and Maximum AHRI Standard 575Lp Values for Screw Chillers (450 to 1400 kW) Fig. 17 Estimated Sound Level Build-Up in Mechanical Room for AHRI Standard 575 Chiller Sound Levels
967	Emergency Generators Fig. 18 Typical AHRI 370 Lw Values for Outdoor Chillers (70 to 1300 kW)
968	2.4 Path Noise Estimation and Control Duct Element Sound Attenuation Table 12 Sound Absorption Coefficients  of Selected Plenum Materials
969	Table 13 Low-Frequency Characteristics of Plenum TL Table 14 Offset Angle Effects on TL for End-Outlet Plenum Table 15 Elbow Effect, dB
970	Table 16 Sound Attenuation in Unlined Rectangular Sheet Metal Ducts Fig. 19 Schematic of End-In/End-Out Plenum
971	Table 17 Insertion Loss for Rectangular Sheet Metal Ducts with 25 mm Thick Fiberglass Lining
972	Table 18 Insertion Loss for Rectangular Sheet Metal Ducts with 50 mm Thick Fiberglass Lining Table 19 Sound Attenuation in Unlined Straight Round Ducts Table 20 Insertion Loss for Round Sheet Metal Ducts with 25 mm Thick Fiberglass Lining
973	Table 21 Insertion Loss for Round Sheet Metal Ducts with 50 mm Thick Fiberglass Lining Table 22 Insertion Loss of Unlined and Lined SquareElbows Without Turning Vanes Table 23 Insertion Loss of Radiused Elbows Fig. 20 Rectangular Duct Elbows
974	Table 25 Insertion Loss for Lined Flexible Duct Table 26 Duct Branch Sound Power Division Fig. 21 Duct Silencer Configurations
975	Fig. 22 Typical Facility for Rating Straight Duct SilencersWith or Without Airflow Fig. 23 Comparison of 1.5 m Long Dissipative and Fiber-Free Reactive Silencer Performance
976	Table 27 Approximate Silencer System Effect Factors Table 28 Duct End Reflection Loss (ERL):Duct Terminated Flush with Wall
977	Sound Radiation Through Duct Walls Fig. 24 Transmission of Rumble Noise Through Duct Walls
978	Fig. 25 Various Outlet Configurations for Centrifugal Fans and Their Possible Rumble Conditions Fig. 26 Drywall Lagging for Duct Rumble Fig. 27 Decoupled Drywall Enclosure for Duct Rumble Fig. 28 Breakout Noise
979	Table 29 TLout Versus Frequency for Rectangular Ducts Table 30 Experimentally Measured TLout Versus Frequency for Round Ducts Fig. 29 Break-In Noise
980	Table 31 TLout Versus Frequency for Flat Oval Ducts
981	2.5 Receiver Room Sound Correction Table 32 Experimentally Measured TLin Versus Frequency for Circular Ducts Table 33 TLin Versus Frequency for Rectangular Ducts Table 34 TLin Versus Frequency for Flat Oval Ducts Fig. 30 Directivity Factors for Various Radiation Patterns
982	Distributed Array of Ceiling Sound Sources Nonstandard Rooms Line Sound Sources Table 35 Values for A in Equation (26) Table 36 Values for B in Equation (26) Table 37 Values for C in Equation (28) Table 38 Values for D in Equation (29)
983	2.6 Sound Control for Outdoor Equipment Sound Propagation Outdoors Sound Barriers Table 39 Insertion Loss Values of Ideal Solid Barrier Fig. 31 Noise Barrier
984	2.7 Fume Hood Duct Design Fig. 32 Reflecting Surfaces That Can Diminish Barrier Effectiveness
985	2.8 Mechanical Equipment Room Sound Isolation Location Wall Design Fig. 33 Typical Manifold Lab Exhaust Layout Fig. 34 Inlet Plenum for Multiple Exhaust Fans
986	Doors Penetrations Mechanical Chases Table 40 Sound Transmission Class (STC) and Transmission Loss Values of Typical MechanicalEquipment Room Wall, Floor, and Ceiling Types, dB Fig. 35 Duct, Conduit, and Pipe Penetration Details
987	Special Construction Types Floating Floors and Barrier Ceilings Sound Transmission in Return Air Systems
988	Sound Transmission Through Ceilings 2.9 HVAC Noise-Reduction Design Procedures Table 41 Environmental Correction to Be Subtractedfrom Device Sound Power Table 42 Compensation Factors for Source Area Effect Table 43 Ceiling/Plenum/Room Attenuations in dB forGeneric Ceiling in T-Bar Suspension Systems
990	Calculation Procedure Fig. 36 Sound Paths Layout for Example 8 Fig. 37 (A) Supply and (B) Return Air Layout for Example 8 Fig. 38 NC Rating Calculated
992	3. Vibration Isolation and Control 3.1 Vibration Measurement Table 44 Path Element Sound Calculation Reference Fig. 39 Vibration Amplitude Terminology
993	3.2 Equipment Vibration Fig. 40 Transmission to Structure Varies as Function of Magnitude of Vibration Force Fig. 41 Interrelationship of Equipment Vibration, Isolation Efficiency, and Transmission Fig. 42 Building Vibration Criteria for Vibration Measured on Building Structure
994	3.3 Vibration Criteria 3.4 Specification of Vibration Isolators Table 45 Human Comfort and Equipment Vibration Criteria(in rms velocity) from Continuous Vibration Table 46 Maximum Allowable rms Velocity Levels Fig. 43 Equipment Vibration Severity Rating for Vibration Measured on Equipment Structure or Bearing Caps
998	Table 47 Selection Guide for Vibration Isolation (see ASHRAE Handbook Online for User-Friendly Selection Graphics)
999	Selecting Vibration Isolators to Meet Isolator Deflection Requirements 3.5 Vibration- and Noise-Sensitive Facilities 3.6 Internal Versus External Isolation
1000	3.7 Isolating Vibration and Noise in Piping Systems Resilient Pipe Hangers and Supports
1001	Table 48 Recommended Live Lengths a of Flexible Rubberand Metal Hose Fig. 44 Resilient Anchors and Guides for Pipes Fig. 45 Acoustical Pipe Penetration Seals Fig. 46 Flexible Pipe Connectors
1002	Isolating Duct Vibration 3.8 Seismic Protection 3.9 Vibration Investigations 4. Commissioning
1003	Room Noise Measurement 5. Troubleshooting 5.1 Determining Problem Source 5.2 Determining Problem Type
1004	Noise Problems Vibration Problems
1005	References
1007	Bibliography Resources
1008	— CHAPTER 50: WATER TREATMENT: DEPOSITION, CORROSION, FOULING, AND BIOLOGICAL CONTRO L— 1. Water Quality and Its Sources 1.1 Water Characteristics
1009	Table 1 Alkalinity Relationship Based on P and M Tests
1010	1.2 Water Sources Alternative Water Sources
1011	2. Water Treatment 2.1 Control Calcium Carbonate Formation (Hard Lime Scale)
1012	Deposition, Scale, and Suspended-Solids Control Scaling Indices
1013	Scale and Deposit Formation Control Suspended Solids and Deposition Control
1014	2.2 Corrosion and Corrosion Control
1015	Fig. 1 Corrosion Types and Mechanisms Fig. 2 Galvanic Corrosion
1016	Factors Affecting Corrosion
1017	Table2 Qualitative Classification of Corrosion Rates, mpy
1018	Corrosion Preventive and Protective Measures
1019	Corrosion Measurement 2.3 Biological Growth Control
1020	Biological Categories
1021	Control Measures
1023	2.4 Nonchemical and Physical Water Treatment Methods
1024	ASHRAE Research Projects 3. BOILER Water Systems Open Systems Steam Systems
1025	3.1 External Boiler Water Pretreatment (Water Conditioning) 3.2 Boiler Feedwater
1026	Boiler Internal Treatments
1027	Steam and Condensate Network Boiler Water Treatment Chemical Feed Methods 4. OPEN COOLING WATER SYSTEMS Start-Up and Recommissioning for Drained Systems
1028	Start-Up and Recommissioning for Undrained (Stagnant) Systems Shutdown White Rust on Galvanized Steel Cooling Towers
1029	Once-Through Cooling-Water Systems Open Recirculating Cooling-Water Systems Air Washers and Sprayed-Coil Units 5. Closed Systems
1030	Thermal Storage Systems
1031	Water-Heating Systems 5.1 Antifreeze Systems Glycol Systems Brine Systems Table 3 Freeze and Burst Protection by Volume
1032	Ethanol Systems 6. Terminology References
1033	BIBLIOGRAPHY
1034	— CHAPTER 51: SERVICE WATER HEATING — 1. System Elements 2. Water-Heating Terminology
1036	3. System Planning Energy Sources 4. Design Considerations Design Path for Savings
1037	5. End-Use Fixtures Fig. 1 Near-Inlet-End/Bottom-Up/Multi-Pass Heating Fig. 2 Near-Inlet-End/Bottom-Up versus Near-Outlet-End/Top-Down Heating Fig. 3 Single-Pass Heating
1038	6. Distribution Piping Material Pipe Sizing Supply Piping Pressure Differential Effect of Distribution Design on Efficiency of Condensing Heaters
1039	Piping Heat Loss and Hot-Water Delivery Delays Table 1 Piping Heat Loss Factors for Foam Insulation with Thermal Conductivity of 0.114 W/(m2·K) Fig. 4 Effect of Inlet Water Temperature on Thermal Efficiency of Condensing Tankless Heater Fig. 5 Effect of Return Water Temperature on Operating Efficiency of Condensing Heaters
1041	Hot-Water Recirculation Loops and Return Piping Table 2 Approximate Heat Loss from Piping at 60°C Inlet,21°C Ambient
1042	Heat-Traced, Nonreturn Piping Multiple Water Heaters Commercial Dishwasher Piping and Pressure Considerations Two-Temperature Service Fig. 6 Arrangements of Hot-Water Circulation Lines Fig. 7 National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) Plumbing Requirements for Commercial Dishwasher
1043	Manifolding 7. Water-Heating Equipment Gas-Fired Systems Fig. 8 Two-Temperature Service with Mixing Valve Fig. 9 Two-Temperature Service with Primary Heaterand Booster Heater in Series Fig. 10 Two-Temperature Service with Separate Heater for Each Service Fig. 11 Reverse/Return Manifold System
1044	Oil-Fired Systems Electric
1045	Indirect Water Heating Semi-Instantaneous Circulating Tank Blending Injection Solar Wood Fired Waste Heat Use Fig. 12 Indirect, External Storage Water Heater
1046	Refrigeration Heat Reclaim Combination Heating 8. Building Applications
1047	9. Hot-Water Load and Equipment Sizing Sizing Methods
1048	Load Diversity Hot- and Cold-Water Temperatures Important to System Sizing Residential Table 3 Typical Residential Use of Hot Water Fig. 13 First-Hour Rating (FHR) Relationships for Residential Water Heaters
1049	Commercial and Institutional Table 4 HUD-FHA Minimum Water Heater Capacities for One- and Two-Family Living Units Table 5 Overall (OVL) and Peak Average Hot-Water Use Fig. 14 Residential Average Hourly Hot-Water Use
1050	Specific Applications Design and Sizing Fig. 15 Residential Hourly Hot-Water Use,95% Confidence Level Fig. 16 Residential Hourly Hot-Water Use Pattern for Selected High Morning and High Evening Users Fig. 17 Residential Average Hourly Hot-Water Use Patterns for Low and High Users
1051	Table 6 Hot-Water Demands and Use for Various Types of Buildings* Table 7 Hot-Water Demand and Use Guidelines for Apartment Buildings(Litres per Person at 49°C Delivered to Fixtures)
1052	Fig. 18 Apartment Building Cumulative Hot-Water Use Versus Time (from Table 7)
