ASHRAE HVACApplications Handbook IP 2015
$78.75
ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Applications (I-P)
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ASHRAE | 2015 | 1199 |
The 2015 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Applications comprisesmore than 60 chapters covering a broad range of facilities and topics,written to help engineers design and use equipment and systemsdescribed in other Handbook volumes. Main sections cover comfort,industrial, energy-related, general applications, and buildingoperations and management. ASHRAE Technical Committees ineach subject area have reviewed all chapters and revised them asneeded for current technology and design practice.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 1 | I-P_A15 FrontCover |
| 2 | I-P_A15 FrontMatter |
| 3 | Dedicated To The Advancement Of The Profession And Its Allied Industries DISCLAIMER |
| 10 | I-P_A15_Ch01 Fig. 1 Typical Residential Installation of Heating, Cooling, Humidifying, and Air Filtering System Table 1 Residential Heating and Cooling Systems |
| 11 | Fig. 2 Typical Residential Installation of a Split-System Air-to-Air Heat Pump Fig. 3 Example of Two-Zone, Ductless Multisplit System in Typical Residential Installation |
| 12 | Heat Pumps Furnaces Hydronic Heating Systems |
| 13 | Zoned Heating Systems Solar Heating Unitary Air Conditioners |
| 14 | Evaporative Coolers Humidifiers Dehumidifiers |
| 15 | Air Filters Controls |
| 16 | Fig. 4 Typical Field Wiring Diagram of Heat Pump Fig. 5 Communicating HVAC Systems Simplify Wiring Forced-Air Systems Hydronic Systems Through-the-Wall Units |
| 17 | Water-Loop Heat Pumps Special Concerns for Apartment Buildings |
| 18 | Fig. 6 Typical Installation of Heating and Cooling Equipment for Manufactured Home References Bibliography |
| 20 | I-P_A15_Ch02 Design Considerations |
| 21 | Load Determination Design Considerations |
| 22 | Load Determination Fig. 1 Refrigerated Case Load Variation with Store Air Humidity Table 1 Refrigerating Effect (RE) Produced by Open Refrigerated Display Fixtures Design Considerations |
| 24 | Fig. 2 Floor Return Ducts Fig. 3 Air Mixing Using Fans Behind Cases Fig. 4 Heat Reclaiming Systems Fig. 5 Machine Room with Automatic Temperature Control Interlocked with Store Temperature Control |
| 25 | Table 2 Approximate Lighting Load for Older Department Stores Load Determination Design Considerations Design Considerations |
| 26 | Design Considerations Table 3 Typical Installed Cooling Capacity and Lighting Levels: Midwestern United States Load Determination Design Considerations |
| 27 | References |
| 28 | I-P_A15_Ch03 General Design Considerations Table 1 Data for U.S. Office Buildings |
| 29 | Design Criteria Table 2 Typical Recommended Indoor Temperature and Humidity in Office Buildings Load Characteristics Table 3 Typical Recommended Design Criteria for Ventilation and Filtration for Office Buildings Table 4 Typical Recommended Design Guidelines for HVAC- Related Background Sound for Areas in Office Buildings |
| 30 | Design Concepts |
| 31 | Systems and Equipment Selection |
| 32 | Special Systems Spatial Requirements Table 5 Applicability of Systems to Typical Office Buildings |
| 33 | Special Considerations Airports Cruise Terminals Design Criteria Load Characteristics |
| 34 | Design Concepts Systems and Equipment Selection Special Considerations |
| 35 | General Design Considerations Design Criteria Load Characteristics |
| 36 | Design Concepts Systems and Equipment Selection Table 6 Applicability of Systems to Typical Warehouse Building Areas Spatial Requirements Special Considerations Energy Considerations Energy Efficiency and Integrated Design Process for Commercial Facilities |
| 37 | Building Energy Modeling Energy Benchmarking and Benchmarking Tools |
| 38 | Combined Heat and Power in Commercial Facilities Renewable Energy |
| 39 | Value Engineering and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Commissioning: New Construction Commissioning: Existing Buildings |
| 40 | Table 7 Key Commissioning Activities for New Building Table 8 Key Commissioning Activities for Existing Building References Bibliography |
| 42 | I-P_A15_Ch04 Theory Fig. 1 Airflow from Stack Effect and Reverse Stack Effect |
| 43 | Fig. 2 Theoretical Stack Effect Pressure Gradient for Various Building Heights at Alternative Temperature Differences Practical Considerations Calculation |
| 44 | Fig. 3 Climate Data for (A) Bangkok, (B) Beijing, (C) Dubai, and (D) Copenhagen Table 1 Parameters for Beijing Example Building |
| 45 | Table 2 Stack Effect Calculations for Beijing Example Buildings Fig. 4 Stack Effect for Beijing Example Building Table 3 Parameters for Bangkok Example Building |
| 46 | Table 4 Stack Effect Calculations for Bangkok Example Buildings Fig. 5 Stack Effect for Bangkok Example Building Fig. 6 Air Density for Bangkok Example Building Fig. 7 Wind Speed for Bangkok Example Building Table 5 Parameters for Dubai Example Building |
| 47 | Table 6 Stack Effect Calculations for Dubai Example Buildings Table 7 Stack Effect Calculations for Copenhagen Example Buildings Table 8 Parameters for Copenhagen Example Building Minimizing Stack Effect |
| 48 | Fig. 8 Stack Effect for Dubai Example Building Fig. 9 Atmospheric Temperature for Dubai Example Building |
| 49 | Fig. 10 Stack Effect for Copenhagen Example Building Fig. 11 Air Pressure Difference in Four Example Cities Fig. 12 Air Temperature Difference in Four Example Cities Wind and Stack Effect Pressure Analysis Program Phase Schematic Design Preliminary Design or Design Development Final Design and Preparation of Construction Documents |
| 50 | Construction Phase Acceptance or Commissioning Phase Postoccupancy Services Project Team Safety Factors Air-Conditioning System Alternatives |
| 52 | Chilled Beams Radiant Ceilings Condensation Control Variable-Frequency-Drive (VFD) Fan-Coils Variable-Refrigerant-Flow (VRF) Systems Central Fan Room (Alternative 1) |
| 53 | Floor-by-Floor Fan Rooms with Chilled-Water Units (Alternative 2) Floor-by-Floor Fan Rooms with Direct Expansion Units (Alternative 3) Floor-by-Floor Units Located on an Outer Wall |
| 54 | Fig. 13 Central Fan Room Arrangement |
| 55 | Fig. 14 Floor-By-Floor Air Conditioning Unit Layout (Normal Operation) Comparison of Alternative Schemes Acoustics Plant Economic Considerations |
| 56 | Table 9 Comparison of Construction Alternatives |
| 57 | Central Plant Location |
| 58 | Acoustical Considerations of Central Plant Locations Effect of Central Plant Location on Construction Schedule Hydrostatic Considerations Effect of Refrigeration Machine Location |
| 59 | Fig. 15 Chiller Location Versus Working Pressure in 70-Story, 900 ft Building Chilled-Water Pressure Reduction Fig. 16 Zoned Chilled Water for 70-Story, 900 ft Building |
| 60 | Piping, Valves, and Fittings Piping Design Considerations Economics of Temperature Differentials Elevator Machine Room Cooling |
| 61 | Elevator Hoistway and Machine Room Venting Elevator Shaft Pressurization Air-Conditioning Equipment Delivery by Freight Elevators Codes and Standards Components of Life Safety Systems for Tall Buildings Detection Automatic Sprinkler Protection Standpipe System Smoke Management |
| 62 | Emergency Power Fire Command Center REFERENCES Bibliography |
| 64 | I-P_A15_Ch05 Safety and Security Outdoor Air Lighting Loads Indoor Air Conditions Filtration Noise and Vibration Control |
| 65 | Ancillary Facilities Air Conditioning Peak Load Reduction Stratification Air Distribution |
| 66 | Mechanical Equipment Rooms Movie Theaters Performance Theaters |
| 67 | Concert Halls Load Characteristics Enclosed Stadiums |
| 68 | Ancillary Spaces Ice Rinks Gymnasiums Load Characteristics System Applicability |
| 69 | Environmental Control Humidity Control Load Estimation Table 1 Typical Natatorium Design Conditions |
| 70 | Ventilation Requirements Duct Design Envelope Design |
| 71 | Pool Water Chemistry Energy Considerations Design Concepts Occupancy Equipment and Maintenance |
| 72 | Air Cleanliness System Applicability References Bibliography |
| 73 | Blank Page |
| 74 | I-P_A15_Ch06 Energy-Efficient Systems |
| 75 | Energy-Neutral Systems Energy-Inefficient Systems |
| 76 | Total Energy Systems Special Considerations Table 1 Hotel Classes |
| 77 | Table 2 Hotel Design Criteria a,b Guest Rooms |
| 78 | Fig. 1 Alternative Location for Hotel Guest Room Air-Conditioning Unit above Hung Ceiling |
| 79 | Fig. 2 Alternative Location for Hotel Guest Room Air-Conditioning Unit on Room Perimeter and Chase-Enclosed Public Areas Back-of-the-House (BOTH) Areas Special Concerns |
| 80 | Table 3 Design Criteria for Hotel Back-of-the-House Areasa Table 4 Design Criteria for Hotel Guest Room DOAS |
| 81 | References Bibliography |
| 82 | I-P_A15_Ch07 General Design Considerations Table 1 Recommended Temperature and Humidity Design Criteria for Various Spaces in Preschools Design Criteria Load Characteristics Humidity Control Systems and Equipment Selection |
| 83 | Table 2 Typical Recommended Design Criteria for Ventilation and Filtration for Preschools Table 3 Typical Recommended Design Guidelines for HVAC- Related Background Sound for Preschool Facilities Table 4 Applicability of Systems to Typical Areasd General and Design Considerations |
| 84 | Table 5 Typical Spaces in K-12 Schools |
| 85 | Design Criteria Table 6 Typical Recommended Temperature and Humidity Ranges for K-12 Schools Load Characteristics |
| 86 | Table 7 Typical Recommended Design Criteria for Ventilation and Filtration for K-12 Schools Table 8 Typical Recommended Design Guidelines for HVAC- Related Background Sound for K-12 Schools |
| 87 | Table 9 Typical Classroom Summer Latent (Moisture) Loads Humidity Control Systems and Equipment Selection |
| 88 | Fig. 1 Typical Configuration of DOAS Air-Handling Unit: Enthalpy Wheel with Heat Pipe for Reheat Fig. 2 Typical Configuration of DOAS Air-Handling Unit: Enthalpy Wheel with Wraparound Heat Pipe for Reheat |
| 89 | Fig. 3 Cooling/Dehumidification Psychrometric Process of Typical DOAS Air-Handling Unit in Figure 1 Fig. 4 Typical Schematic of DOAS with Local Classroom Cooling/Heating Terminal Table 10 Typical Design Criteria for DOAS Air- Handling Unit |
| 90 | Displacement Ventilation and Active/Induction Chilled Beams Fig. 5 Typical Configuration of Rooftop Packaged Air Conditioners with Energy Recovery Module and Enhanced Dehumidification (Condenser Reheat Coil) Fig. 6 Typical Displacement Ventilation System Layout |
| 91 | Table 11 Applicability of Systems to Typical Areas Fig. 7 Typical Active/Induction Chilled-Beam Terminal |
| 92 | General and Design Considerations |
| 93 | Housing Athletics and Recreational Facilities Table 12 Housing Rooms Design Criteriaa |
| 94 | Social and Support Facilities Cultural Centers Central Utility Plants Advanced Energy Design Guide (AEDG) for K-12 Schools ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2011 |
| 95 | Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEEDÒ) ENERGY STAR for K-12 Facilities Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) Laboratories for the 21st Century (Labs21) EnergySmart Schools Other Domestic and International Rating Systems |
| 96 | Table 13 Summary of Domestic and International Rating Systems Table 14 Selected Potential Energy Conservation Measures |
| 97 | ASHRAE Guideline 14-2002 International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP 2007) Table 15 IPMVP M&V Options |
| 98 | Energy Efficiency and Integrated Design Process (IDP) Building Energy Modeling |
| 99 | Energy Benchmarking and Benchmarking Tools Fig. 8 Example of Laboratory Building Energy Benchmarking (Labs 21) Combined Heat and Power in Educational Facilities |
| 100 | Renewable Energy Fig. 9 Example of PV Installation at Ohlone College, Newark Center, Newark, CA: 450 kW, 38,000 ft2 Fig. 10 Example of PV Installation at Twenhofel Middle School, Independence, KY: 22 kW |
| 101 | Value Engineering (VE) and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) The School as a Learning Tool for Sustainability |
| 102 | Fig. 11 Integration of Sustainability Features for Educational Purposes, Twenhofel Middle School, Independence, KY (http://www.twhvac.kenton.kyschools.us/) Commissioning: New Construction Table 16 Key Commissioning Activities for New Building |
| 103 | Table 17 Key Commissioning Activities for Existing Building Fig. 12 Building Smart DC Example for Whittier Elementary School, Washington D.C. Commissioning Existing Buildings |
| 104 | Table 18 Selected Case Studies from ASHRAE Journal Fig. 13 Energy Kiosk Example for University of Massachusetts Amherst MA |
| 105 | References Fig. 14 Energy Kiosk Example for University of Massachusetts Amherst Tracking Specific Building on Campus |
| 106 | Bibliography |
| 108 | I-P_A15_Ch08 |
| 110 | Infection Sources Control Measures Table 1 Effect of Air Change Rates on Particle Removal |
| 111 | Table 2 Influence of Bedmaking on Airborne Bacterial Count in Hospitals Air Movement Fig. 1 Controlling Air Movement through Pressurization |
| 112 | Smoke Control Surgery and Critical Care |
| 113 | Fig. 2 Operating Room Layout |
| 114 | Nursing Fig. 3 Protective Environment Room Arrangement |
| 115 | Fig. 4 Airborne Infection Isolation Room Ancillary |
| 117 | Administration Diagnostic and Treatment |
| 118 | Table 3 Minimum Environmental Control Guidance for Pharmacies Table 4 Summary of Heat Gain to Air from Imaging Systems Table 5 Summary of Heat Gain to Air Sterilizing and Supply |
| 119 | Service Zoning Heating and Hot-Water Standby Service |
| 120 | Mechanical Cooling Insulation Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing (TAB) and Commissioning Operations and Maintenance |
| 121 | Design Criteria |
| 122 | Nursing Facilities Standards |
| 123 | References Bibliography |
| 124 | I-P_A15_Ch09 |
| 125 | Fig. 1 Typical Security Barrier Fig. 2 Typical Air Grille Energy Considerations |
| 126 | Heating and Cooling Plants and Mechanical Rooms Controls Fire/Smoke Management Tear Gas and Pepper Spray Storage and Exhaust |
| 127 | Health Issues HVAC Design Criteria System Requirements Dining Halls |
| 128 | Kitchens Guard Stations Control Rooms Laundries HVAC Design Criteria System Requirements Courtrooms/Chambers Jury Facilities |
| 129 | Libraries Jail Cells and U.S. Marshal Spaces (24-h Spaces) Fitness Facilities Acoustic Performance HVAC Design Criteria System Requirements |
| 130 | Intake Air Quality Firearms Testing Laboratories Acoustic Performance Critical Spaces |
| 131 | Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS) Bibliography |
| 132 | I-P_A15_Ch10 Thermal Comfort and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Fig. 1 Comfort as Function of Air Velocity |
| 133 | Cooling Load Factors Operational Environment of Components Airborne Contaminants and Ventilation |
| 134 | Power Consumption and Availability Physical Parameters, Access, and Durability Noise and Vibration Vehicle Front-End Design Air Delivery Modes |
