The 2019 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Applications comprises more than 60 chapters covering a broad range of facilities and topics, written to help engineers design and use equipment and systems described in other Handbook volumes. Main sections cover comfort, industrial, energy-related, general applications, and building operations and management. ASHRAE Technical Committees in each subject area have reviewed all chapters and revised them as needed for current technology and design practice. This volume has been extensively revised, and boasts three new chapters on indoor swimming pools, indoor air modeling, and occupant-centric sensing and controls.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	Cover
2	Front Matter
3	Dedicated To The Advancement Of The Profession And Its Allied Industries DISCLAIMER
4	CONTENTS
6	CONTRIBUTORS
9	ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of Life Preface
10	CHAPTER 1 – RESIDENTIAL SPACE CONDITIONING 1. Systems
11	2. Equipment Sizing Furnaces Zoned Heating and Cooling Systems Ventilation Forced-Air Systems
12	3. Single-Family Residences Hydronic Heating Systems Solar Heating Heat Pumps
14	Unitary Air Conditioners Evaporative Coolers
15	Humidifiers Dehumidifiers Air Filters Controls
17	4. Multifamily Residences Hydronic Systems Through-the-Wall Units Water-Loop Heat Pumps Special Concerns for Apartment Buildings
18	5. Manufactured Homes References
19	Bibliography
20	CHAPTER 2 – RETAIL FACILITIES 1. General Criteria 2. Small Stores Design Considerations
21	3. Discount, Big-Box, and Supercenter Stores Load Determination Design Considerations
22	4. Supermarkets Load Determination Design Considerations
24	5. Department Stores
25	Load Determination Design Considerations 6. Convenience Centers
26	Design Considerations 7. Regional Shopping Centers Design Considerations 8. Multiple-Use Complexes
27	Load Determination Design Considerations 9. Sustainability and Energy Efficiency References Bibliography
28	CHAPTER 3 – COMMERCIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS 1. Office Buildings General Design Considerations
29	Design Criteria Load Characteristics
30	Design Concepts
31	Systems and Equipment Selection
32	Special Systems Spatial Requirements
33	Special Considerations 2. Transportation Centers Airports Cruise Terminals Design Criteria Load Characteristics
34	Design Concepts Systems and Equipment Selection Special Considerations
35	3. Warehouses and Distribution Centers General Design Considerations Design Criteria Load Characteristics
36	Design Concepts Systems and Equipment Selection Spatial Requirements Special Considerations 4. Sustainability and Energy Efficiency Energy Considerations Energy Efficiency and Integrated Design Process for Commercial Facilities
37	Building Energy Modeling Energy Benchmarking and Benchmarking Tools
38	Combined Heat and Power in Commercial Facilities Renewable Energy
39	Value Engineering and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 5. Commissioning and Retrocommissioning Commissioning: New Construction Commissioning: Existing Buildings 6. Seismic and Wind Restraint Considerations
40	References Bibliography
42	CHAPTER 4 – TALL BUILDINGS 1. Stack Effect Theory
43	Practical Considerations Calculation
45	Minimizing Stack Effect
46	Wind and Stack Effect Pressure Analysis Safety Factors 2. Systems 3. System Selection Considerations Air-Conditioning System Alternatives
48	4. Displacement Ventilation
49	Chilled Beams Radiant Ceilings Condensation Control Variable-Frequency-Drive (VFD) Fan-Coils Variable-Refrigerant-Flow (VRF) Systems
50	5. Central Mechanical Equipment Room Versus Floor-By-Floor Fan Rooms Central Fan Room (Alternative 1) Floor-by-Floor Fan Rooms with Chilled-Water Units (Alternative 2) Floor-by-Floor Fan Rooms with Direct-Expansion Units (Alternative 3)
52	Floor-by-Floor Units Located on Outer Wall (Alternative 4) Comparison of Alternative Schemes Acoustics 6. Central Heating and Cooling Plants
54	Plant Economic Considerations
55	Central Plant Location Acoustical Considerations of Central Plant Locations Effect of Central Plant Location on Construction Schedule 7. Water Distribution Systems Hydrostatic Considerations
56	Effect of Refrigeration Machine Location Chilled-Water Pressure Reduction
57	Piping, Valves, and Fittings Piping Design Considerations Economics of Temperature Differentials 8. Vertical Transportation Elevator Machine Room Cooling
58	Elevator Hoistway and Machine Room Venting Elevator Shaft Pressurization Air-Conditioning Equipment Delivery by Freight Elevators 9. Life Safety in Tall Buildings Codes and Standards Components of Life Safety Systems for Tall Buildings Detection Automatic Sprinkler Protection
59	Standpipe System Smoke Management Emergency Power Fire Command Center REFERENCES Bibliography
60	CHAPTER 5 – PLACES OF ASSEMBLY 1. General Criteria Safety and Security Outdoor Air Lighting Loads Indoor Air Conditions Filtration
61	Noise and Vibration Control Ancillary Facilities Air Conditioning Peak Load Reduction Stratification Air Distribution
62	Mechanical Equipment Rooms 2. Houses of Worship 3. Auditoriums Movie Theaters Performance Theaters
63	Concert Halls 4. Arenas and Stadiums Load Characteristics Enclosed Stadiums
64	Ancillary Spaces Ice Rinks Gymnasiums 5. Convention and Exhibition Centers Load Characteristics System Applicability
65	6. Fairs and Other Temporary Exhibits Design Concepts Occupancy Equipment and Maintenance Air Cleanliness System Applicability 7. Atriums
66	References
67	CHAPTER 6 – INDOOR SWIMMING POOLS 1. Design Components Environmental Control Air Quality Control Humidity Control Temperature Control
68	Vapor Migration Building Pressurization Ventilation Air Exhaust Air Location of Mechanical Equipment 2. Design Issues
70	Outdoor Air Load Estimation
71	Ventilation Requirements
72	Air Distribution Effectiveness and Duct Design Envelope Design
73	Condensation Control Pool Water Chemistry
74	Energy Considerations Design Checklist References Bibliography
75	CHAPTER 7 – HOSPITALITY 1. Load Characteristics 2. Design Concepts and Criteria 3. Systems Energy-Efficient Systems
76	Energy-Neutral Systems Energy-Inefficient Systems
77	Total Energy Systems Special Considerations 4. Hotels and Motels
78	Guest Rooms
80	Public Areas
81	Back-of-the-House (BOTH) Areas Special Concerns
82	5. Dormitories 6. Multiple-Use Complexes References
83	Bibliography
84	CHAPTER 8 – EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES 1. Preschools General Design 0 Design Criteria Load Characteristics Humidity Control
85	Systems and Equipment Selection
86	2. K-12 Schools General and Design Considerations
87	Design Criteria
88	Load Characteristics
89	Humidity Control Systems and Equipment Selection
91	Displacement Ventilation and Active/Induction Chilled Beams
94	3. Colleges and Universities General and Design Considerations
95	Housing Athletics and Recreational Facilities
96	Social and Support Facilities Cultural Centers Central Utility Plants 4. Sustainability and Energy Efficiency Advanced Energy Design Guide (AEDG) for K-12 Schools ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2014
97	Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEEDÒ) ENERGY STAR for K-12 Facilities Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) Laboratories for the 21st Century (Labs21)
98	EnergySmart Schools Other Domestic and International Rating Systems 5. Energy Considerations 6. Energy Measurement and Verification (M&V) ASHRAE Guideline 14-2014 International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP; 2007) 7. Selected Topics in Energy and Design Energy Efficiency and Integrated Design Process (IDP) Educational Facilities for Students with Disabilities
100	Building Energy Modeling
101	Energy Benchmarking and Benchmarking Tools Combined Heat and Power in Educational Facilities
102	Renewable Energy
103	Value Engineering (VE) and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) The School as a Learning Tool for Energy Conservation and Sustainability 8. Energy Dashboards Central Plant Optimization for Higher Education Facilities
108	9. Commissioning Commissioning: New Construction
109	Commissioning Existing Buildings
110	10. Seismic- and Wind-Restraint Considerations 11. Selected Case Studies References
112	Bibliography
113	CHAPTER 9- HEALTH CARE FACILITIES 1. Regulation and Resources
114	1.1 Air Conditioning in Disease Prevention and Treatment
115	1.2 Sustainability 2. Hospital Facilities 2.1 Air Quality Infection Sources
116	Control Measures
117	Air Movement
118	Smoke Control 2.2 Facility Design and Operation Zoning Heating and Hot Water Standby Service
119	Mechanical Cooling Insulation Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing (TAB) and Commissioning Operations and Maintenance 2.3 Specific Design Criteria Surgery and Critical Care
121	Nursing
123	Ancillary
126	Administration Diagnostic and Treatment
127	Decontamination, High-Level Disinfection, Sterilization and Supply
128	Service 3. Outpatient Health Care Facilities
129	Design Criteria 3.2 Dental Care Facilities 3.3 Continuity of Service and Energy Concepts 4. Residential Health, Care, and Support Facilities Nursing Facilities
130	Standards References
132	Bibliography
133	CHAPTER 10 – JUSTICE FACILITIES 1. Terminology
134	Energy Considerations
135	Heating and Cooling Plants and Mechanical Rooms Controls Fire/Smoke Management Tear Gas and Pepper Spray Storage and Exhaust
136	Health Issues HVAC Design Criteria System Requirements Dining Halls
137	Kitchens Guard Stations Control Rooms Laundries HVAC Design Criteria System Requirements Courtrooms/Chambers Jury Facilities Libraries
138	Jail Cells and U.S. Marshal Spaces (24 h Spaces) Fitness Facilities Acoustic Performance HVAC Design Criteria System Requirements
139	Intake Air Quality Firearms Testing Laboratories Acoustic Performance Critical Spaces
140	Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS) 6. Indoor Shooting Ranges Bibliography
141	CHAPTER 11 – AUTOMOBILES
159	CHAPTER 12 – MASS TRANSIT 1. Ventilation and Thermal Comfort
160	2. Thermal Load Analysis Cooling Design Considerations Heating Design Considerations Other Considerations 3. Bus Air Conditioning Heat Load
161	Air Distribution Interurban Buses Urban Buses
162	Small or Shuttle Buses Refrigerant Piping
163	Shock and Vibration System Safety Controls 4. Rail Car Air Conditioning Vehicle Types
164	Equipment Design Considerations
165	Other Requirements Air Distribution and Ventilation Piping Design Control Requirements 5. Fixed-Guideway Vehicle Air Conditioning