1054	Sizing Examples Fig. 19 Nondimensionalized “Guest Room Circuit” Design Condition, Cumulative Volume versus Time Interval Plots,Field Test Hotels Fig. 20 Non-Dimensionalized Needed Heating Rate versusNon-Dimensionalized Cumulative Volume,Test Travel Hotel Guest Room Circuit
1055	Table 8 Data for Figures 19, 20, and 21 Fig. 21 Non-Dimensionalized Needed Heating Rate versus Non-Dimensionalized Cumulative Volume,Test Business Hotel Guest Room Circuit
1056	Table 9 Example 1, Bottom-Up Heating: Heating Rate and Storage Volume Options
1057	Table 10 Example 1, Top-Down Heating Method: Heating Rate and Storage Volume Options Table 11 Example Travel Hotel Guest Room Circuit Needed Heating Rates versus Storage Volume Fig. 22 Example Travel Hotel Acceptable Heating Rate versus Storage Volume Combinations Fig. 23 Comparison of W&S Motel versus Test Travel/Business Hotel
1058	Table 12 Example 2, Hotel/Motel Sizing Using W&S Motel Plots of Figure 26 with Baseline/Variable Hot-Water Use Fig. 24 Example 2 Hotel/Motel Water Heating System Sizing Comparisons
1059	Fig. 25 Dormitories Fig. 26 Motels Fig. 27 Nursing Homes Fig. 28 Office Buildings Fig. 29 Food Service Fig. 30 Apartments
1060	Fig. 31 Elementary Schools Fig. 32 High Schools
1061	Fig. 33 Hourly Flow Profiles for Various Building Types
1062	Table 13 Hot Water Demand per Fixture for Various Types of Buildings
1063	Table 14 Hot-Water Requirements for Various Commercial Kitchen Uses Table 15 Range in Water Heater Flow Rate Requirements to Satisfy Dishwasher Rinse Operation of Various Units
1067	Sizing Boilers for Combined Space and Water Heating Table 16 Hot-Water Usage for Industrial Wash Fountains and Showers Table 17 Water Heater Sizing for Ready-Mix Concrete Plant Fig. 34 Sizing Factor for Combination Heating and Water-Heating Boilers
1068	Typical Control Sequence for Indirect Water Heaters Sizing Tankless Water Heaters Table 18 Needed Tankless Water Heater Output Heat Rates, kW* Fig. 35 Typical Modular Boiler for Combined Space and Water Heating
1069	Table 19 Hot-Water Demand in Fixture Units (60°C Water)
1070	Sizing Instantaneous and Semi-Instantaneous Water Heaters Fig. 36 Modified Hunter Curve for CalculatingHot-Water Flow Rate Fig. 37 Enlarged Section of Figure 36(Modified Hunter Curve)
1071	Special Consideration When Sizing Heat Pump Water Heaters Table 20 Preliminary Hot-Water Demand Estimate
1072	10. Water-Heating Energy Use Fig. 38 Example Plumbing of HPWH and Conventional Water Heating System
1074	Table 21 Results Comparisons for Examples 12 to 15
1075	11. Health and Safety Legionellosis (Legionnaires’ Disease) Scalding Temperature Requirement Other Safety Concerns Fig. 39 Time for Adult Skin Burns in Hot Water
1076	12. Water Quality, Scale, and Corrosion Table 22 Representative Hot-Water Temperatures Fig. 40 Lime Deposited Versus Temperature and Water Use
1077	13. Special Concerns Cross Flow at End-Use Fixtures Hot Water from Tanks and Storage Systems Placement of Water Heaters References
1079	Bibliography
1081	— CHAPTER 52: SNOW MELTING AND FREEZE PROTECTION — 1. Snow-Melting Heat Flux Requirement Heat Balance
1082	Heat Flux Equations
1083	Table 1 Frequencies of Snow-Melting Surface Heat Fluxes at Steady-State Conditions*
1085	Table 2 Mean Sensitivity of Snow-Melting Surface HeatFluxes to Wind Speed and Slab Length
1086	Table 3 Annual Operating Data at 99% Satisfaction Level of Heat Flux Requirement
1087	Weather Data and Heat Flux Calculation Results Fig. 1 Snow-Melting Surface Heat Fluxes Required to Provide Snow-Free Area Ratio of 0.5 for 90% of Snowfall Hoursat That Location
1088	Example for Surface Heat Flux Calculation Using Table 1 Sensitivity of Design Surface Heat Flux to Wind Speed and Surface Size Back and Edge Heat Losses Transient Analysis of System Performance Table 4 General Guidance for Snow-Free Area Ratio andFrequency Distributions by Application Type
1089	Annual Operating Data Annual Operating Cost Example Fig. 2 Detail of Typical Hydronic Snow-Melting System Table 5 Thermal Conductivity of Concrete Based onConcrete Density
1090	2. Slab Design 3. Hydronic System Design Heat Transfer Fluid Piping
1091	Table 7 Typical Dependency of Maximum HeatFlux Deliverable by Plastic Pipes on Pipe Spacing andConcrete Overpour
1092	Fluid Heater Fig. 3 Piping Details for Concrete Construction for Metal and Fibrous Expansion Joints
1093	Thermal Stress Fig. 4 Relationship Between Concrete Compressive Strengthand Maximum Allowable Temperature Difference
1094	4. Electric System Design Heat Flux Electrical Equipment Mineral-Insulated Cable
1095	Self-Regulating Cable Fig. 5 Typical Mineral Insulated Heating Cable Installationin Concrete Slab Fig. 6 Typical Section, Mineral-InsulatedHeating Cable in Asphalt Table 8 Mineral-Insulated Cold-Lead Cables(Maximum 600 V)
1096	Constant-Wattage Systems Fig. 7 Typical Self-Regulating Cable Installation
1097	Installation Infrared Snow-Melting Systems Fig. 8 Shaping Heating Mats Around Curvesand Obstacles
1098	Snow Melting in Gutters and Downspouts 5. Control Automated Controls Fig. 9 Typical Power Density Distribution forInfrared Snow-Melting System Fig. 10 Typical Insulated Wire Layout to ProtectRoof Edge and Downspout
1099	Control Selection Operating Cost 6. Freeze Protection Systems Fig. 11 Typical Heat Tracing Arrangement(Hydronic or Electric)
1100	Steam Pipe-Tracing Systems Electric Pipe-Tracing Systems Fig. 12 Typical Pipe-Tracing System with Steam System
1101	Control Fig. 13 Typical Pipe Tracing with Electric System References
1102	Bibliography
1103	— CHAPTER 53: EVAPORATIVE COOLING — 1. General Applications Cooling
1104	VAV Adiabatic Humidification with Heat Recovery Economizer Fig. 1 Psychrometrics of Evaporative Cooling Fig. 2 Adiabatic Evaporative Cooler Humidifier Fig. 3 Schematic of Airflow Through VAV Air-Handling Unit with HRE and AC/H for Winter Hydration of Dry Outdoor Air
1105	Cold Climate, All-Outdoor-Air VAV With Humidification Prehumidification and Morning Warm-Up Cycle Fig. 4 Psychrometric Chart Showing Performance of Heat Recovery Economizer in Cold Climate
1106	Wet-Bulb Economizer for Indoor Humidity Control Using Equivalent Outdoor Air Table 1 Cold Climate VAC System, Adiabatic Hydration, for All-Outdoor-Air Design Using Air-to-Air Heat Recovery to Minimize Heat Energy
1107	Dehumidification and Cooling Air Cleaning 2. Indirect Evaporative Cooling Systems for Comfort Cooling Fig. 5 (A) Airflow Schematic of AHU with Wet-Bulb Mixing Box (MB) Economizer Using High-Saturation-Efficiency Rigid-Media AC/H for Low-Cost Indoor Room rh Control and (B) Wet-BulbEconomizer Process to Control Supply Air DewPoint between 7.2 and 12.8°C dp Fig. 6 Heat Pipe Air-to-Air Heat Exchanger withSump Base
1108	Fig. 7 Cross-Flow Plate Air-to-Air Indirect Evaporative Cooling Heat Exchanger Fig. 8 Rotary Heat Exchanger with Direct Evaporative Cooling Fig. 9 Coil Energy Recovery Loop with Direct Evaporative Cooling
1109	Indirect Evaporative Cooling Controls Table 2 Indirect Evaporative Cooling Systems Comparison Fig. 10 Cooling-Tower-to-Coil Indirect Evaporative Cooling
1110	Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooling with VAV Delivery Fig. 11 Increased Winter Ventilation
1111	Beneficial Humidification Indirect Evaporative Cooling With Heat Recovery Fig. 12 Heat Pipe Air-Handling Unit
1112	3. Booster Refrigeration Table 3 Sacramento, California, Cooling Load Comparison Table 4 Sacramento, California, Heat Recovery and Humidification
1113	Fig. 13 Refrigeration Reduction with Two-Stage EvaporativeCooling Design Fig. 14 Indirect/Direct Two-Stage System Performance
1114	4. Residential or Commercial Cooling Fig. 15 Two-Stage Evaporative Cooling with Third-Stage Integral DX Cooling Design Fig. 16 Psychrometrics of 100% OA, Two-Stage Evaporative Cooling Design (9440 L/s Supply, 8496 L/s Return) Compared with10% OA Conventional System Operating at Stockton, California, ASHRAE 0.4% db Design Condition
1115	5. Exhaust Required 6. Two-Stage Cooling 7. Industrial Applications
1116	Area Cooling Spot Cooling Fig. 18 Effective Temperature Chart
1117	Cooling Large Motors Fig. 17 Psychrometric Diagram for Example 1 Fig. 19 Effective Temperature for Summer Day in Kansas City, Missouri (Worst-Case Basis) Fig. 20 Change in Human Comfort Zoneas Air Movement Increases
1118	Cooling Gas Turbine Engines and Generators Process Cooling Cooling Laundries Cooling Wood and Paper Products Facilities 8. Other Applications Cooling Power-Generating Facilities Fig. 21 Arrangements for Cooling Large Motors
1119	Cooling Mines Cooling Animals Produce Storage Cooling Cooling Greenhouses Table 5 Air Speed for Potato Storage Evaporative Cooler
1120	9. Control Strategy to Optimize Energy Recovery 10. Air Cleaning and Sound Attenuation Table 6 Three-Year Average Solar Radiationfor Horizontal Surface During Peak Summer Month
1121	Control of Gaseous Contaminants Table 7 Particulate Removal Efficiency of Rigid Media at 2.54 m/s Air Velocity Table 8 Insertion Loss for 300 mm Depth of Rigid Media at 2.8 m/s Air Velocity, dB Fig. 22 Schematics for 100% Outdoor Air Used in Hospital
1122	11. Economic Factors Direct Evaporation Energy Saving Indirect Evaporation Energy Saving Water Cost for Evaporative Cooling 12. Psychrometrics Fig. 23 Two-Stage Evaporative Cooling at 0.4% Design Condition in Various Cities in Western United States
1123	Fig. 24 Final Room Design Conditions After Two-Stage Evaporative Cooling Fig. 25 Psychrometric Diagram of Three-Stage Evaporative Cooling Example 3
1124	13. Entering Air Considerations References
1125	Bibliography
1126	— CHAPTER 54: FIRE AND SMOKE CONTROL — 1. Balanced Approach to Fire Protection Fig. 1 Simplified Fire Protection Decision Tree
1127	2. Fire Stopping at HVAC Penetrations 3. Fire and Smoke Dampers Fire Dampers Fig. 2 Multiblade Dampers
1128	Ceiling Radiation Dampers Smoke Dampers Corridor Dampers Periodic Testing of Dampers 5. Design Weather Data 4. Smoke Exhaust Fans 6. Smoke Movement Stack Effect Fig. 3 Curtain Fire Damper
1129	Buoyancy Fig. 4 Air Movement Caused by Normal andReverse Stack Effect Fig. 5 Pressure Difference Between Building Shaft andOutdoors Caused by Normal Stack Effect
1130	Expansion Wind Forced Ventilation Elevator Piston Effect 7. Methods Used to Control Smoke Fig. 6 Calculated Upper Limit of Piston Effect AcrossElevator Lobby Doors.
