Name: ASHRAE HVAC Applications Handbook IP 2011 PDF - PDF Standards Store
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The 2011 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications comprises over 60 chapters covering a broad range of facilities and topics, and is written to help engineers design and use equipment and systems described in other Handbook volumes. ASHRAE Technical Committees have revised nearly every chapter to cover current requirements, technology, and design practice.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
2	I-P_11FrontMatter
3	Dedicated To The Advancement Of The Profession And Its Allied Industries DISCLAIMER
10	A11_Ch01_I-P Systems
11	Equipment Sizing
12	Single-Family Residences Heat Pumps Furnaces Hydronic Heating Systems
13	Zoned Heating Systems Solar Heating Unitary Air Conditioners
14	Evaporative Coolers Humidifiers Dehumidifiers Air Filters
15	Controls Multifamily Residences Forced-Air Systems Hydronic Systems Through-the-Wall Units Water-Loop Heat Pumps Special Concerns for Apartment Buildings
16	Manufactured Homes References
18	A11_Ch02_I-P General Criteria Small Stores Design Considerations
19	Discount, Big-Box, and Supercenter Stores Load Determination Design Considerations
20	Supermarkets Load Determination Design Considerations
22	Department Stores Load Determination
23	Design Considerations Convenience Centers Design Considerations Regional Shopping Centers
24	Design Considerations Multiple-Use Complexes Load Determination Design Considerations
25	References
26	A11_Ch03_I-P Office Buildings General Design Considerations
27	Design Criteria Load Characteristics
28	Design Concepts
29	Systems and Equipment Selection
30	Special Systems Spatial Requirements
31	Special Considerations Transportation Centers Airports Cruise Terminals Design Criteria Load Characteristics Design Concepts
32	Systems and Equipment Selection Special Considerations
33	Warehouses and Distribution Centers General Design Considerations Design Criteria Load Characteristics Design Concepts
34	Systems and Equipment Selection Spatial Requirements Special Considerations Sustainability and Energy Efficiency Energy Considerations Energy Efficiency and Integrated Design Process for Commercial Facilities Building Energy Modeling
35	Energy Benchmarking and Benchmarking Tools Combined Heat and Power in Commercial Facilities
36	Renewable Energy Value Engineering and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
37	Commissioning and Retrocommissioning Commissioning: New Construction Commissioning: Existing Buildings
38	Seismic and Wind Restraint Considerations References Bibliography
40	A11_Ch04_IP Stack Effect Theory
41	Practical Considerations of Stack Effect Minimizing Stack Effect
42	Typical HVAC Design Process Program Phase Schematic Design Preliminary Design or Design Development
43	Final Design and Preparation of Construction Documents Construction Phase Acceptance or Commissioning Phase Postoccupancy Services Evolution of Design Intent Statement Safety Factors Systems System Selection Considerations Air-Conditioning System Alternatives
44	Central Mechanical Equipment Room Versus Floor-by-Floor Fan Rooms
45	Central Fan Room (Alternative 1) Floor-by-Floor Fan Rooms with Chilled-Water Units (Alternative 2) Floor-by-Floor Fan Rooms with Direct Expansion Units (Alternative 3) Floor-by-Floor Units Located on an Outside Wall
47	Fig. 4 Floor-By-Floor Air Conditioning Unit Layout (Normal Operation) Comparison of Alternative Schemes Acoustics Central Heating and Cooling Plants
49	Plant Economic Considerations Central Plant Location
50	Acoustical Considerations of Central Plant Locations Effect of Central Plant Location on Construction Schedule Water Distribution Systems Hydrostatic Considerations Effect of Refrigeration Machine Location
51	Chilled-Water Pressure Reduction
52	Piping, Valves, and Fittings Piping Design Considerations Economics of Temperature Differentials Vertical Transportation Elevator Machine Room Cooling
53	Elevator Hoistway and Machine Room Venting Life Safety in Tall Buildings Codes and Standards Components of Life Safety Systems for Tall Buildings Detection Automatic Sprinkler Protection Standpipe System Smoke Management
54	Emergency Power Fire Command Center REFERENCES
55	A11_Ch05_I-P General Criteria Safety and Security Outdoor Air Lighting Loads Indoor Air Conditions Filtration Noise and Vibration Control
56	Ancillary Facilities Air Conditioning Peak Load Reduction Stratification Air Distribution
57	Mechanical Equipment Rooms Houses of Worship Auditoriums Movie Theaters Performance Theaters
58	Concert Halls Arenas and Stadiums Load Characteristics Enclosed Stadiums Ancillary Spaces
59	Ice Rinks Gymnasiums Convention and Exhibition Centers Load Characteristics System Applicability
60	Natatoriums Environmental Control Humidity Control Load Estimation Ventilation Requirements
61	Duct Design Envelope Design Pool Water Chemistry
62	Energy Considerations Fairs and Other Temporary Exhibits Design Concepts Occupancy Equipment and Maintenance
63	Air Cleanliness System Applicability Atriums References Bibliography
65	A11_Ch06_I-P Load Characteristics Design Concepts and Criteria Systems Energy-Efficient Systems
66	Energy-Neutral Systems Energy-Inefficient Systems
67	Total Energy Systems Special Considerations Hotels and Motels
68	Guest Rooms
70	Public Areas Back-of-the-House (BOTH) Areas Special Concerns
72	Dormitories Multiple-Use Complexes References Bibliography
73	A11_Ch07_I-P Preschools General Design Considerations Design Criteria
74	Load Characteristics Humidity Control Systems and Equipment Selection K-12 Schools General and Design Considerations
76	Design Criteria
77	Load Characteristics
78	Humidity Control Systems and Equipment Selection
81	Displacement Ventilation and Active/Induction Chilled Beams
83	Colleges and Universities General and Design Considerations
84	Housing Athletics and Recreational Facilities Social and Support Facilities
85	Cultural Centers Central Utility Plants Sustainability and Energy Efficiency Advanced Energy Design Guide (AEDG) for K-12 Schools ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2009 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
86	ENERGY STAR for K-12 Facilities Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) Laboratories for the 21st Century (Labs21) EnergySmart Schools Other Domestic and International Rating Systems Energy Considerations
87	Energy Efficiency and Integrated Design Process (IDP)
88	Building Energy Modeling Energy Benchmarking and Benchmarking Tools
89	Combined Heat and Power in Educational Facilities Renewable Energy
90	Value Engineering (VE) and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)
91	The School as a Learning Tool for Sustainability Commissioning and Retrocommissioning
92	Commissioning: New Construction Commissioning Existing Buildings Seismic- and Wind-Restraint Considerations References
93	Bibliography
95	A11_Ch08_I-P Air Conditioning in Disease Prevention and Treatment
96	Hospital Facilities Infection Sources and Control Measures Air Quality
97	Air Movement
98	Temperature and Humidity Pressure Relationships and Ventilation
99	Smoke Control Specific Design Criteria Surgery and Critical Care
102	Nursing
103	Ancillary
105	Administration Diagnostic and Treatment
106	Sterilizing and Supply Service
107	Continuity of Service and Energy Concepts Zoning Heating and Hot-Water Standby Service Mechanical Cooling Insulation Energy
108	Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing (TAB) Outpatient Health Care Facilities Diagnostic Clinics Treatment Clinics Design Criteria Continuity of Service and Energy Concepts Nursing Facilities Design Concepts and Criteria
109	Applicability of Systems Dental Care Facilities
110	References Bibliography
111	A11_Ch09_I-P Terminology General System Requirements
112	Energy Considerations Heating and Cooling Plants and Mechanical Rooms
113	Controls Fire/Smoke Management Tear Gas and Pepper Spray Storage and Exhaust Health Issues Jails, Prisons, and Family Courts HVAC Design Criteria
114	System Requirements Dining Halls Kitchens Guard Stations Control Rooms Laundries Courthouses HVAC Design Criteria System Requirements
115	Courtrooms/Chambers Jury Facilities Libraries Jail Cells and U.S. Marshal Spaces (24-h Spaces) Fitness Facilities Acoustic Performance Forensic Labs HVAC Design Criteria
116	System Requirements Intake Air Quality Firearms Laboratories Acoustic Performance
117	Critical Spaces Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS) Bibliography
119	A11_Ch10_IP Design Factors Thermal Comfort and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
120	Cooling Load Factors Operational Environment of Components Airborne Contaminants and Ventilation
121	Power Consumption and Availability Physical Parameters, Access, and Durability Noise and Vibration Vehicle Front-End Design Air-Handling Subsystem Air Delivery Modes
122	Controls Air-Handling Subsystem Components
125	Heating Subsystem Controls Components Refrigeration Subsystem
126	Controls Components
130	Advanced Technologies
131	References
132	Bibliography
133	A11_Ch11_IP Ventilation and Thermal Comfort
134	Thermal Load Analysis Cooling Design Considerations Heating Design Considerations Other Considerations Bus Air Conditioning Heat Load
135	Air Distribution Interurban Buses Urban Buses
136	Small or Shuttle Buses Refrigerant Piping
137	Shock and Vibration System Safety Controls Rail Car Air Conditioning Vehicle Types
138	Equipment Design Considerations
139	Other Requirements Air Distribution and Ventilation Piping Design Control Requirements Fixed-Guideway Vehicle Air Conditioning System Types
140	Refrigeration Components Heating Controls Ventilation
141	Air Distribution References Bibliography
143	A11_Ch12_I-P Design Conditions Ambient Temperature, Humidity, and Pressure Heating/Air Conditioning Load Determination
144	Ambient Air Temperature in Flight
145	Air Speed and Mach Number Ambient Pressure in Flight External Heat Transfer Coefficient in Flight External Heat Transfer Coefficient on Ground
146	External Radiation Conduction Stack Pressure across Cabin Wall
147	Metabolic Heat from Occupants
148	Internal Heat Sources Temperature Control Air Velocity Ventilation
150	Dilution Ventilation and TLV Air Exchange
151	Filtration Pressurization/Oxygen System Description
152	Pneumatic System Air Conditioning
153	Cabin Pressure Control Typical Flight Engine Bleed Air Control
154	Ozone Protection Air Conditioning and Temperature Control Air Recirculation Air Distribution
155	Cabin Pressure Control Air Quality Factors Affecting Perceived Air Quality Airflow Air Changes
156	Ozone Microbial Aerosols Activity Levels Volatile Organic Compounds Carbon Dioxide Regulations
157	14 CFR/CS/JAR Paragraph 25.831: Ventilation 14 CFR 25.831, Amendment 25-87 (specifies new requirements) FAA Advisory Circular (AC)/CS AMJ/JAR ACJ: Acceptable Means of Compliance/Advisory Circular-Joint 25.831 14 CFR/CS 25.832: Cabin Ozone Concentration 14 CFR/CS/JAR 25.841: Pressurized Cabins 14 CFR Amendment 25-87 14 CFR/CS/JAR 25.1301: Function and Installation 14 CFR/CS/JAR 25.1309: Equipment, Systems, and Installations 14 CFR/CS 25.1438: Pressurization and Pneumatic Systems 14 CFR/CS/JAR 25.1461: Equipment Containing High-Energy Rotors
158	Categories and Definitions References BIBLIOGRAPHY
159	A11_Ch13_IP Merchant Ships Load Calculations
160	Equipment Typical Systems Air Distribution Methods
161	Control Regulatory Agencies Naval Surface Ships Design Criteria Load Determination Equipment Selection