| 135 | Controls Air-Handling Subsystem Components |
| 137 | Fig. 2 Integrated HVAC Unit |
| 138 | Controls Components |
| 139 | Controls Fig. 3 Clutch-Cycling System with Orifice Tube Expansion Device Fig. 4 Clutch-Cycling System with Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TXV) Components |
| 140 | Fig. 5 Basic Compressor Designs for Automotive Application Fig. 6 Basic Automotive Condensers |
| 141 | Fig. 7 Conventional and Subcooled PRF Condenser Designs |
| 142 | Fig. 8 Schematic of Typical Accumulator-Dehydrator |
| 143 | Fig. 9 Comparison of Thermodynamic Cycle Between Base Case (R-134a) and HFO-1234yf Fig. 10 Comparison of Vapor Pressure Between Base Case (R-134a) and HFO-1234yf Advanced Technologies |
| 144 | References |
| 145 | Bibliography |
| 146 | I-P_A15_Ch11 |
| 147 | Cooling Design Considerations Heating Design Considerations Other Considerations Heat Load |
| 148 | Fig. 1 Distribution of Heat Load (Summer) Fig. 2 Typical Main Heat Fluxes in Bus Air Distribution Interurban Buses Fig. 3 Typical Arrangement of Air-Conditioning in Interurban Bus Urban Buses |
| 149 | Fig. 4 Typical Mounting Location of Urban Bus Air-Conditioning Equipment Fig. 5 Typical Mounting Location of Urban Bus Air- Conditioning Equipment with Single Compressor Fig. 6 Typical Mounting Location of Roof-Mounted Urban Bus Air-Conditioning Equipment with Single Compressor Fig. 7 Typical Mounting Location of Urban Bus Fully Electric Rear-Mounted Air-Conditioning Equipment with ac Generator Small or Shuttle Buses Refrigerant Piping |
| 150 | Fig. 8 Typical Mounting Location of Urban Bus Fully Electric Roof-Mounted Air Conditioning Equipment with ac Generator Shock and Vibration System Safety Controls Vehicle Types |
| 151 | Fig. 9 Typical Light Rail Vehicle with Roof-Mounted HVAC System Equipment Design Considerations |
| 152 | Other Requirements Air Distribution and Ventilation Piping Design Control Requirements |
| 153 | System Types Fig. 10 Typical Small Fixed-Guideway Vehicle with Roof-Mounted HVAC System Fig. 11 Example Monorail HVAC System Configurations Refrigeration Components Heating Controls Ventilation |
| 154 | Air Distribution References Bibliography |
| 156 | I-P_A15_Ch12 Fig. 1 Ambient Temperature Profiles Ambient Temperature, Humidity, and Pressure Heating/Air Conditioning Load Determination Fig. 2 Design Humidity Ratio |
| 157 | Fig. 3 Cabin Pressure Versus Altitude Fig. 4 Psychrometric Chart for Cabin Altitude of 8000 ft Ambient Air Temperature in Flight |
| 158 | Air Speed and Mach Number Ambient Pressure in Flight External Heat Transfer Coefficient in Flight External Heat Transfer Coefficient on Ground |
| 159 | External Radiation Conduction Fig. 5 Example of Aircraft Insulation Arrangement Stack Pressure across Cabin Wall |
| 160 | Metabolic Heat from Occupants Internal Heat Sources Table 1 Heat and Mass Transfer Coefficients for Human Body Versus Altitude |
| 161 | Temperature Control Air Velocity Fig. 6 Transient Air Velocity Measured in Seated Area of Aircraft Cabin Ventilation |
| 162 | Fig. 7 Cabin Air Velocities from CFD, fpm Table 2 FAA-Specified Bleed Airflow per Person |
| 163 | Dilution Ventilation and TLV Air Exchange |
| 164 | Filtration Fig. 8 Flow Reduction Caused by Filter Loading Pressurization/Oxygen System Description Pneumatic System |
| 165 | Fig. 9 Cabin Airflow Path Fig. 10 Engine/APU Bleed System Air Conditioning Fig. 11 Some Aircraft Refrigeration Cycles |
| 166 | Fig. 12 Aircraft Air-Conditioning Schematic Cabin Pressure Control Engine Bleed Air Control |
| 167 | Fig. 13 Bleed Air Temperatures Ozone Protection Air Conditioning and Temperature Control Air Recirculation Air Distribution |
| 168 | Cabin Pressure Control Factors Affecting Perceived Air Quality Fig. 14 Multiple Comfort Factors Airflow Air Changes |
| 169 | Ozone Microbial Aerosols Activity Levels Volatile Organic Compounds Carbon Dioxide |
| 170 | 14 CFR/CS/JAR Paragraph 25.831: Ventilation 14 CFR 25.831, Amendment 25-87 (specifies new requirements) FAA Advisory Circular (AC)/CS AMJ/JAR ACJ: Acceptable Means of Compliance/Advisory Circular-Joint 25.831 14 CFR/CS 25.832: Cabin Ozone Concentration 14 CFR/CS/JAR 25.841: Pressurized Cabins 14 CFR Amendment 25-87 14 CFR/CS/JAR 25.1301: Function and Installation 14 CFR/CS/JAR 25.1309: Equipment, Systems, and Installations 14 CFR/CS 25.1438: Pressurization and Pneumatic Systems 14 CFR/CS/JAR 25.1461: Equipment Containing High-Energy Rotors |
| 171 | Categories and Definitions References BIBLIOGRAPHY |
| 172 | I-P_A15_Ch13 Load Calculations |
| 173 | Equipment Typical Systems Air Distribution Methods |
| 174 | Table 1 Minimum Thickness of Steel Ducts Control Regulatory Agencies Design Criteria Load Determination Equipment Selection |
| 175 | Typical Air Systems Air Distribution Methods Table 2 Minimum Thickness of Materials for Ducts Control References Bibliography |
| 176 | I-P_A15_Ch14 Rate of Chemical Reaction Rate of Crystallization Rate of Biochemical Reaction Product Accuracy and Uniformity |
| 177 | Table 1 Design Requirements for Industrial Air Conditioning1 |
| 178 | Table 1 Design Requirements for Industrial Air Conditioning1 (Continued ) Product Formability Moisture Regain |
| 179 | Table 2 Regain of Hygroscopic Materials* Corrosion, Rust, and Abrasion Air Cleanliness Static Electricity |
| 180 | Thermal Control Levels Contamination Control Levels Table 3 Facilities Checklist |
| 181 | Solar and Transmission Internal Heat Generation Stratification Effect Makeup Air Fan Heat |
| 182 | Floor Heating Unit and Ducted Heaters Infrared Heaters Refrigerated Cooling Systems |
| 183 | Evaporative Cooling Systems Exhaust Air Filtration Systems Contamination Control |
| 185 | References Bibliography |
| 188 | I-P_A15_Ch15 Tunnel Ventilation Concepts Tunnel Ventilation Systems Design Approach |
| 189 | Fig. 1 Roadway Grade Factor |
| 190 | Tunnel Fires Road Tunnels |
| 191 | Table 1 List of Road Tunnel Fires |
| 192 | Fig. 2 Natural Ventilation |
| 193 | Table 2 Smoke Movement During Natural Ventilation Tests Fig. 3 Longitudinal Ventilation |
| 194 | Fig. 4 Semitransverse Ventilation |
| 195 | Fig. 5 Full Transverse Ventilation Fig. 6 Combined Ventilation System |
| 196 | Table 3 Average Dimensional Data for Automobiles Sold in the United States Table 4 Typical Fire Size Data for Road Vehicles Table 5 Maximum Air Temperatures at Ventilation Fans During Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program |
| 197 | Fig. 7 Fan Total Pressure |
| 198 | Rapid Transit Tunnels and Stations |
| 199 | Fig. 8 Tunnel Ventilation Shaft |
| 200 | Fig. 9 Tunnel Ventilation Concept Fig. 10 Trackway Ventilation Concept (Cross-Sections) |
| 201 | Fig. 11 Emergency Ventilation Concept |
| 203 | Table 6 Typical Heat Source Emission Values Railroad Tunnels |
| 204 | Fig. 12 Typical Diesel Locomotive Arrangement |
| 205 | Fig. 13 Railroad Tunnel Aerodynamic Related Variables |
| 206 | Ventilation Requirements and Design Table 7 Average Entrance and Exit Times for Vehicles Table 8 Predicted CO Emissions in Parking Garages |
| 207 | Fig. 14 Ventilation Requirement for Enclosed Parking Garage |
| 208 | Fig. 15 Typical Energy Savings and Maximum CO Level Obtained for Demand CO-Ventilation Controls Fig. 16 Three Car Movement Profiles |
| 209 | Maintenance and Repair Areas Servicing Areas Fig. 17 Typical Equipment Arrangement for Bus Garage Storage Areas |
| 210 | Design Considerations and Equipment Selection Effects of Alternative Fuel Use |
| 211 | Platforms Fig. 18 Partially Enclosed Platform, Drive-Through Type Bus Operation Areas |
| 212 | Fig. 19 Fully Enclosed Waiting Room with Sawtooth Gates Table 9 8 h TWA Exposure Limits for Gaseous Pollutants from Diesel Engine Exhaust, ppm Table 10 EPA Emission Standards for Urban Bus Diesel Engines Calculation of Ventilation Rate |
| 214 | Air Quality Criteria Design Considerations Equipment Selection |
| 215 | Ventilation Guidelines and Facility Types Contaminant Level Criteria |
| 216 | Contaminant Emission Rate Table 11 Contaminant Exposure Limits for NO2 Locomotive Operation Design Methods |
| 217 | Table 12 Sample Diesel Locomotive Engine Emission Dataa Table 13 Constants for Equation (20) |
| 218 | Fig. 20 Section View of Locomotive and General Exhaust System Fig. 21 Elevation View of Locomotive and General Exhaust System |
| 219 | Fig. 22 Section View of Locomotive and Exhaust Hood System Fig. 23 Elevation View of Locomotive and Exhaust Hood System |
| 220 | Table 14 Constants for Equation (22) Fans |
| 221 | Fig. 24 Typical Jet Fan Arrangement in Niche |
| 222 | Dampers |
| 225 | National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) World Road Association (PIARC) Country-Specific Standards and Guidelines |
| 226 | Building and Fire Codes References |
| 228 | Bibliography |
| 230 | I-P_A15_Ch16 Laboratory Resource Materials |
| 231 | Internal Thermal Considerations |
| 232 | Architectural Considerations Types of Fume Hoods |
| 233 | Fig. 1 Bypass Fume Hood with Vertical Sash and Bypass Air Inlet Fume Hood Sash Configurations |
| 234 | Fume Hood Performance |
| 235 | Fig. 2 Types of Biological Safety Cabinets Class I Cabinets |
| 236 | Class II Cabinets Class III Cabinets |
| 237 | Gas Cylinder Closets Gas Cylinder Cabinets Usage Factor |
| 238 | Noise Filtration Air Distribution Types of Exhaust Systems |
| 239 | Ductwork Leakage Containment Device Leakage Materials and Construction |
| 240 | Thermal Control Constant-Air-Volume (CAV) Versus Variable-Air- Volume (VAV) Room Airflow Control |
| 241 | Room Pressure Control |
| 242 | Fume Hood Control Stack/Intake Separation Stack Height Stack Height plus Vertical Momentum Architectural Screens |
| 243 | Criteria for Suitable Dilution Adjacent Building Effects Primary Uses of Animal Housing Facilities Regulatory Environment |
| 244 | Table 1 Recommended Dry-Bulb Microenvironmental Temperatures for Common Laboratory Animals Temperature and Humidity Ventilation Table 2 Heat Generated by Laboratory Animals Animal Heat Production |
| 245 | Design Considerations Caging Systems |
| 246 | Biosafety Level 1 Biosafety Level 2 Biosafety Level 3 Biosafety Level 4 Biosafety Level 3Ag |
| 248 | Energy Efficiency |
| 249 | Energy Recovery Sustainable Design |
| 250 | References |
| 251 | Bibliography |
| 254 | I-P_A15_Ch17 |
| 255 | Fig. 1 Engine Exhaust Systems Test Cell Exhaust Fig. 2 Engine Test Cell Showing Direct Engine Exhaust: Unitary Ventilation System |
| 256 | Table 1 Exhaust Quantities for Test Cells Fig. 3 Heat Removal Ventilation Systems |
| 257 | Fig. 4 Chassis Dynamometer Room Table 2 Typical Noise Levels in Test Cells Bibliography |
| 258 | I-P_A15_Ch18 |
| 259 | Table 1 Airborne Particle Concentration Limits by Cleanliness Class per ISO Standard 14644-1 Fig. 1 Air Cleanliness Classifications in ISO Standard 14644-1 |
| 260 | Particle Sources in Clean Spaces Fibrous Air Filters |
| 261 | Fig. 2 ISO Class 7 Nonunidirectional Cleanroom with Ducted HEPA Filter Supply Elements and ISO Class 5 Unidirectional Cleanroom with Ducted HEPA or ULPA Filter Ceiling Nonunidirectional Airflow Table 2 Filter Media Types, Efficiencies, and Applications Fig. 3 ISO Class 7 Nonunidirectional Cleanroom with HEPA Filters Located in Supply Duct and ISO Class 5 Local Workstations Unidirectional Airflow |
| 262 | Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) |
| 263 | Fig. 4 Cleanroom Airflow Velocity Vectors Generated by Computer Simulation Fig. 5 Computer Modeling of Cleanroom Airflow Streamlines Fig. 6 Computer Simulation of Particle Propagation in Cleanroom Air Change Rate Determination |
| 264 | Fig. 7 Airflow Patterns in Minienvironment Cleanroom: (A) Unidirectional Flow and (B) Mixed Flow Fig. 8 Particle Concentration in Minienvironment Cleanroom Showing (A) Lower Particle Concentration in Minienvironment and Higher Concentration near Person because of Recirculation of Air around Occupant and (B) Particle Cloud of 1000 particles/ft3 w… Demand Control Airflow |
| 265 | Fig. 9 Actual versus Recommended Cleanroom Airflow Rates Space Pressurization Fig. 10 Flow Rate Through Leakage Area under Pressure Differential |
| 266 | Multiple-Space (Suite) Pressurization |
| 267 | Design Process Fig. 11 Typical Aseptic Suite |
| 268 | Fig. 12 Air Lock Types and Applications Design Concerns for Pharmaceutical Cleanrooms |
| 270 | Barrier Technology |
| 271 | Maintainability Controls, Monitors, and Alarms Noise Concerns Nonaseptic Products Qualification of HVAC for Aseptic Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Qualification Plan and Acceptance Criteria |
| 272 | Advances in Process Technology Semiconductor Cleanroom Configuration |
| 273 | Fig. 13 Elements of a Clean Tunnel Fig. 14 Typical Semiconductor Manufacturing Plant Section View |
| 274 | Fig. 15 Building Truss Level Arranged as Fan Deck and Air Plenum Airflow in Semiconductor Cleanrooms Cleanroom Air Velocity and Air Change Rate |
| 275 | Table 3 Air Changes per Hour Versus Vertical Airflow Velocities, Room Heights, and Cleanliness Classes Downflow and Horizontal-Flow Designs Fig. 16 High-Bay Cleanroom Scheme Air Handling Equipment and Filter Access Prefilter Selection |
| 276 | Design Criteria and Indoor Air Quality Cooling Loads and Cooling Methods Makeup Air Process Exhaust |
| 277 | Fire Safety for Exhaust Air Temperature and Humidity Air Pressurization |
| 278 | Sizing and Redundancy Minienvironments Fan-Filter Units |
| 280 | Cleanrooms and Resource Use: Opportunities to Improve Sustainability Fig. 17 Energy Efficiency of Air Recirculation Systems |
| 281 | Construction Finishes Personnel and Garments Materials and Equipment Particulate Producing Operations Entries Installation |
| 283 | Pressurization Test and Map Operation Personnel Training Program Cleanliness Verification Test Commissioning Process Equipment Installation (Tool Hook-up) |
| 284 | Fig. 18 General Design and Construction Procedure Hazards Generated on Cleanroom Property |
| 285 | Fire and Hazardous Gas Detection, Alarm, and Suppression Systems Homeland Security and Emergency Response Plan IEST Recommended Practices References |
| 286 | Bibliography |
| 288 | I-P_A15_Ch19 Fig. 1 Typical Datacom Facility Space Plan ASHRAE Datacom Series |
| 290 | ASHRAE Standard 127-2012, Method of Testing for Rating Computer and Data Processing Room Unitary Air Conditioners ANSI/TIA Standard TIA-942, Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers Load Characterization |
| 291 | Fig. 2 Typical Rack and Cabinet Examples Fig. 3 Typical Computer Server Packaging Form Factors Server Classifications Datacom Equipment Airflow Fig. 4 Equipment Airflow Liquid-Cooled Datacom Equipment |
| 292 | Fig. 5 Internal Liquid-Cooling Loop Exchanging Heat with Liquid-Cooling Loop External to Racks Contamination Environmental Guidelines for Air-Cooled Equipment |
| 293 | Fig. 6 Environmental Classes for Datacom Equipment Classes Table 1 Air-Cooled Data Center Classes (Product Operation) Environmental Guidelines for Liquid-Cooled Equipment Table 2 Liquid-Cooled Datacom Facility Classes (Product Operation) |