166	System Types Refrigeration Components Heating Controls Ventilation
167	Air Distribution References Bibliography
168	CHAPTER 13 – AIRCRAFT 1. Design Conditions Ambient Temperature, Humidity, and Pressure Heating/Air Conditioning Load Determination
169	Ambient Air Temperature in Flight
170	Air Speed and Mach Number Ambient Pressure in Flight External Heat Transfer Coefficient in Flight External Heat Transfer Coefficient on Ground
171	External Radiation Conduction Stack Pressure across Cabin Wall
172	Metabolic Heat from Occupants Internal Heat Sources
173	Temperature Control Air Velocity Ventilation FAA Advisory Circular (AC) 25-20/ Acceptable Means of Compliance/Advisory Circular-Joint 25.831
175	Dilution Ventilation and TLV Air Exchange
176	Filtration Pressurization/Oxygen System Description
177	Pneumatic System Air Conditioning
178	Cabin Pressure Control 2. Typical Flight
179	Engine Bleed Air Control Ozone Protection Air Conditioning and Temperature Control Air Recirculation
180	Air Distribution Cabin Pressure Control 3. Air Quality Factors Affecting Perceived Air Quality Airflow Air Changes
181	Ozone Microbial Aerosols Activity Levels Volatile Organic Compounds Carbon Dioxide 4. Regulations
182	14 CFR/CS/JAR Paragraph 25.831: Ventilation 14 CFR 25.831, Amendment 25-87 (specifies new requirements) 14 CFR/CS 25.832: Cabin Ozone Concentration 14 CFR/CS/JAR 25.841: Pressurized Cabins 14 CFR Amendment 25-87 14 CFR/CS/JAR 25.1301: Function and Installation 14 CFR/CS/JAR 25.1309: Equipment, Systems, and Installations 14 CFR/CS 25.1438: Pressurization and Pneumatic Systems
183	14 CFR/CS/JAR 25.1461: Equipment Containing High-Energy Rotors Categories and Definitions References BIBLIOGRAPHY
184	CHAPTER 14 – SHIPS 1. Merchant Ships Load Calculations
185	Equipment Typical Systems
186	Air Distribution Methods Control Regulatory Agencies 2. Naval Surface Ships Design Criteria
187	Load Determination Equipment Selection Typical Air Systems Air Distribution Methods Control
188	References Bibliography
189	CHAPTER 15 – INDUSTRIAL AIR CONDITIONING 1. General Requirements 2. Process and Product Requirements Rate of Chemical Reaction Rate of Crystallization Rate of Biochemical Reaction
191	Product Accuracy and Uniformity
192	Product Formability Moisture Regain Corrosion, Rust, and Abrasion Air Cleanliness
193	Static Electricity 3. Personnel Requirements Thermal Control Levels Contamination Control Levels 4. Design Considerations Material Handling (MH) Airlock Interface
194	5. Load Calculations Solar and Transmission Internal Heat Generation Stratification Effect
195	Makeup Air Fan Heat 6. Pressurization Explosion Management 7. System and Equipment Selection
196	8. Heating Systems Floor Heating Unit and Ducted Heaters Infrared Heaters 9. Cooling Systems Refrigerated Cooling Systems Evaporative Cooling Systems
197	10. Air Filtration Systems Exhaust Air Filtration Systems Contamination Control 11. Exhaust Systems 12. Operation and Maintenance
198	13. Heat Recovery and Energy Conservation 14. Control Systems 15. Life and Property Safety
199	16. Commissioning References
200	Bibliography
201	CHAPTER 16 – ENCLOSED VEHICULAR FACILITIES 1. Tunnels Tunnel Ventilation Concepts Tunnel Ventilation Systems Design Approach
203	Tunnel Fires Road Tunnels
211	Rapid Transit Tunnels and Stations
216	Railroad Tunnels
218	2. Parking Garages
219	Ventilation Requirements and Design
221	Types of Ventilation Systems for Enclosed Parking Garages
222	Ductless Design Methodology Supply and Exhaust Placement Jet Fan Design and Placement
223	CFD Analysis Control Sequencing High-Temperature Product Requirements 3. Automotive Repair Facilities
224	4. Bus Garages Maintenance and Repair Areas Servicing Areas
225	Storage Areas Design Considerations and Equipment Selection Effects of Alternative Fuel Use
226	5. Bus Terminals Platforms
227	Bus Operation Areas
228	Calculation of Ventilation Rate
229	6. Tollbooths Air Quality Criteria Design Considerations Equipment Selection
230	7. Diesel Locomotive Facilities Ventilation Guidelines and Facility Types
231	Contaminant Level Criteria Contaminant Emission Rate Locomotive Operation
232	Design Methods
235	8. Equipment Fans
237	Dampers
240	9. National and International Safety Standards and Guidelines National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) World Road Association (PIARC) Country-Specific Standards and Guidelines
241	Building and Fire Codes References
243	Bibliography
244	CHAPTER 17 – LABORATORIES 1. General Design Guidance Laboratory Resource Materials
245	1.2 Hazard Assessment 1.3 Design Parameters Internal Thermal Considerations
246	Architectural Considerations 2. Laboratory Exhaust and Containment Devices Types of Fume Hoods
247	Fume Hood Sash Configurations
248	Fume Hood Performance 2.2 Biological Safety Cabinets
249	Class I Cabinets
250	Class II Cabinets Class III Cabinets 2.3 Miscellaneous Exhaust Devices 2.4 Laminar Flow Clean Benches
251	2.5 Compressed Gas Storage and Ventilation Gas Cylinder Closets Gas Cylinder Cabinets 3. Laboratory Ventilation Usage Factor
252	Noise Filtration Air Distribution 3.2 Exhaust Systems Types of Exhaust Systems
253	Ductwork Leakage Containment Device Leakage Materials and Construction
254	3.3 Fire Safety for Ventilation Systems 3.4 Control Thermal Control
255	Constant-Air-Volume (CAV) Versus Variable-Air- Volume (VAV) Room Airflow Control Room Pressure Control
256	Fume Hood Control 3.5 Stack Heights and Air Intakes Stack/Intake Separation Stack Height Stack Height plus Vertical Momentum Architectural Screens
257	Criteria for Suitable Dilution Adjacent Building Effects 4. Applications 4.1 Laboratory Animal Facilities Primary Uses of Animal Housing Facilities Regulatory Environment
258	Temperature and Humidity Ventilation Animal Heat Production
259	Design Considerations Caging Systems 4.2 Ancillary Spaces for Animal Laboratories
260	4.3 Containment Laboratories Biosafety Level 1 Biosafety Level 2 Biosafety Level 3 Biosafety Level 4 Biosafety Level 3Ag 4.4 Scale-Up Laboratories
261	4.5 Teaching Laboratories 4.6 Clinical Laboratories 4.7 Radiochemistry Laboratories 4.8 Operation and Maintenance
262	4.9 Energy Energy Efficiency
263	Energy Recovery Sustainable Design 4.10 Commissioning
264	4.11 Economics References
265	Bibliography
267	CHAPTER 18 – ENGINE TEST FACILITIES 1. Engine Heat Release 2. Engine Exhaust
268	3. Internal Combustion Engine Test Cells Test Cell Exhaust
269	4. Test Cell Supply 5. Gas-Turbine Test Cells 6. Chassis Dynamometer Rooms
270	7. Ventilation 8. Combustion Air Supply 9. Cooling Water Systems 10. Noise Bibliography
272	CHAPTER 19 – CLEAN SPACES 1. Terminology
274	2. Clean Spaces and Cleanroom Applications 3. Airborne Particles and Particle Control Particle Sources in Clean Spaces
275	Fibrous Air Filters 4. Air Pattern Control Non-unidirectional Airflow
276	Unidirectional Airflow Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
278	Air Change Rate Determination Demand Control Airflow
279	5. Airflow Direction Control Between Clean Spaces
280	Space Pressurization
281	Multiple-Space (Suite) Pressurization 6. Testing Clean Air and Clean Spaces
282	7. Pharmaceutical and Biomanufacturing Clean Spaces Design Process
283	Design Concerns for Pharmaceutical Cleanrooms
285	Decontamination
286	Barrier Technology Maintainability Controls, Monitors, and Alarms
287	Noise Concerns Nonaseptic Products 8. Start-Up and Qualification of Pharmaceutical Cleanrooms Qualification of HVAC for Aseptic Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Qualification Plan and Acceptance Criteria
288	9. Semiconductor Cleanrooms Configuration
289	Contamination Control Static Charge and Electromagnetic Interference Semiconductor Fab Conditions
290	Cleanroom Cleanliness and Airflow Concepts
292	10. High-Bay Cleanrooms Downflow and Horizontal-Flow Designs Air Handling
293	Equipment and Filter Access Prefilter Selection Design Criteria and Indoor Air Quality 11. Environmental Systems Cooling Loads and Cooling Methods Makeup Air
294	Process Exhaust Fire Safety for Exhaust Air Temperature and Humidity
295	Air Pressurization Sizing and Redundancy
296	Minienvironments Fan-Filter Units 12. Sustainability and Energy Conservation
297	Cleanrooms and Resource Use: Opportunities to Improve Sustainability
298	13. Noise and Vibration Control 14. SPACE Construction and Operation
299	Construction Finishes Personnel and Garments Materials and Equipment Particulate Producing Operations Entries 15. Cleanroom Installation and Test Procedures Installation
300	Pressurization Test and Map Operation Personnel Training Program
301	Cleanliness Verification Test Commissioning Process Equipment Installation (Tool Hook-up) 16. Integration of Cleanroom Design and Construction
302	17. Life and Property Safety Hazards Generated on Cleanroom Property Fire and Hazardous Gas Detection, Alarm, and Suppression Systems Homeland Security and Emergency Response Plan
303	IEST Recommended Practices References
304	Bibliography
305	CHAPTER 20 – DATA CENTERS AND TELECOMMUNICATION FACILITIES 1. Useful Datacom Resources ASHRAE Datacom Series
307	ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.4-2016, Energy Standard for Data Centers (ASHRAE 2016b) ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 127-2012, Method of Testing for Rating Computer and Data Processing Room Unitary Air Conditioners ANSI/AHRI Standard 1360 (I-P)-2017, Performance Rating of Computer and Data Processing Room Air Conditioners
308	ANSI/TIA Standard TIA-942-B-2017, Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers ANSI/BICSI Standard 002-2014, Data Center Design and Implementation Best Practices 2. Datacom Equipment, Power Trends, and Environmental Guidelines 2.1 Datacom Equipment Workload Load Characterization 2.2 Datacom Equipment Racks 2.3 Datacom Equipment (Hardware)
309	Server Classifications Datacom Equipment Airflow Liquid-Cooled Datacom Equipment
310	Contamination Environmental Guidelines for Air-Cooled Equipment
312	Environmental Guidelines for Liquid-Cooled Equipment Datacom Equipment Nameplate Ratings and Manufacturers’ Heat Release Power Trends
313	2.4 Datacom Equipment Components Thermal Design Overview Air-Cooled Datacom Equipment Components
314	Power and Thermal and Moisture Management Liquid-Cooled Datacom Equipment Components
315	3. Datacom Facilities 3.1 General Considerations Spatial and Envelope Considerations Datacom Rooms
316	Support and Ancillary Spaces
317	Other Systems and Considerations
318	Redundancy, Reliability, and Concurrent Maintainability