1131	Compartmentation Dilution Pressurization Airflow Buoyancy Fig. 7 Smoke Flow Controlled by Pressurization Fig. 8 Airflow Controlling Smoke Flow
1132	8. Smoke Feedback 9. Pressurization System Design Door-Opening Forces Flow and Pressure Difference Table 1 Typical Flow Areas of Walls and Floors ofCommercial Buildings
1133	Computer Analysis by Network Modeling 10. Shaft Pressurization Building Complexity Fig. 9 Examples of Simple and Complicated Buildings
1134	Stack Effect 11. Pressurized Stairwells Stairwell Compartmentation Vestibules Fig. 10 Stairwell Pressurization by Multiple Injectionwith Fan Located at Ground Level Fig. 11 Stairwell Pressurization by Multiple Injectionwith Multiple Fans
1135	System with Fire Floor Exhaust Analysis of Pressurized Stairwells Stairwell Fan Sizing Height Limit Table 2 Stairwell Supply Air as Function of LeakageClassification Fig. 12 Pressure Profile of a Pressurized Stairwell in Winter
1136	Fig. 13 Height Limit with Treated Supply Air in Winter Fig. 14 Height Limit with Untreated Supply Air in Winter Fig. 15 Example for Effective Flow Areas of Building withPressurized Stairwells and Unpressurized Vestibules
1137	Stairwells with Open Doors Fig. 16 Example for Effective Flow Areas of Buildingwith Pressurized Stairwells Fig. 17 Office Building of Stairwell Examples
1138	12. Pressurized Elevators Pressurization Systems Basic System
1139	Example Buildings with the Basic System Complex Systems Exterior Vent (EV) System Table 3 Pressure Difference Criteria for ElevatorPressurization Simulations, Pa Table 4 Flow Areas and Flow Coefficients of Doors Used forElevator Pressurization Simulations Fig. 19 Floor Plans of Example 14-Story Open PlanOffice Building Fig. 20 Floor Plans of Example 12-StoryCondominium Building
1140	Floor Exhaust (FE) System Ground Floor Lobby (GF) System Table 5 Flow Areas and Flow Coefficients of Leakages Usedfor Elevator Pressurization Simulations Fig. 21 Elevator Pressure Differences for the BasicSystem in Example Buildings With AverageExterior Wall Leakage Fig. 22 Typical Floor Plan of Example Building withExterior Vent (EV) System Fig. 23 Typical Floor Plan of Example Building withFloor Exhaust (FE) System
1141	13. Zoned Smoke Control Table 6 Pressure Difference Criteria for GFL ElevatorPressurization Simulations, Pa Table 7 Typical Fire Growth Times Table 8 Steady Design Fire Sizes for Atriums Fig. 24 Ground Floor of Building with Ground-FloorLobby (GFL) System
1142	Interaction with Pressurized Stairs 14. Atrium Smoke Control Fig. 25 Some Arrangements of Smoke Control Zones Fig. 26 Interaction Between Zoned Smoke Control andPressurized Stairwells
1143	Design Fires Fire Development Sprinklers Fig. 27 Atrium Smoke Exhaust Fig. 28 HRR of Upholstered Sofa and Chair
1144	Shielded Fires Suggested Fire Sizes Atrium Smoke Filling Loss of Buoyancy in Atriums Minimum Smoke Layer Depth Makeup Air
1145	Stratification and Detection Equation Method for Steady Smoke Exhaust
1146	Fire in Atrium Fire in Communicating Space Fig. 29 Smoke Layer Temperature for Steady SmokeExhaust Systems Fig. 30 Smoke Exhaust Rate for Steady Smoke ExhaustSystems
1147	Smoke Layer Temperature Volumetric Flow of Smoke Exhaust Number of Exhaust Inlets Fig. 31 Balcony Spill Plume
1148	Zone Fire Modeling CFD Modeling
1149	15. Tenability Systems Tenability Evaluation 16. Commissioning and Testing Commissioning Process Commissioning Testing Special Inspector
1150	Periodic Testing 17. Extraordinary Incidents 18. Symbols
1151	References
1153	—CHAPTER 55: RADIANT HEATING AND COOLING — 1. Applications 2. Architecture of Radiant Ceilings Fig. 1 Typical Composition of Radiant Modular or Pan-TypeCeiling Panel Fig. 2 Cutaway View of Typical Modular Radiant CeilingPanel
1154	3. Design and Dimensioning Cooling Heating 4. Design Aspects of Radiant Ceiling Systems Fig. 3 Back View of Drop Ceiling: Piping Configuration withFlexible Hose and Quick-Connect Fittings
1155	5. Acoustic Feature of Radiant Ceiling Panels Acoustic Inlay Mats Acoustic Fleece Panel Perforation 6. Controls Two-Port Control Valves Controlling Water Temperature/Injection Circuit Fig. 4 Typical Control Schematic for Radiant System with Injection Control Valves in Four-Pipe/Two-Pipe System
1156	Energy Savings with Radiant Cooling Ceiling Systems 7. Design Examples Classroom Fig. 5 Advanced Control System for Radiant System with Heat Exchangers in Four-Pipe/Two-Pipe System (Some ItemsRemoved for Clarity)
1157	Office Fig. 6 Secondary Pumps with Mixing/Injection ControlValves on Four-Pipe/Two-Pipe System Fig. 7 Secondary Pumps with Mixing/Injection ControlValves on Four-Pipe System Fig. 8 Two-Pipe Cooling-Only System with Heat Exchanger
1158	8. Condensation Control Fig. 9 Panel Output for Classroom Example: 98 W/m2 at Room Temperature of 24°C and MWT of 15°C, and 75 W/m2 at UpdatedMWT of 16.5°C
1159	Primary Air Conditioning Condensation Prevention Proactive Strategies Fig. 10 Dew Point of Space Based on Operating Temperatures
1160	Reactive Strategies Spaces with Operable Windows or Doors Fig. 11 Panel Output for Office Example: 98 W/m2 at Room Temperature of 24°C and MWT of 15°C,and 75 W/m2 at Updated MWT of 16.5°C Fig. 12 Surface Condensation Sensor
1161	9. Embedded Systems Fig. 13 Condensation Prevention Strategy Involving Reset of Panel’s Chilled-Water Supply Temperature Fig. 14 Condensation Prevention Strategy Where Water Flow Is Discontinued When Chilled-Water Temperature Is Below SpaceDew-Point Temperature due to Rise in Humidity in Zone or Temperature Drop
1162	Fig. 15 Control Strategy Where Chilled-Water Supply HaltsWhen Moisture Is Detected on CHWS Pipe Fig. 16 Condensation Prevention Strategy Involving Interruption of Water Flow After Window Opening
1163	10. Fundamentals 11. Method To Determine Heating And Cooling Capacity Heat Exchange Coefficient Between Surface and Space 12. ThermoActive Building Systems (TABS) Fig. 17 Radiant Floor Heating Fig. 18 Radiant Wall Heating Fig. 19 Typical Radiant Floor with Edge and Back Insulation
1164	Fig. 20 Basic Characteristic Curve for Floor Heating andCeiling CoolingFig. Fig. 21 Example of Peak-Shaving Effect
1165	13. Embedded Systems Controls Fig. 22 Example of Temperature Profiles and PMV Values Versus Time Fig. 23 Working Principle of TABS
1166	Central Control (Heating Only) Individual Control Room Thermostats/Sensors Time Delay, Time Response Self-Regulating Effect
1167	14. Radiant Cooling System Control Control of TABS Temperature Differences and Flow Rates Fig. 24 Self-Regulating Effect from Radiant Floor: As Temperature Differential Between Floor Surface and Space Dry-BulbTemperature Increases, so Does Cooling Output from Floor for both Heating and Cooling
1168	Fig. 25 Heating and Cooling Connections toRadiant Floor Loop Fig. 26 Characteristics of Variable-Flow Constant-Temperature Control
1169	Dew-Point Room Control Control Strategy for Office Buildings Fig. 27 Constant-Flow, Variable-Temperature Control Fig. 28 Constant-Flow, Constant -Temperature Control Fig. 29 Control Strategy for Combined Radiant Heating andCooling Floor
1170	References
1171	— CHAPTER 56: SEISMIC-, WIND-, AND FLOOD-RESISTANT DESIGN — 1. Seismic-Resistant Design
1172	1.1 Terminology
1173	1.2 Calculations Dynamic Analysis Static Analysis as Defined in ASCE7 Table 1 IBC Seismic Analysis Requirements Table 2 Coefficients for Mechanical Components
1174	Table 4 Ss Numbers for Selected International Locations (Class Site B) (U.S. COE 2013)
1175	1.3 Applying Static Analysis Table 3 Values of Site Coefficient Fa as Function of Site Class and Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Period (Ss)
1176	1.4 Computation of Loads at Building Connection Simple Case Table 5 Load Combinations
1177	General Case Polar Method Lump Mass Method Resilient Support Factors Building Attachment Fig. 1 Equipment with Rigidly Mounted Structural Bases
1178	1.5 Steel Bolts 1.6 Lag Screws into Timber 1.7 Concrete Anchors
1179	1.8 Weld Capacities 1.9 Seismic Snubbers
1180	1.10 Seismic Restraints for Suspended Components 1.11 Restraint of Pipe and Duct Risers Fig. 2 Seismic Snubbers
1181	1.12 Examples Fig. 3 Cable Restraint Fig. 4 Rod Stiffener Fig. 5 Types of Cable Connections
1182	Fig. 6 Strut End Connections Fig. 7 Equipment Rigidly Mounted to Structure (Example 1)
1183	Fig. 8 Equipment Supported by External Spring Mounts
1184	Fig. 9 Spring Mount Detail (Example 2) Fig. 10 Equipment with Center of Gravity Different from Restrained Isolator Group (in Plan View)
1185	Fig. 11 Supports and Bracing for Suspended Equipment
1186	1.13 Installation Problems 1.14 Certification of HVAC&R Components for SEISMIC
1187	2. Wind-Resistant Design 2.1 Terminology Table 6 Definition of Surface Roughness and Exposure Categories Table 7 Wind Importance Factor I (Wind Loads)
1188	2.2 Calculations Analytical Procedure Table 8 Exposure Category Constants Table 9 Force Coefficients for HVAC Components, Tanks, and Similar Structures
1189	2.3 Wall-Mounted HVAC&R Component Calculations (Louvers) Analytical Procedure
1190	2.4 Certification of HVAC&R Components for Wind 3. Flooding resilience Electrical Power Grid Fig. 13 External Pressure Coefficient GCp for Walls for h  18.3 m
1191	Fig. 14 External Pressure Coefficient GCp for Walls for h > 18.3 m Fig. 15 Office Building, Example 10
1192	Building Systems Table 10 Classification of Buildings and Other Structures for Wind Loads Table 11 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient Kz Table 12 Directionality Factor Kd
1193	3.1 Terminology Table 13 Internal Pressure Coefficient GCpi
1194	3.2 Regulations and Codes 3.3 HVAC and Utilities Table 14 Flooded Area for Different Flood Zones Fig. 16 Flood Levels
1195	3.4 Building Systems Table 15 Example Checklist for Flood Protection
1196	3.5 Building Categories 3.6 Flooding response plan
1197	References Bibliography
1198	Fig. 12A Basic Wind Speeds for Risk Category IBuildings and Other Structures, 15% Probability ofExceedance in 50 Years Fig. 12B Basic Wind Speeds for Risk Category IBuildings and Other Structures
1199	Fig. 12C Basic Wind Speeds for Risk Category IIBuildings and Other Structures, 7% Probability ofExceedance in 50 Years Fig. 12D Basic Wind Speeds for Risk Category IIBuildings and Other Structures
1200	Fig. 12E Basic Wind Speeds for Risk Category IIIBuildings and Other Structures, 3% Probability ofExceedance in 50 Years Fig. 12F Basic Wind Speeds for Risk Category IIIBuildings and Other Structures
1201	Fig. 12G Basic Wind Speeds for Risk Category IVBuildings and Other Structures, 1.6% Probability ofExceedance in 50 Years Fig. 12H Basic Wind Speeds for Risk Category IVBuildings and Other Structures
1202	— CHAPTER 57: ELECTRICAL CONSIDERATIONS — 1. TERMINOLOGY 2. SAFETY Fig. 1 Fundamental Voltage Wave
1203	3. PERFORMANCE 4. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM COMPONENTS ANDCONCEPTS Electrical Wiring (Conductors for General Wiring) Fig. 2 Ideal Transformer
1204	Fig. 3 Three-Phase Y-Y Transformer Fig. 4 Three-Phase Y-D Transformer Fig. 5 Three-Phase D-Y Transformer Fig. 6 Three-Phase D-D Transformer Fig. 7 Typical Autotransformer
1205	Emergency and Standby Power Systems Fig. 8 Break-Before-Make Design for Standard ATS
1206	Fig. 9 Closed-Transition ATS Fig. 10 Parallel-Transfer Switch
1208	Voltage Level Variation Effects Voltage Selection 5. POWER QUALITY VARIATIONS Fig. 11 Utilization Voltages Versus Nameplate Ratings
1209	Transients Fig. 12 Example of Spike Fig. 13 Example of Notch Fig. 14 Example of Oscillatory Transient
1210	Short-Duration Variations Long-Duration Variations Fig. 15 Example of Sag Fig. 16 Example of Swell (Surge) Fig. 17 Example of Overvoltage