| 294 | Datacom Equipment Nameplate Ratings and Manufacturers’ Heat Release Power Trends Fig. 7 ASHRAE Projected Power Trends for Datacom Hardware Thermal Design Overview Air-Cooled Datacom Equipment Components |
| 295 | Fig. 8 System Thermal Management Fig. 9 Example Component in System and Rack Power and Thermal Management Liquid-Cooled Datacom Equipment Components Spatial and Envelope Considerations |
| 296 | Datacom Rooms |
| 297 | Support and Ancillary Spaces Other Systems and Considerations |
| 298 | Redundancy, Reliability, and Concurrent Maintainability Air-Cooling System Configurations |
| 299 | Air Distribution Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Analysis |
| 300 | Fig. 10 Examples of Main Types of Containment Liquid-Cooling System Configurations Fig. 11 Typical Liquid Cooling Systems/Loops Within a Datacom Facility |
| 301 | Piping and Distribution Systems Fig. 12 Example of Chilled-Water Distribution Piping System Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE™) Partial-Load Operation Water-Side Economizers Fig. 13 Schematic of a Typical Water-Side Economizer Air-Side Economizers |
| 302 | Fig. 14 Schematic of Typical Direct Air-Side Economizer Fig. 15 Schematic of Typical Indirect Air-Side Economizer ASHRAE DATACOM SERIES References Bibliography |
| 304 | I-P_A15_Ch20 Fig. 1 Work Flow Through a Printing Plant Special Considerations |
| 305 | Fig. 2 Temperature-Conditioning Chart for Paper |
| 306 | Fig. 3 Effects of Variation in Moisture Content on Dimensions of Printing Papers Recommended Environment |
| 307 | Air Conditioning Flexography Collotype Printing Salvage Air Filtration |
| 308 | Binding and Shipping References |
| 310 | I-P_A15_Ch21 |
| 311 | Cotton System Fig. 1 Textile Process Flowchart and Ranges of Humidity |
| 312 | Woolen and Worsted Systems Twisting Filaments and Yarns Preparatory Processes Weaving |
| 313 | Knitting Dyeing and Finishing Open-Sump Chilled-Water Systems Integrated Systems |
| 314 | Fig. 2 Mechanical Spinning Room with Combined Air-Conditioning and Collector System Collector Systems |
| 315 | Fig. 3 Central Collector for Carding Machine Air Distribution |
| 316 | Health Considerations Safety and Fire Protection Bibliography |
| 318 | I-P_A15_Ch22 Air Conditioning for Preparatory Operations Air Conditioning for Processing Operations |
| 319 | Fig. 1 Open Machine Ventilation Fig. 2 Open-Tray Exhaust Ventilation from Processing Sink Fig. 3 Enclosed Machine Ventilation Air Conditioning for the Printing/ Finishing Operation |
| 320 | Particulates in Air Other Exhaust Requirements Processing Temperature Control Film Longevity Medium-Term Storage Long-Term Storage |
| 321 | Storage of Cellulose Nitrate Base Film Storage of Color Film and Prints Storage of Black-and-White Prints Storage of Digital Images |
| 322 | References Bibliography |
| 324 | I-P_A15_Ch23 General Factors Influencing Damage |
| 325 | Table 1 Classification of Rooms for Museums and Libraries |
| 326 | Temperature and Humidity Fig. 1 Temperature and Humidity for Visible Mold in 100 to 200 days Fig. 2 Time Required for Visible Mold Growth |
| 327 | Fig. 3 Lifetime Multipliers Relative to 68°F and 50% rh |
| 328 | Fig. 4 Calculated Humidity Response Times of Wooden Artifacts Fig. 5 Interaction of Air Leakage, Wood Coating, and Textile Buffering on Response of Wooden Chest of Drawers Critical Relative Humidity Response Times of Artifacts |
| 329 | Sources of Airborne Pollutants Materials Damage Caused by Airborne Pollutants |
| 330 | Table 2 Major Gaseous Pollutants of Concern to Museums, Galleries, Archives, and Libraries: Sources and At-Risk Materials |
| 335 | 2. Design Parameters Temperature and Relative Humidity |
| 336 | Table 3 Temperature and Relative Humidity Specifications for Collections Building Envelope and Climate-Control Issues |
| 337 | Table 4 Classification of Climate Control Potential in Buildings Airborne Pollutant Targets |
| 338 | Table 5 Current Recommended Target Levels for Key Gaseous Pollutantsa (in ppb, unless otherwise indicated) |
| 339 | Design Issues |
| 340 | Primary Elements and Features Fig. 6 Primary Elements of Preservation Environment HVAC System |
| 341 | Fig. 7 Packaged Desiccant Dehumidification Unit Filtration |
| 342 | Types of Systems Energy and Operating Costs |
| 343 | References |
| 345 | Bibliography |
| 346 | I-P_A15_Ch24 Design Approach Fig. 1 Logic for Selecting Appropriate Ventilation Rate in Livestock Buildings Temperature Control |
| 347 | Moisture Control Air Quality Control |
| 348 | Disease Control Air Distribution Fig. 2 Response of Swine to Air Velocity Degree of Shelter |
| 349 | Fig. 3 Energy Exchange Between Farm Animal and Surroundings in Hot Environment Air Velocity Evaporative Cooling Mechanical Refrigeration Earth Tubes Heat Exchangers Supplemental Heating |
| 350 | Fig. 4 Climatic Zones Insulation Requirements Mechanical Ventilation Table 1 Minimum Recommended Overall Coefficients of Heat Transmission U for Insulated Assembliesa, b Natural Ventilation |
| 351 | Air Distribution Fig. 5 Typical Livestock Building Inlet Configurations Fans |
| 352 | Thermostats Emergency Warning Dairy Cattle Ventilation Rates for Each 1100 lb Cow Beef Cattle Swine |
| 353 | Fig. 6 Critical Ambient Temperatures and Temperature Zone for Optimum Performance and Nominal Performance Loss in Farm Animals Poultry |
| 354 | Laboratory Animals |
| 355 | 2. Design for Plant Facilities Fig. 7 Structural Shapes of Commercial Greenhouses Site Selection |
| 356 | Fig. 8 Transmittance of Solar Radiation Through Glazing Materials for Various Angles of Incidence Heating Table 2 Suggested Heat Transmission Coefficients Table 3 Construction U-Factor Multipliers Table 4 Suggested Design Air Changes ( N ) |
| 357 | Fig. 9 Temperature Profiles in a Greenhouse Heated with Radiation Piping along the Sidewalls |
| 358 | Cooling Fig. 10 Influence of Air Exchange Rate on Temperature Rise in Single- and Double-Covered Greenhouses Table 5 Multipliers for Calculating Airflow for Fan-and-Pad Cooling |
| 359 | Table 6 Velocity Factors for Calculating Airflow for Fan-to-Pad Cooling Other Environmental Controls Table 7 Recommended Air Velocity Through Various Pad Materials Table 8 Recommended Water Flow and Sump Capacity for Vertically Mounted Cooling Pad Materials |
| 360 | Table 9 Constants to Convert to W/m2 Table 10 Suggested Radiant Energy, Duration, and Time of Day for Supplemental Lighting in Greenhouses Design Conditions Alternative Energy Sources and Energy Conservation |
| 361 | Modifications to Reduce Heat Loss Location Construction and Materials |
| 362 | Floors and Drains Plant Benches Control Heating, Air Conditioning, and Airflow Lighting Environmental Chambers |
| 363 | Table 11 Input Power Conversion of Light Sources Table 12 Approximate Mounting Height and Spacing of Luminaires in Greenhouses |
| 364 | Table 13 Height and Spacing of Luminaires |
| 365 | Phytotrons Fig. 11 Cooling Lamps in Growth Chambers |
| 366 | Table 14 Mounting Height for Luminaires in Storage Areas References |
| 367 | Bibliography |
| 372 | I-P_A15_Ch25 Table 1 Approximate Allowable Storage Time (Days) for Cereal Grains Grain Quantity |
| 373 | Table 2 Calculated Densities of Grains and Seeds Based on U.S. Department of Agriculture Data Economics Table 3 Estimated Corn Drying Energy Requirement Fans |
| 374 | Heaters Controls Batch Dryers Continuous-Flow Dryers Fig. 1 Rack-Type Continuous-Flow Grain Dryer with Alternate Rows of Air Inlet and Outlet Ducts Reducing Energy Costs |
| 375 | Fig. 2 Crop Dryer Recirculation Unit Fig. 3 Dryeration System Schematic Full-Bin Drying |
| 376 | Table 4 Recommended Airflow Rates for Dryeration Fig. 4 Perforated Floor System for Bin Drying of Grain Fig. 5 Tunnel or Duct Air Distribution System Fig. 6 Three Zones Within Grain During Full-Bin Drying |
| 377 | Table 5 Maximum Corn Moisture Contents, Wet Mass Basis, for Single-Fill Unheated Air Drying Table 6 Minimum Airflow Rate for Unheated Air Low-Temperature Drying of Small Grains and Sunflower in the Northern Plains of the United States Layer Drying Batch-in-Bin Drying Table 7 Recommended Unheated Air Airflow Rate for Different Grains and Moisture Contents in the Southern United States |
| 378 | Fig. 7 Example of Layer Filling of Corn Recirculating/Continuous-Flow Bin Drying Fig. 8 Grain Recirculators Convert Bin Dryer to High-Speed Continuous-Flow Dryer Drying Soybeans for Commercial Use Drying Soybeans for Seed and Food |
| 379 | In-Storage Drying Fig. 9 Central Duct Hay-Drying System with Lateral Slatted Floor for Wide Mows Batch Wagon Drying |
| 380 | Fig. 10 Grain Storage Conditions Associated with Moisture Migration During Fall and Early Winter |
| 381 | Table 8 Airflow Rates Corresponding to Approximate Grain Cooling Time Aeration Systems Design Fig. 11 Aerating to Change Grain Temperature |
| 382 | Fig. 12 Common Duct Patterns for Round Grain Bins Fig. 13 Duct Arrangements for Large Flat Storages Operating Aeration Systems Table 9 Maximum Recommended Air Velocities Within Ducts for Flat Storages |
| 383 | Bibliography |
| 384 | I-P_A15_Ch26 Fig. 1 Relationship of Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Vapor Pressure of Air and Equilibrium Moisture Content of Wood |
| 385 | Process Area Air Conditioning Finished Product Storage Fig. 2 Paper Machine Area Paper Machine Area |
| 386 | Fig. 3 Pocket Ventilation Finishing Area Process and Motor Control Rooms |
| 387 | Paper Testing Laboratories Miscellaneous Areas System Selection Bibliography |
| 388 | I-P_A15_Ch27 Temperature and Humidity |
| 389 | Table 1 Design Criteria for Fuel-Fired Power Plant |
| 390 | Ventilation Rates Infiltration and Exfiltration Filtration and Space Cleanliness Redundancy |
| 391 | Noise Ductwork and Equipment Location Driving Forces Air Distribution Inlet and Exhaust Areas Noise Plant Cleanliness |
| 392 | Economics Burner Areas Steam Drum Instrumentation Area Local Control and Instrumentation Areas Coal- and Ash-Handling Areas |
| 393 | Fig. 1 Steam Generator Building |
| 394 | Stack Effect Sources of Combustion Air Local Control and Instrumentation Areas Deaerator Mezzanine |
| 395 | Fig. 2 Generation Building Arrangement Bridge Crane Operating Rooms Suboperating Level Electric Transformer Rooms Plant Electrical Distribution Equipment and Switchgear/MCC Rooms |
| 396 | Isophase Bus Duct Cooling Control Rooms Battery Rooms Design Considerations |
| 397 | Potential for Dust Ignition Explosion Ventilation of Conveyor and Crusher Motors in Coal Dust Environment Cooling or Ventilation of Electrical and Control Equipment Ventilation of Methane Fumes |
| 398 | Underground Tunnels and Conveyors Dust Collectors Cooling Heating Hydroelectric Power Plants |
| 399 | References Bibliography |
| 400 | I-P_A15_Ch28 |
| 402 | Control Room Habitability Zone Air Filtration |
| 403 | 2. Department of Energy Facilities Fig. 1 Typical Process Facility Confinement Categories Zoning Air Locks Zone Pressure Control Cascade Ventilation Differential Pressures |
| 404 | Ventilation Requirements Ventilation Systems Control Systems Air and Gaseous Effluents Containing Radioactivity |
| 405 | 3. Commercial Facilities Accident Scenarios Major NSSS Types |
| 406 | Fig. 2 Typical Pressurized-Water Reactor Fig. 3 Typical Boiling-Water Reactor Commercial Plant License Renewal and Power Uprate Advanced Passive AP1000 |
| 407 | Economic Simplified Boiling-Water Reactor (ESBWR) U.S. Evolutionary Power Reactor (USEPR) 4. Plant HVAC&R Systems Containment Building |
| 408 | Primary Containment Reactor Building Turbine Building |
| 409 | Containment Inlet Air-Conditioning/Exhaust Ventilation System Auxiliary Building Control Room Control Cable Spreading Rooms Diesel Generator Building Emergency Electrical Switchgear Rooms Battery Rooms |
| 410 | Fuel-Handling Building Personnel Facilities Pumphouses Radioactive Waste Building Technical Support Center Glove Boxes Laboratory Fume Hoods Radiobenches |
| 411 | Low-Level Radioactive Waste Codes and Standards |
| 414 | I-P_A15_Ch29 |
| 415 | Adiabatic Compression Electromechanical Equipment Groundwater |
| 416 | Table 1 Maximum Virgin Rock Temperatures Table 2 Thermal Properties of Rock Types Wall Rock Heat Flow |
| 417 | Heat from Broken Rock Heat from Other Sources Summation of Mine Heat Loads Shell-and-Tube and Plate Heat Exchangers Cooling Coils |
| 418 | Small Spray Chambers Cooling Towers Table 3 Factors of Merit |
| 420 | Fig. 1 Underground Open Counterflow Cooling Tower Large Spray Chambers (Bulk Air Coolers) Fig. 2 Two-Stage Horizontal Spray Chamber Increasing Airflows Chilling Service Water |
| 421 | Reducing Water Pressure and Energy Recovery Systems Bulk Cooling Versus Spot Cooling Combination (Integrated) Surface Systems Fig. 3 Integrated Cooling System Underground Refrigeration Ice Plants Thermal Storage |
| 422 | Controlled Recirculation Operator Cabs and Cooling Vests Other Methods Table 4 Basic Cooling Alternatives |
| 423 | Surface Plants Underground Plants Spot Coolers Maintenance |
| 424 | Table 5 Heating Values for Fuels Determining Airflows Planning the Circuit |
| 425 | Specifying Circuit Fans Determining Auxiliary System Requirements |
| 426 | Assessing Health and Safety References |
| 428 | I-P_A15_Ch30 |
| 429 | Commercial Drying Time Dryer Calculations |
| 430 | Radiant Infrared Drying Ultraviolet Radiation Drying Conduction Drying |
| 431 | Fig. 1 Drum Dryer Dielectric Drying Fig. 2 Platen-Type Dielectric Dryer Fig. 3 Rod-Type Dielectric Dryers Microwave Drying Convection Drying (Direct Dryers) Fig. 4 Cross Section and Longitudinal Section of Rotary Dryer |
| 432 | Fig. 5 Compartment Dryer Showing Trucks with Air Circulation Fig. 6 Explosionproof Truck Dryer Showing Air Circulation and Safety Features |
| 433 | Fig. 7 Section of Blow-Through Continuous Dryer Fig. 8 Pressure-Spray Rotary Spray Dryer Freeze Drying Vacuum Drying Fluidized-Bed Drying Agitated-Bed Drying Drying in Superheated Vapor Atmospheres |
| 434 | Flash Drying Constant-Moisture Solvent Drying Fig. 9 Humidified Cross-Flow Tray Dryer References |
| 436 | I-P_A15_Ch31 |
| 437 | General Ventilation Makeup Air Quantity of Supplied Air |
| 438 | Air Supply Methods Fig. 1 Localized Ventilation Systems |
| 439 | Local Area and Spot Cooling Locker Room, Toilet, and Shower Space Ventilation Roof Ventilators |
| 440 | Ventilation for Heat Relief Heat Stress—Thermal Standards Fig. 1 Recommended Heat Stress Exposure Limits for Heat-Acclimatized Workers Fig. 2 Recommended Heat Stress Exposure Limits for Heat-Acclimatized Workers |
| 441 | Heat Exposure Control |
| 442 | References |
| 443 | Bibliography |
| 444 | I-P_A15_Ch32 Local Exhaust Versus General Ventilation |
| 445 | System Components System Classification Fig. 1 Enclosing and Nonenclosing Hoods Fig. 2 Portable Fume Extractor with Built-in Fan and Filter Effectiveness of Local Exhaust |