319	3.2 Air Cooling Air-Cooling System Configurations Air Distribution
320	Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Analysis
321	3.3 Liquid Cooling Liquid-Cooling System Configurations Piping and Distribution Systems
322	3.4 Water USAGE Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE™) 3.5 Energy Efficiency Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE™)
323	Partial-Load Operation Economizers
324	ASHRAE DATACOM SERIES References Bibliography
325	CHAPTER 21 – PRINTING PLANTS 1. Design Criteria Special Considerations
326	2. Control of Paper Moisture Content 3. Platemaking 4. Relief Printing
327	5. Lithography Recommended Environment
328	Air Conditioning 6. Rotogravure 7. Other Plant Functions Flexography Collotype Printing Salvage Air Filtration
329	Binding and Shipping References
330	CHAPTER 22 – TEXTILE PROCESSING PLANTS 1. Terminology 2. Fiber Making
331	3. Yarn Making Cotton System
332	Woolen and Worsted Systems Twisting Filaments and Yarns 4. Fabric Making Preparatory Processes Weaving
333	Knitting Dyeing and Finishing 5. Air-Conditioning Design Open-Sump Chilled-Water Systems Integrated Systems
334	Collector Systems
335	Air Distribution
336	Health Considerations Safety and Fire Protection 6. Energy Conservation Bibliography
337	CHAPTER 23 – PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIAL FACILITIES 1. Storing Unprocessed Photographic Materials 2. Processing and Printing Photographic Materials Air Conditioning for Preparatory Operations Air Conditioning for Processing Operations
338	Air Conditioning for the Printing/ Finishing Operation
339	Particulates in Air Other Exhaust Requirements Processing Temperature Control 3. Storing Processed Film and Paper Film Longevity Medium-Term Storage Long-Term Storage
340	Storage of Cellulose Nitrate Base Film Storage of Color Film and Prints Storage of Black-and-White Prints Storage of Digital Images References
341	Bibliography
342	CHAPTER 24 – MUSEUMS, GALLERIES, ARCHIVES, AND LIBRARIES 1. Terminology 2. Key Considerations 2.1 Heritage
343	2.2 Context 2.3 International Standards 2.4 Preservation and Risk Management 2.5 Sustainability
344	3. Context and Predesign
345	3.1 Mission and Strategy 3.2 Determine Needs
346	3.3 Current Environment 3.4 Overview of Risks 3.5 Accept or Modify Environment 3.6 Analyze/Predict Achievable Environments and Impediments
347	3.7 Set Parameters and Objectives 3.8 Develop Options 3.9 Review Options and Select 3.10 Predesign Program Brief 3.11 Design of Solution 3.12 Procurement and Construction 3.13 Start-up and Commissioning 3.14 Training and Documentation
348	3.15 Evaluate and Revise 4. Overview of risks
349	5. Environmental Effects on Collections 5.1 Biological Damage
350	5.2 Mechanical Damage
352	5.3 Chemical Damage Relative Humidity
354	Temperature
355	5.4 Critical Relative Humidity
356	Response Times of Artifacts
358	5.5 Airborne Pollutants/Contaminants Sources Impact
360	6. Design Parameters for Performance Target Specifications 6.1 Climate Loads
361	6.2 Building Envelope
364	6.3 Temperature and Relative Humidity
367	6.4 Airborne Pollutant Control Strategies
368	6.5 Control Strategies for Objects with High Vulnerability to Pollutants Silver
369	Lead Calcareous Objects Sodium- and Potassium-Rich Glasses Colorants Cellulose Papers Cellulose Acetate Films Cellulose Nitrate Films Difficult-to-Clean Objects 7. Controls Design
370	7.1 Philosophy
371	7.2 Zoning 7.3 Basic Processes
372	7.4 Outdoor Air and Ventilation Outdoor Air Air-Side Economizers Pressurization Natural Ventilation for Preservation Air Change Rates Stack Effect Stratification
373	7.5 Special Climatic Consideration Humidistatically Controlled Heating Hot and Humid Environments 7.6 Interior Construction 8. Control Equipment
374	8.1 Hardware Sensors Variable-Frequency Drives 8.2 Software 9. System Design and Selection
375	9.1 Energy and Operating Costs Energy Audits Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) Energy Efficiency Lighting and Daylighting
376	Hybrid (Load-Sharing) HVAC Systems Dual Fuel and Multiple Energy Sources Maintenance and Ease of Operation 9.2 Design Issues Zoning/Functional Organization
377	System Design and Envelope Performance Reliability and Resiliency Loads
378	Shelving, Storage Cabinetry, and Compact Storage Integrating HVAC with Design of Exhibit Cases, Closed Cabinets, and Packaging
379	9.3 Specialized Spaces Cold/Frozen Storage Vaults Conservation Laboratories 9.4 Primary Elements and Features Air Volumes Fans Heating Equipment
380	Cooling Equipment Humidification Dehumidification
381	Outdoor Air Ductwork 9.5 Filtration Design Performance
382	9.6 System Types Variable-Air-Volume and Constant-Volume VAV or CV Reheat Multizone Systems Dual-Duct Systems
383	Fan-Coil Units Fan-Powered Mixing Boxes 10. Construction 11. Commissioning 12. Training and Documentation
384	13. Optimization References
387	Bibliography
388	CHAPTER 25 – ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FOR ANIMALS AND PLANTS 1. Design for Animal Environments Design Approach Temperature Control
389	Moisture Control Air Quality Control
390	Disease Control Air Distribution Degree of Shelter
391	1.1 Cooling and Heating Air Velocity Evaporative Cooling Mechanical Refrigeration Earth Tubes Heat Exchangers Supplemental Heating
392	Insulation Requirements 1.2 Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation 1.3 Ventilation Management Air Distribution
393	Fans
394	Thermostats Emergency Warning 1.4 Recommended Practices by Species Dairy Cattle Beef Cattle Swine
395	Poultry
396	Laboratory Animals
397	2. Design for Plant Facilities 2.1 Greenhouses Site Selection
398	Heating
400	Cooling
401	Other Environmental Controls
402	Design Conditions Alternative Energy Sources and Energy Conservation
403	Modifications to Reduce Heat Loss 2.2 Plant Growth Environmental Facilities Location Construction and Materials
404	Floors and Drains Plant Benches Control Heating, Air Conditioning, and Airflow Lighting Environmental Chambers
407	Phytotrons
408	2.3 Other Plant Environmental Facilities References
409	Bibliography
413	CHAPTER 26 – DRYING AND STORING SELECTED FARM CROPS Grain Quantity
414	Economics 1. Drying 1.1 Drying Equipment and Practices Fans
415	Heaters Controls 1.2 Shallow-Layer Drying Batch Dryers Continuous-Flow Dryers Reducing Energy Costs
416	1.3 Deep-Bed Drying Full-Bin Drying
418	Layer Drying Batch-in-Bin Drying
419	Recirculating/Continuous-Flow Bin Drying 2. Drying Specific Crops 2.1 Soybeans Drying Soybeans for Commercial Use Drying Soybeans for Seed and Food
420	2.2 Hay In-Storage Drying Batch Wagon Drying 2.3 Cotton
421	2.4 Peanuts 2.5 Rice 3. Storage Problems and Practices 3.1 Moisture Migration 3.2 Grain Aeration
422	Aeration Systems Design
423	Operating Aeration Systems
424	4. Seed Storage Bibliography
425	CHAPTER 27 – AIR CONDITIONING OF WOOD AND PAPER PRODUCT FACILITIES 1. General Wood Product Operations
426	Process Area Air Conditioning Finished Product Storage 2. Pulp and Paper Operations Paper Machine Area
427	Finishing Area Process and Motor Control Rooms
428	Paper Testing Laboratories Miscellaneous Areas System Selection Bibliography
429	CHAPTER 28 – POWER PLANTS 1. General Design Criteria Temperature and Humidity
431	Equipment Selection Ventilation Rates Chlorine Room Ventilation
432	Infiltration and Exfiltration Filtration and Space Cleanliness Redundancy Noise Ductwork and Equipment Location 2. Ventilation Approach
433	3. Applications Driving Forces Air Distribution Inlet and Exhaust Areas Noise Plant Cleanliness Economics 4. Steam Generator Buildings: Industrial and Power Facilities Burner Areas
434	Steam Drum Instrumentation Area Local Control and Instrumentation Areas
435	Coal- and Ash-Handling Areas
436	Stack Effect Sources of Combustion Air 5. Turbine Generator Building Local Control and Instrumentation Areas
437	Deaerator Mezzanine Bridge Crane Operating Rooms Suboperating Level Electric Transformer Rooms Plant Electrical Distribution Equipment and Switchgear/MCC Rooms Isophase Bus Duct Cooling 6. Combustion Turbine Areas
438	7. Main Control Center Control Rooms Battery Rooms Chemical Analysis Facilities 8. Substation and Switchyard Control Structures Design Considerations 9. Turbine Lubricating Oil Storage
439	10. Oil Storage and Pump Buildings 11. Coal Crusher and Coal Transportation System Buildings Potential for Dust Ignition Explosion Ventilation of Conveyor and Crusher Motors in Coal Dust Environment Cooling or Ventilation of Electrical and Control Equipment Ventilation of Methane Fumes Underground Tunnels and Conveyors Dust Collectors
440	12. Heating/Cooling Systems Cooling Heating Hydroelectric Power Plants 13. Energy Recovery
441	14. Safety Considerations References Bibliography
442	CHAPTER 29 – NUCLEAR FACILITIES 1. General Design Issues 1.1 As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) 1.2 Design
443	1.3 Normal or Power Design Basis 1.4 Safety Design Basis 1.5 Outdoor Conditions 1.6 Indoor Conditions 1.7 Indoor Pressures 1.8 Airborne Radioactivity 1.9 Tornado/Missile Protection 1.10 Fire Protection
444	1.11 Smoke Management Control Room Habitability Zone Air Filtration
445	2. Department of Energy Facilities 2.1 Confinement Systems Zoning Air Locks Zone Pressure Control Cascade Ventilation
446	Differential Pressures 2.2 Ventilation Ventilation Requirements Ventilation Systems Control Systems
447	Air and Gaseous Effluents Containing Radioactivity 3. Commercial Facilities 3.1 Operating Nuclear Power Plants Accident Scenarios Major NSSS Types
448	Commercial Plant License Renewal and Power Uprate 3.2 New Nuclear Power Plants Advanced Passive AP1000
449	Economic Simplified Boiling-Water Reactor (ESBWR) U.S. Evolutionary Power Reactor (USEPR) 4. Plant HVAC&R Systems 4.1 Pressurized-Water Reactors Containment Building
450	4.2 Boiling-Water Reactors Primary Containment Reactor Building
451	Turbine Building 4.3 Heavy Water Reactors Containment Inlet Air-Conditioning/Exhaust Ventilation System 4.4 Areas Outside Primary Containment Auxiliary Building Control Room Control Cable Spreading Rooms Diesel Generator Building Emergency Electrical Switchgear Rooms
452	Battery Rooms Fuel-Handling Building Personnel Facilities Pumphouses Radioactive Waste Building Technical Support Center 4.5 Nonpower Medical and Research Reactors 4.6 Laboratories Glove Boxes Laboratory Fume Hoods Radiobenches 4.7 Decommissioning Nuclear Facilities
453	Low-Level Radioactive Waste 4.8 Waste-Handling Facilities 4.9 Reprocessing Plants 4.10 Mixed-Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facilities Resources