1211	Interruptions and Outages Fig. 18 Example of Undervoltage Fig. 19 Derating Factor Curve Fig. 20 Example of Momentary Interruption
1212	Harmonic Distortion Fig. 21 Example of Blackout or Power Failure Waveform Fig. 22 Example of Harmonic Voltage Distortion Fig. 23 Example of Harmonic Current Distortion for Six-Pulse Rectifier with 5% Impedance Reactor Fig. 24 Example of Harmonic Current Distortion for One-Phase Input Current for Single Personal Computer
1213	Voltage Flicker Noise Fig. 25 Example of VFD with ac Line Reactor Fig. 26 Example of VFD with Low-Pass Harmonic Filter Fig. 27 Example of Flicker Fig. 28 Example of Electrical Noise
1214	6. BILLING RATES Cost-Based Rates
1215	Policy-Based Rates
1216	Market-Based Rates 7. CODES AND STANDARDS NEC® UL Listing
1217	CSA Approved ULC NAFTA Wiring Standards IEEE Bibliography
1218	— CHAPTER 58: ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION — 1. Application Guidelines Design Considerations
1219	Return Air Inlets Indoor Air Quality, Sustainability, and Airborne Contaminants Table 1 Recommended Return Inlet Face Velocities Fig. 1 Classification of Air Distribution Strategies
1220	2. Fully Mixed Air Distribution Principles of Operation Space Ventilation and Contaminant Removal Benefits and Limitations Inlet Conditions to Air Outlets
1221	Effects of Typical Field Installations on Common Ceiling Diffusers. Space Temperature Gradients and Airflow Rates Methods for Evaluation Table 2 Forward Throw Asymmetry Table 3 Total Pressure Increase Table 4 NC Increase Fig. 2 Effects of Neck-Mounted Damper on Air Outlet
1222	Design Procedures Fig. 3 Throw Isovels at Different Terminal Velocities
1223	Table 5 Characteristic Room Length for Several Diffusers (Measured from Center of Air Outlet) Fig. 5 Schematic for Example 1
1224	Table 6A Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI) Selection Guide for Typical Cooling Loads
1225	Typical Applications Table 6B Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI) Selection Guide for Typical Heating Loads Fig. 6 Air Supplied at Ceiling Induces Room Air into SupplyJet
1226	Table 7A Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI) Selection Guide for Typical Cooling Loads
1227	3. Fully Stratified Air Distribution Principles of Operation Table 7B Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI) Selection Guide for Typical Heating Loads
1228	Table 8A Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI) Selection Guide for Typical Cooling Loads Fig. 7 Displacement Ventilation System Characteristics
1229	Space Ventilation and Contaminant Removal Table 8B Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI) Selection Guide for Typical Heating Loads Fig. 8 Temperature Profile of Displacement VentilationSystem
1230	Outlet Characteristics Benefits and Limitations Methods of Evaluation Inlet Conditions Considerations Unique to Underfloor Air Distribution Systems Sizing Fig. 9 Temperature Gradient Relationships forThermal Displacement Ventilation System in Typical Classroom or Office with 3 m Ceiling
1231	Design Procedures
1232	Typical Applications Perimeter Control Considerations Unique to Displacement Ventilation Systems
1233	4. Partially Mixed Air Distribution Principles of Operation Space Ventilation and Contaminant Removal Outlet Characteristics Typical Applications Fig. 10 UFAD System in Partially Stratified Application
1234	Benefits and Limitations Methods of Evaluation Inlet Conditions Design Procedures Perimeter Control Space Temperature Gradients and Airflow Rates
1235	5. Air Dispersion Systems Principles of Operation Air Dispersion System Supply Air Outlet Styles Air Dispersion System Shapes Fig. 11 Porous Fabric Weave Used as Outlet Fig. 12 Microperforations Used as Outlet
1236	Material Selection Fig. 13 Fabric with Linear Vent Outlet Fig. 14 Fabric with Orifice Outlets Fig. 15 Common Shapes of Air Dispersion Systems Fig. 16 Inflated and Deflated Suspension System
1237	Suspension Systems Layout Fig. 17 Ring and Arc Style Hold-Open Retension Systems Fig. 18 Direct Suspension from Fabric Tensioning System Fig. 19 Number of Elbow Gores Based on Turn Angle Fig. 20 Styles of Fabric Duct Transitions
1238	Design Procedure Fig. 21 Common Tee Types for Fabric Duct Fig. 22 Relationship of End Caps to Tees Fig. 23 Capped Cross, Fabric (SD5-20)
1239	Operation 6. Air Terminal Units (ATUs) Principles of Operation Fig. 24 Fabric Adjustable Flow Devices Fig. 25 Throw: Directional Airflow/Distance
1240	Benefits and Limitations Table 9 Suitability of Terminal Units for Various Applications
1241	Selection Considerations
1242	Installation and Operational Considerations
1243	Maintenance and Accessibility. Fan Airflow Control of Fan-Powered Terminal Units
1244	ECM versus PSC in Parallel and Series Fan-Powered ATUs Control Strategy Fig. 28 Typical Series Constant-Volume ATU Fig. 29 Typical Series Variable-Volume ATU
1245	Energy Consumption Inlet Static Pressure Requirements Fig. 30 Typical Parallel Constant-Volume ATU Fig. 31 Typical Parallel Variable-Volume ATU
1246	Sizing Fan-Powered Terminals Heating Coils Additional Fan Guidelines Special Applications
1247	7. Room Fan-Coil Units Principles of Operation Benefits and Limitations
1248	Selection Considerations
1249	Control of Fan Coil Units Table 10 Applications for Fan-Coil Configurations
1250	Building Type Fig. 32 Typical Fan-Coil Unit with Hydronic Cooling and Electric Heating in Modulation Control
1251	8. Heating and Cooling Coil Selection Sensible Cooling and Heating Coil Selection
1252	Total Cooling Coil Selection 9. Chilled Beams Principles of Operation Application Considerations Benefits and Limitations
1253	Design Considerations Heating Thermal Comfort Control and Zoning
1254	Selection and Location Operational Considerations Building Type 10. Air Curtain Units Table 11 Applications for Chilled Beams
1255	Principles of Operation Application Considerations Building Design Considerations Types of Applications Fig. 33 Non-Recirculating, Horizontal-Mount High-Velocity Air Curtain Unit
1256	Optional Features and Controls Fig. 34 Non-Recirculating, Horizontal Mount Low-Velocity Air Curtain Unit Fig. 35 Two Non-Recirculating, Vertical-Mount Air Curtain Units
1257	Performance and Safety Standards Maintenance and Accessibility References Fig. 36 Non-Recirculating, Vertical-Mount Air Curtain Unit Fig. 37 Non-Recirculating, Horizontal-Mount Air Curtain Unit with Ducted Inlet
1258	Fig. 38 Recirculating, Horizontal-Mount Air Curtain Unit
1259	Bibliography Fig. 39 Recirculating, Vertical-Mount Air Curtain Unit
1260	— CHAPTER 59: INDOOR AIRFLOW MODELING — 1. PRELIMINARY Considerations 2. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 2.1 Terminology
1261	2.2 Overview of CFD Simulation
1262	3. CFD Examples 3.1 Simple Office with Diffusers and Returns Geometry Generation Mesh Generation
1263	Solver and Models Boundary Conditions Fig. 1 (A) Geometry and (B) Mesh Fig. 2 Illustration of Momentum Method for Inlet Model
1264	Convergence Post Processing and Results Results Fig. 3 Temperature over Iteration Indicates Steady-State Convergence Fig. 4 Temperature and Velocity Results from Simulation Shown in Two Planes Bisecting Region of Interest
1265	3.2 Chilled Beam Geometry of Open Office with Chilled Beams Mesh Generation Boundary Conditions Fig. 5 Office CFD Model: Simplified Geometric Model Fig. 6 Classroom CFD Model: Computational Mesh Resolution at Vertical and Horizontal Planes
1266	Solver and Models Convergence Post Processing and Results Fig. 7 Vertical Temperature Contour Showing Cold Downdraft near Windows
1267	3.3 Displacement Ventilation Model Geometry Fig. 8 Velocity Streamlines Showing Supply Air Velocity and Direction. Fig. 9 PMV Contour Plot 1067 mm Above Floor Fig. 10 Contaminant Removal Effectiveness (CRE) 1067 mm Above Floor (Seated Breathing Height) Fig. 11 Classroom CFD Model: Simplified Geometric Model
1268	Mesh Generation Boundary Conditions Solver and Models Fig. 12 Classroom CFD Model: Computational Mesh Resolution at Vertical and Horizontal Plane
1269	Convergence Post Processing and Results Fig. 13 Vertical Temperature Contour Showing Stratified Temperature Distribution Typical of DV Systems. Fig. 14 Velocity Streamlines Showing Supply Air Velocity and DirectionFig. Fig. 15 PMV Contour Plot 1067 mm Above Floor Fig. 16 Contaminant Removal Effectiveness (CRE) 1067 mm Above Floor (Seated Breathing Height)
1270	3.4 Data Center Design Geometry Generation Mesh Generation Solver and Models Boundary Conditions/Object Modeling Fig.17 Data Center Layout
1271	Convergence/Grid Independence Model Calibration Results Fig. 18 Rack Model Fig. 19 Comparison of Measured and Predicted Tile Airflow Rates
1272	Additional Resources 3.5 Viral Containment in Hospital Ward Fig. 20 Comparison of Measured and Predicted Rack Inlet Temperatures
1273	Geometry Generation Mesh Generation Solver and Models Boundary Conditions/Object Modeling Table 1 Laboratory Experiment Specifications Table 2 Laboratory Thermal Boundaries Table 3 Room Object Dimensions Fig. 21 Base CFD Model Setup Fig. 22 Grid Refinement Case: 2.4 m Cells Fig. 23 CFD Grid Refinement Measurement Locations in Central Cross-Sectional Plane
1274	Convergence/Grid Independence Model Validation Results Fig. 24 NRMSE Comparison Between 180k and 362k Meshes and 675k Mesh Fig. 25 Velocity Vectors and Contours at Central Cross Section with 675k Grid
1275	3.6 Natural Ventilation Geometry and Mesh Generation Boundary Conditions and Solver Techniques Fig. 26 Comparison of U-Velocity in X Direction Fig. 27 Comparison of W-Velocity in Z Direction Fig. 28 View of Lichfield Garrick from South
1276	Convergence Criteria Results 3.7 Industrial Warehouse Fig. 29 Temperature Prediction over Vertical Plane in Auditorium
1277	Geometry Generation Fig. 30 View Models and CFD Models of Warehouses
1278	Mesh Generation Solvers and Models Boundary Conditions Convergence/Grid Independence Results
1279	4. Multizone Simulation Method Fig. 31 Temperature Validation for Two Locations in QT, and Velocity Validation for Modeled Ceiling Rotating Fan Using Literature Data
1280	4.1 Multizone Simulation of a Typical Office Building Building Description Multizone Representation of Building Table 4 CFD Simulation Thermal Properties and Boundary Conditions Table 5 Destratification Strategies in Warehouses Fig. 33 Medium Office Building Model: (A) Schematic Floor Plan and (B) 3D Representation
1281	Source for Contaminant Model Simulation Results Fig. 34 CO2 Concentration for DCV System in (A) Leaky and (B) Tight Buildings
1282	4.2 Multizone Simulation of AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION Risks IN A LARGE Office Building Building Description Input Parameter Settings Simulation Results Fig. 35 Comparison of VOC Concentrations with Respect to Envelope Leakage and Ventilation System Fig. 36 Building Model Fig. 37 (A) Floor Plan of First Floor of DOE Large Office Prototype Building, and (b) Drawing of First-Floor Plenumwith Return Grille and HVAC Return
1283	References Fig. 38 (A) Transient Airborne Quanta Concentrations during Working Hours; (B) Transient Exposure Risksfor Occupant in Zones of First Floor; (C) Individual Exposure Risks under Different Combined Mitigation Strategies;(D) Relative Risk Reduction Compared to Baseline Case
1284	Table 6 Input Parameters for CONTAM-quanta Simulation of DOE Large Office Prototype Building,First Floor Core Zone Table 7 VAV Information
1286	— CHAPTER 60: INTEGRATED PROJECT DELIVERY AND BUILDING DESIGN — 1. Why Choose IPD?