| 446 | Table 1 Range of Capture (Control) Velocities Fig. 3 Use of Interior Baffles to Ensure Good Air Distribution Principles of Hood Design Optimization Fig. 4 Influence of Hood Location on Contamination of Air in the Operator’s Breathing Zone |
| 447 | Fig. 5 Velocity Contours for Plain Round Opening Fig. 6 Velocity Contours for Plain Rectangular Opening with Sides in a 1:3 Ratio Pressure Loss in Hoods and Ducts |
| 448 | Fig. 7 Entry Losses for Typical Hoods Fig. 8 Hood on Bench Fig. 9 Multislot Nonenclosing Hood |
| 449 | Overhead Canopy Hoods Canopy Hoods with Sidewalls Low Canopy Hoods High Canopy Hood Use as Redundant Control Measure Ventilation Controls for Large-Scale Hot Processes Ventilation Controls for Small-Scale Hot Processes Sidedraft Hoods Fig. 10 Sidedraft Hood and Slot Hood on Tank Duct Design and Construction |
| 450 | Table 2 Contaminant Transport Velocities Fig. 11 Air Bleed-In |
| 451 | Air Cleaners Air-Moving Devices Energy Recovery to Increase Sustainability Exhaust Stacks Instrumentation and Controls |
| 452 | Fig. 12 Comparison of Flow Pattern for Stack Heads and Weather Caps System Testing and Balancing Operation and Maintenance References Bibliography |
| 454 | I-P_A15_Ch33 Sustainability |
| 456 | Principles Multiple-Hood Systems |
| 457 | Fig. 1 Bleed Method of Introducing Outdoor Air Directly into Exhaust Duct Dynamic Volumetric Flow Rate Effects Energy Conservation Strategies |
| 458 | Demand-Controlled Kitchen Ventilation |
| 459 | Reduced Exhaust and Associated Duct Velocities Designing for High-Performance Green Building Compliance under ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1 |
| 460 | Hood Types Type I Hoods |
| 462 | Fig. 2 Styles of Commercial Kitchen Exhaust Hoods Table 1 Appliance Types by Duty Category |
| 463 | Table 2 Type I Hood Requirements by Appliance Type Table 3 Typical Exhaust Flow Rates by Cooking Equipment Category For Listed Type I Hoods Island Canopy Hoods |
| 464 | Wall Canopy Hoods, Appliance Positioning, and Diversity |
| 465 | Table 4 Capture and Containment Exhaust Rates for Three Like-Duty Appliance Lines at Cooking Conditions with Various Front Overhang and Side Panel Configurations under 10 ft Wall-Mounted Canopy Hood Fig. 3 Capture and Containment Exhaust Rates for Gas Underfired Broilers under 10 ft Wall Canopy Hood With and Without Rear Appliance Seal at Various Front Overhangs Fig. 4 Exhaust Capture and Containment Rates for One or Three Appliances Cooking from Like-Duty Classes under a 10 ft Wall-Canopy Hood Fig. 5 Capture and Containment Exhaust Rates for Cooking Conditions on Multiduty Appliance Lines (Compared with Single-Duty Lines with Only One Appliance Operating) under 10 ft Wall Canopy Hood |
| 466 | Fig. 6 Exhaust Capture and Containment Rates for Three Two-Vat Gas Fryers with Various Side Panel and Overhang Configurations under 10 ft Wall Canopy Hood Fig. 7 Exhaust Capture and Containment Rates for Heavy-Duty Gas Underfired Broiler Line under 10 ft Wall Canopy Hood with 4 and 5 ft Hood Depths and Front Various Front Overhangs |
| 467 | Fig. 8 Three Ovens under Wall-Mounted Canopy Hood at Exhaust Rate of 3400 cfm Fig. 9 Exhaust Capture and Containment Rates for Gas Underfired Broiler under 10 ft Wall Canopy Hood at Various Mounting Heights Table 5 Exhaust Static Pressure Loss of Type I Hoods for Various Exhaust Airflows* Type II Hoods Fig. 10 Type II Hoods |
| 468 | Table 6 Type II Hood Duty Classification by Appliance Type Recirculating Systems Table 7 Minimum Net Exhaust Airflow Requirements for Type II Hoods Downdraft Appliance Ventilation Systems |
| 469 | Field Performance Testing Fig. 11 Typical Filter Guidelines Versus Appliance Duty and Exhaust Temperature Effluent Generation Table 8 Recommended Duct-Cleaning Schedules |
| 470 | Fig. 12A Grease in Particulate and Vapor Phases for Commercial Cooking Appliances with Total Emissions Approximately Less Than 50 lb/1000 lb of Food Cooked Fig. 12B Grease in Particulate and Vapor Phases for Commercial Cooking Appliances with Total Emissions Approximately Greater Than 50 lb/1000 lb of Food Cooked Fig. 12C Plume Volumetric Flow Rate at Hood Entrance from Various Commercial Cooking Appliances Thermal Plume Behavior |
| 471 | Fig. 13 Hot-Air Plume from Cooking Appliances under Wall-Mounted Canopy Hood Effluent Control Fig. 14 Particulate Versus Vapor-Phase Emission Percentage per Appliance (Average) Grease Extraction |
| 472 | Fig. 15 Size Distribution of Common Particles Fig. 16 Gas Griddle Mass Emission Versus Particle Size Fig. 17 Gas Underfired Broiler Mass Emission Versus Particle Size Fig. 18 Baffle Filter Particle Efficiency Versus Particle Size Fig. 19 Baffle Filter Particle Efficiency Versus Particle Size |
| 473 | Indoor Environmental Quality |
| 474 | Table 9 Outdoor Air Requirements for Dining and Food Preparation Areas Replacement Air Introduction Replacement Air Categories |
| 475 | Air Distribution Fig. 20 Compensating Hood Configurations |
| 476 | Fig. 21 Schlieren Image Showing Thermal Plume Being Pulled Outside Hood by Air Curtain Fig. 22 Schlieren Image Showing Thermal Plume Being Captured with Back-Wall Supply Fig. 23 Schlieren Image Showing Thermal Plume Being Pulled Outside Hood by Front Face |
| 477 | Fig. 24 Schlieren Image Showing Thermal Plume Being Displaced by Short-Circuit Supply, Causing Hood to Spill Fig. 25 Schlieren Image Showing Effective Plume Capture with Replacement Air Supplied Through 16 in. Wide Perforated Perimeter Supply, Shown with Additional Front Overhang |
| 478 | Fig. 26 Schlieren Image Showing Thermal Plume Being Pulled Outside Hood by Air Discharged from Four-Way Diffuser Fig. 27 Schlieren Image Showing Plume Being Effectively Captured when Replacement Air Is Supplied at Low Velocity from Displacement Diffusers |
| 479 | Hooded and Unhooded Appliance Loads Table 10 Appliance Heat Gain Reference Table 11 Heat Gain from Outdoor Air Infiltration Outdoor Air Loads Thermal Comfort Research Results |
| 480 | Fig. 28 Summer Temperatures by Height and Kitchen Zone in Casual Kitchens Fig. 29 Summer Temperatures by Height and Kitchen Zone in Institutional Kitchens Fig. 30 Summer Temperatures by Height and Kitchen Zone in Quick-Service Restaurant Kitchens Duct Systems |
| 481 | Types of Exhaust Fans Fig. 31 Power Roof Ventilator (Upblast Fan) Fig. 32 Centrifugal Fan (Utility Set) Fig. 33 Tubular Centrifugal (Inline) Fan Exhaust Terminations |
| 482 | Fig. 34 High-Plume Fan Fig. 35 Rooftop Centrifugal Fan (Utility Set) with Vertical Discharge |
| 483 | Fire Suppression Systems |
| 484 | Preventing Fire Spread |
| 485 | Air Balancing |
| 486 | System Tests Performance Test Follow-Up: Records |
| 487 | Sustainability Impact Operation Maintenance Cooking Equipment |
| 488 | Exhaust Systems (e.g., Hoods) Supply, Replacement, and Return Air Systems 2. Residential Kitchen Ventilation Equipment and Processes Hoods and Other Ventilation Equipment |
| 489 | Differences Between Commercial and Residential Equipment Exhaust Duct Systems Replacement (Makeup) Air Energy Conservation |
| 490 | Fire Protection for Residential Hoods Maintenance 3. Research Research Overview Table 12 Summary of TC 5.10 Research Projects Benefits to the HVAC Industry References |
| 491 | Bibliography |
| 494 | I-P_A15_Ch34 Temperature |
| 495 | Fig. 1 U.S. Hydrothermal Resource Areas Fig. 2 Frequency of Identified Hydrothermal Convection Resources Versus Reservoir Temperature |
| 496 | 2. Direct-Use Systems Design Fig. 3 Geothermal Direct-Use System with Wellhead Heat Exchanger and Injection Disposal Well Depth Distance Between Resource Location and Application Site Well Flow Rate |
| 497 | Resource Temperature Temperature Drop Load Factor Composition of Fluid Ease of Disposal Table 1 Selected Chemical Species Affecting Fluid Disposal Direct-Use Water Quality Testing Table 2 Principal Effects of Key Corrosive Species |
| 498 | Performance of Materials |
| 499 | Fig. 4 Chloride Concentration Required to Produce Localized Corrosion of Stainless Steel as Function of Temperature Pumps |
| 500 | Heat Exchangers Fig. 5 Typical Connection of Downhole Heat Exchanger for Space and Domestic Hot-Water Heating Valves |
| 501 | Piping Space Heating Fig. 6 Heating System Schematic Domestic Water Heating |
| 502 | Fig. 7 Closed Geothermal District Heating System Space Cooling Fig. 8 Typical Lithium Bromide Absorption Chiller Performance Versus Temperature |
| 503 | 3. Ground-Source Heat Pumps Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Systems Fig. 9 Vertical Closed-Loop Ground-Coupled Heat Pump System |
| 504 | Fig. 10 Vertical Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Piping Fig. 11 Trenched Horizontal (top) and Horizontally Bored (bottom) Ground-Coupled Heat Pump Piping Groundwater Heat Pump Systems |
| 505 | Fig. 12 Unitary Groundwater Heat Pump System Surface Water Heat Pump Systems Fig. 13 Lake Loop Piping Site Characterization |
| 506 | Commissioning GSHP Systems Table 3 Example of GSHP Commissioning Process for Mechanical Design Vertical Design |
| 507 | Fig. 14 Thermal Properties Test Apparatus |
| 509 | Table 4 Thermal Properties of Selected Soils, Rocks, and Bore Grouts/Fills Table 5 Summary of Potential Completion Methods for Different Geological Regime Types |
| 510 | Table 6 Thermal Resistance of Bores Rb for Locations B, C, and Double Fig. 15 Coefficients for Equation (8) |
| 511 | Fig. 16 Fourier/G-Factor Graph for Ground Thermal Resistance Fig. 17 Water and Ground Temperatures in Alabama at 50 to 100 ft Depth |
| 512 | Table 7 Long-Term Temperature Penalty for Worst-Case Nonporous Formations for 10 ´ 10 grid and 100 ton Load Fig. 18 Approximate Groundwater Temperature (°C) in the Continental United States |
| 513 | Table 8 Equivalent Full-Load Hours (EFLH) for Typical Occupancy with Constant-Temperature Set Points |
| 514 | Fig. 19 Typical g-Function Curves for 3 × 2 Bore Field |
| 515 | Simulation of Ground Heat Exchangers Hybrid System Design |
| 516 | Fig. 20 Hybrid System Configuration Options, (A) Series and (B) Parallel |
| 517 | Table 9 Guidelines for Pump Power for GSHP Ground Heat Exchangers Pump and Piping System Options |
| 518 | Fig. 21 Unitary GCHP Loops with On/Off Circulator Pumps Fig. 22 Subcentral GCHP Loop with On/Off Circulator Pumps |
| 519 | Fig. 23 Central Loop GCHP Table 10 GCHP Piping Cost Comparison for Two Sample Buildings |
| 520 | Table 11 HDPE Internal and External Working Pressures Effect of GSHP Equipment Selection on Heat Exchanger Design |
| 521 | Horizontal and Small Vertical System Design Table 12 Rating Conditions for Water-to-Air Heat Pumps for Total Cooling (TC, Btu/h), Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER, Btu/W · h), Heating Capacity (HC, Btu/h) and Coefficient of Performance (COP, W/W) Table 13 Rating Conditions for Water-to-Water Heat Pumps for Total Cooling (TC, Btu/h), Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER, Btu/W · h), Heating Capacity (HC, Btu/h) and Coefficient of Performance (COP, W/W) Table 14 Rated Efficiency, Component Power, and Corrected System Efficiency for Various GSHP Equipment Options (86°F ELT Cooling/50°F ELT Heating) |
| 522 | Fig. 24 Horizontal Ground Heat Exchanger Configurations Fig. 25 General Layout of Spiral Earth Coil |
| 523 | Fig. 26 Parallel and Series Ground Heat Exchanger Configurations |
| 524 | Table 15 Recommended Lengths of Trench or Bore per Ton for Residential GCHPs Table 16 Recommended Residential GCHP Piping Arrangements and Pumps Central Plant Systems |
| 525 | Fig. 27 Residential Design Example Fig. 28 Central Plant GCHP System |
| 526 | Design Strategy Fig. 29 Optimum Groundwater Flow for Maximum System EER Table 17 Example GWHP System* Design Data |
| 527 | Fig. 30 Water Well Terminology |
| 528 | Flow Testing Table 18 Nominal Well Surface Casing Sizes Groundwater Quality Table 19 Example Well Flow Test Results SWL 68 ft |
| 529 | Table 20 Water Chemistry Constituents Table 21 Controller Range Values for Dual Set-Point Well Pump Control* Well Pumps |
| 530 | Heat Exchangers Residential Groundwater Heat Pump Systems Fig. 31 Motorized Valve Placement Central Plant Systems Fig. 32 Central Plant Groundwater System |
| 531 | Standing-Column Systems Fig. 33 Commercial Standing-Column Well Heat Transfer in Lakes |
| 532 | Thermal Patterns in Lakes Fig. 34 Idealized Diagram of Annual Cycle of Thermal Stratification in Lakes Closed-Loop Lake Water Heat Pump Systems |
| 533 | Fig. 35 SWHEs: (A) HDPE Coil Type and (B) Plate Type Open-Loop Lake Water Heat Pump and Direct Surface Cooling Systems |
| 534 | Antifreeze Requirements References Table 22 Suitability of Selected GCHP Antifreeze Solutions |
| 536 | Bibliography |
| 538 | I-P_A15_Ch35 Solar Constant Solar Angles Fig. 1 Variation of Declination d (degrees) and Equation of Time ET as Function of Day of Year |
| 539 | Fig. 2 Apparent Daily Path of the Sun Showing Solar Altitude b and Solar Azimuth f Solar Time Incident Angle |
| 540 | Fig. 3 Solar Angles with Respect to a Tilted Surface Solar Spectrum Solar Radiation at the Earth’s Surface Design Values of Total Solar Irradiation |
| 541 | Fig. 4 Spectral Solar Irradiation at Sea Level for Air Mass = 1.0 Fig. 5 Variation with Solar Altitude and Time of Year for Direct Normal Irradiation Fig. 6 Total Daily Irradiation for Horizontal, Tilted, and Vertical Surfaces at 40° North Latitude |
| 542 | Solar Energy for Flat-Plate Collectors Longwave Atmospheric Radiation Table 1 Sky Emittance and Amount of Precipitable Moisture Versus Dew-Point Temperature Fig. 7 Radiation Heat Loss to Sky from Horizontal Blackbody |
| 543 | Solar Heat Collection by Flat-Plate Collectors Fig. 8 Exploded Cross Section Through Double-Glazed Solar Water Heater Glazing Materials |
| 544 | Table 2 Variation with Incident Angle of Transmittance for Single and Double Glazing and Absorptance for Flat-Black Paint Absorber Plates Fig. 9 Various Types of Solar Collectors Concentrating Collectors |
| 545 | Fig. 10 Types of Concentrating Collectors |
| 546 | Collector Performance Fig. 11 Variation of Absorptance and Transmittance with Incident Angle Fig. 12 Variation of Overall Heat Loss Coefficient UL with Absorber Plate Temperature and Ambient Air Temperatures for Single-, Double-, and Triple-Glazed Collectors |
| 547 | Fig. 13 Efficiency Versus (t f i – tat)/It q for Single-Glazed Solar Water Heater and Double-Glazed Solar Air Heater |
| 550 | Thermosiphon Systems Fig. 14 Thermosiphon System Direct-Circulation Systems Fig. 15 Direct Circulation System |
| 551 | Fig. 16 Draindown System Indirect Water-Heating Systems Fig. 17 Indirect Water Heating Fig. 18 Drainback System Integral Collector Storage Systems Site-Built Systems |
| 552 | Fig. 19 Shallow Solar Pond Pool Heaters Hot-Water Recirculation Fig. 20 DHW Recirculation System Fig. 21 DHW Recirculation System with Makeup Preheat |
| 553 | Passive Systems |
| 554 | Fig. 22 Average Monthly Sky Temperature Depression (Tair – Tsky) for July, °F Fig. 23 Percentage of Monthly Hours when Sky Temperature Falls below 61°F Fig. 24 July Nocturnal Net Radiative Cooling Rate from Horizontal Dry Surface at 76°F Active Systems Space Heating and Service Hot Water |