456	CHAPTER 30 – MINE AIR CONDITIONING AND VENTILATION 1. Definitions
457	2. Sources of Heat Entering Mine Air Adiabatic Compression Electromechanical Equipment Groundwater
458	Wall Rock Heat Flow
459	Heat from Broken Rock Heat from Other Sources Summation of Mine Heat Loads 3. Heat Exchangers Shell-and-Tube and Plate Heat Exchangers Cooling Coils
460	Small Spray Chambers Cooling Towers
462	Large Spray Chambers (Bulk Air Coolers) 4. Mine-Cooling Techniques Increasing Airflows Chilling Service Water
463	Reducing Water Pressure and Energy Recovery Systems Bulk Cooling Versus Spot Cooling Combination (Integrated) Surface Systems Underground Refrigeration Ice Plants Thermal Storage
464	Controlled Recirculation Operator Cabs and Cooling Vests Other Methods 5. Selecting a Mine-Cooling Method
465	6. Mechanical Refrigeration Plants Surface Plants Underground Plants Spot Coolers Maintenance 7. Mine Air Heating
466	8. Mine Ventilation Determining Airflows Planning the Circuit
467	Specifying Circuit Fans
468	Determining Auxiliary System Requirements Assessing Health and Safety References
470	CHAPTER 31 – INDUSTRIAL DRYING SYSTEMS 1. Mechanism of Drying 2. Applying Hygrometry to Drying 3. Determining Drying Time
471	Commercial Drying Time Dryer Calculations
472	4. Drying System Selection 5. Types of Drying Systems Radiant Infrared Drying Ultraviolet Radiation Drying Conduction Drying
473	Dielectric Drying Microwave Drying Convection Drying (Direct Dryers)
475	Freeze Drying Vacuum Drying Fluidized-Bed Drying Agitated-Bed Drying Drying in Superheated Vapor Atmospheres
476	Flash Drying Constant-Moisture Solvent Drying References
477	CHAPTER 32 – VENTILATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
478	1. Ventilation Design Principles General Ventilation Makeup Air 2. General Comfort and Dilution Ventilation Quantity of Supplied Air
479	Air Supply Methods
480	Local Area and Spot Cooling Locker Room, Toilet, and Shower Space Ventilation Roof Ventilators
481	3. Heat Control Ventilation for Heat Relief Heat Stress—Thermal Standards
482	Heat Exposure Control 4. Energy Conservation, Recovery, and Sustainability
483	References
484	Bibliography
486	CHAPTER 33 – INDUSTRIAL LOCAL EXHAUST SYSTEMS Local Exhaust Versus General Ventilation
487	1. Local Exhaust Fundamentals System Components System Classification Effectiveness of Local Exhaust
488	Principles of Hood Design Optimization 2. Air Movement in Vicinity of Local Exhaust
489	Pressure Loss in Hoods and Ducts
491	Overhead Canopy Hoods Canopy Hoods with Sidewalls Low Canopy Hoods High Canopy Hood Use as Redundant Control Measure Ventilation Controls for Large-Scale Hot Processes Ventilation Controls for Small-Scale Hot Processes Sidedraft Hoods 3. Other Local Exhaust System Components Duct Design and Construction
493	Air Cleaners Air-Moving Devices Energy Recovery to Increase Sustainability Exhaust Stacks Instrumentation and Controls
494	4. Operation System Testing and Balancing Operation and Maintenance References Bibliography
496	CHAPTER 34 – KITCHEN VENTILATION 1. Commercial Kitchen Ventilation Sustainability Design Best Practices Ventilation Rates for Hooded Door Dishwashers Recommended Frequency of Maintenance
497	1.1 Commissioning 1.2 Ventilation Design Design Process
498	1.3 System Integration and Design Principles
499	Incorporating Variable-Frequency Drives (VFDs) for Exhaust Fan Control
500	Multiple-Hood Systems Served by Single Exhaust Fan Dynamic Volumetric Flow Rate Effects
501	1.4 Energy Considerations Energy Conservation Strategies
502	Demand-Controlled Kitchen Ventilation
503	Reduced Exhaust and Associated Duct Velocities Dishroom Ventilation
504	Designing for High-Performance Green Building Compliance under ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1
505	1.5 Thermal Comfort Dishwashing Area 1.6 Commercial Exhaust Hoods
506	Hood Types Type I Hoods
509	Island Canopy Hoods
510	Wall Canopy Hoods, Appliance Positioning, and Diversity
513	Type II Hoods
514	Ventilation for Conveyor Dish Machines
515	Recirculating Systems Downdraft Appliance Ventilation Systems
516	Field Performance Testing 1.7 Cooking Effluent Generation and Control Effluent Generation
517	Thermal Plume Behavior
518	Effluent Control Grease Extraction
520	1.8 Replacement (Makeup) Air Systems
521	Indoor Environmental Quality Replacement Air Introduction Replacement Air Categories
522	Air Distribution
526	1.9 HVAC System Design Hooded and Unhooded Appliance Loads Outdoor Air Loads
527	Thermal Comfort Research Results 1.10 Exhaust Systems Duct Systems
528	1.11 Exhaust Fans Types of Exhaust Fans
529	Exhaust Terminations 1.12 Fire Safety
530	Fire Suppression Systems
531	Preventing Fire Spread
533	1.13 System Commissioning and Air Balancing Air Balancing System Tests
534	Performance Test Follow-Up: Records 1.14 Operations and Maintenance Sustainability Impact
535	Operation Maintenance Cooking Equipment Exhaust Systems (e.g., Hoods)
536	Supply, Replacement, and Return Air Systems 2. Residential Kitchen Ventilation Equipment and Processes 2.1 Exhaust Systems Hoods and Other Ventilation Equipment
537	Differences Between Commercial and Residential Equipment Exhaust Duct Systems
538	Replacement (Makeup) Air High-Rise Systems Energy Conservation Fire Protection for Residential Hoods Maintenance 3. Research Research Overview
539	Benefits to the HVAC Industry References
540	Bibliography
542	CHAPTER 35 – GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 1. Ground-Source Heat Pumps 1.1 Terminology Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems
544	Groundwater Heat Pump (GWHP) Systems Surface Water Heat Pump Systems
545	1.2 General Information Site Characterization Commissioning GSHP Systems Codes and Standards 1.3 Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems Using Water-Based Heat Transfer Fluids Vertical Design
556	Simulation of Ground Heat Exchangers
557	Hybrid System Design
559	Pump and Piping System Options
562	Pressure Considerations in Deeper Vertical Boreholes
564	Effect of GSHP Equipment Selection on Heat Exchanger Design Horizontal and Small Vertical System Design
568	Central Plant Systems
569	Antifreeze Requirements 1.4 Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems Using Refrigerant-Based Heat Transfer Fluids (Direct Exchange)
570	System Design
571	Ground Heat Exchanger Corrosion Protection System 1.5 Open-Loop Groundwater Heat Pump System components Water Wells
572	Flow Testing
573	Groundwater Quality
574	Well Pumps
575	1.6 Open-Loop Groundwater Heat Pump System Design Extraction Well Commercial Systems
576	Central Plant Systems Extraction Well Residential Systems
577	Standing-Column Systems 1.7 Surface Water Heat Pumps
578	Heat Transfer in Lakes Thermal Patterns in Lakes
579	Closed-Loop Lake Water Heat Pump Systems Open-Loop Lake Water Heat Pump and Direct Surface Cooling Systems
580	2. Direct-Use Geothermal Energy 2.1 Resources
581	Temperature 2.2 Fluids
582	2.3 Present Use 2.4 Design 2.5 Cost Factors Well Depth Distance Between Resource Location and Application Site Well Flow Rate
583	Resource Temperature Temperature Drop Load Factor Composition of Fluid Ease of Disposal Direct-Use Water Quality Testing
584	2.6 Materials and Equipment Performance of Materials
585	Pumps
586	Heat Exchangers
587	Valves Piping 2.7 Residential and Commercial Building Applications Space Heating
588	Domestic Water Heating Space Cooling
589	Cascading Systems 2.8 Industrial Applications 3. Renewability References
592	Bibliography
593	CHAPTER 36 – SOLAR ENERGY USE 1. Quality and Quantity of Solar Energy Solar Constant Solar Angles
594	Solar Time Incident Angle
595	Solar Spectrum Solar Radiation at the Earth’s Surface Design Values of Total Solar Irradiation
596	Solar Energy for Flat-Plate Collectors
597	Longwave Atmospheric Radiation
598	2. Solar Energy Collection Solar Heat Collection by Flat-Plate Solar Thermal Collectors Glazing Materials
599	Absorber Plates Concentrating Collectors
601	Flat-Plate Collector Performance
602	3. Water Heating Systems
603	Hot-Water System Components
605	Thermosiphon Systems Direct-Circulation Systems Indirect Water-Heating Systems
606	Integral Collector Storage Systems Site-Built Systems
607	Pool Heaters Hot-Water Recirculation 4. Active and Passive Systems for Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
608	Passive Systems 5. Cooling by Nocturnal Radiation and Evaporation
609	Active Systems Space Heating and Service Hot Water
610	6. Cooling by Solar Energy Solar Cooling with Absorption Refrigeration
611	Design, Control, and Operation Guidelines 7. Sizing Solar Heating and Cooling Systems: Energy Requirements Performance Evaluation Methods
612	Simplified Analysis Methods Water-Heating Load Active Heating/Cooling Standard Systems f-Chart Method
614	Other Active Collector Methods Passive Heating
615	Other Passive Heating Methods 8. Installation Guidelines of Solar Thermal Collectors
616	Collector Mounting Freeze Protection Overheat Protection
617	Safety Start-Up Commissioning Procedure Maintenance Performance Monitoring/Minimum Instrumentation 9. Design, Installation, and Operation Checklist of Solar Heating and Cooling Systems Collectors
618	Heat Transfer Fluid Airflow Thermal Storage Uses Controls
619	Performance 10. Photovoltaic Applications Grid-Connected Systems PV for Buildings
620	Other Photovoltaic Applications
621	11. Design and Performance of Photovoltaic Systems PV Design Considerations
622	PV, BAPV, and BIPV Electrical Performance
626	12. Installation and Operation Guidelines for Photovoltaic Systems Safety Documentation Start-Up Commissioning Maintenance
627	Performance Monitoring/Minimum Instrumentation 13. Symbols
628	References
629	Bibliography
631	CHAPTER 37 – ENERGY AND WATER USE AND MANAGEMENT 1. Energy and Water Management
632	Organizing for Energy and Water Management Energy Managers 2. Communications
633	3. Energy and Water Accounting Systems Energy and Water Accounting Energy and Water Accounting Process Utility Rates 4. Analyzing Energy and Water Data Preparing for Cost and Efficiency Improvements Analyzing Energy and Water Use Data
634	Electrical Use Profile
635	Calculating Electrical Load and Occupancy Factors
636	Calculating Seasonal ELFs Electricity Demand Billing Benchmarking Energy Use
638	Benchmarking Water Use
640	5. Surveys and Audits Energy and Water Audits
641	6. Improving Discretionary Operations Basic Energy and Water Management Optimizing More Complex System Operation
642	7. Energy- and Water-Efficiency Measures Identifying Energy- and Water-Efficiency Measures Evaluating Energy- and Water-Efficiency Measures