162	Typical Air Systems Air Distribution Methods Control References Bibliography
163	A11_Ch14_I-P General Requirements Process and Product Requirements Rate of Chemical Reaction Rate of Crystallization Rate of Biochemical Reaction Product Accuracy and Uniformity
165	Product Formability Moisture Regain
166	Corrosion, Rust, and Abrasion Air Cleanliness Static Electricity Employee Requirements Thermal Control Levels
167	Contamination Control Levels Design Considerations
168	Load Calculations Solar and Transmission Internal Heat Generation Stratification Effect Makeup Air Fan Heat System and Equipment Selection Heating Systems Floor Heating Unit and Ducted Heaters
169	Infrared Heaters Cooling Systems Refrigerated Cooling Systems Evaporative Cooling Systems Air Filtration Systems Exhaust Air Filtration Systems
170	Contamination Control Exhaust Systems Operation and Maintenance Heat Recovery and Energy Conservation References
171	Bibliography
173	A11_Ch15_I-P Tunnels Tunnel Ventilation Concepts Tunnel Ventilation Systems Design Approach
175	Tunnel Fires Road Tunnels
183	Rapid Transit Tunnels and Stations
188	Railroad Tunnels
190	Parking Garages
191	Ventilation Requirements and Design
193	Automotive Repair Facilities Bus Garages Maintenance and Repair Areas
194	Servicing Areas Storage Areas Design Considerations and Equipment Selection
195	Effects of Alternative Fuel Use Bus Terminals
196	Platforms Bus Operation Areas
197	Calculation of Ventilation Rate
198	Tollbooths Air Quality Criteria
199	Design Considerations Equipment Selection Diesel Locomotive Facilities Ventilation Guidelines and Facility Types
200	Contaminant Level Criteria Contaminant Emission Rate
202	Locomotive Operation Design Methods
205	Equipment Fans
206	Dampers
209	National and International Safety Standards and Guidelines National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
210	World Road Association (PIARC) Country-Specific Standards and Guidelines Building and Fire Codes References
212	Bibliography
213	A11_Ch16_I-P Laboratory Types Laboratory Resource Materials
214	Hazard Assessment Design Parameters Internal Thermal Considerations Architectural Considerations
215	Laboratory Exhaust and Containment Devices Fume Hoods
216	Types of Fume Hoods Fume Hood Sash Configurations Fume Hood Performance
217	Face Velocity Test
218	Biological Safety Cabinets
219	Class I Cabinets Class II Cabinets Class III Cabinets
220	Miscellaneous Exhaust Devices Laminar Flow Clean Benches Compressed Gas Storage and Ventilation Gas Cylinder Closets Gas Cylinder Cabinets Laboratory Ventilation
221	Usage Factor Noise Supply Air Systems Filtration Air Distribution Exhaust Systems
222	Types of Exhaust Systems Ductwork Leakage
223	Containment Device Leakage Materials and Construction Fire Safety for Ventilation Systems
224	Control Thermal Control Constant Air Volume (CAV) Versus Variable Air Volume (VAV) Room Airflow Control Room Pressure Control
225	Fume Hood Control Stack Heights and Air Intakes Stack/Intake Separation Stack Height
226	Stack Height plus Momentum Architectural Screens Criteria for Suitable Dilution Adjacent Building Effects Applications Laboratory Animal Facilities Primary Uses of Animal Housing Facilities
227	Regulatory Environment Temperature and Humidity Ventilation
228	Animal Heat Production Design Considerations Caging Systems Ancillary Spaces for Animal Laboratories
229	Containment Laboratories Biosafety Level 1 Biosafety Level 2 Biosafety Level 3 Biosafety Level 4 Biosafety Level 3Ag
230	Scale-Up Laboratories Teaching Laboratories Clinical Laboratories Radiochemistry Laboratories Operation and Maintenance
231	Energy Energy Efficiency Energy Recovery Sustainable Design
232	Commissioning Economics
233	References Bibliography
235	A11_Ch17_I-P Engine Heat Release Engine Exhaust
236	Internal Combustion Engine Test Cells Test Cell Exhaust
237	Test Cell Supply Gas-Turbine Test Cells Chassis Dynamometer Rooms
238	Ventilation Combustion Air Supply Cooling Water Systems Noise Bibliography
239	A11_Ch18_I-P Terminology
240	Clean Spaces and Cleanroom Applications
241	Airborne Particles and Particle Control Particle Sources in Clean Spaces Fibrous Air Filters Air Pattern Control Nonunidirectional Airflow
242	Unidirectional Airflow
243	Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Air Change Rate Determination
244	Airflow Direction Control Between Clean Spaces Space Pressurization Multiple-Space (Suite) Pressurization
245	Testing Clean Air and Clean Spaces Pharmaceutical and Biomanufacturing Clean Spaces
246	Design Concerns for Pharmaceutical Cleanrooms
248	Barrier Technology Maintainability Controls, Monitors, and Alarms
249	Noise Concerns Nonaseptic Products Start-Up and Qualification of Pharmaceutical Cleanrooms Qualification of HVAC for Aseptic Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Qualification Plan and Acceptance Criteria
250	Semiconductor Cleanrooms Cleanroom Advances with Modern Process Technology Semiconductor Cleanroom Configuration
251	Airflow in Semiconductor Cleanrooms
252	Cleanroom Air Velocity and Air Changes High-Bay Cleanrooms Downflow and Horizontal-Flow Designs Air Handling
253	Equipment and Filter Access Prefilter Selection Design Criteria and Indoor Air Quality Environmental Systems Cooling Loads and Cooling Methods Makeup Air
254	Process Exhaust Fire Safety for Exhaust Temperature and Humidity Pressurization
255	Sizing and Redundancy Sustainability and Energy Conservation in Cleanrooms
256	Cleanrooms and Resource Use: Opportunities to Improve Sustainability
257	Noise and Vibration Control Room Construction and Operation Construction Finishes Personnel and Garments Materials and Equipment Particulate Producing Operations Entries Cleanroom Installation and Test Procedures Installation
258	Pressurization Test and Map Operation Personnel Training Program Cleanliness Verification Test
259	Commissioning Process Equipment Installation (Tool Hook-up) Integration of Cleanroom Design and Construction
260	Bibliography
261	A11_Ch19_I-P Design Criteria Overview Environmental Specifications
262	Temperature
263	Temperature Rate of Change
264	Humidity Filtration and Contamination Ventilation Envelope Considerations Human Comfort Flexibility Acoustics
265	Vibration Isolation and Seismic Restraint HVAC Load Considerations Datacom Equipment Load Considerations and Challenges
266	Ventilation and Infiltration Electrical Equipment Lights People Building Envelope Heating and Reheat Humidification High-Density Loads HVAC Systems and Components Computer Room Air-Conditioning (CRAC) Units and Computer Room Air-Handling Units (CRAH)
267	Central-Station Air-Handling Units Chilled-Water Distribution Systems
268	Condenser Systems Air-Conditioning Systems Chillers Pumps Piping
269	Humidifiers Controls and Monitoring Air Distribution Equipment Placement and Airflow Patterns
270	Underfloor Plenum Supply
272	Overhead and Ceiling Plenum Supply
273	Return Air Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation Ancillary Spaces Electrical Power Distribution and Conditioning Rooms Battery Rooms
274	Engine/Generator Rooms Burn-In Rooms and Test Labs Datacom Equipment Spare Parts Storage Spaces Other Systems and Considerations Fire Suppression Commissioning
275	Serviceability Availability and Redundancy Energy Conservation
276	References
277	Bibliography
279	A11_Ch20_I-P Design Criteria Special Considerations
280	Control of Paper Moisture Content Platemaking Relief Printing
281	Lithography Recommended Environment
282	Air Conditioning Rotogravure Other Plant Functions Flexography Collotype Printing Salvage Air Filtration
283	Binding and Shipping References
285	A11_Ch21_I-P Terminology Fiber Making
286	Yarn Making Cotton System
287	Woolen and Worsted Systems Twisting Filaments and Yarns Fabric Making Preparatory Processes Weaving
288	Knitting Dyeing and Finishing Air-Conditioning Design Open-Sump Chilled-Water Systems Integrated Systems
289	Collector Systems
290	Air Distribution
291	Health Considerations Safety and Fire Protection Energy Conservation Bibliography
293	A11_Ch22_I-P Storing Unprocessed Photographic Materials Processing and Printing Photographic Materials Air Conditioning for Preparatory Operations Air Conditioning for Processing Operations
294	Air Conditioning for the Printing/ Finishing Operation
295	Particulates in Air Other Exhaust Requirements Processing Temperature Control Storing Processed Film and Paper Film Longevity Medium-Term Storage Long-Term Storage
296	Storage of Cellulose Nitrate Base Film Storage of Color Film and Prints Storage of Black-and-White Prints Storage of Digital Images References
297	Bibliography
299	A11_Ch23_I-P General Factors Influencing Damage
300	Environmental Effects on Collections Determining Performance Targets
301	Temperature and Humidity
303	Critical Relative Humidity Response Times of Artifacts Airborne Pollutants
304	Sources of Airborne Pollutants Materials Damage Caused by Airborne Pollutants
310	Design Parameters Performance Target Specifications Temperature and Relative Humidity Building Envelope and Climate-Control Issues
311	Airborne Pollutant Targets
314	System Selection and Design Design Issues
315	Primary Elements and Features
316	Filtration Types of Systems
317	Energy and Operating Costs
318	References
320	Bibliography
321	A11_Ch24_I-P Design for Animal Environments Design Approach Temperature Control
322	Moisture Control Air Quality Control
323	Disease Control Air Distribution Degree of Shelter
324	Cooling and Heating Air Velocity Evaporative Cooling Mechanical Refrigeration Earth Tubes Heat Exchangers Supplemental Heating Insulation Requirements
325	Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Ventilation Management Air Distribution
326	Fans
327	Thermostats Emergency Warning Recommended Practices by Species Dairy Cattle Beef Cattle Swine
328	Poultry
329	Laboratory Animals
330	Design for Plant Facilities Greenhouses Site Selection
331	Heating
332	Cooling
334	Other Environmental Controls
335	Design Conditions Alternative Energy Sources and Energy Conservation Modifications to Reduce Heat Loss
336	Plant Growth Environmental Facilities Location Construction and Materials Floors and Drains Plant Benches
337	Control Heating, Air Conditioning, and Airflow Lighting Environmental Chambers
338	Phytotrons
341	Other Plant Environmental Facilities References
342	Bibliography
345	A11_Ch25_I-P Grain Quantity
346	Economics Drying Equipment and Practices Fans
347	Heaters Controls Shallow-Layer Drying Batch Dryers Continuous-Flow Dryers Reducing Energy Costs
348	Deep-Bed Drying
349	Full-Bin Drying
350	Layer Drying Batch-in-Bin Drying Recirculating/Continuous-Flow Bin Drying
351	Drying Specific Crops Soybeans Drying Soybeans for Commercial Use Drying Soybeans for Seed and Food Hay
352	In-Storage Drying Batch Wagon Drying Cotton Peanuts
353	Rice Storage Problems and Practices Moisture Migration Grain Aeration Aeration Systems Design
355	Operating Aeration Systems Seed Storage Bibliography
357	A11_Ch26_I-P General Wood Product Operations
358	Process Area Air Conditioning Finished Product Storage Pulp and Paper Operations Paper Machine Area
359	Finishing Area Process and Motor Control Rooms
360	Paper Testing Laboratories Miscellaneous Areas System Selection Bibliography
361	A11_Ch27_I-P General Design Criteria Temperature and Humidity
363	Ventilation Rates Infiltration and Exfiltration Filtration and Space Cleanliness Redundancy Noise
364	Ventilation Approach Applications Driving Forces Air Distribution Inlet and Exhaust Areas Noise Impact on Plant Cleanliness Economics Steam Generator Buildings: Industrial and Power Facilities