| 555 | Fig. 25 Solar Collection, Storage, and Distribution System for Domestic Hot Water and Space Heating Solar Cooling with Absorption Refrigeration |
| 556 | Fig. 26 Space Heating and Cooling System Using Lithium Bromide/Water Absorption Chiller Design, Control, and Operation Guidelines Performance Evaluation Methods |
| 557 | Simplified Analysis Methods Water-Heating Load Active Heating/Cooling Standard Systems Fig. 27 Liquid-Based Solar Heating System Fig. 28 Solar Air Heating System |
| 558 | f-Chart Method Fig. 29 Chart for Air System |
| 559 | Other Active Collector Methods Passive Heating |
| 560 | Fig. 30 Commercial Building in Example 7 Table 3 Calculations for Example 7 Other Passive Heating Methods |
| 561 | Fig. 31 Monthly SSF Versus Monthly S/DD for Various LCR Values Collector Mounting Freeze Protection |
| 562 | Overheat Protection Safety Start-Up Commissioning Procedure Maintenance Performance Monitoring/Minimum Instrumentation Collectors |
| 563 | Heat Transfer Fluid Airflow Thermal Storage Uses |
| 564 | Controls Performance |
| 565 | References |
| 567 | Bibliography |
| 568 | I-P_A15_Ch36 Fig. 1 An Energy Management Process |
| 569 | Organizing for Energy Management Energy Managers |
| 570 | Energy Accounting Process Energy Accounting Utility Rates Preparing for Cost and Efficiency Improvements Analyzing Energy Use Data |
| 571 | Table 1 Electricity Consumption for Atlanta Example Building Electrical Use Profile |
| 572 | Fig. 2 Electrical Use Profile for Atlanta Example Building Calculating Electrical Load and Occupancy Factors Calculating Seasonal ELFs |
| 573 | Electric Demand Billing Fig. 3 Comparison Between Actual and Billed Demand for Atlanta Example Building Benchmarking Energy Use |
| 574 | Table 2 2003 Commercial Sector Floor Area and EUI Percentiles Energy Audits |
| 575 | Table 3 Electricity Index Percentiles from 2003 Commercial Survey |
| 576 | Table 4 Energy Cost Percentiles from 2003 Commercial Survey |
| 577 | Basic Energy Management Optimizing More Complex System Operation |
| 578 | Identifying Energy-Efficiency Measures Evaluating Energy-Efficiency Measures Heating Effects of Electrical Equipment |
| 579 | Exploring Financing Options Establishing Key Performance Indicators |
| 580 | Fig. 4 ENERGY STAR Rating for Atlanta Building Building Energy Labels Fig. 5 ASHRAE beQ Label |
| 581 | Tracking Performance Establishing New Goals Fig. 6 Scatter Plot, Showing Best-Fit Baseline Model and Target Models Reporting |
| 582 | Fig. 7 Progress Toward Energy Reduction Goals for Federal Standard Buildings Fig. 8 Monthly Comparison of Natural Gas Use by Year Implementing Emergency Energy Use Reductions |
| 583 | References |
| 584 | Bibliography Online Resources |
| 585 | I-P_A15_Ch37 Initial Cost Table 1 Owning and Operating Cost Data and Summary |
| 586 | Table 2 Initial Cost Checklist Analysis Period Service Life Table 3 Median Service Life |
| 587 | Table 4 Comparison of Service Life Estimates Fig. 1 Survival Curve for Centrifugal Chillers |
| 588 | Depreciation Interest or Discount Rate Periodic Costs 2. Operating Costs |
| 589 | Electrical Energy Table 5 Electricity Data Consumption and Demand for Atlanta Example Building, 2003 to 2004 |
| 590 | Fig. 2 Bill Demand and Actual Demand for Atlanta Example Building, 2004 Natural Gas Other Fossil Fuels Energy Source Choices |
| 591 | Water and Sewer Costs 3. Maintenance Costs Estimating Maintenance Costs Factors Affecting Maintenance Costs Table 6 Comparison of Maintenance Costs Between Studies |
| 592 | 4. Refrigerant Phaseouts Other Sources 5. Other Issues Financing Alternatives |
| 593 | District Energy Service On-Site Electrical Power Generation 6. Economic Analysis Techniques |
| 594 | Simple Payback More Sophisticated Economic Analysis Methods |
| 595 | Summary of SIR Method |
| 596 | Table 7 Two Alternative LCC Examples |
| 597 | Computer Analysis Reference Equations 7. Symbols Table 8 Commonly Used Discount Formulas |
| 598 | References Bibliography |
| 599 | I-P_A15_Ch38 Design Considerations |
| 600 | General Air Devices Duct Flow Mixture Plenums Pressure Measurement Stratification |
| 601 | Instruments for Testing and Balancing Preliminary Procedure for Air Balancing Equipment and System Check |
| 602 | Multizone Systems Dual-Duct Systems Static Control |
| 603 | Diversity Outdoor Air Requirements Return Air Fans Types of VAV Systems Balancing the VAV System |
| 604 | Induction Systems Report Information Heat Transfer at Reduced Flow Rate |
| 605 | Fig. 1 Effects of Flow Variation on Heat Transfer from a Hydronic Terminal Fig. 2 Percent of Design Flow Versus Design D t to Maintain 90% Terminal Heat Transfer for Various Supply Water Temperatures Fig. 3 Typical Heating-Coil Heat Transfer Versus Water Flow Heat Transfer at Excessive Flow Generalized Chilled-Water Terminal: Heat Transfer Versus Flow |
| 606 | Fig. 4 Chilled-Water Terminal Heat Transfer Versus Flow Table 1 Load Flow Variation Flow Tolerance and Balance Procedure Equipment Record Keeping Sizing Balancing Valves |
| 607 | System Preparation for Static System Pump Start-Up Confirmation of System Venting Balancing Balance by Temperature Difference |
| 608 | Fig. 5 Water Temperature Versus Outdoor Temperature Showing Approximate Temperature Difference Water Balance by Proportional Method Proportional Balancing |
| 609 | Other Balancing Techniques Fig. 6 Coil Performance Curve General Balance Procedures Balance Procedure: Primary and Secondary Circuits |
| 610 | Flow Measurement Based on Manufacturer’s Data Pressure Differential Readout by Gage Fig. 7 Single Gage for Reading Differential Pressure Conversion of Differential Pressure to Head Fig. 8 Fluid Density Correction Chart for Pump Curves Differential Head Readout with Manometers |
| 611 | Fig. 9 Fluid Manometer Arrangement for Accurate Reading and Blowout Protection Table 2 Differential Pressure Conversion to Head Orifice Plates, Venturi, and Flow Indicators |
| 612 | Fig. 10 Minimum Installation Dimensions for Flowmeter Using a Pump as an Indicator Fig. 11 Single Gage for Differential Readout Across Pump and Strainer Fig. 12 Differential Pressure Used to Determine Pump Flow Central Plant Chilled-Water Systems Water Flow Instruments |
| 613 | Table 3 Instruments for Monitoring a Water System Procedures for Steam Balancing Variable Flow Systems Steam Flow Measuring Devices |
| 614 | Instruments Test Method Suggested Procedures |
| 615 | Instruments Data Recording Building Systems |
| 616 | Building Energized Systems Process Loads Guidelines for Developing a Field Study Form |
| 617 | Testing for Sound |
| 619 | Testing for Vibration |
| 620 | Fig. 13 Obstructed Isolation Systems Fig. 14 Testing Isolation Efficiency Fig. 15 Isolator Natural Frequencies and Efficiencies |
| 621 | Fig. 16 Vibration from Resonant Condition |
| 622 | Table 4 Common Causes of Vibration Other than Unbalance at Rotation Frequency Fig. 17 Vibration Caused by Eccentricity Fig. 18 Bent Shafts Fig. 19 Natural Frequency of Vibration Isolators Fig. 20 Typical Tie Rod Assembly |
| 623 | References Bibliography |
| 625 | I-P_A15_Ch39 Fig. 1 Three Pillars of Typical Life-Cycle Cost with Cost Elements Fig. 2 Life-Cycle Cost Elements: Business Costs for Nonresidential Buildings, Including Salaries and Benefits to Occupants |
| 626 | Fig. 3 Operations and Maintenance Cost Elements for Typical Office Building |
| 628 | Fig. 4 General Interrelationship of Concepts |
| 631 | Fig. 5 Generic Application of AFDD to Operation and Maintenance of Engineered Systems |
| 634 | References |
| 635 | Bibliography |
| 637 | I-P_A15_Ch40 |
| 638 | Operating Systems Utility Software |
| 639 | Application Software |
| 641 | Convergence |
| 642 | Fig. 1 Example of Business System Architecture |
| 643 | Servers Mailing Lists |
| 644 | Distributed Message Databases Real-Time Communication Real-Time Remote Computer Use Remote Information Retrieval |
| 645 | Collaborative Design Heat and Cooling Load Design |
| 646 | Duct Design |
| 647 | Fig. 2 Example of Duct System Node Designation Piping Design Fig. 3 Examples of Nodes for Piping System |
| 648 | Acoustic Calculation Equipment Selection and Simulation |
| 649 | Energy Simulation |
| 650 | Computational Fluid Dynamics |
| 651 | Computer-Aided Design Computer Graphics and Modeling |
| 652 | Unit Conversion Programs Psychrometric Utilities |
| 653 | Thermal Comfort Modules Refrigeration Properties and Design Ventilation Fig. 4 Software Interoperability Based on IFC Data Model Standard |
| 655 | Radiofrequency Data Transfer System Design Standards |
| 656 | Fig. 5 (A) Star, (B) Mesh, and (C) Hybrid Wireless Network Topologies |
| 657 | Examples of Applications of Wireless Systems in Buildings Challenges Table 1 Signal Attenuation for Selected Building Materials for 900 to 908 MHz Band Practical Design and Installation Considerations |
| 658 | Fig. 6 Example of RF Propagation Area Increasing with Distance from Transmitter Table 2 Attenuation of RF Signal in Free Air for Selected Distances |
| 659 | References |
| 660 | Bibliography Further Internet Resources |
| 661 | I-P_A15_Ch41 Energy End Use Specific Technology Assessment |
| 662 | Table 1 Characteristics of Major Monitoring Project Types Savings Measurement and Verification (M&V) Building Diagnostics |
| 663 | Table 2 Comparison of Small Projects to Overall Methodology How to Use This Chapter for Small Projects |
| 664 | Residential Retrofit Monitoring Table 3 Data Parameters for Residential Retrofit Monitoring Commercial Retrofit Monitoring |
| 665 | Table 4 Time-Sequential Parameters for Residential Retrofit Monitoring Table 5 Performance Data Requirements of Commercial Retrofit Protocol Commercial New Construction Monitoring |
| 666 | Planning Implementation and Data Management Data Analysis and Reporting |
| 667 | Fig. 1 Methodology for Designing Field Monitoring Projects Part One: Identify Project Objectives, Resources, and Constraints Part Two: Specify Building and Occupant Characteristics |
| 668 | Part Three: Specify Data Products and Project Output Part Four: Specify Monitoring Design Approach |
| 669 | Table 6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Common Experimental Approaches Part Five: Specify Data Analysis Procedures and Algorithms |
| 670 | Table 7 Whole-Building Analysis Guidelines |
| 671 | Part Six: Specify Field Data Monitoring Points |
| 672 | Table 8 General Characteristics of Data Acquisition System (DAS) |
| 673 | Table 9 Practical Concerns for Selecting and Using Data Acquisition Hardware Table 10 Instrumentation Accuracy and Reliability Part Seven: Resolve Data Product Accuracies |
| 674 | Part Eight: Specify Verification and Quality Assurance Procedures |
| 675 | Part Nine: Specify Recording and Data Exchange Formats Table 11 Quality Assurance Elements |
| 676 | Table 12 Documentation Included with Computer Data to Be Transferred References |
| 677 | Bibliography |
| 679 | I-P_A15_Ch42 |
| 681 | Fig. 1 Schematic of Chilled-Water Cooling System Systems and Controls Fig. 2 Schematic of Hot-Water Heating System |
| 682 | Sampling Intervals for Reset Controls General Static Optimization Problem |
| 683 | Fig. 3 Schematic of Modular Optimization Problem |
| 684 | Cooling Systems with Discrete Storage |
| 685 | Cooling Systems with Thermally Activated Building Systems |
| 686 | Fig. 4 Condenser Water Loop Schematic Near-Optimal Tower Fan Sequencing |
| 687 | Near-Optimal Tower Airflow Fig. 5 Trade-Offs Between Chiller Power and Fan Power with Tower Airflow Fig. 6 Example of Optimal Tower Fan Control Fig. 7 Fractional Tower Airflow Versus Part-Load Ratio |
| 688 | Table 1 Parameter Estimates for Near-Optimal Tower Control Equation |
| 689 | Overrides for Equipment Constraints Implementation |
| 690 | Fig. 8 Typical Chilled-Water Distribution for Fixed-Speed Pumping Pump Sequencing Optimal Chilled-Water Temperature |
| 691 | Overrides for Equipment and Comfort Constraints Implementation Fig. 9 Typical Chilled-Water Distribution for Primary/ Secondary Pumping Optimal Differential Pressure Set Points |
| 692 | Near-Optimal Chilled-Water Set Point Fig. 10 Trade-Off of Chiller and Pump Power with Chilled-Water Set Point Fig. 11 Comparisons of Optimal Chilled-Water Temperature Fig. 12 Dimensionless Chilled-Water Set Point Versus Part-Load Ratio |
| 693 | Table 2 Parameter Estimates for Near-Optimal Chilled-Water Set Point Equation Pump Sequencing |
| 694 | Overrides for Equipment and Comfort Constraints Implementation Near-Optimal Condenser Water Flow Distribution Optimal Chiller Load Distribution |
| 695 | Fig. 13 Effect of Condenser Water Flow Distribution for Two Chillers In Parallel Fig. 14 Effect of Relative Loading for Two Identical Parallel Chillers |
| 696 | Fig. 15 Chiller COP for Two Chillers Table 3 Chiller Characteristics for Optimal Loading Example 3 |
| 697 | Order for Bringing Chillers Online and Off-Line Load Conditions for Bringing Chillers Online or Off-Line |
| 698 | Fig. 16 Chiller A and B Performance Characteristics for Maximum COP, Example 4 Table 4 Chiller Characteristics for Maximum COP, Example 4 Table 5 Results for Maximum COP, Example 4 |
| 699 | Simplified System-Based Optimization Approach |
| 701 | Fig. 17 Comparisons of Optimal Supply Air Temperature Fig. 18 Comparisons of Optimal Condenser Pump Control Static Optimization for Cooling Plants Fig. 19 Example Chiller Plant Power Contours for Condenser-Loop Control Variables |
| 702 | Fig. 20 Example Chiller Plant Power Contours for Chilled- Water and Supply Air Temperatures Fig. 21 Example of Effect of Chiller and Pump Sequencing on Optimal Performance |
| 703 | Fig. 22 Example Comparison of Free-Floating and Fixed Humidity Fig. 23 Comparisons of Optimal Control with Conventional Control Strategies |
| 704 | Fig. 24 Example of Optimal Performance for Variable- and Fixed-Speed Chillers Fig. 25 Example Comparison of One-, Two-, and Variable- Speed Fans for Four-Cell Cooling Tower Fig. 26 Example of Optimal Performance for Variable- and Fixed-Speed Chillers |
| 705 | Cooling Systems with Discrete Thermal Storage Fig. 27 Generic Storage System for Cooling (Arrows Show Direction of Heat Flow) |
| 706 | Fig. 28 Schematic of an Ice Storage System |
| 707 | Control Strategies for Cooling Systems with Discrete Thermal Storage Charging Strategies Discharging Strategies |
| 708 | Fig. 29 Flowchart for Rule-Based Controller Discharge Strategy |
| 709 | Precooling of Building Thermal Mass |
| 710 | Fig. 30 Comparison of Cooling Requirements for Minimum Energy and Night Setup Control Fig. 31 Comparison of Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) for Minimum Energy and Night Setup Control Fig. 32 Comparison of Cooling Requirements for Minimum Demand and Night Setup Control |
| 711 | Table 6 Cooling Season Energy, Demand, and Total Costs and Savings Potential of Different Building Mass Control Strategies Thermally Activated Building Systems (TABS) |