1287	1.1 COLLABORATION AND TEAMWORK 1.2 TEAMWORK Team Formation
1288	Consensus in Decision Making 2. PROCESS 2.1 PHASE DESCRIPTIONS 2.2 Phase 1: Project Justification Purpose Prerequisites
1289	Table 1 Project Overview
1290	Team Work Sequence of Events Team Roles
1291	Performance Requirements Tools Documentation 2.3 Phase 2: Project Initiation Purpose
1292	Prerequisites Team Work Sequence of Events
1293	Team Roles Performance Requirements Tools Documentation 2.4 Phase 3: Concept Development Purpose Prerequisites Team Work
1294	Sequence of Events
1295	Team Roles Performance Requirements Tools
1296	Documentation 2.5 Phase 4: Design Purpose Prerequisites Team Work
1297	Sequence of Events Team Roles Performance Requirements
1298	Tools Documentation 2.6 Phase 5: Construction Preparation Purpose Prerequisites Team Work
1299	Sequence of Events Team Roles Performance Requirements Tools Documentation 2.7 Phase 6: Construction Purpose Prerequisites Team
1300	Work Sequence of Events Team Roles Performance Requirements
1301	Tools Documentation 2.8 Phase 7: Owner acceptance Purpose Prerequisites Team Work Sequence of Events Team Roles
1302	Performance Requirements Tools Documentation 2.9 Phase 8: Use, Operation, and Maintenance Purpose Prerequisites Team Work Sequence of Events Team Roles
1303	Performance Requirements Tools Documentation 3. TERMINOLOGY
1307	REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY RESOURCES
1308	— CHAPTER 61: HVAC RESILIENCE AND SECURITY —
1309	1. Owner’s Project Requirements 2. Risk Evaluation Building and occupants
1310	3. HVAC System Design for resilience and Security Fig. 1 Risk Management Framework Fig. 2 HVAC Resilience and Security BOD Segment
1311	3.1 Modes of Operation Evacuation Shelter-in-Place Uninterrupted Operation Operating Under Constraints Recovery After Incident Modes of Operation:
1312	Emergency Power Redundant Design System Shutdown and/or Isolation Protective Equipment 100% Outdoor Air Operation HVAC Zoning Increased Standoff Distances Occupant Notification Systems Air Intake Protection
1313	Increased Prefiltration Efficiency Additional Filtration Location of Mechanical Equipment Physical Security Measures Air Supply Quantities and Pressure Gradients Sensors Mailroom and Lobby Measures 3.3 Commissioning and Recommissioning
1314	3.4 Maintenance Management and Building Automation 4. Chemical Incidents 4.1 Types of Chemical Agents
1316	Other HVAC-Compromising Gases and Vapors Table 1 Corrosive Gases and Vapors
1317	5. Biological Incidents Table 2 Limited List of Human Pathogenic Microorganisms
1318	6. Radiological Incidents 6.1 Radioactive Materials’ Effects and Sources 6.2 Radiological Dispersion 6.3 Radiation Monitoring 6.4 Facility Response
1319	7. Explosive Incidents 7.1 Loading Description 7.2 Design Considerations Fig. 3 Free-Field and Reflected Pressure Wave Pulses
1320	Bibliography References Online Resources
1321	— CHAPTER 62: ULTRAVIOLET AIR AND SURFACE TREATMENT — 1. Fundamentals UV Dose and Microbial Response
1322	Fig. 1 Potential Applications of UVC to Control Microorganisms in Air and on Surfaces
1323	Table 1 Overall Average Rate Constants for Microbial Groups Fig. 2 Electromagnetic Spectrum Fig. 3 Standardized Germicidal Response Functions
1324	UV Inactivation of Biological Contaminants 2. Terminology Table 2 Representative Members of Organism Groups Fig. 4 Relative Sensitivity of Selected Airborne Microorganisms to UVGI. Fig. 5 General Ranking of Susceptibility to UVC Inactivation of Microorganisms by Group
1325	3. UVGI Air Treatment Systems Design Guidance Table 3 Conversion Factors for Irradiance and UV Dose
1326	Upper-Room UVC Luminaires Fig. 6 Typical Components of Louvered-StyleUpper-Room Luminaire
1327	Fig. 7 Typical Elevation View of Louvered Luminaire Showing UVGI Energy Safely above Heads of Room Occupants Fig. 8 Typical Elevation View of Open-Fixture Luminaire Used for Tall Spaces Fig. 9 Upper-Room UVC (Circled) Treating Congregate Setting Fig. 10 Upper-Room UVC Luminaires (Circled) in Airport
1328	Direct Irradiation Below Exposure Limits (DIBEL) In-Duct UVC Systems: Airstream Disinfection Table 4 Suggested UVC Fixture Mounting Heights Fig. 11 CAD-Based Tool Showing UVC Fluence andEye-Level Irradiance
1330	Studies of Airstream Disinfection Effectiveness In-Room Air Cleaners
1331	4. HVAC System Surface Treatment Coil and Drain Pan Irradiation Alternative and Complementary Systems Fig. 12 Clean and Biofouled Heat Exchangers and 28 Days of Growth: (A) Clean, (B) 10% Fouled, (C) 30% Fouled, and (D) 40% Fouled Fig. 13 Section View of Typical HVAC Surface Treatment Installations
1332	5. Energy and Economic Considerations Upper-Room UVC Devices In-Duct Air Disinfection
1333	Upper-Room Versus In-Duct Cooling Coil Surface Treatment 6. Room Surface Treatment
1334	7. OTHER UV-RELATED TECHNOLOGIES UVC LEDs Far UVC
1335	Photocatalytic Oxidation (PCO) 405 nm Violet Visible Light 8. Safety Hazards of Ultraviolet Radiation to Humans
1337	9. Installation, Start-Up, and Commissioning Upper-Room UVC Devices In-Duct UVC Systems 10. Maintenance Material Degradation Visual Inspection UV Measurement: Radiometers and Photochromatic Ink
1338	Lamp Replacement Lamp and Ballast Disposal Personnel Safety Training Lamp Breakage References
1342	Bibliography
1344	— CHAPTER 63: SMART BUILDING SYSTEMS — 1. Useful Resources
1345	2. Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics Fig. 1 Generic Process for Using AFDD in Ongoing Operationand Maintenance of Building Systems
1346	Applications of AFDD in Buildings
1347	AFDD Methods Table 1 Typical Capabilities and Fault Types of BAS and AFDD Software Fig. 3 Classification Scheme for AFDD
1348	Benefits of Detecting and Diagnosing Equipment Faults Table 2 AFDD Acronyms
1349	Table 3 AFDD Studies Published After 2004 Referenced by Kim and Katipamula (2018) Table 4 Representative AFDD Studies by Building System
1350	Criteria for Evaluating AFDD Methods Fig. 4 AFDD Accuracy Evaluation Procedure
1351	Types of AFDD Tools AFDD Software Deployed on Networked Workstations
1352	Current State of AFDD in Buildings Future for Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics Fig. 5 Schematic of Integration of Building Automation System Data into FDD Tools (BACnet MS/TP Protocol)
1353	3. Sensing and Actuating Systems Sensors Fig. 6 Traditional Twisted-Pair Wired SensingArchitecture Transmitting Analog Signals (Left) versusComputer Network Architecture Capable ofExchanging Digital Information (Right)
1354	Actuators Sensor and Actuator Integration
1355	4. Smart Grid Basics Brief History of Electric Power Grid Electric Power Grid Operational Characteristics Fig. 7 Electric Power Grid
1356	Fig. 8 ISO/RTO Map: FERC 2019, Updated to Show MISO Presence in Canada Fig. 9 Interconnections in Area of Responsibility of NorthAmerican Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)
1357	Typical Building Load Profile Increasing Need of Demand Flexibility for Renewable Energy Integration and Grid Decarbonization Grid-interactive Efficient Building (GEB) and Grid Services Fig. 10 Example Commercial Building Load Profile in Relation to Utility System Load
1358	Utility Demand Response Strategies Ancillary Services Fig. 11 CAISO’s Official Duck Chart Fig. 12 Wind and Solar Curtailmentsby Month in California ISO
1359	Utility Bill Savings and Revenue Streams Rate Options for Demand Response Table 5 Grid Services Fig. 13 Example Frequency Regulation andLoad Following/Ramping
1360	Rate Options for Distributed Generation Modern Smart Grid Strategies Energy Storage Table 6 Common Types of Demand Response (DR) Programs: Price Options and Incentive- or Event-Based Options Fig. 14 Benefits of Smart Grid as Viewed by Utilities and Customers
1361	Photovoltaics Advanced Inverters Electric Vehicles Energy Efficiency Table 7 Overview of Rate Options for Distributed Generation Fig. 15 Typical PV System Components
1362	Relevance to Building System Designers Table 8 Summary of Common Demand Response Methods
1363	Microgrids Relevance to Decarbonization References
1368	BIBLIOGRAPHY
1371	— CHAPTER 64: AVOIDING MOISTURE AND MOLD PROBLEMS — Human Health Energy Conservation Sustainability Costs Avoiding Litigation Risk 1. Complex Causes
1372	2. elements of moisture management Fig.1 Mold Caused by Complex Combination of Factors
1373	3. Moisture Tolerance and Loads 4. Risk Factors and Mitigation Fig. 3 Rain Loads Versus Wind Speed and Direction (mm per year
1374	4.1 HVAC Systems Risk Factors Risk Mitigation
1375	4.2 Architectural Factors Risk Factors Risk Mitigation 4.3 Building Operational Decisions Risk Factors Fig. 4 Dehumidification Load Versus Peak Outdoor Dew Point Design and Peak Dry Bulb
1376	Risk Mitigation 4.4 Occupant Decisions Risk Factors Risk Mitigation 5. Solutions 5.1 Architecture and Design Roof Overhang
1377	Waterproof Drainage Plane Sill Pans and Flashing Wrap-Around Air Barrier
1378	Mold-Resistant Gypsum Board Permeable Interior Wall Finish for Exterior Walls 5.2 HVAC Systems Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS) Fig.5 Impermeable Vinyl Wall Covering on Exterior Wall
1379	Maximum 12.8°C Indoor Dew Point for Mechanically Cooled Buildings in Hot or Humid Climates Fig. 6 Dedicated Outdoor Air System (DOAS) with Return Air Connection for Drying After Hours Fig. 7 Mold Resulting from Humid Air Infiltration in Overcooled Health Clinic
1380	Drying During Unoccupied Periods Design for Dehumidification Based on Loads at Peak Outdoor Dew Point Mastic-Sealed Duct Connections
1381	Positive Building Pressure When Outdoor Dew Point Is Above 12.8°C Fig. 8 Peak Dry-Bulb Versus Dew-Point Design: Retail Store Humidity Loads Based on ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016
1382	5.3 Construction Risk Factors Mitigation 6. RESPONDING TO WATER DAMAGE 6.1 MOLD GROWTH 6.2 INVESTIGATION 6.3 DRYING 6.4 REMEDIATION 7. Health-Relevant Indoor Dampness
1383	7.1 Health-related standards and guidelines 7.2 DAMPNESS INDICATORS 8. Measuring Building Dampness 8.1 Water Activity
1384	8.2 Moisture Content Importance of Documenting Measurement Location Moisture Meter Distinctions Fig. 9 Moisture-Meter Accuracy Fig. 11 Variation in Moisture Meter Readings on Same Material
1385	8.3 DAMPNESS CLASSIFICATION Fig. 10 Variation in Moisture Content and Mold Growth Across Short Distances Fig. 12 Example of Documenting Both Values and Pattern of Moisture
1386	References
1387	Bibliography
1388	— CHAPTER 65: OCCUPANT-CENTRIC SENSING AND CONTROLS — 1. Collecting Real-Time Occupancy and Occupant Comfort Feedback 1.1 Indirect Occupant Feedback
1389	1.2 Direct Occupant Feedback Fig. 1 Occupant-Centric Sensing and Control Scheme
1390	1.3 Hybrid Occupant Feedback 1.4 State-of-the-Art Occupant Sensing
1391	Fig. 2 System Architecture for Occupant-Responsive Environmental Control
1392	Table 1 Overview of Occupancy Sensing Technologies and Their Performance Metrics
1393	Performance Metrics for Occupancy Sensing Technologies 2. Integrating Occupant Feedback into HVAC Control Schemes Traditional Control Methods for HVAC Systems Occupant-Driven Rule-Based HVAC Controls
1394	2.1 Occupant-Driven Model Predictive Control 2.2 Occupant-Driven MPC-Based HVAC Controls Table2 Optimization Methods and Related Software for Solving Occupancy-Based MPC Problem
1395	Occupancy Prediction Comfort-Driven MPC-Based HVAC Controls 3. Modeling and Evaluating Occupant-Centric HVAC Control Systems 3.1 Whole-Building Performance Simulation Programs 3.2 HVAC Control Modeling
1396	3.3 Occupant Behavior Modeling 3.4 Modeling Tools and Supporting Database
1397	Fig. 3 obXML Schema Fig. 4 Cosimulation Workflow of obFMU with EnergyPlus
1398	3.5 Best practices on OCC modeling and simulation References
1402	Bibliography
1403	— CHAPTER 66: IN-ROOM AIR CLEANERS — 1. Terminology Abbreviations and Acronyms