365	Burner Areas Steam Drum Instrumentation Area
366	Local Control and Instrumentation Areas Coal- and Ash-Handling Areas
367	Stack Effect Sources of Combustion Air Turbine Generator Building
368	Local Control and Instrumentation Areas Deaerator Mezzanine Bridge Crane Operating Rooms Suboperating Level Electric Transformer Rooms Plant Electrical Distribution Equipment and Switchgear/ MCC Rooms Isophase Bus Duct Cooling Combustion Turbine Areas
369	Main Control Center Control Rooms Battery Rooms Turbine Lubricating Oil Storage Oil Storage and Pump Buildings Coal Crusher and Coal Transportation System Buildings Potential for Dust Ignition Explosion
370	Ventilation of Conveyor and Crusher Motors in Coal Dust Environment Cooling or Ventilation of Electrical and Control Equipment Ventilation of Methane Fumes Underground Tunnels and Conveyors Makeup of Dust Collection Air Heating/Cooling Systems Cooling Heating Hydroelectric Power Plants
371	Energy Recovery References Bibliography
373	A11_Ch28_I-P Basic Terminology As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) Design Normal or Power Design Basis Safety Design Basis
374	Outdoor Conditions Indoor Conditions Indoor Pressures Airborne Radioactivity Tornado/Missile Protection Fire Protection
375	Smoke Management Control Room Habitability Zone Air Filtration
376	Department of Energy Facilities Confinement Systems Zoning Air Locks Zone Pressure Control Cascade Ventilation Differential Pressures Ventilation
377	Ventilation Requirements Ventilation Systems Control Systems Air and Gaseous Effluents Containing Radioactivity
378	Commercial Facilities Operating Nuclear Power Plants Accident Scenarios Major NSSS Types
379	Commercial Plant License Renewal and Power Uprate NEW NUClEAR POWER PLANTS Advanced Passive AP1000 Economic Simplified Boiling-Water Reactor (ESBWR)
380	U.S. Evolutionary Power Reactor (USEPR) Plant HVAC&R Systems Pressurized-Water Reactors Containment Building
381	Boiling-Water Reactors Primary Containment Reactor Building Turbine Building Heavy Water Reactors Containment Inlet Air-Conditioning/Exhaust Ventilation System Areas Outside Primary Containment
382	Auxiliary Building Control Room Control Cable Spreading Rooms Diesel Generator Building Emergency Electrical Switchgear Rooms Battery Rooms Fuel-Handling Building Personnel Facilities Pumphouses Radioactive Waste Building Technical Support Center
383	Nonpower Medical and Research Reactors Laboratories Glove Boxes Laboratory Fume Hoods Radiobenches Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities Low-Level Radioactive Waste Waste-Handling Facilities Reprocessing Plants MIXED-OXIDE FUEL FABRICATION FACILITIES
384	Codes and Standards
387	A11_Ch29_I-P Definitions
388	Sources of Heat Entering Mine Air Adiabatic Compression Electromechanical Equipment Groundwater
389	Wall Rock Heat Flow
390	Heat from Broken Rock Heat from Other Sources Summation of Mine Heat Loads Heat Exchangers Shell-and-Tube and Plate Heat Exchangers Cooling Coils
391	Small Spray Chambers Cooling Towers
393	Large Spray Chambers (Bulk Air Coolers) Mine-Cooling Techniques Increasing Airflows Chilling Service Water Reducing Water Pressure and Energy Recovery Systems
394	Bulk Cooling Versus Spot Cooling Combination (Integrated) Surface Systems Underground Refrigeration Ice Plants Thermal Storage Controlled Recirculation
395	Cabs and Vests Other Methods Selecting a Mine-Cooling Method Mechanical Refrigeration Plants Surface Plants Underground Plants
396	Spot Coolers Maintenance Mine Air Heating
397	Mine Ventilation Determining Airflows Planning the Circuit
398	Specifying Circuit Fans Determining Auxiliary System Requirements
399	Assessing Health and Safety References
401	A11_Ch30_I-P Mechanism of Drying Applying Hygrometry to Drying
402	Determining Drying Time Commercial Drying Time Dryer Calculations
403	Drying System Selection Types of Drying Systems Radiant Infrared Drying Ultraviolet Radiation Drying Conduction Drying
404	Dielectric Drying Microwave Drying Convection Drying (Direct Dryers)
406	Freeze Drying Vacuum Drying Fluidized-Bed Drying Agitated-Bed Drying Drying in Superheated Vapor Atmospheres Flash Drying
407	Constant-Moisture Solvent Drying References
409	A11_Ch31_I-P
410	Ventilation Design Principles General Ventilation Makeup Air General Comfort and Dilution Ventilation Quantity of Supplied Air
411	Air Supply Methods Local Area and Spot Cooling
412	Locker Room, Toilet, and Shower Space Ventilation Roof Ventilators Heat Control Ventilation for Heat Relief
413	Heat Stress—Thermal Standards
414	Heat Exposure Control Energy Conservation, Recovery, and Sustainability
415	References Bibliography
417	A11_Ch32_I-P Local Exhaust Versus General Ventilation
418	Local Exhaust Fundamentals System Components System Classification Effectiveness of Local Exhaust
419	Principles of Hood Design Optimization Air Movement in Vicinity of Local Exhaust
420	Pressure Loss in Hoods and Ducts
422	Overhead Canopy Hoods Canopy Hoods with Sidewalls Low Canopy Hoods High Canopy Hood Use as Redundant Control Measure Ventilation Controls for Large-Scale Hot Processes Ventilation Controls for Small-Scale Hot Processes Sidedraft Hoods Other Local Exhaust System Components Duct Design and Construction
424	Air Cleaners Air-Moving Devices Energy Recovery to Increase Sustainability Exhaust Stacks Instrumentation and Controls
425	Operation System Testing and Balancing Operation and Maintenance References Bibliography
427	A11_Ch33_I-P Sustainability Impact Commercial Kitchen Ventilation Energy Considerations
428	Energy Conservation Strategies Demand-Controlled Ventilation
429	Reduced Exhaust and Associated Duct Velocities System Integration and Design Principles
430	Multiple-Hood Systems
431	Dynamic Volumetric Flow Rate Effects Cooking Effluent Generation and Control Effluent Generation Thermal Plume Behavior
432	Effluent Control
433	Grease Extraction
436	Heat Gain Calculations Space Heat Gain Exhaust Systems Commercial Exhaust Hoods Hood Types Type I Hoods
439	Island Canopy Hoods
440	Wall Canopy Hoods, Appliance Positioning, and Diversity
443	Type II Hoods Recirculating Systems
444	Duct Systems Duct Systems Exhaust Fans Types of Exhaust Fans
445	Exhaust Terminations Fire Safety Fire Suppression Systems
447	Preventing Fire Spread
448	Replacement (Makeup) Air Systems Indoor Air Quality Replacement Air Introduction
449	Replacement Air Categories Air Distribution
453	Air Balancing
454	Performance Test Follow-Up: Records Operations and Maintenance Sustainability Impact Operation
455	Maintenance Cooking Equipment Exhaust Systems Supply, Replacement, and Return Air Systems Residential Kitchen Ventilation
456	Equipment and Processes Exhaust Systems Hoods and Other Ventilation Equipment Differences Between Commercial and Residential Equipment
457	Exhaust Duct Systems Replacement (Makeup) Air Energy Conservation Fire Protection for Residential Hoods Maintenance Research Research Overview Benefits to the HVAC Industry
458	References
459	Bibliography
461	A11_Ch34_I-P Resources Temperature
462	Fluids Present Use
463	Direct-Use Systems Design Cost Factors Well Depth Distance Between Resource Location and Application Site Well Flow Rate Resource Temperature Temperature Drop Load Factor
464	Composition of Fluid Ease of Disposal Direct-Use Water Quality Testing
465	Materials and Equipment Performance of Materials
466	Pumps Heat Exchangers
467	Valves Piping
468	Residential and Commercial Building Applications Space Heating
469	Domestic Water Heating Space Cooling Industrial Applications Ground-Source Heat Pumps
470	Terminology Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems
471	Groundwater Heat Pump Systems
472	Surface Water Heat Pump Systems Site Characterization Commissioning GSHP Systems
473	Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps Vertical Design
478	Hybrid System Design
479	Pump and Piping System Options
481	Effect of GSHP Equipment Selection on Heat Exchanger Design
482	Horizontal and Small Vertical System Design
484	Fluid Flow and Loop Circuiting
485	Groundwater Heat Pumps Design Strategy
486	Water Wells
487	Flow Testing Groundwater Quality
488	Well Pumps
489	Heat Exchangers Central Plant Systems
490	Standing-Column Systems Surface Water Heat Pumps Heat Transfer in Lakes
491	Thermal Patterns in Lakes Closed-Loop Lake Water Heat Pump
492	Antifreeze Requirements References
494	Bibliography
495	A11_Ch35_IP Quality and Quantity of Solar Energy Solar Constant Solar Angles Solar Time
497	Incident Angle Solar Spectrum Solar Radiation at the Earth’s Surface
498	Design Values of Total Solar Irradiation
499	Solar Energy for Flat-Plate Collectors Longwave Atmospheric Radiation
500	Solar Energy Collection Solar Heat Collection by Flat-Plate Collectors
501	Glazing Materials Collector Plates
502	Concentrating Collectors
503	Collector Performance
505	Components
507	Water Heating Thermosiphon Systems Direct-Circulation Systems
508	Indirect Water-Heating Systems
509	Integral Collector Storage Systems Site-Built Systems Pool Heaters Hot-Water Recirculation Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
510	Passive Systems
511	Cooling by Nocturnal Radiation and Evaporation Active Systems
512	Space Heating and Service Hot Water Cooling by Solar Energy Solar Cooling with Absorption Refrigeration
513	Sizing Solar Heating and Cooling Systems: Energy Requirements Performance Evaluation Methods Simplified Analysis Methods Water-Heating Load Active Heating/Cooling Standard Systems
514	f-Chart Method
515	Other Active Collector Methods Passive Heating
517	Other Passive Heating Methods Installation Guidelines Collector Mounting
518	Freeze Protection Overheat Protection Safety Start-Up Commissioning Procedure Maintenance Performance Monitoring/Minimum Instrumentation
519	Design, Installation, and Operation Checklist Collectors Heat Transfer Fluid Airflow Thermal Storage Uses
520	Controls Performance Photovoltaic Applications
521	Symbols References
523	Bibliography
525	A11_Ch36_I-P Energy Management
526	Organizing for Energy Management Energy Managers Communications
527	Energy Accounting Systems Energy Accounting Process Energy Accounting Utility Rates Analyzing Energy Data Preparing for Cost and Efficiency Improvements Analyzing Energy Use Data
528	Electrical Use Profile
529	Calculating Electrical Load and Occupancy Factors Calculating Seasonal ELFs
530	Electric Demand Billing Benchmarking Energy Use Surveys and Audits Energy Audits
534	Improving Discretionary Operations Basic Energy Management Optimizing More Complex System Operation Energy-Efficiency Measures Identifying Energy-Efficiency Measures
535	Evaluating Energy-Efficiency Measures Heating Effects of Electrical Equipment Exploring Financing Options
536	Implementing Energy-Efficiency Measures Monitoring Results Evaluating Success and Establishing New Goals Establishing Key Performance Indicators
537	Building Energy Labels
538	Tracking Performance Establishing New Goals Reporting
539	Building Emergency Energy Use Reduction Implementing Emergency Energy Use Reductions
540	References Bibliography
541	Online Resources
543	A11_Ch37_IP Owning Costs Initial Cost
544	Analysis Period Service Life
546	Depreciation Interest or Discount Rate Periodic Costs Operating Costs
547	Electrical Energy
548	Natural Gas Other Fossil Fuels Energy Source Choices Water and Sewer Costs
549	Maintenance Costs Estimating Maintenance Costs Factors Affecting Maintenance Costs
550	Refrigerant Phaseouts Other Sources Other Issues Financing Alternatives