643	Exploring Financing Options 8. Implementing Energy-Efficiency Measures 9. Monitoring Results
644	10. Evaluating Success and Establishing New Goals Establishing Key Performance Indicators Building Energy Labels
645	Tracking Performance Establishing New Goals Reporting
646	11. Building Emergency Energy Use Reduction Implementing Emergency Energy and Water Use Reductions
647	General Thermal Envelope HVAC Systems and Equipment Lighting Systems Water Use Systems Special Equipment Building Operation Demand Reduction When Power Is Restored References
648	Bibliography Online Resources
649	CHAPTER 38 – OWNING AND OPERATING COSTS Initial Cost
650	Analysis Period Service Life
652	Depreciation Interest or Discount Rate Periodic Costs 2. Operating Costs
653	Electrical Energy
654	Natural Gas Other Fossil Fuels Energy Source Choices
655	Water and Sewer Costs 3. Maintenance Costs Estimating Maintenance Costs Factors Affecting Maintenance Costs
656	4. Refrigerant Phaseouts Other Sources 5. Other Issues Financing Alternatives
658	District Energy Service On-Site Electrical Power Generation
659	6. Economic Analysis Techniques Simple Payback More Sophisticated Economic Analysis Methods
661	Summary of SIR Method Computer Analysis Reference Equations 7. Symbols
663	References Bibliography
664	CHAPTER 39 – TESTING, ADJUSTING, AND BALANCING 1. Terminology 2. General Criteria Design Considerations
665	Stratification 3. Air Volumetric Measurement Methods Air Devices Duct Flow 3.1 Mixture Plenums Pressure Measurement
666	4. Instruments Air Testing and Balancing
668	Fluid Testing and Balancing
669	Other Air or Fluid System Measurements
673	5. Air Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing System Preparation Air System Testing and Adjusting Air System Balancing
676	Report Information
677	6. Balancing Hydronic Systems Heat Transfer at Reduced Flow Rate
678	Heat Transfer at Excessive Flow Generalized Chilled Water Terminal: Heat Transfer Versus Flow
679	Flow Tolerance and Balance Procedure Water-Side Balancing
681	Normal Instrumentation for Field Measurement
682	System Calculation and Specification
685	Equipment Record Keeping Sizing Balancing Valves and Flow Measurement Devices 7. Hydronic Balancing Methods System Preparation for Static System
686	Pump Start-Up Confirmation of System Venting Balancing Balance by Temperature Difference Water Balance by Proportional Method
687	Proportional Balancing Other Balancing Techniques
688	General Balance Procedures Balance Procedure: Primary and Secondary Circuits 8. Fluid Flow Measurement Flow Measurement Based on Manufacturer’s Data Pressure Differential Readout
689	Conversion of Differential Pressure to Head Differential Head Readout with Manometers Orifice Plates, Venturi, and Flow Indicators
690	Using Pump as Indicator
691	Central Plant Chilled-Water Systems Water Flow Instruments 9. Balancing Steam Distribution Systems Procedures for Steam Balancing Variable Flow Systems
692	Steam Flow Measuring Devices Steam Pressure Regulation 10. Balancing Cooling Towers Measurements and Verification Process 11. Verification of Controls Operation
693	12. Thermal Performance Verification 13. Outdoor Air Ventilation Verification 14. Temperature Control Verification Suggested Procedures
694	15. Testing for Sound and Vibration Testing for Sound
697	Testing for Vibration
700	16. Field Survey for Energy Audit Instruments
701	Data Recording Building Systems Process Loads Guidelines for Developing Field Study Form
702	17. TAB Reports General Items System Diagram Air Apparatus Test Report
703	Gas/Oil Fired Heat Apparatus Test Report Electric Coil/Duct Heater Test Report Fan Test Report Duct Traverse Report
704	Air Terminal Device Report System Coil Report Packaged Chiller Test Report Package Rooftop/Heat Pump A/C Unit Test Report
705	Compressor and/or Condenser Test Report Cooling Tower or Condenser Test Report Heat Exchanger/Converter Test Report
706	Pump Test Report Boiler Test Report Instrument Calibration Report Component Failure Report References Bibliography
708	CHAPTER 40 – OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT 1. Operation and Maintenance as Part of Life-Cycle Costs 2. Operating a Facility for Optimal Performance 6. Managing Changes in Buildings
710	3. Maintenance Strategies for Optimal Performance
711	Choosing the Best Combination of Maintenance Strategies
712	Elements of Effective Operations and Maintenance Programs Organization O&M Goals and Targets
713	Reviewing Performance Data Commissioning Before, During, and After Turnover
714	4. Documentation O&M Documents Documentation Methods
715	5. Staffing
716	Training
717	Self-Performance Versus Contract
718	References Bibliography
720	CHAPTER 41 – COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 1. Introduction to Computing Technologies 1.1 Software Availability
721	1.2 Custom Programming 1.3 Programming Languages 2. Big Data
722	2.1 HVAC Applications Sustainability Economic Benefits 3. Cloud Computing 4. Mobile Computing
723	4.1 Mobile Applications in the HVAC Industry
724	5. CyberSecurity 5.1 Basic Cybersecurity Practices 7.1 Application and Purpose 7.3 Control Communication Protocols 7.4 BAS Security
725	Web Browser Security E-mail Security 6. Software Applications
726	6.1 Example Software Applications Design Construction Operations and Maintenance
727	6.2 BIM and Data Interoperability 7. Building Automation and Control 7.2 Network Architecture and Components
728	7.5 ASHRAE Resources for BAS System Design
729	References Bibliography
730	Further Internet Resources
731	CHAPTER 42 – BUILDING ENERGY AND WATER MONITORING 1. Reasons for Energy or Water Monitoring Energy or Water End Use Assessment
732	Specific Technology Assessment Savings Measurement and Verification (M&V) Building Operation and Diagnostics
733	2. Small Projects
734	How to Use This Chapter for Small Projects 3. Protocols for Performance Monitoring Residential Retrofit Monitoring Commercial Retrofit Monitoring
735	Commercial New Construction Monitoring
736	4. Common Monitoring Issues Planning Implementation and Data Management
737	Data Analysis and Reporting 5. Steps for Project Design and Implementation Part One: Identify Project Objectives, Resources, and Constraints
738	Part Two: Specify Building and Occupant Characteristics Part Three: Specify Data Products and Project Output Part Four: Specify Design of Monitoring
740	Part Five: Specify Data Analysis Procedures and Algorithms
742	Part Six: Specify Field Data Monitoring Points
744	Part Seven: Resolve Project Data Accuracies
745	Part Eight: Specify Verification and Quality Assurance Procedures
746	Part Nine: Specify Recording and Data Exchange Formats References
748	Bibliography
749	CHAPTER 43 – SUPERVISORY CONTROL STRATEGIES AND OPTIMIZATION 1. Terminology
751	2. Methods 2.1 Control Variables Systems and Controls
752	2.2 Supervisory Control Strategies Sampling Intervals for Reset Controls 2.3 Static Optimization General Static Optimization Problem
753	2.4 Dynamic Optimization
754	Cooling Systems with Discrete Storage
755	Cooling Systems with Thermally Activated Building Systems
756	3. Control Strategies and Optimization 3.1 Control Strategies for Cooling Tower Fans Near-Optimal Tower Fan Sequencing
757	Near-Optimal Tower Airflow
759	Overrides for Equipment Constraints Implementation
760	3.2 Chilled-Water Reset with Fixed-Speed Pumping Pump Sequencing Optimal Chilled-Water Temperature
761	Overrides for Equipment and Comfort Constraints Implementation 3.3 Chilled-Water Reset with Variable-Speed Pumping Optimal Differential Pressure Set Points
762	Near-Optimal Chilled-Water Set Point
763	Pump Sequencing
764	Overrides for Equipment and Comfort Constraints Implementation 3.4 Sequencing and Loading Multiple Chillers Near-Optimal Condenser Water Flow Distribution Optimal Chiller Load Distribution
767	Order for Bringing Chillers Online and Off-Line
768	Load Conditions for Bringing Chillers Online or Off-Line
769	3.5 Simplified Static Optimization of Cooling Plants Simplified System-Based Optimization Approach
771	Static Optimization for Cooling Plants
775	3.6 Dynamic Optimization for Cooling Using Discrete Storage Cooling Systems with Discrete Thermal Storage
777	Control Strategies for Cooling Systems with Discrete Thermal Storage Charging Strategies
778	Discharging Strategies
779	3.7 Dynamic Optimization for Cooling Using Thermal Mass or Tabs Precooling of Building Thermal Mass
782	Thermally Activated Building Systems (TABS)
783	Combined Thermal Energy Storage Systems
785	3.8 Forecasting Diurnal Cooling and Whole-Building Demand Profiles Data-Driven Algorithms
786	A Forecasting Algorithm
787	3.9 Predictive HVAC Control Strategies
788	3.10 Control Strategies for Heating Systems Excess Air in Combustion Process
789	Sequencing and Loading of Multiple Boilers
790	Load Conditions for Bringing Boilers Online or Off-Line Optimal Boiler Load Distribution Maintaining Boilers in Standby Mode Supply Water and Supply Pressure Reset for Boilers
791	3.11 Control Strategies for Air-Handling Units Air Handler Sequencing and Economizer Cooling
792	Supply Air Temperature Reset for Constant Air Volume (CAV) Static Pressure Reset for Variable Air Volume (VAV) 3.12 Control Strategies for Building Zones Recovery from Night Setback or Setup
793	Emergency Strategy to Limit Peak Cooling Requirements
794	References
796	Bibliography
797	CHAPTER 44 – HVAC COMMISSIONING 1. Considerations Applicability Background Benefits
798	Key Contributors Definitions 1.1 Commissioning Objective 1.2 Management and Responsibilities Management Strategies
799	Team Members Roles and Responsibilities
800	2. Commissioning Process
801	2.1 Predesign-Phase Commissioning Objectives Activities Predesign-Phase Commissioning Plan Acceptance of Predesign Commissioning 2.2 Design-Phase Commissioning Objectives
802	Activities
804	2.3 Construction-Phase Commissioning Objectives Activities
807	2.4 Occupancy- and Operations-Phase Commissioning Objectives Activities 2.5 Life and Property Safety Check
808	Hazards Generated on Site Effective Fire and Hazardous Gas Detection and Alarm Systems Active Fire Protection Systems National Security and Emergency Response Plan 3. Commissioning Costs 3.1 Design-Phase Costs (Including Predesign and Design) 3.2 Construction- and Occupancy/ Operations-Phase Costs
809	3.3 Existing Buildings 3.4 Certification
810	References Bibliography
811	CHAPTER 45 – BUILDING ENVELOPES 1. Terminology
812	2. Governing Principles Design Parameters
813	Other Important Performance Criteria 3. Design Principles Heat Flow Control