1404	2. Contaminants to address 3. Problem Assessment Fig. 1 Relative Particle Size of Air Contaminants, m
1405	4. Basic Functions of In-Room Air Cleaners 5. Air Cleaning Technologies Particle Removal
1406	Microorganism Removal or Inactivation Gaseous Contaminant Removal Table 1 MERV Removal Efficiencies for Different Particle Size Ranges Fig. 2 In-Room Air Cleaner Performance
1407	Multi-Contaminant-Type Removal Added Species and Byproduct Formation 6. Equipment
1408	7. Sizing, Selection, and Installation
1409	Selection Installation and Placement in Room 8. Operation and Maintenance Operation Issues Fig. 3 In Room Air Cleaner Sizing Example
1410	Maintenance Needs 9. Environmental Issues Filter Disposal UV Lamp Disposal Other Component Disposal 10. Performance Testing
1411	References
1412	— CHAPTER 67: CODES AND STANDARDS —
1441	Index Abbreviations, F38 Absorbents Absorption Acoustics. See Sound Activated alumina, S24.1, 4, 12 Activated carbon adsorption, A47.9 Adaptation, environmental, F9.17 ADPI. See Air diffusion performance index (ADPI) Adsorbents Adsorption Aeration, of farm crops, A26 Aerosols, S29.1 AFDD. See Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD) Affinity laws for centrifugal pumps, S44.8 AFUE. See Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE) AHU. See Air handlers Air Air barriers, F25.9; F26.5 Airborne infectious diseases, F10.7 Air cleaners, A67. (See also Filters, air; Industrial exhaust gas cleaning) Air conditioners. (See also Central air conditioning)
1442	Air conditioning. (See also Central air conditioning) Air contaminants, F11. (See also Contaminants) Aircraft, A13 Air curtains Air diffusers, S20 Air diffusion, F20 Air diffusion performance index (ADPI), A58.6 Air dispersion systems, fabric, S19.11 Air distribution, A58; F20; S4; S20 Air exchange rate Air filters. See Filters, air Airflow
1443	Airflow retarders, F25.9 Air flux, F25.2. (See also Airflow) Air handlers Air inlets Air intakes Air jets. See Air diffusion Air leakage. (See also Infiltration) Air mixers, S4.8 Air outlets Airports, air conditioning, A3.6 Air purifiers. See Air cleaners Air quality. [See also Indoor air quality (IAQ)] Air terminal units (ATUs) Airtightness, F37.24 Air-to-air energy recovery, S26 Air-to-transmission ratio, S5.13 Air transport, R27 Air washers Algae, control, A50.12 All-air systems Altitude, effects of Ammonia Anchor bolts, seismic restraint, A56.7 Anemometers Animal environments
1444	Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), S34.2 Antifreeze Antisweat heaters (ASH), R15.5 Apartment buildings Aquifers, thermal storage, S51.7 Archimedes number, F20.6 Archives. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Arenas Argon, recovery, R47.17 Asbestos, F10.5 ASH. See Antisweat heaters (ASH) Atriums Attics, unconditioned, F27.2 Auditoriums, A5.3 Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD), A40.4; A63.1 Automobiles Autopsy rooms, A9.12; A10.6, 7 Avogadro’s law, and fuel combustion, F28.11 Backflow-prevention devices, S46.14 BACnet®, A41.9; F7.18 Bacteria Bakery products, R41 Balance point, heat pumps, S48.9 Balancing. (See also Testing, adjusting, and balancing) BAS. See Building automation systems (BAS) Baseboard units Basements Bayesian analysis, F19.37 Beer’s law, F4.16 Behavior BEMP. See Building energy modeling professional (BEMP) Bernoulli equation, F21.1 Best efficiency point (BEP), S44.8 Beverages, R39 BIM. See Building information modeling (BIM) Bioaerosols Biocides, control, A50.14 Biodiesel, F28.8 Biological safety cabinets, A17.5 Biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11 Bioterrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Boilers, F19.21; S32 Boiling Brake horsepower, S44.8 Brayton cycle Bread, R41 Breweries Brines. See Coolants, secondary
1445	Building automation systems (BAS), A41.8; A63.1; F7.14 Building energy modeling professional (BEMP), F19.5 Building energy monitoring, A42. (See also Energy, monitoring) Building envelopes Building information modeling (BIM), A41.8; A60.18 Building materials, properties, F26 Building performance simulation (BPS), A65.8 Buildings Building thermal mass Burners Buses Bus terminals Butane, commercial, F28.5 CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD) Cafeterias, service water heating, A51.12, 19 Calcium chloride brines, F31.1 Candy Capillary action, and moisture flow, F25.10 Capillary tubes Carbon dioxide Carbon emissions, F34.7 Carbon monoxide Cargo containers, R25
1446	Carnot refrigeration cycle, F2.6 Cattle, beef and dairy, A25.7. (See also Animal environments) CAV. See Constant air volume (CAV) Cavitation, F3.13 CBRE. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents CEER. See Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER) Ceiling effect. See Coanda effect Ceilings Central air conditioning, A43. (See also Air conditioning) Central plant optimization, A8.13 Central plants Central systems Cetane number, engine fuels, F28.9 CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Change-point regression models, F19.28 Charge minimization, R1.36 Charging, refrigeration systems, R8.4 Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents, A61 Chemical plants Chemisorption, A47.10 Chilled beams, S20.10 Chilled water (CW) Chillers Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F6.7 Chimneys, S35 Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), A35.44 Chocolate, R42.1. (See also Candy) Choking, F3.13 CHP systems. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Cinemas, A5.3 CKV. See Commercial kitchen ventilation (CVK) Claude cycle, R47.8 Cleanrooms. See Clean spaces Clean spaces, A19
1447	Clear-sky solar radiation, calculation, F14.8 Climate change, F36 Climatic design information, F14 Clinics, A9.17 Clothing CLTD/CLF. See Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF) CMMS. See Computerized maintenance management system (CMSS) Coal Coanda effect, A34.22; F20.2, 7; S20.2 Codes, A66. (See also Standards) Coefficient of performance (COP) Coefficient of variance of the root mean square error [CV(RMSE)], F19.33 Cogeneration. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Coils Colburn’s analogy, F4.17 Colebrook equation Collaborative design, A60 Collectors, solar, A36.6, 11, 24, 25; S37.3 Colleges and universities, A8.11 Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER), S49.3 Combined heat and power (CHP), S7 Combustion, F28
1448	Combustion air systems Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC), S7.21; S8.1 Comfort. (See also Physiological principles, humans) Commercial and public buildings, A3 Commercial kitchen ventilation (CKV), A34 Commissioning, A44 Comprehensive room transfer function method (CRTF), F19.11 Compressors, S38 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F13.1, F19.25 Computer-aided design (CAD), A19.6 Computerized maintenance management system (CMMS), A60.17 Computers, A41 Concert halls, A5.4 Concrete Condensate Condensation
1449	Condensers, S39 Conductance, thermal, F4.3; F25.1 Conduction Conductivity, thermal, F25.1; F26.1 Constant air volume (CAV) Construction. (See also Building envelopes) Containers. (See also Cargo containers) Contaminants Continuity, fluid dynamics, F3.2 Control. (See also Controls, automatic; Supervisory control)
1450	Controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage Controlled-environment rooms (CERs), and plant growth, A25.16 Controls, automatic, F7. (See also Control) Convection Convectors Convention centers, A5.5 Conversion factors, F39 Cooking appliances Coolants, secondary Coolers. (See also Refrigerators)
1451	Cooling. (See also Air conditioning) Cooling load Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF), F18.57 Cooling towers, S40 Cool storage, S51.1 COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP) Corn, drying, A26.1 Correctional facilities. See Justice facilities Corrosion Costs. (See also Economics) Cotton, drying, A26.8 Courthouses, A10.5 Courtrooms, A10.5 CPVC. See Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) Crawlspaces Critical spaces Crops. See Farm crops Cruise terminals, A3.6 Cryogenics, R47
1452	Curtain walls, F15.6 Dairy products, R33 Dampers Dampness problems in buildings, A64.1 Dams, concrete cooling, R45.1 Darcy equation, F21.6 Darcy-Weisbach equation Data centers, A20 Data-driven modeling Daylighting, F19.26 DDC. See Direct digital control (DDC) Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS), F36.12; S4.14; S18.2, 8; S25.4; S51 Definitions, of refrigeration terms, R50 Defrosting Degree-days, F14.12 Dehumidification, A48.15; S24 Dehumidifiers Dehydration Demand control kitchen ventilation (DCKV), A34.18 Density Dental facilities, A9.17 Desiccants, F32.1; S24.1
1453	Design-day climatic data, F14.12 Desorption isotherm, F26.20 Desuperheaters Detection Dew point, A64.8 Diamagnetism, and superconductivity, R47.5 Diesel fuel, F28.9 Diffusers, air, sound control, A49.12 Diffusion Diffusivity Dilution Dining halls, in justice facilities, A10.4 DIR. See Dispersive infrared (DIR) Direct digital control (DDC), F7.4, 11 Direct numerical simulation (DNS), turbulence modeling, F13.4; F24.13 Dirty bombs. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Disabilities, A8.23 Discharge coefficients, in fluid flow, F3.9 Dispersive infrared (DIR), F7.10 Display cases Display cases, R15.2, 5 District energy (DE). See District heating and cooling (DHC) District heating and cooling (DHC), S12 d-limonene, F31.12 DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS) DOAS. See Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) Doors Dormitories Draft Drag, in fluid flow, F3.5 Driers, S7.6. (See also Dryers) Drip station, steam systems, S12.14 Dryers. (See also Driers) Drying DTW. See Dual-temperature water (DTW) system Dual-duct systems Dual-temperature water (DTW) system, S13.1 DuBois equation, F9.3 Duct connections, A64.10 Duct design Ducts
1454	Dust mites, F25.16 Dusts, S29.1 Dynamometers, A18.1 Earth, stabilization, R45.3, 4 Earthquakes, seismic-resistant design, A56.1 Economic analysis, A38 Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP), S7.2 Economic performance degradation index (EPDI), A63.5 Economics. (See also Costs) Economizers ECOP. See Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP) ECS. See Environmental control system (ECS) Eddy diffusivity, F6.7 Educational facilities, A8 EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Effectiveness, heat transfer, F4.22 Effectiveness-NTU heat exchanger model, F19.19 Efficiency Eggs, R34 Electricity Electric thermal storage (ETS), S51.17 Electronic smoking devices (“e-cigarettes”), F11.19 Electrostatic precipitators, S29.7; S30.7 Elevators Emergency medical technician (EMT) facilities, A23 Emissions, pollution, F28.9 Emissivity, F4.2 Emittance, thermal, F25.2 Enclosed vehicular facilities, A16 Energy
1455	Energy and water use and management, A37 Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC), A38.8 Energy transfer station, S12.37 Engines, S7 Engine test facilities, A18 Enhanced tubes. See Finned-tube heat transfer coils Enthalpy Entropy, F2.1 Environmental control Environmental control system (ECS), A13 Environmental health, F10 Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) EPDI. See Economic performance degradation index (EPDI) Equipment vibration, A49.44; F8.17 ERF. See Effective radiant flux (ERF) ESPC. See Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC) Ethylene glycol, in hydronic systems, S13.24 ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Electric thermal storage (ETS) Evaluation. See Testing Evaporation, in tubes Evaporative coolers. (See also Refrigerators) Evaporative cooling, A53 Evaporators. (See also Coolers, liquid) Exfiltration, F16.2 Exhaust