551	District Energy Service On-Site Electrical Power Generation Economic Analysis Techniques Simple Payback
552	More Sophisticated Economic Analysis Methods
553	Summary of SIR Method
554	Computer Analysis
555	Reference Equations Symbols References
556	Bibliography
557	A11_Ch38_I-P Terminology General Criteria Design Considerations
558	Air Volumetric Measurement Methods General Air Devices Duct Flow Mixture Plenums Pressure Measurement Stratification
559	Balancing Procedures for Air Distribution Instruments for Testing and Balancing Preliminary Procedure for Air Balancing Equipment and System Check
560	Multizone Systems Dual-Duct Systems Variable-Volume Systems Static Control
561	Diversity Outdoor Air Requirements Return Air Fans Types of VAV Systems Balancing the VAV System Induction Systems
562	Report Information Principles and Procedures for Balancing Hydronic Systems Heat Transfer at Reduced Flow Rate
563	Heat Transfer at Excessive Flow Generalized Chilled Water Terminal— Heat Transfer Versus Flow
564	Flow Tolerance and Balance Procedure Water-Side Balancing Equipment Record Keeping Sizing Balancing Valves Hydronic Balancing Methods
565	System Preparation for Static System Pump Start-Up Confirmation of System Venting Balancing Balance by Temperature Difference Water Balance by Proportional Method
566	Proportional Balancing Other Balancing Techniques
567	General Balance Procedures Balance Procedure—Primary and Secondary Circuits Fluid Flow Measurement Flow Measurement Based on Manufacturer’s Data
568	Pressure Differential Readout by Gage Conversion of Differential Pressure to Head Differential Head Readout with Manometers Orifice Plates, Venturi, and Flow Indicators
569	Using a Pump as an Indicator
570	Central Plant Chilled-Water Systems Water Flow Instruments
571	Steam Distribution Procedures for Steam Balancing Variable Flow Systems Steam Flow Measuring Devices Cooling Towers Instruments Test Method
572	Temperature Control Verification Suggested Procedures
573	Field Survey for Energy Audit Instruments Data Recording Building Systems Building Energized Systems Process Loads Guidelines for Developing a Field Study Form
574	Reports Testing for Sound and Vibration Testing for Sound
577	Testing for Vibration
580	References Bibliography
581	A11_Ch39_I-P Operation and Maintenance as Part of Building Life-Cycle Costs
582	Elements of Successful Programs
586	Benefits of Detecting and Diagnosing Equipment Faults
587	Documentation
588	Staffing
589	Managing Changes In Buildings
590	References Bibliography
593	A11_Ch40_I-P Computer System Components and Technologies Computer Hardware
594	Computer Software Operating Systems Utility Software Application Software
596	Software Availability Custom Programming Software Languages
597	Input/Output (I/O) Devices Convergence Networking Components LAN Protocols
598	Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol Wireless Service Telephony Standards
599	Firewalls Internet and Applications Internet Communication Methods Servers E-mail Mailing Lists Distributed Message Databases
600	Real-Time Communication Real-Time Remote Computer Use Remote Information Retrieval Collaborative Design
601	Security Issues HVAC Software Applications HVAC Design Calculations Heat and Cooling Load Design
602	Duct Design
603	Piping Design Acoustic Calculation
604	Equipment Selection and Simulation
605	HVAC Simulation Energy Simulation
606	Computational Fluid Dynamics HVAC Graphics, CAD, and Building Data Models Computer-Aided Design
607	Computer Graphics and Modeling
608	HVAC Utilities Unit Conversion Programs Psychrometric Utilities Thermal Comfort Modules Refrigeration Properties and Design
609	Ventilation Sources of HVAC software Interoperable Computer Applications for the HVAC&R Industry Monitoring and Control Interoperability
610	Direct Digital Control (DDC) Applications Control Componentization Internet-Enabled Building Automation Systems Convergence of Information Systems and Information Technology
611	Wireless Communication TECHNOLOGIES Radiofrequency Data Transfer System Design Standards
612	Applications Examples of Applications of Wireless Systems in Buildings Selection of Wireless Systems Challenges
613	Practical Design and Installation Considerations
615	References
616	Bibliography Further Internet Resources
617	A11_Ch41_I-P Reasons for Energy Monitoring Energy End Use Specific Technology Assessment
618	Savings Measurement and Verification (M&V) Building Diagnostics
619	Small Projects How to Use This Chapter for Small Projects Protocols for Performance Monitoring
620	Residential Retrofit Monitoring Commercial Retrofit Monitoring
621	Commercial New Construction Monitoring
622	Common Monitoring Issues Planning Implementation and Data Management Data Analysis and Reporting Steps for Project Design and Implementation
623	Part One: Identify Project Objectives, Resources, and Constraints Part Two: Specify Building and Occupant Characteristics
624	Part Three: Specify Data Products and Project Output Part Four: Specify Monitoring Design Approach
625	Part Five: Specify Data Analysis Procedures and Algorithms
627	Part Six: Specify Field Data Monitoring Points
629	Part Seven: Resolve Data Product Accuracies
631	Part Eight: Specify Verification and Quality Assurance Procedures Part Nine: Specify Recording and Data Exchange Formats
632	References
633	Bibliography
635	A11_Ch42_I-P Terminology
637	Control Variables Systems and Controls
638	Sampling Intervals for Reset Controls OPTIMIZATION METHODS Static Optimization General Static Optimization Problem
639	Simplified System-Based Optimization Approach
641	Dynamic Optimization Dynamic Optimization with Discrete Storage
643	Dynamic Optimization with TABS Applications of Static Optimization Controls for Boilers
645	Controls for Cooling Without Storage
649	Applications of Dynamic Optimization Controls for Cooling Systems With Discrete Storage
651	Controls for Precooling of Building Thermal Mass
653	Controls for Thermally Active Building Systems
655	Control of Combined Thermal Energy Storage Systems SUPERVISORY CONTROL STRATEGIES AND TOOLS Cooling Tower Fan Control Near-Optimal Tower Fan Sequencing
656	Sequencing Rules Near-Optimal Tower Airflow
658	Overrides for Equipment Constraints Implementation
659	Chilled-Water Reset with Fixed-Speed Pumping Pump Sequencing
660	Optimal Chilled-Water Temperature Overrides for Equipment and Comfort Constraints Implementation
661	Chilled-Water Reset with Variable-Speed Pumping Optimal Differential Pressure Set Points Near-Optimal Chilled-Water Set Point
663	Pump Sequencing Overrides for Equipment and Comfort Constraints Implementation Sequencing and Loading Multiple Chillers
664	Near-Optimal Condenser Water Flow Distribution Optimal Chiller Load Distribution
666	Order for Bringing Chillers Online and Offline
667	Load Conditions for Bringing Chillers Online or Offline
668	Strategies for Boilers Load Conditions for Bringing Boilers Online or Offline Optimal Boiler Load Distribution
669	Maintaining Boilers in Standby Mode Supply Water and Supply Pressure Reset for Boilers Strategies for Air-Handling Units Air Handler Sequencing and Economizer Cooling
670	Supply Air Temperature Reset for Constant Air Volume (CAV) Static Pressure Reset for Variable Air Volume (VAV) Strategies for Building Zone Temperature Set Points Recovery from Night Setback or Setup
671	Emergency Strategy to Limit Peak Cooling Requirements
672	Control of Discrete Cool Thermal Storage Charging Strategies Discharging Strategies
674	Forecasting Diurnal Demand Profiles
675	A Forecasting Algorithm
676	Predictive Control Strategies References
679	A11_Ch43_IP Applicability Background Benefits
680	Key Contributors Definitions Commissioning Objective Management and Responsibilities Management Strategies
681	Team Members Roles and Responsibilities
682	Commissioning Process Predesign-Phase Commissioning Objectives Activities
683	Predesign-Phase Commissioning Plan Acceptance of Predesign Commissioning Design-Phase Commissioning Objectives Activities
685	Construction-Phase Commissioning Objectives Activities
688	Occupancy- and Operations-Phase Commissioning Objectives Activities
689	Commissioning Costs Design-Phase Costs (Including Predesign and Design) Construction- and Occupancy/ Operations-Phase Costs Existing Buildings
690	Certification References Bibliography
691	A11_Ch44_IP Terminology
692	Governing Principles Design Parameters
693	Other Important Performance Criteria Design Principles Heat Flow Control Thermal Performance
694	Thermal Mass Thermal Bridges Air Leakage Control
695	Moisture Control Liquid Water Control
696	Water Vapor Control Common Envelope Problems
697	Control of Surface Condensation Interzonal Environmental Loads Interstitial Spaces
698	Quick Design Guide for High- Performance Building Envelopes common ENVELOPE assemblies Roofs Low-Slope Roof Assemblies Steep-Roof Assemblies Vegetated Roofing
699	Walls Curtain Walls Precast Concrete Panels
700	Steel-Stud Wall Assemblies Wall Geometry with High Thermal Conductivity Fenestration Conduction/Convection and Radiation Effects Air Infiltration Effects Solar Gain Interactions Between Thermal Loss and Solar Gain Control of Rain Entry
701	Foundations Heat Transfer Moisture Existing and Historic Buildings
702	Building Materials Changing HVAC Equipment and/or Control Strategy Envelope Modifications Without Mechanical System Upgrades
703	References
704	BIBLIOGRAPHY
705	A11_Ch45_I-P Exhaust Stack and Air Intake Design Strategies Stack Design Strategies Recommended Stack Exhaust Velocity
706	Other Stack Design Standards Contamination Sources
707	General Guidance on Intake Placement
708	Code Requirements for Air Intakes Treatment and Control Strategies Intake Locations for Heat-Rejection Devices Wind Recirculation Zones on Flat-Roofed Buildings
709	Geometric Method for Estimating Stack Height
711	Exhaust-To-Intake Dilution or Concentration Calculations Worst-Case Critical Dilution or Maximum Concentration Dilution and Concentration Definitions Roof-Level Dilution Estimation Method
712	Cross-Wind and Vertical Plume Spreads for Dilution Calculations Stack Design Using Dilution Calculations
713	Dilution from Flush Exhaust Vents with No Stack Dilution at a Building Sidewall (Hidden) Intakes EPA Models
714	Wind Tunnel Modeling Computer Simulations Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Other Considerations Annual Hours of Occurrence of Highest Intake Contamination Combined Exhausts
715	Ganged Exhausts Influence of Architectural Screens on Exhaust Dilution Emissions Characterization
716	Symbols References
717	Bibliography
719	A11_Ch46_I-P Terminology
720	Gaseous Contaminants
721	Using Source Data to Predict Indoor Concentrations
723	Problem Assessment Contaminant Load Estimates
724	Control Strategies Elimination of Sources Local Source Control Dilution Through General Ventilation Control by Ventilation Air Cleaning Gas Contaminant Control Processes
727	Equipment Air Cleaner System Design
728	Media Selection Air Cleaner Location and Other HVAC Concerns
729	Sizing Gaseous Contaminant Control Equipment
731	Special Cases
732	Energy Concerns Economic Considerations Safety Installation, Start-Up, and Commissioning
733	Start-Up and Commissioning Operation and Maintenance When to Change Media Replacement and Reactivation Environmental Influences on Air Cleaners
734	Testing Media, Equipment, and Systems Laboratory Tests of Media and Complete Air Cleaners
735	Field Tests of Installed Air Cleaners References
737	Bibliography