| 712 | Fig. 33 Schematic of Thermally Activated Building System with Three Cooling Options Fig. 34 Performance of Optimally Controlled Chiller for Two Different Load-Side Boundary Conditions |
| 713 | Fig. 35 Chiller Load Distributions for Chicago Fig. 36 Savings Using TABS Only Compared to (A) Conventional VAV and (B) Sensible-Only MPC-VRF Combined Thermal Energy Storage Systems |
| 714 | Table 7 Energy Savings Potential for Precooling with High Part-Load Efficiency Chiller Fig. 37 Full-Load Equivalent Operating Hours (FLEOH) Distributions with TABS Acting Both as Cool Storage and Demand-Responsive Heat Sink |
| 715 | A Forecasting Algorithm |
| 716 | Fig. 38 Standard Deviation of Annual Errors for 1 to 24 h Forecasts |
| 717 | Fig. 39 Building Electricity Use Profiles for 6 h Predictive Optimal Control Fig. 40 Building Electricity Use Profiles for 24 h Predictive Optimal Control Excess Air in Combustion Process Fig. 41 Effect of Percent of Excess Air on Combustion Efficiency |
| 718 | Table 8 Typical Optimum Excess Air for Various Boiler Types Fig. 42 Hypothetical CO-O2 Characteristic Combustion Curves for a Gas-Fired Industrial Boiler Sequencing and Loading of Multiple Boilers Load Conditions for Bringing Boilers Online or Off-Line |
| 719 | Optimal Boiler Load Distribution Maintaining Boilers in Standby Mode Supply Water and Supply Pressure Reset for Boilers |
| 720 | Air Handler Sequencing and Economizer Cooling Fig. 43 AHU Sequencing Strategy with Single Feedback Controller Fig. 44 AHU Sequencing Strategy with Multiple Feedback Controllers |
| 721 | Supply Air Temperature Reset for Constant Air Volume (CAV) Static Pressure Reset for Variable Air Volume (VAV) Recovery from Night Setback or Setup |
| 722 | Emergency Strategy to Limit Peak Cooling Requirements Fig. 45 Zone Air Temperature Set Points Fig. 46 Total Coil Load for East and West Chiller Units |
| 723 | References |
| 724 | Bibliography |
| 725 | I-P_A15_Ch43 Applicability Background Benefits |
| 726 | Key Contributors Definitions Management Strategies |
| 727 | Team Members Roles and Responsibilities |
| 729 | Objectives Activities Predesign-Phase Commissioning Plan Acceptance of Predesign Commissioning Objectives |
| 730 | Activities |
| 732 | Objectives Activities |
| 735 | Objectives Activities |
| 736 | Hazards Generated on Site Effective Fire and Hazardous Gas Detection and Alarm Systems Active Fire Protection Systems National Security and Emergency Response Plan |
| 737 | Table 1 Estimated Commissioning Authority Costs to Owner for Construction and Occupancy/Operations Phases |
| 738 | References Bibliography |
| 739 | I-P_A15_Ch44 |
| 740 | Design Parameters |
| 741 | Other Important Performance Criteria Heat Flow Control |
| 742 | Thermal Performance Thermal Mass Thermal Bridges Air Leakage Control |
| 743 | Fig. 1 Schematic Detail of (A) Uninsulated and (B) Insulated Slab Edge and Metal Shelf Angle. Moisture Control Liquid Water Control |
| 744 | Water Vapor Control Common Envelope Problems |
| 745 | Control of Surface Condensation Interzonal Environmental Loads Interstitial Spaces Fig. 2 Dropped-Ceiling Return Plenum |
| 746 | Low-Slope Roof Assemblies Steep-Roof Assemblies Vegetated Roofing |
| 747 | Curtain Walls Fig. 3 Sandwich Panel with Insulation Encased in Concrete Precast Concrete Panels |
| 748 | Steel-Stud Wall Assemblies Wall Geometry with High Thermal Conductivity Fig. 4 Details of Insulation Around Column in Masonry Wall Conduction/Convection and Radiation Effects Air Infiltration Effects Solar Gain Interactions Between Thermal Loss and Solar Gain Control of Rain Entry |
| 749 | Heat Transfer Moisture |
| 750 | Building Materials Changing HVAC Equipment and/or Control Strategy Envelope Modifications Without Mechanical System Upgrades |
| 751 | References |
| 752 | BIBLIOGRAPHY |
| 753 | I-P_A15_Ch45 Stack Design Strategies Fig. 1 Flow Recirculation Regions and Exhaust Parameters Recommended Stack Exhaust Velocity |
| 754 | Fig. 2 Stack Designs Providing Vertical Discharge and Rain Protection Fig. 3 Reduction of Effective Stack Height by Stack Wake Downwash Other Stack Design Standards Contamination Sources |
| 755 | General Guidance on Intake Placement Fig. 4 Flow Patterns Around Rectangular Building Fig. 5 Surface Flow Patterns and Building Dimensions |
| 756 | Code Requirements for Air Intakes Treatment and Control Strategies Intake Locations for Heat-Rejection Devices Fig. 6 Design Procedure for Required Stack Height to Avoid Contamination Wind Recirculation Zones on Flat-Roofed Buildings |
| 758 | Table 1 Atmospheric Boundary Layer Parameters |
| 759 | Worst-Case Critical Dilution or Maximum Concentration Dilution and Concentration Definitions Roof-Level Dilution Estimation Method |
| 760 | Cross-Wind and Vertical Plume Spreads for Dilution Calculations Stack Design Using Dilution Calculations |
| 761 | Fig. 7 Spreadsheet for Example 2 Dilution from Flush Exhaust Vents with No Stack Fig. 8 Spreadsheet for Example 3 |
| 762 | Dilution at a Building Sidewall (Hidden) Intakes EPA Models Wind Tunnel Modeling Computer Simulations Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Annual Hours of Occurrence of Highest Intake Contamination Combined Exhausts Ganged Exhausts |
| 763 | Influence of Architectural Screens on Exhaust Dilution Emissions Characterization Symbols |
| 764 | References |
| 765 | Bibliography |
| 767 | I-P_A15_Ch46 |
| 768 | Using Source Data to Predict Indoor Concentrations |
| 769 | Table 1 Major Contaminants in Typical Cigarette Smoke Table 2 Example Generation of Gaseous Contaminants by Building Materials |
| 770 | Table 3 Example Generation of Gaseous Contaminants by Indoor Combustion Equipment Table 4 Example Total-Body Emission of Some Gaseous Contaminants by Humans Fig. 1 Recirculatory Air-Handling System with Gaseous Contaminant Modifiers |
| 772 | Table 5 Typical U.S. Outdoor Concentration of Selected Gaseous Air Contaminants Contaminant Load Estimates |
| 773 | Elimination or Reduction of Emissions Local Source Management Dilution Through General Ventilation Gaseous Contaminant Removal Processes |
| 774 | Fig. 2 Steps in Contaminant Adsorption Fig. 3 Dependence of Contaminant Concentration on Bed Depth and Exposure Time |
| 775 | Fig. 4 Breakthrough Characteristics of Fixed-Bed Adsorbents |
| 776 | Fig. 5 Sectional and Schematic Views of Typical Physical Adsorbent and Chemisorbent Configurations |
| 777 | Media Selection Fig. 6 Media and Equipment Selection Schematic |
| 778 | Table 6 Media Selection by Commercial Application Air Cleaner Location and Other HVAC Concerns |
| 779 | Table 7 Media Selection by Contaminant Sizing Gaseous Contaminant Removal Equipment |
| 780 | Sizing Gaseous Contaminant Removal Equipment |
| 781 | Table 8 Suggested Mesh 4 ´ 6 or 4 ´ 8 Coconut Shell Carbon Residence Time Ranges Special Cases Energy Concerns Economic Considerations |
| 782 | Table 9 Items Included in Economic Comparisons Between Competing Gaseous Contaminant Removal Systems Start-Up and Commissioning |
| 783 | When to Change Media Replacement and Reactivation |
| 784 | Laboratory Tests of Media and Complete Air Cleaners Field Tests of Installed Air Cleaners |
| 785 | References |
| 787 | Bibliography |
| 789 | I-P_A15_Ch47 Fig. 1 Boiler Control Hot-Water and Steam Boilers |
| 790 | Fig. 2 Steam-to-Water Heat Exchanger Control Hot-Water Distribution Systems Fig. 3 Load and Zone Control in Constant Flow System Heating Coils Fig. 4 Control of Hot-Water Coils Fig. 5 Preheat with Face-and-Bypass Dampers |
| 791 | Fig. 6 Coil Pump Piped Primary/Secondary Fig. 7 Pumped Hot-Water Coil Variations: (A) Series and (B) Parallel Fig. 8 Electric Heat: Solid-State Controller |
| 792 | Fig. 9 Duct Heater Control Radiant Heating and Cooling Chillers Fig. 10 Variable-Flow Chilled-Water System (Primary Only) |
| 793 | Fig. 11 Variable-Flow Chilled-Water System (Primary/Secondary) Fig. 12 Constant-Flow Chilled-Water System (Primary Only) Chiller Plant Operation Optimization |
| 794 | Cooling Tower Fig. 13 Cooling Tower |
| 795 | Air-Cooled Chillers Water-Side Economizers Cooling Coil Fig. 14 Control of Chilled-Water Coils |
| 796 | Variable Air Volume (VAV) Fig. 15 Duct Static-Pressure Control |
| 797 | Fig. 16 Supply/Return Fan Control |
| 798 | Fig. 17 Airflow Tracking Control Fig. 18 Building Pressure Model Fig. 19 Minimum Outdoor Air Control Using Differential Pressure Controls |
| 799 | Fig. 20 Minimum Outdoor Air Control with Outdoor Air Injection Fan Fig. 21 Outdoor Air Control with Airflow Measuring Stations Fig. 22 “Integrated” Economizer Cycle Control |
| 800 | Table 1 Economizer Damper Type and Sizing Constant-Volume (CV) Systems Fig. 23 Changeover/Bypass Zoning System Changeover/Bypass Zoning Systems |
| 801 | Terminal Units Fig. 24 Single-Duct Constant-Volume Zone Reheat Fig. 25 Throttling VAV Terminal Unit Fig. 26 Throttling VAV Terminal Unit: Dual Maximum Control Sequence |
| 802 | Fig. 27 Induction VAV Terminal Unit Fig. 28 Series Fan-Powered VAV Terminal Unit Fig. 29 Parallel Fan Terminal Unit Fig. 30 Variable-Volume Dual-Duct Terminal Unit |
| 803 | Humidity Control Fig. 31 Psychrometric Chart: Cooling and Dehumidifying, Practical Low Limit Fig. 32 Cooling and Dehumidifying with Reheat Fig. 33 Sprayed-Coil Dehumidifier |
| 804 | Fig. 34 Psychrometric Chart: Desiccant-Based Dehumidification Fig. 35 Desiccant Dehumidifier Fig. 36 Steam Injection Humidifier Fig. 37 Single-Zone Fan System Single-Zone Systems Fig. 38 Single-Zone VAV Control |
| 805 | Fig. 39 Unit Ventilator Control Arrangements Fig. 40 Valve and Damper Positions with Respect to Room Temperature Fig. 41 Makeup Air Unit Multiple-Zone, Single-Duct System Multiple-Zone, Dual-Duct Systems |
| 806 | Fig. 42 Multiple-Zone, Single-Duct System Fig. 43 Single-Fan, Dual-Duct System Fig. 44 Dual-Fan, Dual-Duct System Mobile Unit Control |
| 807 | Explosive Atmospheres Extraordinary Incidents Mechanical and Electrical Coordination Sequences of Operation Energy-Efficient Controls |
| 808 | System Selection |
| 809 | Load Matching Size of Controlled Area Location of Space Sensors Commissioning |
| 810 | References Bibliography |
| 811 | I-P_A15_Ch48 Fig. 1 Typical Paths of Noise and Vibration Propagation in HVAC Systems |
| 812 | Fig. 2 HVAC Sound Spectrum Components for Occupied Spaces Fig. 3 Frequency Ranges of Likely Sources of Sound-Related Complaints Fig. 4 Frequencies at Which Different Types of Mechanical Equipment Generally Control Sound Spectra Indoor Sound Criteria |
| 813 | Table 1 Design Guidelines for HVAC-Related Background Sound in Rooms |
| 814 | Fig. 5 Noise Criteria Curves |
| 815 | Fig. 6 Room Criterion Curves, Mark II Table 2 Example 1 Calculation of RC Mark II Rating |
| 816 | Table 3 Definition of Sound-Quality Descriptor and Quality-Assessment Index (QAI), to Aid in Interpreting RC Mark II Ratings of HVAC-Related Sound Fig. 7 NCB Noise Criterion Curves |
| 817 | Table 4 Comparison of Sound Rating Methods Table 5 Plumbing Noise Levels Outdoor Sound Criteria |
| 818 | Fans |
| 819 | Table 6 Sound Sources, Transmission Paths, and Recommended Noise Reduction Methods Fig. 8 Test Data for Plenum Fan, Comparing Operating Point (Static Pressure and Airflow), A-Weighted Sound Power Level |
| 820 | Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems Fig. 9 Basis for Fan Selection in VAV Systems |
| 821 | Rooftop-Mounted Air Handlers |
| 822 | Fig. 10 Sound Paths for Typical Rooftop Installations Aerodynamically Generated Sound in Ducts |
| 823 | Table 7 Duct Breakout Insertion Loss—Potential Low-Frequency Improvement over Bare Duct and Elbow |
| 824 | Table 8 Maximum Recommended Duct Airflow Velocities to Achieve Specified Acoustic Design Criteria Fig. 11 Velocity-Generated Sound of Duct Transitions Fig. 12 Velocity-Generated Sound of Elbows Fig. 13 Velocity-Generated Sound of 24 by 24 in. Volume Damper |
| 825 | Table 9 Maximum Recommended Air Velocities at Neck of Supply Diffusers or Return Registers to Achieve Specified Acoustical Design Criteria Table 10 Decibels to Be Added to Diffuser Sound Rating to Allow for Throttling of Volume Damper Water and Air-Cooled Chillers and Air-Cooled Condensers Fig. 14 (A) Proper and Improper Airflow Condition to an Outlet; (B) Effect of Proper and Improper Alignment of Flexible Duct Connector |
| 826 | Fig. 15 Typical Minimum and Maximum AHRI Standard 575 Lp Values for Centrifugal Chillers (130 to 1300 Tons) Fig. 16 Typical Minimum and Maximum AHRI Standard 575 Lp Values for Screw Chillers (130 to 400 Tons) |
| 827 | Fig. 17 Estimated Sound Level Build-Up in Mechanical Room for AHRI Standard 575 Chiller Sound Levels Table 11 Calculations for Reverberation Build-Up |
| 828 | Fig. 18 Typical AHRI 370 Lw Values for Outdoor Chillers (20 to 380 Tons) Emergency Generators Duct Element Sound Attenuation |
| 829 | Table 12 Sound Absorption Coefficients a of Selected Plenum Materials Fig. 19 Schematic of End-In/End-Out Plenum |
| 830 | Table 13 Low-Frequency Characteristics of Plenum TL Table 14 Offset Angle Effects on TL for End-Outlet Plenum Table 15 Elbow Effect, dB |
| 831 | Table 16 Sound Attenuation in Unlined Rectangular Sheet Metal Ducts |
| 832 | Table 17 Insertion Loss for Rectangular Sheet Metal Ducts with 1 in. Fiberglass Lining Table 18 Insertion Loss for Rectangular Sheet Metal Ducts with 2 in. Fiberglass Lining Table 19 Sound Attenuation in Unlined Straight Round Ducts |
| 833 | Table 20 Insertion Loss for Acoustically Lined Round Ducts with 1 in. Lining Table 21 Insertion Loss for Acoustically Lined Round Ducts with 2 in. Lining Table 22 Insertion Loss of Unlined and Lined Square Elbows Without Turning Vanes Table 23 Insertion Loss of Radiused Elbows Fig. 20 Rectangular Duct Elbows |
| 834 | Table 24 Insertion Loss of Unlined and Lined Square Elbows with Turning Vanes Fig. 21 Duct Silencer Configurations Fig. 22 Typical Facility for Rating Straight Duct Silencers With of Without Airflow Table 25 Insertion Loss for Lined Flexible Duct |
| 835 | Table 26 Duct Branch Sound Power Division Fig. 23 Comparison of 5 ft Long Dissipative and Reactive Silencer Performance |
| 836 | Table 27 Approximate Silencer System Effect Factors Table 28 Duct End Reflection Loss (ERL): Duct Terminated Flush with Wall |
| 837 | Fig. 24 Transmission of Rumble Noise Through Duct Walls Sound Radiation Through Duct Walls Fig. 25 Various Outlet Configurations for Centrifugal Fans and Their Possible Rumble Conditions |
| 838 | Fig. 26 Drywall Lagging for Duct Rumble Fig. 27 Decoupled Drywall Enclosure for Duct Rumble Fig. 28 Breakout Noise Fig. 29 Break-In Noise |
| 839 | Table 29 TLout Versus Frequency for Rectangular Ducts Table 30 Experimentally Measured TLout Versus Frequency for Round Ducts Table 31 TLout Versus Frequency for Flat Oval Ducts |
| 840 | Table 32 Experimentally Measured TLin Versus Frequency for Circular Ducts Table 33 TLin Versus Frequency for Rectangular Ducts |
| 841 | Table 34 TLin Versus Frequency for Flat Oval Ducts Table 35 Values for A in Equation (26) Table 36 Values for B in Equation (26) Table 37 Values for C in Equation (28) Distributed Array of Ceiling Sound Sources |