1456	Exhibit buildings, temporary, A5.6 Exhibit cases Exhibition centers, A5.5 Expansion joints and devices Expansion tanks, S12.10 Explosions. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Fairs, A5.6 Family courts, A10.4. (See also Juvenile detention facilities) Fan-coil units, S5.6 Fans, F19.18; S21 Farm crops, drying and storing, A26 Faults, system, reasons for detecting, A40.4 f-Chart method, sizing heating and cooling systems, A36.20 Fenestration. (See also Windows) Fick’s law, F6.1 Filters, air, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Finned-tube heat-distributing units, S36.2, 5 Finned-tube heat transfer coils, F4.25 Fins, F4.6 Fire/smoke control. See Smoke control Fire stations, A23 Firearm laboratories, A10.7 Fire management, A54.2 Fireplaces, S34.5 Fire safety Fish, R19; R32
1457	Fitness facilities. (See also Gymnasiums) Fittings Fixed-guideway vehicles, A12.7. (See also Mass-transit systems) Fixture units, A51.1, 28 Flammability limits, gaseous fuels, F28.1 Flash tank, steam systems, S11.14 Floors Flowers, cut Flowmeters, A39.26; F37.18 Fluid dynamics computations, F13.1 Fluid flow, F3 Food. (See also specific foods) Food service Forced-air systems, residential, A1.1 Forensic labs, A10.6 Fouling factor Foundations Fountains, Legionella pneumophila control, A50.15 Fourier’s law, and heat transfer, F25.5 Four-pipe systems, S5.5 Framing, for fenestration Freeze drying, A31.6 Freeze prevention. (See also Freeze protection systems) Freeze protection systems, A52.19, 20 Freezers Freezing
1458	Friction, in fluid flow Fruit juice, R38 Fruits Fuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP), S7.22 Fuels, F28 Fume hoods, laboratory exhaust, A17.3 Fungi Furnaces, S33 Galleries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Garages Gases Gas-fired equipment, S34. (See also Natural gas) Gas vents, S35.1 Gaussian process (GP) models, F19.30 GCHP. See Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Generators Geothermal energy, A35 Geothermal heat pumps (GHP), A35.1 Glaser method, F25.15 Glazing Global climate change, F36 Global warming potential (GWP), F29.5 Glossary, of refrigeration terms, R50 Glycols, desiccant solution, S24.2 Graphical symbols, F38 Green design, and sustainability, F35.1 Greenhouses. (See also Plant environments) Grids, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Ground-coupled systems, F19.23 Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), A35.1 Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP), A35.30 GSHP. See Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) Guard stations, in justice facilities, A10.5 GWHP. See Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP) GWP. See Global warming potential (GWP) Gymnasiums, A5.5; A8.3 HACCP. See Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) Halocarbon Hartford loop, S11.3 Hay, drying, A26.8 Hazard analysis and control, F10.4 Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP), R22.4 Hazen-Williams equation, F22.6
1459	HB. See Heat balance (HB) Health Health care facilities, A9. (See also specific types) Health effects, mold, A64.1 Heat Heat and moisture control, F27.1 Heat balance (HB), S9.23 Heat balance method, F19.3 Heat capacity, F25.1 Heat control, F27 Heaters, S34 Heat exchangers, S47 Heat flow, F25. (See also Heat transfer) Heat flux, F25.1 Heat gain. (See also Load calculations) Heating Heating load Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF), S48.6 Heating values of fuels, F28.3, 9, 10 Heat loss. (See also Load calculations)
1460	Heat pipes, air-to-air energy recovery, S26.14 Heat pumps Heat recovery. (See also Energy, recovery) Heat storage. See Thermal storage Heat stress Heat transfer, F4; F25; F26; F27. (See also Heat flow) Heat transmission Heat traps, A51.1 Helium High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, A29.3; S29.6; S30.3 High-rise buildings. See Tall buildings
1461	High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, R33.2 High-temperature water (HTW) system, S13.1 Homeland security. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Hoods Hospitals, A9.3 Hot-box method, of thermal modeling, F25.8 Hotels and motels, A7 Hot-gas bypass, R1.35 Houses of worship, A5.3 HSI. See Heat stress, index (HSI) HSPF. See Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) HTST. See High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization Humidification, S22 Humidifiers, S22 Humidity (See also Moisture) HVAC security, A61 Hybrid inverse change point model, F19.31 Hybrid ventilation, F19.26 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), R1.1 Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), R1.1 Hydrogen, liquid, R47.3 Hydronic systems, S35. (See also Water systems) Hygrometers, F7.9; F37.10, 11 Hygrothermal loads, F25.2 Hygrothermal modeling, F25.15; F27.10 IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ) IBD. See Integrated building design (IBD) Ice Ice makers Ice rinks, A5.5; R44 ID50‚ mean infectious dose, A61.9 Ignition temperatures of fuels, F28.2 IGUs. See Insulating glazing units (IGUs) Illuminance, F37.31 Indoor airflow, A59.1
1462	Indoor air quality (IAQ). (See also Air quality) Indoor environmental modeling, F13 Indoor environmental quality (IEQ), kitchens, A33.20. (See also Air quality) Indoor swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums) Induction Industrial applications Industrial environments, A15, A32; A33 Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Industrial hygiene, F10.3 Infiltration. (See also Air leakage) Infrared applications In-room terminal systems Instruments, F14. (See also specific instruments or applications) Insulating glazing units (IGUs), F15.5 Insulation, thermal
1463	Integrated building design (IBD), A60.1 Integrated project delivery (IPD), A60.1 Integrated project delivery and building design, Intercoolers, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.12 Internal heat gains, F19.13 Jacketing, insulation, R10.7 Jails, A10.4 Joule-Thomson cycle, R47.6 Judges’ chambers, A10.5 Juice, R38.1 Jury facilities, A10.5 Justice facilities, A10 Juvenile detention facilities, A10.1. (See also Family courts) K-12 schools, A8.3 Kelvin’s equation, F25.11 Kirchoff’s law, F4.12 Kitchens, A34 Kleemenko cycle, R47.13 Krypton, recovery, R47.18 Laboratories, A17 Laboratory information management systems (LIMS), A10.8 Lakes, heat transfer, A35.37 Laminar flow Large eddy simulation (LES), turbulence modeling, F13.3; F24.13 Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA), F37.17 Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV), F37.17 Latent energy change materials, S51.2 Laundries LCR. See Load collector ratio (LCR) LD50‚ mean lethal dose, A61.9 LDA. See Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA)
1464	LDV. See Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV) LE. See Life expectancy (LE) rating Leakage Leakage function, relationship, F16.15 Leak detection of refrigerants, F29.9 Legionella pneumophila, A50.15; F10.7 Legionnaires’ disease. See Legionella pneumophila LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES) Lewis relation, F6.9; F9.4 Libraries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Lighting Light measurement, F37.31 LIMS. See Laboratory information management systems (LIMS) Linde cycle, R47.6 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), S8.6 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F28.5 Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R4 Lithium bromide/water, F30.71 Lithium chloride, S24.2 LNG. See Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Load calculations Load collector ratio (LCR), A36.22 Local exhaust. See Exhaust Loss coefficients Louvers, F15.33 Low-temperature water (LTW) system, S13.1 LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) LTW. See Low-temperature water (LTW) system Lubricants, R6.1; R12. (See also Lubrication; Oil) Lubrication, R12 Mach number, S38.32 Maintenance. (See also Operation and maintenance) Makeup air units, S28.8 Malls, 12.7 Manometers, differential pressure readout, A39.25 Manufactured homes, A1.9 Masonry, insulation, F26.7. (See also Building envelopes) Mass transfer, F6
1465	Mass-transit systems McLeod gages, F37.13 Mean infectious dose (ID50), A61.9 Mean lethal dose (LD50), A61.9 Mean temperature difference, F4.22 Measurement, F36. (See also Instruments) Measurement, F37. (See also Instruments) Meat, R30 Mechanical equipment room, central Mechanical traps, steam systems, S11.8 Medical facilities, A9, A23 Medium-temperature water (MTW) system, S13.1 Megatall buildings, A4.1 Meshes, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Metabolic rate, F9.6 Metals and alloys, low-temperature, R48.6 Microbial growth, R22.4 Microbial volatile organic chemicals (MVOCs), F10.8 Microbiology of foods, R22.1 Microphones, F37.29 Mines, A30 Modeling. (See also Data-driven modeling; Energy, modeling) Model predictive control (MPC), A65.6 Moist air Moisture (See also Humidity)
1466	Mold, A64.1; F25.16 Mold-resistant gypsum board, A64.7 Molecular sieves, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Zeolites) Montreal Protocol, F29.1 Morgues, A9.1 Motors, S45 Movie theaters, A5.3 MPC (model predictive control), A65.6 MRT. See Mean radiant temperature (MRT) Multifamily residences, A1.8 Multiple-use complexes Multisplit unitary equipment, S48.1 Multizone airflow modeling, F13.14 Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries MVOCs. See Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) Natatoriums. (See also Swimming pools) Natural gas, F28.5 Navier-Stokes equations, F13.2 NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curves Net positive suction head (NPSH), A35.31; R2.9; S44.10 Network airflow models, F19.25 Neutral pressure level (NPL), A4.1 Night setback, recovery, A43.44 Nitrogen Noise, F8.13. (See also Sound) Noise criterion (NC) curves, F8.16 Noncondensable gases Normalized mean bias error (NMBE), F19.33 NPL. See Neutral pressure level (NPL) NPSH. See Net positive suction head (NPSH) NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU) Nuclear facilities, A29 Number of transfer units (NTU) Nursing facilities, A9.17 Nuts, storage, R42.7 Occupancy-based control, A65 Odors, F12 ODP. See Ozone depletion potential (ODP) Office buildings Oil, fuel, F28.7 Oil. (See also Lubricants) Olf unit, F12.6 One-pipe systems Operating costs, A38.4 Operation and maintenance, A39. (See also Maintenance)
1467	OPR. See Owner’s project requirements (OPR) Optimization, A43.4 Outdoor air, free cooling (See also Ventilation) Outpatient health care facilities, A9.16 Owning costs, A38.1 Oxygen Ozone Ozone depletion potential (ODP), F29.5 PACE. (See Property assessment for clean energy) Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), S49.5 Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), S49.5 PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Paint, and moisture problems, F25.16 Pandemic, air filtration against, A67 Panel heating and cooling, S6. (See also Radiant heating and cooling) Paper, moisture content, A21.2 Paper products facilities, A27 Parallel compressor systems, R15.14 Particulate matter, indoor air quality (IAQ), F10.5 Passive heating, F19.27 Pasteurization, R33.2 Peak dew point, A64.10 Peanuts, drying, A26.9 PEC systems. See Personal environmental control (PEC) systems PEL. See Permissible exposure limits (PEL) Performance contracting, A42.2 Performance monitoring, A48.6 Permafrost stabilization, R45.4 Permeability Permeance Permissible exposure limits (PELs), F10.5 Personal environmental control (PEC) systems, F9.26 Pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11 Pharmacies, A9.13 Phase-change materials, thermal storage in, S51.16, 27 Photovoltaic (PV) systems, S36.18. (See also Solar energy) Physical properties of materials, F33 Physiological principles, humans. (See also Comfort) Pigs. See Swine Pipes. (See also Piping) Piping. (See also Pipes)