739	A11_Ch47_I-P System Types Heating Systems Hot-Water and Steam Boilers
740	Hot-Water Distribution Systems Heating Coils
742	Radiant Heating and Cooling Cooling Systems Chillers
743	Chiller Plant Operation Optimization Cooling Tower
744	Air-Cooled Chillers Water-Side Economizers Cooling Coil
745	Air Systems Variable Air Volume (VAV)
749	Constant-Volume (CV) Systems Changeover/Bypass Zoning Systems
750	Terminal Units Humidity Control
751	Terminal Units
753	Single-Zone Systems
755	Multiple-Zone, Single-Duct System Multiple-Zone, Dual-Duct Systems
756	Special Applications Mobile Unit Control Explosive Atmospheres Design Considerations and Principles
757	Extraordinary Incidents Mechanical and Electrical Coordination Sequences of Operation Energy-Efficient Controls
758	Control Principles for Energy Conservation System Selection Load Matching Size of Controlled Area
759	Location of Space Sensors Commissioning References
760	Bibliography
761	A11_Ch48_I-P Data Reliability Acoustical Design of HVAC Systems
762	Receiver Considerations Indoor Sound Criteria
767	Outdoor Sound Criteria
768	Basic Acoustical Design Techniques Source Sound Levels Fans
770	Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems
771	Rooftop-Mounted Air Handlers
772	Aerodynamically Generated Sound in Ducts
775	Chillers and Air-Cooled Condensers
777	Emergency Generators
778	Path Noise Estimation and Control Duct Element Sound Attenuation
787	Sound Radiation Through Duct Walls
791	Receiver Room Sound Correction Distributed Array of Ceiling Sound Sources Nonstandard Rooms
792	Line Sound Sources Room Noise Measurement
793	Sound Control for Outdoor Equipment Sound Propagation Outdoors Sound Barriers
794	Fume Hood Duct Design
795	Mechanical Equipment Room Sound Isolation Location
796	Wall Design Doors Penetrations
797	Mechanical Chases Special Construction Types Floating Floors and Barrier Ceilings Sound Transmission in Return Air Systems
798	Sound Transmission Through Ceilings HVAC Noise-Reduction Design Procedures
800	Calculation Procedure
801	Vibration Isolation and Control
802	Vibration Measurement Equipment Vibration
803	Vibration Criteria
804	Specification of Vibration Isolators Selecting Vibration Isolators to Meet Isolator Deflection Requirements Vibration- and Noise-Sensitive Facilities
809	Internal Versus External Isolation Isolating Vibration and Noise in Piping Systems Resilient Pipe Hangers and Supports
811	Isolating Duct Vibration Seismic Protection Vibration Investigations COMMISSIONING
812	TROUBLESHOOTING Determining Problem Source Determining Problem Type Noise Problems Vibration Problems
814	References
815	Bibliography Resources
817	A11_Ch49_I-P Water Characteristics Chemical Characteristics Biological Characteristics
818	Corrosion Control Types of Corrosion Factors That Contribute to Corrosion
819	Preventive and Protective Measures
820	White Rust on Galvanized Steel Cooling Towers Scale Control
821	Nonchemical Methods External Treatments Biological Growth Control Control Measures
822	Legionnaires’ Disease
823	Suspended Solids and Depositation Control Mechanical Filtration
824	Start-Up and Shutdown of Cooling Tower Systems Start-Up and Recommissioning for Drained Systems Start-Up and Recommissioning for Undrained (Stagnant) Systems
825	Shutdown Selection of Water Treatment Once-Through Systems Open Recirculating Systems Air Washers and Sprayed-Coil Units Ice Machines
826	Closed Recirculating Systems Water Heating Systems Brine Systems Boiler Systems
827	Steam and Condensate Systems Terminology
828	References
829	A11_Ch50_I-P System Elements Water-Heating Terminology
830	System Planning Energy Sources Water-Heating Equipment Gas-Fired Systems
831	Oil-Fired Systems Electric Indirect Water Heating
832	Semi-Instantaneous Circulating Tank Blending Injection Solar Waste Heat Use Refrigeration Heat Reclaim Combination Heating Design Considerations
833	Distribution Piping Material Pipe Sizing Supply Piping Pressure Differential Piping Heat Loss and Hot-Water Delivery Delays
835	Hot-Water Recirculation Loops and Return Piping
836	Heat-Traced, Nonreturn Piping Multiple Water Heaters Special Piping—Commercial Dishwashers Water Pressure—Commercial Kitchens Two-Temperature Service
837	Manifolding Terminal Hot-Water Usage Devices Water Quality, Scale, and Corrosion
838	Safety Devices for Hot-Water Supplies Special Concerns Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires’ Disease) Scalding Temperature Requirement Hot Water from Tanks and Storage Systems
839	Placement of Water Heaters Hot-Water Requirements and Storage Equipment Sizing
840	Load Diversity Residential
841	Commercial and Institutional
844	Sizing Examples
853	Sizing Tankless Water Heaters
854	Table 15 Needed Tankless Water Heater Output Heat Rates, Btu/h* Table 16 Hot-Water Demand in Fixture Units (140°F Water) Sizing Instantaneous and Semi-Instantaneous Water Heaters
855	Sizing Refrigerant-Based Water Heaters
856	Boilers for Indirect Water Heating Typical Control Sequence Water-Heating Energy Use
859	References
860	Bibliography
861	A11_Ch51_I-P Snow-Melting Heat Flux Requirement Heat Balance
862	Heat Flux Equations
863	Weather Data and Heat Flux Calculation Results
866	Example for Surface Heat Flux Calculation Using Table 1
867	Sensitivity of Design Surface Heat Flux to Wind Speed and Surface Size Back and Edge Heat Losses Transient Analysis of System Performance
868	Annual Operating Data Annual Operating Cost Example Slab Design
870	Control Manual Control Automatic Control Control Selection Operating Cost Hydronic System Design Heat Transfer Fluid
871	Piping
872	Fluid Heater Pump Selection
873	Pump Selection Example Controls Thermal Stress Electric System Design Heat Flux Electrical Equipment Mineral-Insulated Cable
875	Self-Regulating Cable Constant-Wattage Systems
876	Installation Infrared Snow-Melting Systems
877	Snow Melting in Gutters and Downspouts Freeze Protection Systems
879	Steam Pipe-Tracing Systems Electric Pipe-Tracing Systems
880	Control References Bibliography
881	A11_Ch52_I-P General Applications Cooling
882	Humidification Dehumidification and Cooling Air Cleaning Indirect Evaporative Cooling Systems for Comfort Cooling
884	Indirect Evaporative Cooling Controls
885	Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooling with VAV Delivery
886	Beneficial Humidification
887	Indirect Evaporative Cooling With Heat Recovery
888	Booster Refrigeration
889	Residential or Commercial Cooling
890	Exhaust Required Two-Stage Cooling Industrial Applications
891	Area Cooling
892	Spot Cooling Cooling Large Motors
893	Cooling Gas Turbine Engines and Generators Process Cooling Cooling Laundries Cooling Wood and Paper Products Facilities Other Applications Cooling Power-Generating Facilities Cooling Mines Cooling Animals
894	Produce Storage Cooling
895	Cooling Greenhouses Control Strategy to Optimize Energy Recovery Air Cleaning Control of Gaseous Contaminants
896	Economic Factors
897	Direct Evaporation Energy Saving Indirect Evaporation Energy Saving Water Cost for Evaporative Cooling Psychrometrics
898	Entering Air Considerations
899	References Bibliography
901	A11_Ch53_I-P Fire Management
902	Smoke Movement Stack Effect
903	Buoyancy Expansion Wind
904	HVAC Systems Smoke Management Compartmentation Dilution Remote from Fire
905	Pressurization (Smoke Control) Airflow
906	Buoyancy Smoke Control System Design Door-Opening Forces Flow Areas Effective Flow Areas
908	Design Weather Data Design Pressure Differences Open Doors Fire and Smoke Dampers
909	Fans Used to Exhaust Smoke Pressurized Stairwells Stairwell Compartmentation Stairwell Analysis
910	Stairwell Pressurization and Open Doors
911	Elevators Zone Smoke Control
912	Computer Analysis for Pressurization Systems Smoke Management in Large Spaces
913	Design Fires Zone Fire Models Atrium Smoke Filling by a Steady Fire
914	Atrium Smoke Filling by an Unsteady Fire Steady Clear Height with Upper Layer Exhaust
915	Balcony Spill Plumes
916	Makeup Air Minimum Smoke Layer Depth Number of Exhaust Inlets Separation Between Inlets Prestratification and Detection
917	Loss of Buoyancy in Atriums Tenability Systems Tenability Evaluation Atria and Other Large Spaces
918	Large Multicompartmented Buildings Acceptance Testing Special Inspector Extraordinary Incidents symbols
919	References
920	Bibliography
921	A11_Ch54_I-P Low-, Medium-, and High-Intensity Infrared Heating Panel Heating and Cooling Elementary Design Relationships
923	Design Criteria for Acceptable Radiant Heating
924	Design for Beam Radiant Heating Geometry of Beam Heating
925	Floor Reradiation Asymmetric Radiant Fields Radiation Patterns
926	Design for Total Space Heating
927	Testing Instruments for Radiant Heating Black Globe Thermometer Directional Radiometer Applications
928	Low-, Medium-, and High-Intensity Infrared Applications Panel Heating and Cooling
929	Symbols
930	References
931	A11_Ch55_I-P Seismic-Resistant Design
932	Terminology Calculations Dynamic Analysis Static Analysis as Defined in the International Building Code
933	Applying Static Analysis
936	Computation of Loads at Building Connection Simple Case General Case Polar Method Lump Mass Method
937	Resilient Support Factors Building Attachment Ansi Steel Bolts Lag Screws into Timber Concrete Post-Installed Anchor Bolts ASD Applications LRFD Applications
938	Types of Concrete Post-Installed Anchors Weld Capacities Seismic Snubbers
939	Seismic Restraints
940	Restraint of Pipe and Duct Risers
941	Examples
944	Installation Problems
945	WIND-RESISTANT DESIGN Terminology
946	Calculations Analytical Procedure
947	Wall-Mounted HVAC&R Component Calculations (Louvers) Analytical Procedure
950	Certification of HVAC&R Components for Wind
951	References
952	Bibliography
953	A11_Ch56_I-P Terminology Safety Performance
954	Electrical System Components and Concepts Transformers
955	Emergency and Standby Power Systems
957	Motors
958	Utilization Equipment Voltage Ratings Voltage Level Variation Effects Voltage Selection Power Quality Variations
959	Transients
960	Short-Duration Variations
961	Long-Duration Variations Interruptions and Outages
962	Harmonic Distortion
963	Voltage Flicker
964	Noise Billing Rates Cost-Based Rates
965	Policy-Based Rates
966	Market-Based Rates
967	Codes and Standards NEC® UL Listing CSA Approved ULC NAFTA Wiring Standards IEEE Bibliography
968	A11_Ch57_I-P Indoor Air Quality and Sustainability
969	Application Guidelines Design Constraints Sound Inlet Conditions to Air Outlets Return Air Inlets Mixed Air Distribution
970	Principles of Operation Space Ventilation and Contaminant Removal Benefits and Limitations Horizontal Discharge Cooling with Ceiling- Mounted Outlets Vertical-Discharge Cooling or Heating with Ceiling-Mounted Outlets Cooling with Sidewall Outlets
971	Cooling with Floor-Mounted Air Outlets Cooling with Sill-Mounted Air Outlets Heating and Cooling with Perimeter Ceiling- Mounted Outlets Space Temperature Gradients and Airflow Rates Methods for Evaluation Selection
973	Fully Stratified Air Distribution Principles of Operation
974	Space Ventilation and Contaminant Removal Typical Applications Benefits and Limitations Outlet Characteristics Space Temperature Gradients and Airflow Rates
975	Methods of Evaluation Design Procedures Application Considerations
976	Partially Mixed Air Distribution Principles of Operation Space Ventilation and Contaminant Removal Typical Applications Benefits and Limitations Outlet Characteristics
977	Space Temperature Gradients and Airflow Rates Methods of Evaluation Design Procedures Application Considerations Terminal Units System Selection