814	Thermal Performance Thermal Mass Thermal Bridges Air Leakage Control
815	Moisture Control Liquid Water Control
816	Water Vapor Control Common Envelope Problems
817	Control of Surface Condensation Interzonal Environmental Loads Interstitial Spaces
818	4. Quick Design Guide for High- Performance Building Envelopes 5. Roofs Low-Slope Roof Assemblies Steep-Roof Assemblies Vegetated Roofing
819	6. Walls Curtain Walls Precast Concrete Panels
820	Steel-Stud Wall Assemblies Wall Geometry with High Thermal Conductivity 7. Fenestration Conduction/Convection and Radiation Effects Air Infiltration Effects Solar Gain Interactions Between Thermal Loss and Solar Gain Control of Rain Entry
821	8. Foundations Heat Transfer Moisture 9. Existing and Historic Buildings
822	Building Materials Changing HVAC Equipment and/or Control Strategy Envelope Modifications Without Mechanical System Upgrades
823	References
824	BIBLIOGRAPHY
825	CHAPTER 46 – BUILDING AIR INTAKE AND EXHAUST DESIGN 1. Exhaust Stack and Air Intake Design Strategies Stack Design Strategies Recommended Stack Exhaust Velocity
826	Other Stack Design Standards Contamination Sources
827	General Guidance on Intake Placement Code Requirements for Air Intakes
828	Treatment and Control Strategies Intake Locations for Heat-Rejection Devices Wind Recirculation Zones on Flat-Roofed Buildings
829	2. Geometric Method for Estimating Stack Height
831	3. Exhaust-To-Intake Dilution or Concentration Calculations Worst-Case Critical Dilution or Maximum Concentration Dilution and Concentration Definitions Roof-Level Dilution Estimation Method
832	Cross-Wind and Vertical Plume Spreads for Dilution Calculations Stack Design Using Dilution Calculations
833	Dilution from Flush Exhaust Vents with No Stack Dilution at a Building Sidewall (Hidden) Intakes EPA Models
834	Wind Tunnel Modeling Computer Simulations Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 4. Other Considerations Annual Hours of Occurrence of Highest Intake Contamination Combined Exhausts
835	Ganged Exhausts Influence of Architectural Screens on Exhaust Dilution Emissions Characterization
836	Symbols References
837	Bibliography
838	CHAPTER 47 – AIR CLEANERS FOR GASEOUS CONTAMINANTS 1. Terminology
840	2. Gaseous Contaminants Using Source Data to Predict Indoor Concentrations
844	3. Problem Assessment
845	Contaminant Load Estimates 4. Contaminant Reduction Strategies Elimination or Reduction of Emissions Local Source Management Dilution Through General Ventilation 5. Contaminant Removal by Ventilation Air Cleaning Gaseous Contaminant Removal Processes
848	6. Equipment
849	7. Air Cleaner System Design
850	Media Selection
851	Air Cleaner Location and Other HVAC Concerns Sizing Gaseous Contaminant Removal Equipment
853	Special Cases
854	Energy Concerns Economic Considerations 8. Safety
855	9. Installation, Start-Up, and Commissioning Start-Up and Commissioning 10. Operation and Maintenance When to Change Media
856	Replacement and Reactivation 11. Environmental Influences on Air Cleaners 12. Testing Media, Equipment, and Systems Laboratory Tests of Media and Complete Air Cleaners
857	Field Tests of Installed Air Cleaners
858	References
860	Bibliography
861	CHAPTER 48 – DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF CONTROLS 1. System Types 2. Heating Systems Hot-Water and Steam Boilers
862	Hot-Water Distribution Systems Heating Coils
864	Radiant Heating and Cooling 3. Cooling Systems Chillers
865	Chiller Plant Operation Optimization
866	Cooling Tower
867	Air-Cooled Chillers Water-Side Economizers Cooling Coil
868	4. Air Systems Variable Air Volume (VAV)
872	Constant-Volume (CV) Systems
873	Terminal Units
875	Humidity Control
877	Single-Zone Systems
878	Multiple-Zone, Dual-Duct Systems 5. Special Applications Mobile Unit Control Explosive Atmospheres
879	6. Design Considerations and Principles Extraordinary Incidents Mechanical and Electrical Coordination
880	Sequences of Operation Energy-Efficient Controls 7. Control Principles for Energy Conservation
881	System Selection Load Matching Size of Controlled Area Location of Space Sensors
882	Commissioning References
883	Bibliography
885	CHAPTER 49 – NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL 1. Data Reliability 2. Acoustical Design of HVAC Systems
886	2.1 Receiver Considerations Indoor Sound Criteria
891	Outdoor Sound Criteria
892	2.2 Basic Acoustical Design Techniques 2.3 Source Sound Levels Fans
894	Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems
895	Rooftop-Mounted Air Handlers
896	Aerodynamically Generated Sound in Ducts
899	Water and Air-Cooled Chillers and Air-Cooled Condensers
902	Emergency Generators 2.4 Path Noise Estimation and Control Duct Element Sound Attenuation
912	Sound Radiation Through Duct Walls
915	2.5 Receiver Room Sound Correction
916	Distributed Array of Ceiling Sound Sources Nonstandard Rooms
917	Line Sound Sources Room Noise Measurement
918	2.6 Sound Control for Outdoor Equipment Sound Propagation Outdoors Sound Barriers
919	2.7 Fume Hood Duct Design
920	2.8 Mechanical Equipment Room Sound Isolation Location Wall Design
921	Doors Penetrations
922	Mechanical Chases Special Construction Types Floating Floors and Barrier Ceilings Sound Transmission in Return Air Systems
923	Sound Transmission Through Ceilings 2.9 HVAC Noise-Reduction Design Procedures
925	Calculation Procedure
926	3. Vibration Isolation and Control 3.1 Vibration Measurement
928	3.2 Equipment Vibration 3.3 Vibration Criteria
929	3.4 Specification of Vibration Isolators
934	Selecting Vibration Isolators to Meet Isolator Deflection Requirements 3.5 Vibration- and Noise-Sensitive Facilities 3.6 Internal Versus External Isolation
935	3.7 Isolating Vibration and Noise in Piping Systems Resilient Pipe Hangers and Supports
937	Isolating Duct Vibration 3.8 Seismic Protection 3.9 Vibration Investigations 4. Commissioning 5. Troubleshooting 5.1 Determining Problem Source
938	5.2 Determining Problem Type Noise Problems Vibration Problems
939	References
941	Bibliography Resources
942	CHAPTER 50 – WATER TREATMENT: DEPOSITION, CORROSION, AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 1. Water Quality and Its Sources 1.1 Water Characteristics
943	1.2 Water Sources Potable Water Sources
944	Alternative Water Sources
945	2. Water Treatment 2.1 Control Deposition Calcium Carbonate Formation (Hard Lime Scale) Deposition, Scale, and Suspended-Solids Control
946	Scaling Indices Scale and Deposit Formation Control
947	Suspended Solids and Deposition Control
948	2.2 Corrosion and Corrosion Control
950	Factors Affecting Corrosion
952	Corrosion Preventive and Protective Measures
953	Corrosion Measurement 2.3 Biological Growth Control Biological Categories
954	Control Measures
956	2.4 Nonchemical and Physical Water Treatment Methods
957	ASHRAE Research Projects 2.5 BOILER Water Systems
958	Open Systems External Boiler Water Pretreatment (Water Conditioning)
959	Boiler Internal Treatments
960	Steam and Condensate Network Boiler Water Treatment Chemical Feed Methods Condenser Water Systems Start-Up and Recommissioning for Drained Systems
961	Start-Up and Recommissioning for Undrained (Stagnant) Systems Shutdown White Rust on Galvanized Steel Cooling Towers Once-Through Cooling-Water Systems
962	Open Recirculating Cooling-Water Systems Air Washers and Sprayed-Coil Units Closed Systems
963	Water-Heating Systems Glycol Systems
964	Thermal Storage Systems Brine Systems 3. Terminology
965	References BIBLIOGRAPHY
966	CHAPTER 51 – SERVICE WATER HEATING 1. System Elements 2. Water-Heating Terminology
967	3. System Planning Energy Sources 4. Design Considerations
968	Design Path for Savings 5. End-Use Fixtures 6. Distribution Piping Material Pipe Sizing
969	Supply Piping Pressure Differential Effect of Distribution Design on Efficiency of Condensing Heaters Piping Heat Loss and Hot-Water Delivery Delays
971	Hot-Water Recirculation Loops and Return Piping
972	Heat-Traced, Nonreturn Piping Multiple Water Heaters Commercial Dishwasher Piping and Pressure Considerations
973	Two-Temperature Service Manifolding
974	7. Water-Heating Equipment Gas-Fired Systems Oil-Fired Systems Electric
975	Indirect Water Heating Semi-Instantaneous Circulating Tank
976	Blending Injection Solar Wood Fired Waste Heat Use Refrigeration Heat Reclaim Combination Heating 8. Building Applications
977	9. Hot-Water Load and Equipment Sizing Load Diversity Residential
978	Commercial and Institutional
981	Sizing Examples
991	Sizing Boilers for Combined Space and Water Heating Typical Control Sequence for Indirect Water Heaters
992	Sizing Tankless Water Heaters
993	Sizing Instantaneous and Semi-Instantaneous Water Heaters
994	Sizing Refrigerant-Based Water Heaters
995	10. Water-Heating Energy Use
997	11. Health and Safety Legionellosis (Legionnaires’ Disease) Scalding
998	Temperature Requirement Other Safety Concerns 12. Water Quality, Scale, and Corrosion
999	13. Special Concerns Cross Flow at End-Use Fixtures Hot Water from Tanks and Storage Systems Placement of Water Heaters
1000	References
1001	Bibliography
1003	CHAPTER 52 – SNOW MELTING AND FREEZE PROTECTION 1. Snow-Melting Heat Flux Requirement Heat Balance
1004	Heat Flux Equations
1009	Weather Data and Heat Flux Calculation Results Example for Surface Heat Flux Calculation Using Table 1
1010	Sensitivity of Design Surface Heat Flux to Wind Speed and Surface Size Back and Edge Heat Losses
1011	Transient Analysis of System Performance Annual Operating Data Annual Operating Cost Example
1012	2. Slab Design 3. Hydronic System Design Heat Transfer Fluid
1013	Piping
1015	Fluid Heater Thermal Stress
1016	4. Electric System Design Heat Flux Electrical Equipment Mineral-Insulated Cable
1018	Self-Regulating Cable Constant-Wattage Systems
1019	Installation Infrared Snow-Melting Systems
1020	Snow Melting in Gutters and Downspouts
1021	5. Control Automated Controls Control Selection Operating Cost 6. Freeze Protection Systems
1022	Steam Pipe-Tracing Systems Electric Pipe-Tracing Systems
1023	Control References
1024	Bibliography
1025	CHAPTER 53 – EVAPORATIVE COOLING 1. General Applications Cooling
1026	Adiabatic Humidification
1027	Dehumidification and Cooling
1028	Air Cleaning 2. Indirect Evaporative Cooling Systems for Comfort Cooling
1029	Indirect Evaporative Cooling Controls
1030	Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooling with VAV Delivery
1032	Beneficial Humidification
1033	Indirect Evaporative Cooling With Heat Recovery 3. Booster Refrigeration
1034	4. Residential or Commercial Cooling
1035	5. Exhaust Required
1036	6. Two-Stage Cooling 7. Industrial Applications Area Cooling