1468	Pitot tubes, A39.2; F37.17 Places of assembly, A5 Planes. See Aircraft Plank’s equation, R20.7 Plant environments, A25.10 Plenums PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV) Police stations, A10.1 Pollutant transport modeling. See Contami- nants, indoor, concentration prediction Pollution Pollution, air, and combustion, F28.9, 17 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), F10.6 Polydimethylsiloxane, F31.12 Ponds, spray, S40.6 Pope cell, F37.12 Positive building pressure, A64.11 Positive positioners, F7.8 Potatoes Poultry. (See also Animal environments) Power grid, A63.9 Power-law airflow model, F13.14 Power plants, A28 PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD) Prandtl number, F4.17 Precooling Predicted mean vote (PMV), F37.32 Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F9.18 Preschools, A8.1 Pressure Pressure drop. (See also Darcy-Weisbach equation) Primary-air systems, S5.10 Printing plants, A21
1469	Prisons, A10.4 Produce Product load, R15.6 Propane Property assessment for clean energy (PACE), A38.9 Propylene glycol, hydronic systems, S13.24 Psychrometers, F1.13 Psychrometrics, F1 PTACs. See Packaged terminal air condition- ers (PTACs) PTHPs. See Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs) Public buildings. See Commercial and public buildings; Places of assembly Pumps Pumps, F19.18 Purge units, centrifugal chillers, S43.11 PV systems. See Photovoltaic (PV) systems; Solar energy Radiant heating and cooling, A55; S6.1; S15; S33.4. (See also Panel heating and cooling) Radiant time series (RTS) method, F18.2, 22 Radiation Radiators, S36.1, 5 Radioactive gases, contaminants, F11.21 Radiosity method, F19.26 Radon, F10.16, 22 Rail cars, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Railroad tunnels, ventilation Rain, and building envelopes, F25.4 RANS. See Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation Rapid-transit systems. See Mass-transit systems Rayleigh number, F4.20 Ray tracing method, F19.27 RC curves. See Room criterion (RC) curves Receivers Recycling refrigerants, R9.3 Refrigerant/absorbent pairs, F2.15 Refrigerant control devices, R11
1470	Refrigerants, F29.1 Refrigerant transfer units (RTU), liquid chillers, S43.11 Refrigerated facilities, R23 Refrigeration, F1.16. (See also Absorption; Adsorption)
1471	Refrigeration oils, R12. (See also Lubricants) Refrigerators Regulators. (See also Valves) Relative humidity, F1.12 Residential health care facilities, A9.17 Residential systems, A1 Resistance, thermal, F4; F25; F26. (See also R-values) Resistance temperature devices (RTDs), F7.9; F37.6 Resistivity, thermal, F25.1 Resource utilization factor (RUF), F34.2 Respiration of fruits and vegetables, R19.17 Restaurants Retail facilities, 12 Retrofit performance monitoring, A42.4 Retrofitting refrigerant systems, contaminant control, S7.9 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, F13.3; F24.13 Reynolds number, F3.3 Rice, drying, A26.9 RMS. See Root mean square (RMS) Road tunnels, A16.3 Roofs, U-factors, F27.2 Room air distribution, A58; S20.1 Room criterion (RC) curves, F8.16 Root mean square (RMS), F37.1 RTDs. See Resistance temperature devices (RTDs) RTS. See Radiant time series (RTS) RTU. See Refrigerant transfer units (RTU) RUF. See Resource utilization factor (RUF) Rusting, of building components, F25.16 R-values, F23; F25; F26. (See also Resistance, thermal) Safety Sanitation Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR), A38.12 Savings-to-investment-ratio (SIR), A38.12 Scale Schneider system, R23.7 Schools Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) Security. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Seeds, storage, A26.12 SEER. See Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER)
1472	Seismic restraint, A49.53; A56.1 Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), F10.4, 12; F11.15 Sensors Separators, lubricant, R11.23 Service water heating, A51 SES. See Subway environment simulation (SES) program Set points, A65.1 Shading Ships, A13 Shooting ranges, indoor, A10.8 Short-tube restrictors, R11.31 Silica gel, S24.1, 4, 6, 12 Single-duct systems, all-air, S4.11 SIR. See Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) Skating rinks, R44.1 Skylights, and solar heat gain, F15.21 Slab heating, A52 Slab-on-grade foundations, A45.11 SLR. See Solar-load ratio (SLR) Smart building systems, A63.1 Smart grid, A63.9, 11 Smoke control, A54 Snow-melting systems, A52 Snubbers, seismic, A56.8 Sodium chloride brines, F31.1 Soft drinks, R39.10 Software, A65.7 Soils. (See also Earth) Solar energy, A36; S37.1 (See also Solar heat gain; Solar radiation)
1473	Solar heat gain, F15.14; F18.16 Solar-load ratio (SLR), A36.22 Solar-optical glazing, F15.14 Solar radiation, F14.8; F15.14 Solid fuel Solvent drying, constant-moisture, A31.7 Soot, F28.20 Sorbents, F32.1 Sorption isotherm, F25.10; F26.20 Sound, F8. (See also Noise) Soybeans, drying, A26.7 Specific heat Split-flux method, F19.26 Spot cooling Stack effect Stadiums, A5.4 Stairwells Standard atmosphere, U.S., F1.1 Standards, A66. (See also Codes) Static air mixers, S4.8 Static electricity and humidity, S22.2 Steam
1474	Steam systems, S11 Steam traps, S11.7 Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F4.2, 12 Stevens’ law, F12.3 Stirling cycle, R47.14 Stokers, S31.17 Storage Stoves, heating, S34.5 Stratification Stroboscopes, F37.28 Subcoolers Subway environment simulation (SES) program, A16.3 Subway systems. (See also Mass-transit systems) Suction risers, R2.24 Sulfur content, fuel oils, F28.9 Superconductivity, diamagnetism, R47.5 Supermarkets. See Retail facilities, supermarkets Supertall buildings, A4.1 Supervisory control, A43 Supply air outlets, S20.2. (See also Air outlets) Surface effect. See Coanda effect Surface transportation Surface water heat pump (SWHP), A35.3 Sustainability, F16.1; F35.1; S48.2 SVFs. See Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) SVOCs. See Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) SWHP. See Surface water heat pump (SWHP) Swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums) Swine, recommended environment, A25.7 Symbols, F38 Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F10.6 TABS. See Thermally activated building systems (TABS) Tachometers, F37.28 Tall buildings, A4
1475	Tanks, secondary coolant systems, R13.2 TDD. See Tubular daylighting devices Telecomunication facilities, air-conditioning systems, A20.1 Temperature Temperature-controlled transport, R25.1 Temperature index, S22.3 Terminal units. [See also Air terminal units (ATUs)], A48.13, F19.16; S20.7 Terminology, of refrigeration, R50 Terrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents TES. See Thermal energy storage (TES) Testing Testing, adjusting, and balancing. (See also Balancing) TETD/TA. See Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA) TEWI. See Total equivalent warning impact (TEWI) Textile processing plants, A22 TFM. See Transfer function method (TFM) Theaters, A5.3 Thermal bridges, F25.8 Thermal comfort. See Comfort Thermal displacement ventilation (TDV), F19.17 Thermal emittance, F25.2 Thermal energy storage (TES), S8.6; S51
1476	Thermally activated building systems (TABS), A43.3, 34 Thermal-network method, F19.11 Thermal properties, F26.1 Thermal resistivity, F25.1 Thermal storage, Thermal storage. See Thermal energy storage (TES) S51 Thermal transmission data, F26 Thermal zones, F19.14 Thermistors, R11.4 Thermodynamics, F2.1 Thermometers, F37.5 Thermopile, F7.4; F37.9; R45.4 Thermosiphons Thermostats Three-dimensional (3D) printers, F11.18 Three-pipe distribution, S5.6 Tobacco smoke Tollbooths Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA), F18.57 Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), F29.5 Trailers and trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Transducers, F7.10, 13 Transfer function method (TFM); F18.57; F19.3 Transmittance, thermal, F25.2 Transmitters, F7.9, 10 Transpiration, R19.19 Transportation centers Transport properties of refrigerants, F30 Traps Trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Tubular daylighting devices (TDDs), F15.30 Tuning automatic control systems, F7.19 Tunnels, vehicular, A16.1 Turbines, S7 Turbochargers, heat recovery, S7.34 Turbulence modeling, F13.3 Turbulent flow, fluids, F3.3 Turndown ratio, design capacity, S13.4 Two-node model, for thermal comfort, F9.18 Two-pipe systems, S5.5; S13.20 U.S. Marshal spaces, A10.6 U-factor Ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, S29.6; S30.3 Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems, S17 Ultraviolet air and surface treatment, A62
1477	Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A60.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems] Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A62.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems] Uncertainty analysis Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems, A4.6; A58.14; F19.17 Unitary systems, S48 Unit heaters. See Heaters Units and conversions, F39 Unit ventilators, S28.1 Utility interface, electric, S7.43 Utility rates, A63.11 UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems UVGI. See Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) Vacuum cooling, of fruits and vegetables, R28.9 Validation, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Valves. (See also Regulators) Vaporization systems, S8.6 Vapor pressure, F27.8; F33.2 Vapor retarders, jackets, F23.12 Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Variable-frequency drives, S45.14 Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), S18.1; S48.1, 14 Variable-speed drives. See Variable-frequency drives S51 VAV. See Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Vegetables, R37 Vehicles Vena contracta, F3.4 Vending machines, R16.5 Ventilation, F16
1478	Ventilators Venting Verification, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.11 Vibration, F8.17 Viral pathogens, F10.9 Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat release rate, A30.3 Viscosity, F3.1 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), F10.11 Voltage, A57.1 Volume ratio, compressors VRF. See Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) VRT. See Virgin rock temperature (VRT) Walls Warehouses, A3.8 Water Water heaters Water horsepower, pump, S44.7 Water/lithium bromide absorption Water-source heat pump (WSHP), S2.4; S48.11 Water systems, S13
1479	Water treatment, A50 Water use and management (See Energy and water use and management) Water vapor control, A45.6 Water vapor permeance/permeability, F26.12, 17, 18 Water vapor retarders, F26.6 Water wells, A35.30 Weather data, F14 Weatherization, F16.18 Welding sheet metal, S19.12 Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat stress, A32.5 Wheels, rotary enthalpy, S26.9 Whirlpools and spas Wien’s displacement law, F4.12 Wind. (See also Climatic design information; Weather data) Wind chill index, F9.23 Windows. (See also Fenestration) Wind restraint design, A56.15 Wineries Wireless sensors, A63.7 Wood construction, and moisture, F25.10 Wood products facilities, A27.1 Wood pulp, A27.2 Wood stoves, S34.5 WSHP. See Water-source heat pump (WSHP) Xenon, R47.18 Zeolites, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Molecular sieves)

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Standard Title	ASHRAE Handbook — HVAC Applications (SI)
Published Code	ASHRAE
Publication Date	2023
Pages Count	1479

ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Applications 2023 SI

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