979	Maintenance and Accessibility. Applications
980	Comparison of Series- and Parallel-Flow Fan-Powered Terminal Units
982	Fan Selection Fan Airflow Control on Fan-Powered Terminals Sizing Fan-Powered Terminals
984	Installation and Application Precautions: Avoiding Common Errors and Problems Optimizing Inlet Conditions.
985	Chilled Beams Codes and Standards Application Considerations
986	Cooling Heating Thermal Comfort
987	Space Temperature Control and Zoning Selection and Location Operational Considerations References
990	A11_Ch58_I-P Project Delivery Sequential Design Process Integrated Design Process Effort Shift Objectives
991	Energy Use Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Water Usage Vulnerability
992	Environmental Stewardship Critical Operations General Operations Tools Building Information Modeling
993	Energy Modeling Life-Cycle Analysis Tools Owner Process Programming
994	Siting Budgeting Team Selection Collaboration Teamwork Team Formation
995	Decision-Making Criteria Strategy Development
996	Interdisciplinary Integration Iterative Evaluation and Analysis Design Activities and Deliverables Drawings Specifications
997	Value Engineering Risk Management Budget Control Constructability Review Operational Review Commissioning
998	Project Delivery Sequence Focus References Bibliography Resources
1000	A11_Ch59_I-P Requirements Analysis
1001	Risk Evaluation
1002	HVAC System Security Design Modes of Operation Evacuation Shelter-in-Place Uninterrupted Operation Security Design Measures Emergency Power
1003	Redundant Design System Shutdown and/or Isolation Protective Equipment 100% Outdoor Air Operation HVAC Zoning Increased Standoff Distances Occupant Notification Systems Air Intake Protection Increased Prefiltration Efficiency
1004	Additional Filtration Location of Mechanical Equipment Physical Security Measures Air Supply Quantities and Pressure Gradients Sensors Mailroom and Lobby Measures Maintenance Management Chemical Incidents
1005	Types of Chemical Agents Incapacitating Agents Irritants Toxic Chemical Agents
1007	Biological Incidents
1008	Radiological Incidents Radioactive Materials’ Effects and Sources
1009	Radiological Dispersion Radiation Monitoring Facility Response Explosive Incidents Loading Description
1010	Design Considerations References Bibliography
1011	Online Resources
1012	A11_Ch60_I-P Fundamentals UV Dose and Microbial Response
1014	UV Inactivation of Biological Contaminants Terminology
1016	Air Treatment Systems Design Guidance Upper-Room Air Disinfection Upper-Air UVGI Systems
1018	In-Duct Systems: Airstream Disinfection
1019	Studies of Airstream Disinfection Effectiveness HVAC System Surface Treatment Coil and Drain Pan Irradiation Room Surface Treatment
1020	Alternative and Complementary Systems
1021	Energy and Economic Considerations Upper-Air UVGI
1022	In-Duct Air Treatment Upper Air Versus In-Duct Cooling Coil Surface Treatment Safety Hazards of Ultraviolet Radiation to Humans Sources of UV Exposure Exposure Limits
1023	Evidence of Safety Safety Design Guidance UVGI Fixtures Installation, Startup, and Commissioning UVC Radiation Measurements Maintenance Material Degradation
1024	Visual Inspection Radiometer Lamp Replacement Lamp and Ballast Disposal Personnel Safety Training Lamp Breakage
1025	References
1026	Bibliography
1028	A11_Ch61_I-P Selected Codes and Standards Published by Various Societies and Associations
1054	ORGANIZATIONS
1056	I-P_A11Additions 2008 HVAC Systems and Equipment Fig. 1 Optimum Humidity Range for Human Comfort and Health Fig. 7 Typical Rotary Dehumidification Wheel
1057	2009 Fundamentals
1059	Fig. 7 R-Value Required to Prevent Condensation on Surface with Emittance e = 0.9 Fig. 7 Surface-Averaged Wall Pressure Coefficients for Tall Buildings 2010 Refrigeration Table 2 Values of f for Discharge Capacity of Pressure Relief Devices
1060	Table 4 Typical Thermal Properties of Common Building and Insulating Materials: Design Valuesa
1066	I-P_CommentPage
1068	A2011 bookComp_Index_I-PIX Abbreviations, F37 Absorbents Absorption Acoustics. See Sound Activated carbon adsorption, A46.7 ADPI. See Air diffusion performance index (ADPI) Adsorbents Adsorption Aeration, of farm crops, A25 Aerosols, S28.1 Affinity laws for centrifugal pumps, S43.7 AFUE. See Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE) AHU. See Air handlers Air Air barriers, F26.13 Airborne infectious diseases, F10.6 Air cleaners. (See also Filters, air; Industrial exhaust gas cleaning) Air conditioners. (See also Central air conditioning)
1069	Air conditioning. (See also Central air conditioning) Air contaminants, F11. (See also Contaminants) Aircraft, A12 Air curtains, display cases, R15.5 Air diffusers Air diffusion Air diffusion performance index (ADPI), A57.5; F20.12, 13 Air distribution Air exchange rate Air filters. See Filters, air Airflow
1070	Airflow retarders, F25.7, 8 Air flux, F25.2. (See also Airflow) Air handlers Air intakes Air jets. See Air diffusion Air leakage. (See also Infiltration) Air outlets Airports, air conditioning, A3.6 Air quality. (See also Indoor air quality) Airtightness, F36.22 Air-to-air energy recovery, S25 Air-to-transmission ratio, S5.12 Air transport, R27 Air washers Algae, control, A49.5 All-air systems Ammonia Anchor bolts, seismic restraint, A55.7 Anemometers Animal environments Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), S32.8; S33.2 Antifreeze Antisweat heaters (ASH), R15.5 Apartment buildings Aquifers, thermal storage; S50.6 Archimedes number, F20.6 Archives. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Arenas Argon, recovery, R47.17 Asbestos, F10.4 ASH. See Antisweat heaters (ASH) Atriums Attics, unconditioned, F27.2 Auditoriums, A5.3 Automobiles Autopsy rooms, A9.5, 6 Avogadro’s law, and fuel combustion, F28.10
1071	Backflow-prevention devices, S46.13 BACnet®, A40.17; F7.18 Bacteria Bakery products, R41 Balance point, heat pumps, S48.9 Balancing. (See also Testing, adjusting, and balancing) BAS. See Building automation system (BAS) Baseboard units Basements Beer’s law, F4.16 Bernoulli equation, F21.1 Best efficiency point (BEP), S43.6 Beverages, R39 BIM. See Building information modeling (BIM) Bioaerosols Biocides, control, A49.5 Biodiesel, F28.6 Biological safety cabinets, A16.6 Biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A18.7 Bioterrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Boilers, S31 Boiling Brake horsepower, S43.7 Brayton cycle Bread, R41 Breweries Brines. See Coolants, secondary Building automation systems (BAS), A40.17; F7.14 Building energy monitoring, A41. (See also Energy, monitoring) Building envelopes
1072	Building information modeling (BIM), A40.15 Building materials, properties, F26 Building thermal mass Burners Buses Bus terminals Butane, commercial, F28.5 CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD) Cafeterias, Calcium chloride brines, F31.1 Candy Capillary action, and moisture flow, F25.8 Capillary tubes Carbon dioxide Carbon emissions, F34.6 Carbon monoxide Cargo containers, R25 Carnot refrigeration cycle, F2.6 Cattle, beef, and dairy, A24.7. (See also Animal environments) CAV. See Constant air volume (CAV) Cavitation, F3.13 CBRE. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Ceiling effect. See Coanda effect Ceilings Central air conditioning, A42. (See also Air conditioning) Central plants Central systems Cetane number, engine fuels, F28.8 CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Charging, refrigeration systems, R8.4 Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents, A59
1073	Chemical plants Chemisorption, A46.7 Chilled water (CW) Chillers Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F6.7 Chimneys, S34 Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), A34.6 Chocolate, R42.1. (See also Candy) Choking, F3.13 CHP systems. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Cinemas, A5.3 Claude cycle, R47.8 Cleanrooms. See Clean spaces Clean spaces, A18 Clear-sky solar radiation, calculation, F14.7 Climate design information, F14 Clothing CLTD/CLF. See Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF) Coal Coanda effect, A33.6; F20.6; S19.2 Codes, A61. (See also Standards)
1074	Coefficient of performance (COP) Cogeneration. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Coils Colburn’s analogy, F4.17 Colebrook equation Collectors, solar, A35.6, 11, 23, 25; S36.3 Colleges and universities, A7.11 Combined heat and power (CHP), S7 Combustion, F28 Combustion air systems Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC), S7.20; S17.1 Comfort. (See also Physiological principles, humans) Commercial and public buildings, A3
1075	Commissioning, A43 Compressors, S37 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F13.1 Computer-aided design (CAD), A18.5; A40.14 Computers, A40 Concert halls, A5.4 Concrete Condensate Condensation
1076	Condensers, S38 Conductance, thermal, F4.3; F25.1 Conduction Conductivity, thermal, F25.1; F26.4 Constant air volume (CAV) Constant-volume, all-air systems Construction. (See also Building envelopes) Containers. (See also Cargo containers) Contaminants Continuity, fluid dynamics, F3.2 Control. (See also Controls, automatic; Supervisory control)
1077	Controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage Controlled-environment rooms (CERs), and plant growth, A24.16 Controls, automatic, F7. (See also Control) Convection Convectors Convention centers, A5.5 Conversion factors, F38 Coolants, secondary Coolers. (See also Refrigerators)
1078	Cooling. (See also Air conditioning) Cooling load Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF), F18.49 Cooling towers, S39 Cool storage, S50.1 COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP) Corn, drying, A25.1 Correctional facilities. See Justice facilities Corrosion Costs. (See also Economics) Cotton, drying, A25.8 Courthouses, A9.4 Courtrooms, A9.5 CPVC. See Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) Crawlspaces Critical spaces Crops. See Farm crops Cruise terminals, A3.6 Cryogenics, R47
1079	CTIC. See Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC) Curtain walls, F15.5 Cycloparaffins, R12.3 Dairy products, R33 Dampers Dams, concrete cooling, R45.1 Darcy equation, F21.6 Darcy-Weisbach equation Data-driven modeling Data processing areas Daylighting Defrosting Degree-days, F14.11; F19.19 Dehumidification, A47.12; S23 Dehumidifiers Dehydration Density Dental facilities, A8.15 Desiccants, F32.1; S23.1
1080	Desuperheaters Dew-point Diamagnetism, and superconductivity, R47.5 Diesel fuel, F28.8 Diffusers, air, sound control, A48.12 Diffusion Diffusivity Dilution Dining halls, in justice facilities, A9.4 DIR. See Dispersive infrared (DIR) Direct digital control (DDC), F7.4, 10 Direct numerical simulation (DNS), turbulence modeling, F13.4; F24.10 Dirty bombs. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Discharge coefficients, in fluid flow, F3.9 Dispersive infrared (DIR), F7.9 Display cases, R15.1, 4 District heating and cooling, S11 d-limonene, F31.13 DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS) Doors Dormitories Draft Drag, in fluid flow, F3.5 Driers, R7.6. (See also Dryers) Drip station, steam systems, S11.7 Dryers. (See also Driers) Drying DTW. See Dual-temperature water (DTW) system Dual-duct systems Dual-temperature water (DTW) system, S12.1 DuBois equation, F9.3 Duct design Ducts