| 842 | Nonstandard Rooms Line Sound Sources Table 38 Values for D in Equation (29) Room Noise Measurement |
| 843 | Sound Propagation Outdoors Fig. 30 Directivity Factors for Various Radiation Patterns Sound Barriers |
| 844 | Table 39 Insertion Loss Values of Ideal Solid Barrier Fig. 31 Noise Barrier Fig. 32 Reflecting Surfaces That Can Diminish Barrier Effectiveness |
| 845 | Fig. 33 Typical Manifold Lab Exhaust Layout Fig. 34 Inlet Plenum for Multiple Exhaust Fans Location |
| 846 | Table 40 Sound Transmission Class (STC) and Transmission Loss Values of Typical Mechanical Equipment Room Wall, Floor, and Ceiling Types, dB Fig. 35 Duct, Conduit, and Pipe Penetration Details Wall Design |
| 847 | Doors Penetrations Mechanical Chases Special Construction Types Floating Floors and Barrier Ceilings |
| 848 | Sound Transmission in Return Air Systems Sound Transmission Through Ceilings Table 41 Environmental Correction to Be Subtracted from Device Sound Power Table 42 Compensation Factors for Source Area Effect |
| 849 | Table 43 Ceiling/Plenum/Room Attenuations in dB for Generic Ceiling in T-Bar Suspension Systems |
| 850 | Fig. 36 Sound Paths Layout for Example 8 Fig. 37 (A) Supply and (B) Return Air Layout for Example 8 |
| 851 | Calculation Procedure Fig. 38 NC Rating Calculated |
| 852 | Table 44 Path Element Sound Calculation Reference Fig. 39 Vibration Amplitude Terminology |
| 853 | Fig. 40 Transmission to Structure Varies as Function of Magnitude of Vibration Force Fig. 41 Interrelationship of Equipment Vibration, Isolation Efficiency, and Transmission |
| 854 | Table 45 Human Comfort and Equipment Vibration Criteria (in rms velocity) from Continuous Vibration Table 46 Maximum Allowable rms Velocity Levels Fig. 42 Building Vibration Criteria for Vibration Measured on Building Structure Fig. 43 Equipment Vibration Severity Rating for Vibration Measured on Equipment Structure or Bearing Caps |
| 855 | Table 47 Selection Guide for Vibration Isolation |
| 859 | Selecting Vibration Isolators to Meet Isolator Deflection Requirements |
| 860 | Resilient Pipe Hangers and Supports Fig. 44 Resilient Anchors and Guides for Pipes |
| 861 | Fig. 45 Acoustical Pipe Penetration Seals Fig. 46 Flexible Pipe Connectors Table 48 Recommended Live Lengthsa of Flexible Rubber and Metal Hose |
| 862 | Isolating Duct Vibration |
| 863 | Noise Problems Vibration Problems |
| 865 | References |
| 866 | Bibliography Resources |
| 867 | I-P_A15_Ch49 |
| 868 | Table 1 Alkalinity Relationship Based on P and M Tests Evaluating an Alternative Water Source |
| 869 | Evaluating Alternative Water Options |
| 870 | Scaling Indices Scale and Deposit Formation Control |
| 871 | Suspended Solids and Deposition Control |
| 872 | Fig. 1 Corrosion Types and Mechanisms Types of Corrosion |
| 873 | Fig. 2 Galvanic Corrosion |
| 874 | Table 2 Corrosion Rate Guidelines Factors Affecting Corrosion |
| 876 | Corrosion Preventive and Protective Measures |
| 877 | Corrosion Process Measurement White Rust on Galvanized Steel Cooling Towers |
| 878 | Control Measures |
| 880 | Legionella and Legionnaires’ Disease Start-Up and Recommissioning for Drained Systems |
| 881 | Start-Up and Recommissioning for Undrained (Stagnant) Systems Steam Boiler Systems |
| 882 | Boiler External Pretreatment Categories Boiler Feedwater Boiler Internal Treatments |
| 883 | Boiler Blowdown Control Steam and Condensate Network |
| 884 | Boiler Water Treatment Chemical Feed Methods Once-Through Cooling-Water Systems Open Recirculating Cooling-Water Systems Air Washers and Sprayed-Coil Units Closed-Loop (Hot/Chilled) Recirculating Systems |
| 885 | HVAC Closed Loops Containing Aluminum (Mixed-Metallurgy Systems) |
| 886 | Water-Heating Systems Table 3 Percent Glycol by Weight Versus Freezing Point Thermal Storage Systems Table 4 Freeze and Burst Protection by Volume Brine Systems Nonchemical and Physical Water Treatment Methods |
| 888 | REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY |
| 889 | I-P_A15_Ch50 |
| 890 | Energy Sources Design Path for Savings |
| 891 | Piping Material Pipe Sizing Supply Piping Pressure Differential Effect of Distribution Design on Efficiency of Condensing Heaters |
| 892 | Fig. 1 Effect of Inlet Water Temperature on Thermal Efficiency of Condensing Tankless Heater Fig. 2 Effect of Return Water Temperature on Operating Efficiency of Condensing Heaters Piping Heat Loss and Hot-Water Delivery Delays |
| 893 | Table 1 Piping Heat Loss Factors for Foam In Piping Heat Loss Factors for Foam Insulation with Thermal Conductivity of 0.02 Btu/h · ft2 · °F |
| 894 | Table 2 Approximate Heat Loss from Piping at 140°F Inlet, 70°F Ambient Hot-Water Recirculation Loops and Return Piping |
| 895 | Fig. 3 Arrangements of Hot-Water Circulation Lines Heat-Traced, Nonreturn Piping Multiple Water Heaters Commercial Dishwasher Piping and Pressure Considerations Fig. 4 National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) Plumbing Requirements for Commercial Dishwasher Two-Temperature Service |
| 896 | Fig. 5 Two-Temperature Service with Mixing Valve Fig. 6 Two-Temperature Service with Primary Heater and Booster Heater in Series Fig. 7 Two-Temperature Service with Separate Heater for Each Service Manifolding Fig. 8 Reverse/Return Manifold System Gas-Fired Systems |
| 897 | Oil-Fired Systems Electric |
| 898 | Indirect Water Heating Fig. 9 Indirect, External Storage Water Heater Semi-Instantaneous Circulating Tank Blending Injection Solar Wood Fired Waste Heat Use |
| 899 | Refrigeration Heat Reclaim Combination Heating |
| 900 | Load Diversity Table 3 Typical Residential Use of Hot Water Residential Fig. 10 First-Hour Rating (FHR) Relationships for Residential Water Heaters |
| 901 | Table 4 HUD-FHA Minimum Water Heater Capacities for One- and Two-Family Living Units Table 5 Overall (OVL) and Peak Average Hot-Water Use Fig. 11 Residential Average Hourly Hot-Water Use Commercial and Institutional |
| 902 | Fig. 12 Residential Hourly Hot-Water Use, 95% Confidence Level Fig. 13 Residential Hourly Hot-Water Use Pattern for Selected High Morning and High Evening Users Fig. 14 Residential Average Hourly Hot-Water Use Patterns for Low and High Users |
| 903 | Table 6 Hot-Water Demands and Use for Various Types of Buildings* Table 7 Hot-Water Demand and Use Guidelines for Apartment Buildings (Gallons per Person at 120°F Delivered to Fixtures) Fig. 15 Apartment Building Cumulative Hot-Water Use Versus Time (from Table 7) Sizing Examples |
| 904 | Fig. 22 Elementary Schools |
| 905 | Table 8 Example 1, Simplified Method: Heating Rate and Storage Volume Options Fig. 16 Dormitories Fig. 17 Motels Fig. 18 Nursing Homes Fig. 19 Office Buildings Fig. 20 Food Service Fig. 21 Apartments |
| 906 | Fig. 23 High Schools |
| 907 | Fig. 24 Hourly Flow Profiles for Various Building Types |
| 908 | Table 9 Example 1, More Accurate Method: Heating Rate and Storage Volume Options Table 10 Hot-Water Demand per Fixture for Various Types of Buildings |
| 909 | Table 11 Hot-Water Requirements for Various Commercial Kitchen Uses |
| 910 | Table 12 Range in Water Heater Flow Rate Requirements to Satisfy Dishwasher Rinse Operation of Various Units |
| 913 | Table 13 Hot-Water Usage for Industrial Wash Fountains and Showers Table 14 Water Heater Sizing for Ready-Mix Concrete Plant Sizing Boilers for Combined Space and Water Heating Fig. 25 Sizing Factor for Combination Heating and Water-Heating Boilers |
| 914 | Fig. 26 Typical Modular Boiler for Combined Space and Water Heating Typical Control Sequence for Indirect Water Heaters Sizing Tankless Water Heaters |
| 915 | Table 15 Needed Tankless Water Heater Output Heat Rates, Btu/h* Sizing Instantaneous and Semi-Instantaneous Water Heaters |
| 916 | Table 16 Hot-Water Demand in Fixture Units (140°F Water) Fig. 27 Modified Hunter Curve for Calculating Hot-Water Flow Rate Fig. 28 Enlarged Section of Figure 27 (Modified Hunter Curve) Table 17 Preliminary Hot-Water Demand Estimate |
| 917 | Sizing Refrigerant-Based Water Heaters |
| 919 | Table 18 Results Comparisons for Examples 11 to 14 Legionellosis (Legionnaires’ Disease) Scalding |
| 920 | Fig. 29 Time for Adult Skin Burns in Hot Water Temperature Requirement Other Safety Concerns Table 19 Representative Hot-Water Temperatures |
| 921 | Fig. 30 Lime Deposited Versus Temperature and Water Use Cross Flow at End-Use Fixtures Hot Water from Tanks and Storage Systems |
| 922 | Placement of Water Heaters References |
| 923 | Bibliography |
| 925 | I-P_A15_Ch51 Heat Balance |
| 926 | Heat Flux Equations |
| 927 | Weather Data and Heat Flux Calculation Results |
| 928 | Table 1 Frequencies of Snow-Melting Surface Heat Fluxes at Steady-State Conditions a |
| 930 | Fig. 1 Snow-Melting Surface Heat Fluxes Required to Provide Snow-Free Area Ratio of 1.0 for 99% of Time Example for Surface Heat Flux Calculation Using Table 1 |
| 931 | Fig. 2 Snow-Melting Surface Heat Fluxes Required to Provide Snow-Free Area Ratio of 0 for 99% of Time Sensitivity of Design Surface Heat Flux to Wind Speed and Surface Size Back and Edge Heat Losses Transient Analysis of System Performance |
| 932 | Table 2 Mean Sensitivity of Snow-Melting Surface Heat Fluxes to Wind Speed and Slab Length Annual Operating Data Annual Operating Cost Example |
| 933 | Table 3 Annual Operating Data at 99% Satisfaction Level of Heat Flux Requirement |
| 934 | Table 4 Required Aggregate Size and Air Content Manual Control Automatic Control Control Selection Operating Cost Heat Transfer Fluid |
| 935 | Piping Fig. 3 Detail of Typical Hydronic Snow-Melting System |
| 936 | Table 5 Steady-State Surface Heat Fluxes and Average Fluid Temperature for Hydronic Snow-Melting System in Figure 3 Table 6 Typical Dependency of Maximum Heat Flux Deliverable by Plastic Pipes on Pipe Spacing and Concrete Overpour Fig. 4 Piping Details for Concrete Construction Fluid Heater |
| 937 | Pump Selection Pump Selection Example Controls Thermal Stress Heat Flux Electrical Equipment Mineral-Insulated Cable |
| 938 | Fig. 5 Typical Mineral Insulated Heating Cable Installation in Concrete Slab Table 7 Mineral-Insulated Cold-Lead Cables (Maximum 600 V) |
| 939 | Fig. 6 Typical Section, Mineral-Insulated Heating Cable in Asphalt Self-Regulating Cable Fig. 7 Typical Self-Regulating Cable Installation Constant-Wattage Systems |
| 940 | Fig. 8 Shaping Heating Mats Around Curves and Obstacles Installation Infrared Snow-Melting Systems |
| 941 | Fig. 9 Typical Power Density Distribution for Infrared Snow-Melting System Snow Melting in Gutters and Downspouts |
| 942 | Fig. 10 Typical Insulated Wire Layout to Protect Roof Edge and Downspout Fig. 11 Typical Heat Tracing Arrangement (Hydronic or Electric) |
| 943 | Fig. 12 Typical Pipe-Tracing System with Steam System Steam Pipe-Tracing Systems Electric Pipe-Tracing Systems Fig. 13 Typical Pipe Tracing with Electric System |
| 944 | Control References Bibliography |
| 945 | I-P_A15_Ch52 Cooling |
| 946 | Fig. 1 Psychrometrics of Evaporative Cooling Humidification Dehumidification and Cooling Air Cleaning |
| 947 | Fig. 2 Heat Pipe Air-to-Air Heat Exchanger with Sump Base Fig. 3 Cross-Flow Plate Air-to-Air Indirect Evaporative Cooling Heat Exchanger Fig. 4 Rotary Heat Exchanger with Direct Evaporative Cooling Fig. 5 Coil Energy Recovery Loop with Direct Evaporative Cooling |
| 948 | Fig. 6 Cooling-Tower-to-Coil Indirect Evaporative Cooling Table 1 Indirect Evaporative Cooling Systems Comparison |
| 949 | Indirect Evaporative Cooling Controls Fig. 7 Increased Winter Ventilation Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooling with VAV Delivery |
| 950 | Fig. 8 Heat Pipe Air-Handling Unit |
| 951 | Table 2 Sacramento, California, Cooling Load Comparison Table 3 Sacramento, California, Heat Recovery and Humidification Beneficial Humidification Indirect Evaporative Cooling With Heat Recovery |
| 952 | Fig. 9 Refrigeration Reduction with Two-Stage Evaporative Cooling Design Fig. 10 Indirect/Direct Two-Stage System Performance |
| 953 | Fig. 11 Two-Stage Evaporative Cooling with Third-Stage Integral DX Cooling Design Fig. 12 Psychrometrics of 100% OA, Two-Stage Evaporative Cooling Design (20,000 cfm Supply, 18,000 cfm Return) Compared with 10% OA Conventional System Operating at Stockton, California, ASHRAE 0.4% db Design Condition |
| 954 | Fig. 13 Psychrometric Diagram for Example 1 |
| 955 | Fig. 14 Effective Temperature Chart |
| 956 | Fig. 15 Effective Temperature for Summer Day in Kansas City, Missouri (Worst-Case Basis) Area Cooling Spot Cooling Cooling Large Motors |
| 957 | Fig. 16 Change in Human Comfort Zone as Air Movement Increases Fig. 17 Arrangements for Cooling Large Motors Cooling Gas Turbine Engines and Generators Process Cooling Cooling Laundries Cooling Wood and Paper Products Facilities |
| 958 | Cooling Power-Generating Facilities Cooling Mines Cooling Animals Produce Storage Cooling Cooling Greenhouses Table 4 Air Speeds for Potato Storage Evaporative Cooler |
| 959 | Table 5 Three-Year Average Solar Radiation for Horizontal Surface During Peak Summer Month |
| 960 | Fig. 18 Schematics for 100% Outdoor Air Used in Hospital Control of Gaseous Contaminants Table 6 Particulate Removal Efficiency of Rigid Media at 500 fpm Air Velocity Table 7 Insertion Loss for 12 in. Depth of Rigid Media at 550 fpm Air Velocity, dB |
| 961 | Direct Evaporation Energy Saving Indirect Evaporation Energy Saving Water Cost for Evaporative Cooling Fig. 19 Two-Stage Evaporative Cooling at 0.4% Design Condition in Various Cities in Western United States |
| 962 | Fig. 20 Final Room Design Conditions After Two-Stage Evaporative Cooling |
| 963 | Fig. 21 Psychrometric Diagram of Three-Stage Evaporative Cooling Example 3 References Bibliography |
| 965 | I-P_A15_Ch53 Fig. 1 Simplified Fire Protection Decision Tree |
| 966 | Fire Dampers Fig. 2 Multiblade Dampers Fig. 3 Curtain Fire Damper Smoke Dampers |
| 967 | Table 1 UL Standard 555S Leakage Classifications for Smoke Dampers Stack Effect Fig. 4 Air Movement Caused by Normal and Reverse Stack Effect |
| 968 | Fig. 5 Pressure Difference Between Building Shaft and Outdoors Caused by Normal Stack Effect Buoyancy Expansion |
| 969 | Wind Forced Ventilation Elevator Piston Effect Fig. 6 Calculated Upper Limit of Piston Effect Across Elevator Lobby Doors. Compartmentation Dilution Remote from Fire |
| 970 | Pressurization Fig. 7 Smoke Flow Controlled by Pressurization Fig. 8 Opposed Airflow Controlling Smoke Flow Opposed Airflow Buoyancy |
| 971 | Door-Opening Forces Flow and Pressure Difference Table 2 Typical Flow Areas of Walls and Floors of Commercial Buildings Design Pressure Differences Computer Analysis |
| 972 | Building Complexity Fig. 9 Examples of Simple and Complicated Buildings Stack Effect |
| 973 | Fig. 10 Stairwell Pressurization by Multiple Injection with Fan Located at Ground Level Fig. 11 Stairwell Pressurization by Multiple Injection with Multiple Fans Stairwell Compartmentation Vestibules System with Fire Floor Exhaust Analysis of Pressurized Stairwells |