1037	Spot Cooling Cooling Large Motors
1038	Cooling Gas Turbine Engines and Generators Process Cooling
1039	Cooling Laundries Cooling Wood and Paper Products Facilities 8. Other Applications Cooling Power-Generating Facilities Cooling Mines Cooling Animals Produce Storage Cooling
1040	Cooling Greenhouses
1041	9. Control Strategy to Optimize Energy Recovery 10. Air Cleaning and Sound Attenuation
1042	Control of Gaseous Contaminants 11. Economic Factors Direct Evaporation Energy Saving Indirect Evaporation Energy Saving Water Cost for Evaporative Cooling
1043	12. Psychrometrics 13. Entering Air Considerations
1044	References
1045	Bibliography
1046	CHAPTER 54 – FIRE AND SMOKE CONTROL 1. Balanced Approach to Fire Protection
1047	2. Fire Stopping at HVAC Penetrations 3. Fire and Smoke Dampers Fire Dampers Ceiling Radiation Dampers
1048	Smoke Dampers Corridor Dampers 4. Smoke Exhaust Fans 5. Design Weather Data 6. Smoke Movement Stack Effect
1049	Buoyancy Expansion
1050	Wind Forced Ventilation Elevator Piston Effect 7. Methods Used to Control Smoke Compartmentation
1051	Dilution Remote from Fire Pressurization Opposed Airflow
1052	Buoyancy 8. Smoke Feedback 9. Pressurization System Design Door-Opening Forces Flow and Pressure Difference
1053	Computer Analysis by Network Modeling 10. Shaft Pressurization Building Complexity Stack Effect
1054	11. Pressurized Stairwells Stairwell Compartmentation
1055	Vestibules System with Fire Floor Exhaust Analysis of Pressurized Stairwells Stairwell Fan Sizing
1056	Height Limit
1057	Stairwells with Open Doors
1058	12. Pressurized Elevators
1059	Basic System Exterior Vent (EV) System Floor Exhaust (FE) System
1060	Ground-Floor Lobby (GFL) System
1061	13. Zoned Smoke Control Interaction with Pressurized Stairs
1062	14. Atrium Smoke Control Design Fires
1063	Fire Development Sprinklers Shielded Fires
1064	Transient Fuels Suggested Fire Sizes Atrium Smoke Filling Loss of Buoyancy in Atriums Minimum Smoke Layer Depth Makeup Air
1065	Stratification and Detection Equation Method for Steady Smoke Exhaust Fire in Atrium
1066	Fire in Communicating Space
1067	Smoke Layer Temperature Volumetric Flow of Smoke Exhaust Number of Exhaust Inlets
1068	Zone Fire Modeling CFD Modeling 15. Tenability Systems Tenability Evaluation
1069	16. Commissioning and Testing Commissioning Process Commissioning Testing Special Inspector Periodic Testing 17. Extraordinary Incidents
1070	18. Symbols References
1072	CHAPTER 55 – RADIANT HEATING AND COOLING 1. Applications 2. Architecture of Radiant Ceilings
1073	3. Design and Dimensioning Cooling Heating 4. Design Aspects of Radiant Ceiling Systems
1074	5. Acoustic Feature of Radiant Ceiling Panels Acoustic Inlay Mats Acoustic Fleece Panel Perforation 6. Controls Two-Port Control Valves Controlling Water Temperature/Injection Circuit
1075	Energy Savings with Radiant Cooling Ceiling Systems 7. Design Examples Classroom
1077	Office 8. Condensation Control
1078	Primary Air Conditioning Condensation Prevention
1079	Proactive Strategies Reactive Strategies Spaces with Operable Windows or Doors
1080	9. Embedded Systems
1082	10. Fundamentals 11. method to determine heating and cooling capacity Heat Exchange Coefficient Between Surface and Space
1083	12. ThermoActive Building Systems (TABS)
1084	13. Embedded Systems Controls
1085	Central Control (Heating Only) Individual Control Room Thermostats/Sensors Time Delay, Time Response
1086	Self-Regulating Effect 14. Radiant Cooling System CONTROL Control of TABS Control System Components
1087	Temperature Differences and Flow Rates
1088	Dew-Point Room Control Control Strategy for Office Buildings
1089	References
1090	CHAPTER 56 – SEISMIC- AND WIND-RESISTANT DESIGN 1. Seismic-Resistant Design
1091	1.1 Terminology 1.2 Calculations Dynamic Analysis Static Analysis as Defined in the International Building Code
1092	1.3 Applying Static Analysis
1095	1.4 Computation of Loads at Building Connection Simple Case General Case Polar Method Lump Mass Method
1096	Resilient Support Factors Building Attachment 1.5 ANSI Steel Bolts 1.6 Lag Screws into Timber 1.7 Concrete Post-Installed Anchor Bolts ASD Applications LRFD Applications
1097	Types of Concrete Post-Installed Anchors 1.8 Weld Capacities 1.9 Seismic Snubbers
1098	1.10 Seismic Restraints
1099	1.11 Restraint of Pipe and Duct Risers
1100	1.12 Examples
1103	1.13 Installation Problems
1104	2. Wind-Resistant Design 2.1 Terminology
1105	2.2 Calculations Analytical Procedure
1106	2.3 Wall-Mounted HVAC&R Component Calculations (Louvers) Analytical Procedure
1109	2.4 Certification of HVAC&R Components for Wind
1110	References
1111	Bibliography
1112	CHAPTER 57 – ELECTRICAL CONSIDERATIONS Fig. 1 Fundamental Voltage Wave
1113	Electrical Wiring (Conductors for General Wiring) Transformers Fig. 2 Ideal Transformer
1114	Fig. 3 Three-Phase Y-Y Transformer Fig. 4 Three-Phase Y-D Transformer Fig. 5 Three-Phase D-Y Transformer Fig. 6 Three-Phase D-D Transformer Fig. 7 Typical Autotransformer
1115	Emergency and Standby Power Systems Fig. 8 Break-Before-Make Design for Standard ATS
1116	Fig. 9 Closed-Transition ATS Fig. 10 Parallel-Transfer Switch Motors
1117	Utilization Equipment Voltage Ratings
1118	Fig. 11 Utilization Voltages Versus Nameplate Ratings Voltage Level Variation Effects Voltage Selection
1119	Transients Fig. 12 Example of Spike Fig. 13 Example of Notch Fig. 14 Example of Oscillatory Transient
1120	Short-Duration Variations Fig. 15 Example of Sag Fig. 16 Example of Swell (Surge) Long-Duration Variations Fig. 17 Example of Overvoltage
1121	Fig. 18 Example of Undervoltage Fig. 19 Derating Factor Curve Interruptions and Outages Fig. 20 Example of Momentary Interruption
1122	Fig. 21 Example of Blackout or Power Failure Waveform Harmonic Distortion Fig. 22 Example of Harmonic Voltage Distortion Fig. 23 Example of Harmonic Current Distortion for Six-Pulse Rectifier with 5% Impedance Reactor Fig. 24 Example of Harmonic Current Distortion for One-Phase Input Current for Single Personal Computer
1123	Fig. 25 Example of VFD with ac Line Reactor Fig. 26 Example of VFD with Low-Pass Harmonic Filter Voltage Flicker Fig. 27 Example of Flicker Noise Fig. 28 Example of Electrical Noise
1124	Cost-Based Rates
1125	Policy-Based Rates
1126	Market-Based Rates NEC® UL Listing
1127	CSA Approved ULC NAFTA Wiring Standards IEEE Bibliography
1128	CHAPTER 58 – ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION 1. Application Guidelines Design Considerations
1129	Indoor Air Quality and Sustainability Return Air Inlets 2. Fully Mixed Air Distribution
1130	Principles of Operation Space Ventilation and Contaminant Removal Benefits and Limitations Inlet Conditions to Air Outlets Effects of Typical Field Installations on Common Ceiling Diffusers. Space Temperature Gradients and Airflow Rates
1131	Methods for Evaluation Design Procedures
1134	Typical Applications
1136	3. Fully Stratified Air Distribution Principles of Operation Space Ventilation and Contaminant Removal
1137	Outlet Characteristics Benefits and Limitations Considerations Unique to Underfloor Air Distribution Systems Sizing
1138	Methods of Evaluation Inlet Conditions Design Procedures
1139	Typical Applications Perimeter Control Considerations Unique to Displacement Ventilation Systems
1140	4. Partially Mixed Air Distribution Principles of Operation Space Ventilation and Contaminant Removal Outlet Characteristics Typical Applications
1141	Benefits and Limitations Methods of Evaluation Inlet Conditions Design Procedures Perimeter Control Space Temperature Gradients and Airflow Rates
1142	5. Air Dispersion Systems Principles of Operation Air Dispersion System Supply Air Outlet Styles Air Dispersion System Shapes
1143	Material Selection
1144	Suspension Systems Layout
1145	Design Procedure
1146	Operation 6. Air Terminal Units (ATUs) Principles of Operation
1147	Benefits and Limitations Selection Considerations
1149	Installation and Operational Considerations
1150	Maintenance and Accessibility. Control of Fan-Powered ATUs Fan Airflow Control of Fan-Powered Terminal Units ECM versus PSC in Parallel and Series Fan-Powered ATUs Control Strategy
1151	Energy Consumption Inlet Static Pressure Requirements Sizing Fan-Powered Terminals
1152	Heating Coils Additional Fan Guidelines Special Applications System Selection
1153	7. Room Fan-Coil Units Principles of Operation
1154	Benefits and Limitations Selection Considerations
1155	Control of Fan Coil Units
1157	Building Type 8. Heating and Cooling Coil Selection Sensible Cooling and Heating Coil Selection
1158	Total Cooling Coil Selection 9. Chilled Beams Principles of Operation Application Considerations Benefits and Limitations
1159	Design Considerations Heating Thermal Comfort Control and Zoning
1160	Selection and Location Operational Considerations
1161	Building Type 10. Air Curtain Units Principles of Operation Application Considerations Building Design Considerations Types of Applications
1163	Optional Features and Controls Performance and Safety Standards Maintenance and Accessibility
1164	References
1165	Bibliography
1166	CHAPTER 59 – INDOOR AIRFLOW MODELING 1. PRELIMINARY Considerations 2. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
1167	2.1 Overview of CFD Simulation
1168	3. CFD Examples 3.1 Simple Office with Diffusers and Returns Geometry Generation
1169	Solver and Models Boundary Conditions
1170	Convergence Post Processing and Results Results
1171	3.2 Chilled Beam Geometry of Open Office with Chilled Beams Mesh Generation Boundary Conditions
1172	Solver and Models Convergence Post Processing and Results
1173	3.3 Displacement Ventilation Model Geometry
1174	Mesh Generation Boundary Conditions Solver and Models
1175	Convergence Post Processing and Results
1176	3.4 Data Center Design Geometry Generation Mesh Generation Solver and Models Boundary Conditions/Object Modeling
1177	Convergence/Grid Independence Model Calibration Results
1178	3.5 Viral Containment in Hospital Ward Geometry Generation
1179	Mesh Generation Solver and Models Boundary Conditions/Object Modeling Convergence/Grid Independence Model Validation Results
1181	3.6 Natural Ventilation Geometry and Mesh Generation Boundary Conditions and Solver Techniques Convergence Criteria Results
1182	3.7 Industrial Warehouse Geometry Generation Mesh Generation
1183	Solvers and Models
1184	Boundary Conditions Convergence/Grid Independence Results
1185	4. Multizone Simulation Method
1186	4.1 Multizone Simulation of a Typical Office Building Building Description Multizone Representation of Building Source for Contaminant Model