1081	Dust mites, F25.14 Dusts, S28.1 Dynamometers, A17.1 Earth, stabilization, R45.3, 4 Earthquakes, seismic-resistant design, A55.1 Economic analysis, A37 Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP), S7.50 Economics. (See also Costs) Economizers ECOP. See Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP) ECS. See Environmental control system (ECS) Eddy diffusivity, F6.7 Educational facilities, A7 EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Effectiveness, heat transfer, F4.21 Effective radiant flux (ERF), A54.2 Efficiency Eggs, R34 EIFS. See Exterior insulation finishing system (EIFS) Electricity Electric thermal storage (ETS), S50.12 Electrostatic precipitators, S28.7; S29.7 Elevators Emissions, pollution, F28.7 Emissivity, F4.2 Emittance, thermal, F25.2 Enclosed vehicular facilities, A15 Energy
1082	Energy efficiency ratio (EER), S49.1 Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC), A37.8 Engines, S7 Engine test facilities, A17 Enhanced tubes. See Finned-tube heat transfer coils Enthalpy Entropy, F2.1 Environmental control Environmental control system (ECS), A12 Environmental health, F10 Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) Equipment vibration, A48.42; F8.18 ERF. See Effective radiant flux (ERF) ESPC. See Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC) Ethylene glycol, in hydronic systems, S12.23 ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Electric thermal storage (ETS) Evaluation. See Testing Evaporation, in tubes Evaporative coolers. (See also Refrigerators) Evaporative cooling, A52 Evaporators. (See also Coolers, liquid) Exfiltration, F16.1 Exhaust
1083	Exhibit buildings, temporary, A5.8 Exhibit cases, A23.5, 16 Exhibition centers, A5.5 Expansion joints and devices, S45.10 Expansion tanks, S11.4 Explosions. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Fairs, A5.8 Family courts, A9.3. (See also Juvenile facilities) Fan-coil units, S5.4 Fans, S20 Farm crops Faults, system, reasons for detecting, A39.6 f-Chart method, sizing heating and cooling systems, A35.20 Fenestration. (See also Windows) Fick’s law, F6.1 Filters, air, S28. (See also Air cleaners) Filters, water, A49.7 Finned-tube heat-distributing units, S35.1, 5 Finned-tube heat transfer coils, F4.24 Fins, F4.4 Fire/smoke management. See Smoke management Firearm laboratories, A9.6 Fireplaces, S33.4 Fire safety Fish, R19; R32 Fitness facilities. (See also Gymnasiums) Fittings Fixed-guideway vehicles, A11.7. (See also Mass-transit systems) Fixture units, A50.1, 26 Flammability limits, gaseous fuels, F28.1 Flash tank, steam systems, S10.14 Floors
1084	Flowers, cut Flowmeters, A38.12; F36.18 Fluid dynamics computations, F13.1 Fluid flow, F3 Food. (See also specific foods) Food service Forced-air systems, residential, A1.1 Forensic labs, A9.5 Fouling factor Foundations Fountains, Legionella pneumophila control, A49.7 Fourier’s law, and heat transfer, F25.5 Four-pipe systems, S5.3 Framing Freeze drying, A30.6 Freeze prevention. (See also Freeze protection systems) Freeze protection systems, A51.17, 19 Freezers Freezing Friction, in fluid flow Friction losses, F21.7
1085	Fruit juice, R38 Fruits Fuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP), S7.22 Fuels, F28 Fume hoods, laboratory exhaust, A16.3 Fungal pathogens, F10.7 Furnaces, S32 Galleries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Garages Gases Gas-fired equipment, S34. (See also Natural gas) Gas vents, S34.1 GCHP. See Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Generators Geothermal energy, A34 Geothermal heat pumps (GHP), A34.10 Glaser method, F25.13 Glazing Global warming potential (GWP), R6.1 Glycols, desiccant solution, S23.2 Green design, and sustainability, F35.1 Greenhouses. (See also Plant environments) Grids, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), A34.1, 9 Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP), A34.25 GSHP. See Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) Guard stations, in justice facilities, A9.4 GWHP. See Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP) GWP. See Global warming potential (GWP) Gymnasiums, A5.5; A7.3 HACCP. See Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) Halocarbon Hartford loop, S10.3 Hay, drying, A25.7 Hazard analysis and control, F10.3 Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP), R22.4 Hazen-Williams equation, F22.1 HB. See Heat balance (HB)
1086	Health Health care facilities, A8. (See also specific types) Heat Heat and moisture control, F27.1 Heat balance, S8.19 Heat capacity, F25.1 Heat control, F27 Heaters, S33 Heat exchangers, S47 Heat flow, F25. (See also Heat transfer) Heat flux, F25.1 Heat gain. (See also Load calculations) Heating Heating load Heating values of fuels, F28.3, 7, 9 Heat loss. (See also Load calculations) Heat pipes, air-to-air energy recovery, S25.12 Heat pumps
1087	Heat recovery. (See also Energy, recovery) Heat storage. See Thermal storage Heat stress Heat transfer, F4; F26. (See also Heat flow) Heat transmission Heat traps, A50.2 Helium High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, A28.3; S28.7; S29.2 High-rise buildings. See Tall Buildings High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, R33.2
1088	High-temperature water (HTW) system, S12.1 Homeland security. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Hoods Hospitals, A8.2 Hot-box method, of thermal modeling, F25.7 Hotels and motels, A6 Hot-gas bypass, R1.34 HOUSE dynamic simulation model, S9.12 Houses of worship, A5.3 HSI. See Heat stress index (HSI) HTST. See High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization Humidification, S21 Humidifiers, S21 Humidity HVAC Security, A59 Hydrogen, liquid, R47.2 Hydronic systems, S35. (See also Water systems) Hygrometers, F7.9; F36.10, 11 Hygrothermal loads, F25.2 Hygrothermal modeling, F25.13; F27.11 IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ) Ice Ice makers Ice rinks, A5.5; R44 ID50‚ mean infectious dose, A59.8 Ignition temperatures of fuels, F28.2 IGUs. See Insulating glazing units (IGUs) Indoor air quality (IAQ). (See also Air quality) Indoor environmental modeling, F13
1089	Induction Industrial applications Industrial environments, A14; A31; A32 Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Industrial hygiene, F10.3 Infiltration. (See also Air leakage) Infrared applications In-room terminal systems Instruments, F14. (See also specific instruments or applications) Insulating glazing units (IGUs), F15.1 Insulation, thermal Integrated building design (IBD), A58.1
1090	Integrated design process (IDP), A58.1 Intercoolers, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.3 Jails, A9.3 Joule-Thomson cycle, R47.6 Judges’ chambers, A9.5 Juice, R38.1 Jury facilities, A9.5 Justice facilities, A9 Juvenile facilities, A9.1. (See also Family courts) K-12 schools, A7.2 Kelvin’s equation, F25.9 Kirchoff’s law, F4.12 Kitchens, A33 Kleemenko cycle, R47.13 Krypton, recovery, R47.18 Kyoto protocol, F35.4 Laboratories, A16 Laboratory information management systems (LIMS), A9.7 Lakes, heat transfer, A34.30 Laminar flow Large eddy simulation (LES), turbulence modeling, F13.3; F24.10 Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA), F36.17 Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV), F36.17 Latent energy change materials, S50.2 Laundries LCR. See Load collector ratio (LCR) LD50‚ mean lethal dose, A59.8 LDA. See Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA) LDV. See Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV) LE. See Life expectancy (LE) rating Leakage, ducts, S18.2 Leakage function, relationship, F16.14 Leak detection of refrigerants, F29.8 Legionella pneumophila, A49.6; F10.6 Legionnaires’ disease. See Legionella pneumophila LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES) Lewis relation, F6.9; F9.4 Libraries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Life expectancy (LE) rating, film, A22.3
1091	Lighting Light measurement, F36.29 LIMS. See Laboratory information management systems (LIMS) Linde cycle, R47.6 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), S17.4 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F28.5 Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R4 Lithium bromide/water, F30.1, 69 Lithium chloride, S23.2 Load calculations Load collector ratio (LCR), A35.21 Local exhaust. See Exhaust Loss coefficients Louvers, F15.29 Low-temperature water (LTW) system, S12.1 LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) LTW. See Low-temperature water (LTW) system Lubricants, R12. (See also Lubrication; Oil) Lubrication Mach number, S37.32 Maintenance. (See also Operation and maintenance) Makeup air units, S27.8 Malls, A2.6 Manometers, differential pressure readout, A38.12 Manufactured homes, A1.7 Masonry, insulation, F26.7. (See also Building envelopes) Mass transfer, F6 Mass-transit systems
1092	McLeod gages, F36.13 Mean infectious dose (ID50), A59.8 Mean lethal dose (LD50), A59.8 Mean radiant temperature (MRT), A54.1 Mean temperature difference, F4.21 Measurement, F36. (See also Instruments) Meat, R30 Mechanical equipment room, central Mechanical traps, steam systems, S10.8 Medium-temperature water (MTW) system, S12.1 Meshes, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Metabolic rate, F9.6 Metals and alloys, low-temperature, R48.6 Microbial growth, R22.4 Microbiology of foods, R22.1 Mines, A29 Modeling. (See also Data-driven modeling; Energy, modeling) Moist air Moisture Mold, F25.14 Montreal Protocol, F29.1 Motors, S44 Movie theaters, A5.3 MRT. See Mean radiant temperature (MRT) Multifamily residences, A1.6 Multiple-use complexes
1093	Multisplit unitary equipment, S48.1 Multizone airflow modeling, F13.14 Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Natatoriums. (See also Swimming pools) Natural gas, F28.5 Navier-Stokes equations, F13.1 NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curves Net positive suction head (NPSH), A34.27; R2.3; S43.9 Night setback Nitrogen Noise, F8.13. (See also Sound) Noise criterion (NC) curves, F8.16 Noncondensable gases NPSH. See Net positive suction head (NPSH) NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU) Nuclear facilities, A28 Number of transfer units (NTU) Nursing facilities, A8.14 Nuts, storage, R42.7 Odors, F12 ODP. See Ozone depletion potential (ODP) Office buildings Oil, fuel, F28.6 Oil. (See also Lubricants) Olf unit, F12.6 One-pipe systems Operating costs, A37.4 Operation and maintenance, A39. (See also Maintenance) Optimization, A42.4 Outlets, air diffusion, performance, F20.10 Outpatient health care facilities, A8.14 Outside air, free cooling Owning costs, A37.1 Oxygen Ozone Ozone depletion potential (ODP), R6.1 PAC. See Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), S49.5 Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), S49.5 PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) Paint, and moisture problems, F25.14 Panel heating and cooling, S6. (See also Radiant heating and cooling)
1094	Paper Paper products facilities, A26 Paraffins, R12.3 Parallel compressor systems, R15.14 Particulate matter, indoor air quality (IAQ), F10.4, 5 Pasteurization, R33.2 Peanuts, drying, A25.8 PEL. See Permissible exposure limits (PEL) Performance contracting, A41.2 Permafrost stabilization, R45.4 Permeability Permeance Permissible exposure limits (PEL), F10.5 Pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms, A18.7 Phase-change materials, thermal storage of, S50.11, 21 Photographic materials, A22 Photovoltaic (PV) systems, S36.18. (See also Solar energy) Physical properties of materials, F33 Physiological principles, humans. (See also Comfort) Pigs. See Swine Pipes, S45. (See also Piping) Piping. (See also Pipes)
1095	Pitot tube, A38.2; F36.17 Places of assembly, A5 Planes. See Aircraft Plank’s equation, R20.7 Plant environments, A24.10 Plate heat exchangers (PHEs), S11.28 Plenums PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV) Police stations, A9.1 Pollutant transport modeling. See Contami- nants, indoor, concentration prediction Pollution, air, and combustion, F28.7, 14 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), F10.5 Polydimethylsiloxane, F31.13 Ponds, spray, S39.5 Pope cell, F36.12 Positive positioners, F7.8 Potatoes Poultry. (See also Animal environments) Power-law airflow model, F13.14 Power plants, A27 PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD) Prandtl number, F4.17 Precooling Predicted mean vote (PMV), F36.30 Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F9.17 Preschools, A7.1 Pressure Pressure drop. (See also Darcy-Weisbach equation) Pressure losses, district heating and cooling, S11.7 Primary-air systems, S5.10 Printing plants, A20 Prisons, A9.3 Produce Propane Propylene glycol, hydronic systems, S12.23 Psychrometers, F1.13 Psychrometrics, F1 PTACs. See Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs) PTHPs. See Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs) Public buildings. See Commercial and public buildings; Places of assembly
1096	Pulldown load, R15.5 Pumps Purge units, centrifugal chillers, S42.11 Radiant heating and cooling, A55; S6.1; S15; S33.4. (See also Panel heating and cooling) Radiant time series (RTS) method, F18.2, 20 Radiation Radiators, S35.1, 5 Radioactive gases, contaminants, F11.19 Radiometers, A54.7 Radon, F10.10, 12, 17 Rail cars Railroad tunnels, ventilation Rain, and building envelopes, F25.3 RANS. See Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation Rapid-transit systems. See Mass-transit systems Rayleigh number, F4.18 RC curves. See Room criterion (RC) curves Receivers Recycling refrigerants, R9.3 Refrigerant/absorbent pairs, F2.15 Refrigerant-control devices, R11 Refrigerants, F29.1
1097	Refrigerant transfer units (RTU), liquid chillers, S42.12 Refrigerated facilities, R23 Refrigeration, F1.1. (See also Absorption)
1098	Refrigeration load, R24. (See also Load calculations) Refrigeration oils, R12. (See also Lubricants) Refrigerators Regulators. (See also Valves) Residential systems, A1 Resistance, thermal, F4; F25; F26. (See also R-values) Resistance temperature devices (RTDs), F7.9; F36.6 Resistivity, thermal, F25.1 Resource utilization factor (RUF), F34.2 Respiration of fruits and vegetables, R19.17 Restaurants Retail facilities, A2 Retrofit performance monitoring, A41.4 Retrofitting refrigerant systems, contaminant control, R7.9 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, F13.3; F24.10 Reynolds number, F3.3 Rice, drying, A25.9 RMS. See Root mean square (RMS) Road tunnels, A15.3 Roof ponds, Legionella pneumophila control, A49.7 Roofs Room air distribution, A57 Room criterion (RC) curves, F8.17 Root mean square (RMS), F36.1 Rotary vane compressors, S37.13 Rotative speed, F36.25 Roughness factors, ducts, F21.6 RTDs. See Resistance temperature devices (RTDs) RTS. See Radiant time series (RTS) RTU. See Refrigerant transfer units (RTU) RUF. See Resource utilization factor (RUF) Rusting, of building components, F25.15 R-values, F23; F25; F26. (See also Resistance, thermal) Safety Safety showers, Legionella pneumophila control, A49.7 Sanitation Savings-to-investment-ratio (SIR), A37.11 Scale
1099	Schematic design, A58.9 Schneider system, R23.7 Schools Security. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Seeds, storage, A25.11 Seismic restraint, A48.51; A55.1 Sensible heat Sensors Separators, lubricant, R11.23 Service water heating, A50 SES. See Subway environment simulation (SES) program Shading Ships, A13 Short-tube restrictors, R11.31 Single-duct systems, all-air, S4.10 SIR. See Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) Skating rinks, R44.1 Skylights, and solar heat gain, F15.19 Slab heating, A51 Slab-on-grade foundations, A44.11 SLR. See Solar-load ratio (SLR) Smoke management, A53 Smudging air outlets, S19.3 Snow-melting systems, A51 Snubbers, seismic, A55.8 Sodium chloride brines, F31.1 Soft drinks, R39.10 Soils. (See also Earth) Solar energy, A35; S36.1
1100	Solar heat gain Solar-load ratio (SLR), A35.21 Solar-optical glazing, F15.13 Solar radiation Solid fuel Solvent drying, constant-moisture, A30.7 Soot, F28.17 Sorbents, F32.1 Sorption isotherm, F25.8 Sound, F8. (See also Noise) Sound control, A48; F8. (See also Noise) Soybeans, drying, A25.7 Specific heat Spot cooling Spot heating, A54.4 Stack effect Stadiums, A5.4 Stainless steel boilers, S31.3
1101	Stairwells, smoke control, A53.9 Standard atmosphere, U.S., F1.1 Standards, A61. (See also Codes) Static electricity and humidity, S21.2 Steam Steam systems, S10 Steam traps, S10.7 Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F4.2, 11 Stevens’ law, F12.3 Stirling cycle, R47.14 Stokers, S30.17 Storage Stoves, heating, S33.5 Stratification Stroboscopes, F36.25 Subcoolers Subway environment simulation (SES) program, A15.3 Subway systems. (See also Mass-transit systems) Suction risers, R2.26 Sulfur content, fuel oils, F28.7 Superconductivity, diamagnetism, R47.5 Supervisory control, A42 Supply air outlets, S19.1. (See also Air outlets) Surface effect. See Coanda effect Surface transportation
1102	Surface water heat pump (SWHP) Surface water heat pump (SWHP), A34.12 Sustainability, F16.1; F35.1; S48.2 SVFs. See Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) SWHP. See Surface water heat pump (SWHP) Swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums) Swine, recommended environment, A24.7 Symbols, F37 Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F10.5 Tachometers, F36.25 Tall buildings, A4 Tanks, secondary coolant systems, R13.2 Temperature Temperature-controlled transport, R25.1 Temperature index, S21.2 Terminal units, A47.12; S19.8 Terminology, R50 Terrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents TES. See Thermal energy storage (TES) Testing Testing, adjusting, and balancing. (See also Balancing) TETD/TA. See Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA) TEWI. See Total equivalent warning impact (TEWI) Textile processing plants, A21 TFM. See Transfer function method (TFM) Theaters, A5.3 Thermal bridges, F25.7 Thermal comfort. See Comfort Thermal emittance, F25.2 Thermal energy storage (TES), S17.4 Thermal properties, F26.1 Thermal properties of food, R19 Thermal resistivity, F25.1 Thermal storage, S50
1103	Thermal transmission data, F26 Thermistors, R11.4 Thermodynamics, F2.1 Thermometers, F36.5 Thermopile, F7.4; F36.8; R45.4 Thermosiphons Thermostats Three-pipe distribution, S5.4 Tobacco smoke Tollbooths Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA), F18.49 Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), R6.1; R15.16 Trailers and trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Transducers, pneumatic pressure, F7.9 Transfer function method (TFM), A40.9; F18.49 Transmittance, thermal, F25.1 Transmitters, pneumatic pressure, F7.9 Transpiration, R19.19 Transportation centers Transport properties of refrigerants, F30 Traps Trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Tuning automatic control systems, F7.18 Tunnels, vehicular, A15.1 Turbines, S7 Turbochargers, heat recovery, S7.35 Turbulence Turbulent flow, fluids, F3.3 Turndown ratio, design capacity, S12.4 Two-pipe systems, S5.4; S12.19
1104	U.S. Marshal spaces, A9.5 U-factor Ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, S28.7; S29.2 Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems, S16 Ultraviolet air and surface treatment, A60 Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), S16.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems] Uncertainty analysis Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems, A4.5 Unitary systems, S48 Unit heaters. See Heaters Units and conversions, F38.1 Unit ventilators, S27.1 Utility interfacing, electric, S7.44 UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems UVGI. See Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) Vacuum cooling, of fruits and vegetables, R28.9 Validation, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Valves, S46. (See also Regulators) Vaporization systems, S17.4 Vapor pressure, F27.8; F33.2 Vapor retarders, jackets, F23.9 Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), S48.1, 13 Variable-speed drives, S44.9 VAV. See Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Vegetables, R37 Vehicles Vena contracta, F3.4 Vending machines, R16.5 Ventilation, F16
1105	Ventilators Venting Verification, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.3 Vibration, F8.18 Vibration control, A48 Viral pathogens, F10.7 Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat release rate, A29.3 Viscosity, F3.1 Volatile organic compounds (VOC), F10.9 Voltage, A56.1 Volume ratio, compressors VRF. See Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) VRT. See Virgin rock temperature (VRT) Walls Warehouses, A3.8 Water Water heaters Water/lithium bromide absorption Water-source heat pump (WSHP), S48.10 Water systems, S12
1106	Water treatment, A49 Water vapor control, A44.6 Water vapor retarders, F26.13 Water wells, A34.26 Weather data Welding sheet metal, S18.6 Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat stress, A31.5 Wheels, rotary enthalpy, S25.10 Whirlpools and spas Wien’s displacement law, F4.12 Wind. (See also Climate design information; Weather data) Wind chill index, F9.22 Windows. (See also Fenestration) Wind restraint design, A55.15 Wineries Wood construction, and moisture, F25.8 Wood products facilities, A26.1 Wood pulp, A26.2 Wood stoves, S33.5 World Wide Web (WWW), A40.8 WSHP. See Water-source heat pump (WSHP) WWW. See World Wide Web (WWW) Xenon, R47.18

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Standard Title	2011 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Applications – IP Edition
Published Code	ASHRAE
Publication Date	2011
Pages Count	1107

ASHRAE HVAC Applications Handbook IP 2011

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