1187	Simulation Results References
1189	CHAPTER 60 – INTEGRATED PROJECT DELIVERY AND BUILDING DESIGN 1. Why Choose IPD?
1190	1.1 COLLABORATION AND TEAMWORK 1.2 TEAMWORK Team Formation
1191	Consensus in Decision Making 2. PROCESS 2.1 PHASE DESCRIPTIONS 2.2 Phase 1: Project Justification Purpose Prerequisites
1193	Team Work Sequence of Events Team Roles
1194	Performance Requirements Tools Documentation 2.3 Phase 2: Project Initiation Purpose
1195	Prerequisites Team Work Sequence of Events
1196	Team Roles Performance Requirements Tools Documentation 2.4 Phase 3: Concept Development Purpose Prerequisites Team Work
1197	Sequence of Events
1198	Team Roles Performance Requirements Tools
1199	Documentation 2.5 Phase 4: Design Purpose Prerequisites Team Work
1200	Sequence of Events Team Roles Performance Requirements
1201	Tools Documentation 2.6 Phase 5: Construction Preparation Purpose Prerequisites Team Work
1202	Sequence of Events Team Roles Performance Requirements Tools Documentation 2.7 Phase 6: Construction Purpose Prerequisites Team
1203	Work Sequence of Events Team Roles Performance Requirements
1204	Tools Documentation 2.8 Phase 7: Owner acceptance Purpose Prerequisites Team Work Sequence of Events Team Roles
1205	Performance Requirements Tools Documentation 2.9 Phase 8: Use, Operation, and Maintenance Purpose Prerequisites Team Work Sequence of Events Team Roles
1206	Performance Requirements Tools Documentation 3. TERMINOLOGY
1210	REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY RESOURCES
1211	CHAPTER 61 – HVAC SECURITY 1. Owner’s Project Requirements
1212	2. Risk Evaluation
1213	3. HVAC System Security and Environmental Health and Safety Design 3.1 Modes of Operation Evacuation Shelter-in-Place
1214	Uninterrupted Operation 3.2 Security and EHS Design Measures Emergency Power Redundant Design System Shutdown and/or Isolation Protective Equipment 100% Outdoor Air Operation HVAC Zoning
1215	Increased Standoff Distances Occupant Notification Systems Air Intake Protection Increased Prefiltration Efficiency Additional Filtration Location of Mechanical Equipment Physical Security Measures Air Supply Quantities and Pressure Gradients Sensors
1216	Mailroom and Lobby Measures 3.3 Commissioning and Recommissioning 3.4 Maintenance Management and Building Automation 4. Chemical Incidents 4.1 Types of Chemical Agents
1217	Incapacitating Agents Irritants Toxic Chemical Agents
1219	5. Biological Incidents
1220	6. Radiological Incidents 6.1 Radioactive Materials’ Effects and Sources 6.2 Radiological Dispersion
1221	6.3 Radiation Monitoring 6.4 Facility Response 7. Explosive Incidents 7.1 Loading Description 7.2 Design Considerations
1222	References Bibliography
1223	Online Resources
1224	CHAPTER 62 – ULTRAVIOLET AIR AND SURFACE TREATMENT 1. Fundamentals UV Dose and Microbial Response
1226	UV Inactivation of Biological Contaminants 2. Terminology
1228	3. UVGI Air Treatment Systems Design Guidance Upper-Air UVC Devices (Fixtures)
1230	In-Duct UVC Systems: Airstream Disinfection
1231	Studies of Airstream Disinfection Effectiveness 4. HVAC System Surface Treatment Coil and Drain Pan Irradiation
1232	Alternative and Complementary Systems 5. Energy and Economic Considerations
1233	Upper-Air UVC Devices In-Duct Air Disinfection Upper-Air Versus In-Duct Cooling Coil Surface Treatment 6. Room Surface Treatment
1234	7. Safety Hazards of Ultraviolet Radiation to Humans
1235	Sources of UV Exposure Exposure Limits Evidence of Safety Safety Design Guidance
1236	8. Installation, Start-Up, and Commissioning Upper-Air UVC Devices In-Duct UVC Systems 9. Maintenance Material Degradation Visual Inspection Radiometer Lamp Replacement
1237	Lamp and Ballast Disposal Personnel Safety Training Lamp Breakage References
1240	Bibliography
1241	CHAPTER 63 – SMART BUILDING SYSTEMS 1. Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics
1242	Applications of AFDD in Buildings AFDD Methods
1243	Benefits of Detecting and Diagnosing Equipment Faults
1245	Criteria for Evaluating AFDD Methods Types of AFDD Tools
1246	AFDD Software Deployed on Networked Workstations Current State of AFDD in Buildings Future for Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics
1247	2. Sensing and Actuating Systems Sensors
1248	Actuators Sensor and Actuator Integration
1249	3. Smart Grid Basics Brief History of Electric Power Grid Electric Power Grid Operational Characteristics
1250	Typical Building Load Profile Utility Demand Response Strategies
1251	Utility Rate Options and Strategies Modern Smart-Grid Strategy
1252	Relevance to Building System Designers References
1257	BIBLIOGRAPHY
1259	CHAPTER 64 – MOISTURE AND MOLD Human Health Energy Conservation Sustainability Costs Avoiding Litigation Risk 1. Complex Causes
1260	2. Moisture Tolerance and Loads
1261	3. Risk Factors and Mitigation 3.1 HVAC Systems Risk Factors
1262	Risk Mitigation
1263	3.2 Architectural Factors Risk Factors Risk Mitigation 3.3 Building Operational Decisions Risk Factors Risk Mitigation 3.4 Occupant Decisions Risk Factors
1264	Risk Mitigation 4. Solutions 4.1 Architecture and Design Roof Overhang Waterproof Drainage Plane
1265	Sill Pans and Flashing Wrap-Around Air Barrier Mold-Resistant Gypsum Board
1266	Permeable Interior Wall Finish for Exterior Walls 4.2 HVAC Systems Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS) Maximum 55°F Indoor Dew Point for Mechanically Cooled Buildings in Hot or Humid Climates
1267	Drying During Unoccupied Periods
1268	Design for Dehumidification Based on Loads at Peak Outdoor Dew Point Mastic-Sealed Duct Connections
1269	Positive Building Pressure When Outdoor Dew Point Is Above 55°F 5. Health-Relevant Indoor Dampness
1270	6. Measuring Building Dampness 6.1 Water Activity 6.2 Moisture Content Importance of Documenting Measurement Location Moisture Meter Distinctions
1272	References Bibliography
1274	CHAPTER 65 – OCCUPANT-CENTRIC SENSING AND CONTROLS 1. Collecting Real-Time Occupancy and Occupant Comfort Feedback 1.1 Indirect Occupant Feedback
1275	1.2 Direct Occupant Feedback 1.3 Hybrid Occupant Feedback
1276	1.4 State-of-the-Art Occupant Sensing
1277	Performance Metrics for Occupancy Sensing Technologies 2. Integrating Occupant Feedback into HVAC Control Schemes Traditional Control Methods for HVAC Systems
1279	Occupant-Driven Rule-Based HVAC Controls 2.1 Model Predictive Control (MPC)
1280	Objective Functions Constraints Optimization Method Building and HVAC Model Occupant-Driven MPC-Based HVAC Controls
1281	Occupancy Prediction Comfort-Driven MPC-Based HVAC Controls 3. Modeling and Evaluating Occupant-Centric HVAC Control Systems 3.1 Whole-Building Performance Simulation Programs HVAC Control Modeling
1282	Occupant Behavior Modeling Tools
1283	References
1287	Bibliography
1288	CHAPTER 66 – CODES AND STANDARDS
1317	INDEX

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASHRAE	2019	1356


PDF Format	Searchable	Printable	Preview Now

Standard Title	ASHRAE Handbook — HVAC Applications
Published Code	ASHRAE
Publication Date	2019
Pages Count	1356

ASHRAE HVAC Applications Handbook IP 2019

PDF Catalog

Related products

ASHRAE HVAC SystemsandEquipment Handbook IP 2012

ASHRAE HVAC Applications Handbook IP 2011