| 974 | Fig. 12 Pressure Profile of a Pressurized Stairwell in Winter Table 3 Stairwell Supply Air as Function of Leakage Classification Stairwell Fan Sizing Height Limit Fig. 13 Height Limit with Treated Supply Air in Winter |
| 975 | Fig. 14 Height Limit with Untreated Supply Air in Winter Fig. 15 Example for Effective Flow Areas of Building with Pressurized Stairwells Fig. 16 Example for Effective Flow Areas of Building with Pressurized Stairwells and Unpressurized Vestibules Fig. 17 Office Building of Stairwell Examples |
| 976 | Stairwells with Open Doors Basic System |
| 977 | Fig. 18 Floor Plans of the Example 14-Story Open Plan Office Building for Elevator Pressurization Study Fig. 19 Elevator Pressure Differences for Basic Elevator Pressurization System Table 4 Pressure Differences Criteria for Elevator Pressurization Simulations, in. of water Exterior Vent (EV) System Table 5 Flow Areas and Flow Coefficients of Doors Used for Elevator Pressurization Simulations Table 6 Flow Areas and Flow Coefficients of Leakages Used for Elevator Pressurization Simulations |
| 978 | Fig. 20 Typical Floor Plan of Example Building with Exterior Vent (EV) System Floor Exhaust (FE) System Fig. 21 Typical Floor Plan of Example Building with Floor Exhaust (FE) System Ground-Floor Lobby (GFL) System Fig. 22 Ground Floor of Building with Ground-Floor Lobby (GFL) System |
| 979 | Table 7 Pressure Differences Criteria for GFL Elevator Pressurization Simulations, in. of water Fig. 23 Some Arrangements of Smoke Control Zones Interaction with Pressurized Stairs |
| 980 | Fig. 24 Interaction Between Zoned Smoke Control and Pressurized Stairwells Fig. 25 Atrium Smoke Exhaust Design Fires Fig. 26 HRR of Upholstered Sofa and Chair |
| 981 | Fire Development Table 8 Typical Fire Growth Times Sprinklers Shielded Fires Transient Fuels |
| 982 | Suggested Fire Sizes Atrium Smoke Filling Loss of Buoyancy in Atriums Table 9 Steady Design Fire Sizes for Atriums Minimum Smoke Layer Depth Makeup Air Stratification and Detection |
| 983 | Equations for Steady Smoke Exhaust Fire in Atrium Fig. 27 Smoke Layer Temperature for Steady Smoke Exhaust Systems |
| 984 | Fig. 28 Smoke Exhaust Rate for Steady Smoke Exhaust Systems Fire in Communicating Space Fig. 29 Balcony Spill Plume Smoke Layer Temperature |
| 985 | Volumetric Flow of Smoke Exhaust Number of Exhaust Inlets |
| 986 | Zone Fire Modeling CFD Modeling Tenability Evaluation Commissioning Process |
| 987 | Commissioning Testing Special Inspector Periodic Testing |
| 988 | References |
| 991 | I-P_A15_Ch54 |
| 992 | Fig. 1 Relative Absorptance and Reflectance of Skin and Typical Clothing Surfaces at Various Color Temperatures |
| 993 | Fig. 2 Range of Thermal Acceptability for Sedentary People with Various Clothing Insulations and Operative Temperatures Fig. 3 Optimum Operative Temperatures for Active People in Low-Air-Movement Environments Fig. 4 ASHRAE Comfort Chart for Sedentary Occupants |
| 994 | Fig. 5 Geometry and Symbols for Describing Beam Heaters Geometry of Beam Heating |
| 995 | Floor Reradiation Asymmetric Radiant Fields |
| 996 | Fig. 6 Basic Radiation Patterns for System Design Fig. 7 Lines of Constant Radiant Flux for a Line Source |
| 997 | Black Globe Thermometer Directional Radiometer Table 1 Value of K for Various Air Velocities and Globe Thermometer Diameters (ag = 1) |
| 998 | Low-, Medium-, and High-Intensity Infrared Applications Panel Heating and Cooling |
| 1000 | References |
| 1001 | I-P_A15_Ch55 |
| 1002 | Dynamic Analysis Static Analysis as Defined in the International Building Code |
| 1003 | Table 1 IBC Seismic Analysis Requirements Table 2 Coefficients for Mechanical Components Table 3 Values of Site Coefficient Fa as Function of Site Class and Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Period (Ss) |
| 1004 | Table 4 Ss Numbers* for Selected U.S. Locations (U.S. COE 1998) |
| 1005 | Table 5 Ss Numbers for Selected International Locations (U.S. COE 1998) |
| 1006 | Table 6 Load Combinations Simple Case General Case Fig. 1 Equipment with Rigidly Mounted Structural Bases Polar Method Lump Mass Method |
| 1007 | Resilient Support Factors Building Attachment ASD Applications LRFD Applications |
| 1008 | Types of Concrete Post-Installed Anchors |
| 1009 | Fig. 2 Seismic Snubbers |
| 1010 | Fig. 3 Cable Restraint Fig. 4 Rod Stiffener Fig. 5 Types of Cable Connections |
| 1011 | Fig. 6 Strut End Connections Fig. 7 Equipment Rigidly Mounted to Structure (Example 1) |
| 1012 | Fig. 8 Equipment Supported by External Spring Mounts |
| 1013 | Fig. 9 Spring Mount Detail (Example 2) Fig. 10 Equipment with Center of Gravity Different from Isolator Group (in Plan View) |
| 1014 | Fig. 11 Supports and Bracing for Suspended Equipment |
| 1015 | Table 7 Definition of Exposure Categories Table 8 Wind Importance Factor I (Wind Loads) Table 9 Exposure Category Constants |
| 1016 | Table 10 Force Coefficients for HVAC Components, Tanks, and Similar Structures Analytical Procedure |
| 1017 | Fig. 12 Wind Speed Data Analytical Procedure |
| 1018 | Fig. 13 External Pressure Coefficient GCp for Walls for h < 60 ft |
| 1019 | Fig. 14 External Pressure Coefficient GCp for Walls for h > 60 ft Fig. 15 Office Building, Example 8 |
| 1020 | Table 11 Classification of Buildings and Other Structures for Wind Loads Table 12 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient Kz Table 13 Directionality Factor Kd |
| 1021 | Table 14 Internal Pressure Coefficient GCpi Fig. 16 State of Florida Windborne Debris Regions References |
| 1022 | Bibliography |
| 1023 | I-P_A15_Ch56 Fig. 1 Fundamental Voltage Wave |
| 1024 | Electrical Wiring (Conductors for General Wiring) Transformers Fig. 2 Ideal Transformer |
| 1025 | Fig. 3 Three-Phase Y-Y Transformer Fig. 4 Three-Phase Y-D Transformer Fig. 5 Three-Phase D-Y Transformer Fig. 6 Three-Phase D-D Transformer Fig. 7 Typical Autotransformer |
| 1026 | Emergency and Standby Power Systems Fig. 8 Break-Before-Make Design for Standard ATS |
| 1027 | Fig. 9 Closed-Transition ATS Fig. 10 Parallel-Transfer Switch Motors |
| 1028 | Utilization Equipment Voltage Ratings |
| 1029 | Fig. 11 Utilization Voltages Versus Nameplate Ratings Voltage Level Variation Effects Voltage Selection |
| 1030 | Transients Fig. 12 Example of Spike Fig. 13 Example of Notch Fig. 14 Example of Oscillatory Transient |
| 1031 | Short-Duration Variations Fig. 15 Example of Sag Fig. 16 Example of Swell (Surge) Long-Duration Variations Fig. 17 Example of Overvoltage |
| 1032 | Fig. 18 Example of Undervoltage Fig. 19 Derating Factor Curve Interruptions and Outages Fig. 20 Example of Momentary Interruption |
| 1033 | Fig. 21 Example of Blackout or Power Failure Waveform Harmonic Distortion Fig. 22 Example of Harmonic Voltage Distortion Fig. 23 Example of Harmonic Current Distortion for Six-Pulse Rectifier with 5% Impedance Reactor Fig. 24 Example of Harmonic Current Distortion for One-Phase Input Current for Single Personal Computer |
| 1034 | Fig. 25 Example of VFD with ac Line Reactor Fig. 26 Example of VFD with Low-Pass Harmonic Filter Voltage Flicker Fig. 27 Example of Flicker Noise Fig. 28 Example of Electrical Noise |
| 1035 | Cost-Based Rates |
| 1036 | Policy-Based Rates |
| 1037 | Market-Based Rates NEC® UL Listing |
| 1038 | CSA Approved ULC NAFTA Wiring Standards IEEE Bibliography |
| 1039 | I-P_A15_Ch57 |
| 1040 | Fig. 1 Classification of Air Distribution Strategies Design Constraints Sound Inlet Conditions to Air Outlets Table 1 Recommended Return Inlet Face Velocities Return Air Inlets |
| 1041 | Principles of Operation Space Ventilation and Contaminant Removal Benefits and Limitations Horizontal Discharge Cooling with Ceiling- Mounted Outlets Fig. 2 Air Supplied at Ceiling Induces Room Air into Supply Jet Vertical-Discharge Cooling or Heating with Ceiling-Mounted Outlets Cooling with Sidewall Outlets |
| 1042 | Cooling with Floor-Mounted Air Outlets Cooling with Sill-Mounted Air Outlets Heating and Cooling with Perimeter Ceiling- Mounted Outlets Space Temperature Gradients and Airflow Rates Methods for Evaluation Selection |
| 1043 | Table 2 Effect of Neck-Mounted Damper on Air Outlet NC |
| 1044 | Table 3 Characteristic Room Length for Several Diffusers (Measured from Center of Air Outlet) Table 4 Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI) Selection Guide Principles of Operation |
| 1045 | Fig. 3 Displacement Ventilation System Characteristics Fig. 4 Temperature Profile of Displacement Ventilation System Space Ventilation and Contaminant Removal Typical Applications Benefits and Limitations Outlet Characteristics |
| 1046 | Space Temperature Gradients and Airflow Rates Fig. 5 Temperature Gradient Relationships for Thermal Displacement Ventilation System in Typical Classroom or Office with 10 ft Ceiling Methods of Evaluation Design Procedures Application Considerations |
| 1047 | Principles of Operation Fig. 6 UFAD System in Partially Stratified Application Space Ventilation and Contaminant Removal Typical Applications Benefits and Limitations |
| 1048 | Outlet Characteristics Space Temperature Gradients and Airflow Rates Methods of Evaluation Design Procedures Application Considerations System Selection |
| 1049 | Table 5 Suitability of Terminal Units for Various Applications |
| 1050 | Applications |
| 1051 | Comparison of Series- and Parallel-Flow Fan-Powered Terminal Units |
| 1053 | Fan Airflow Control on Fan-Powered Terminals Sizing Fan-Powered Terminals |
| 1055 | Installation and Application Precautions: Avoiding Common Errors and Problems |
| 1057 | Codes and Standards Application Considerations Cooling |
| 1058 | Heating Thermal Comfort Space Temperature Control and Zoning Selection and Location Operational Considerations |
| 1059 | References |
| 1061 | I-P_A15_Ch58 Programming Siting |
| 1062 | Table 1 Integrated Building Design Checklist |
| 1063 | Budgeting Team Selection Energy Use Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Water Usage |
| 1064 | Vulnerability Environmental Stewardship Critical Operations General Operations Teamwork Team Formation Decision-Making Criteria |
| 1065 | Strategy Development Interdisciplinary Integration |
| 1066 | Iterative Evaluation and Analysis Effort Shift Fig. 1 Benefits of Early Design Collaboration Project Delivery Sequence Focus |
| 1067 | Drawings Specifications Value Engineering Risk Management Budget Control |
| 1068 | Constructability Review Operational Review Commissioning Building Information Modeling |
| 1069 | Fig. 2 Overview of BIM Benefits Energy Modeling |
| 1070 | Life-Cycle Analysis Tools References Bibliography Resources |
| 1071 | I-P_A15_Ch59 |
| 1072 | Fig. 1 Risk Management Framework |
| 1073 | Fig. 2 HVAC Security and Environmental Health and Safety Basis of Design Segment Evacuation Shelter-in-Place |
| 1074 | Uninterrupted Operation Emergency Power Redundant Design System Shutdown and/or Isolation Protective Equipment 100% Outdoor Air Operation |
| 1075 | HVAC Zoning Increased Standoff Distances Occupant Notification Systems Air Intake Protection Increased Prefiltration Efficiency Additional Filtration Location of Mechanical Equipment Physical Security Measures Air Supply Quantities and Pressure Gradients Sensors |
| 1076 | Mailroom and Lobby Measures |
| 1077 | Incapacitating Agents Irritants Toxic Chemical Agents |
| 1078 | Other HVAC-Compromising Gases and Vapors |
| 1079 | Table 1 Corrosive Gases and Vapors Table 2 Limited List of Human Pathogenic Microorganisms |
| 1081 | Fig. 3 Free-Field and Reflected Pressure Wave Pulses |
| 1082 | References Bibliography |
| 1083 | Online Resources |
| 1085 | I-P_A15_Ch60 UV Dose and Microbial Response |
| 1086 | Fig. 1 Potential Applications of UVC to Control Microorganisms in Air and on Surfaces |
| 1087 | Fig. 2 Electromagnetic Spectrum Fig. 3 Standardized Germicidal Response Functions UV Inactivation of Biological Contaminants Fig. 4 General Ranking of Susceptibility to UVC Inactivation of Microorganisms by Group |
| 1088 | Table 1 Modes of Disease Transmission Table 2 Representative Members of Organism Groups |
| 1089 | Design Guidance Upper-Air UVC Devices (Fixtures) Fig. 5 Typical Elevation View of Upper-Air UVC Applied in Hospital Patient Room |
| 1090 | Fig. 6 Typical Elevation View Showing UVC Placed above Heads of Room Occupants for Safety Fig. 7 Upper-Air UVC Treating Congregate Setting Fig. 8 Upper-Air UVC Devices In A Naturally Ventilated Corridor of TB Facility in Brazil Fig. 9 Suggested Layout of UVC Fixtures for Patient Isolation Room |
| 1091 | Table 3 Suggested UVC Fixture Mounting Heights Fig. 10 Upper-Air UVC Devices with 180° Emission Profile Covering Corridors Fig. 11 Example Upper-Air UVC Layout for A Meeting Room In-Duct UVC Systems: Airstream Disinfection |
| 1092 | Studies of Airstream Disinfection Effectiveness Coil and Drain Pan Irradiation Alternative and Complementary Systems |
| 1093 | Fig. 12 Section View of Typical HVAC Surface Treatment Installations Upper-Air UVC Devices |
| 1094 | In-Duct Air Disinfection Upper-Air Versus In-Duct Cooling Coil Surface Treatment |
| 1095 | Hazards of Ultraviolet Radiation to Humans Sources of UV Exposure Exposure Limits |
| 1096 | Evidence of Safety Safety Design Guidance Upper-Air UVC Devices |
| 1097 | In-Duct UVC Systems Material Degradation Visual Inspection Radiometer Lamp Replacement Lamp and Ballast Disposal Personnel Safety Training |
| 1098 | Lamp Breakage References |
| 1100 | Bibliography |
| 1101 | I-P_A15_Ch61 Fig. 1 Generic Process for Using AFDD in Ongoing Operation and Maintenance of Building Systems |
| 1102 | Applications of AFDD in Buildings AFDD Methods |
| 1103 | Fig. 2 Classification Scheme for AFDD Benefits of Detecting and Diagnosing Equipment Faults |
| 1104 | Criteria for Evaluating AFDD Methods Types of AFDD Tools AFDD Software Deployed on Networked Workstations |
| 1105 | Current State of AFDD in Buildings Future for Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics Sensors |
| 1106 | Fig. 3 Traditional Twisted-Pair Wired Sensing Architecture Transmitting Analog Signals (Left) versus Computer Network Architecture Capable of Exchanging Digital Information (Right) Actuators |
| 1107 | Sensor and Actuator Integration Brief History of Electric Power Grid |
| 1108 | Fig. 4 Electric Power Grid Electric Power Grid Operational Characteristics Fig. 5 Interconnections in Area of Responsibility of North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) |
| 1109 | Typical Building Load Profile Fig. 6 Example Commercial Building Load Profile in Relation to Utility System Load Utility Demand Response Strategies |
| 1110 | Utility Rate Options and Strategies Modern Smart-Grid Strategy Fig. 7 Benefits of Smart Grid as Viewed by Utilities and Customers Table 1 Common Types of Demand Response (DR) Programs: Price Options and Incentive- or Event-Based Options |
| 1111 | Relevance to Building System Designers REFERENCES |
| 1113 | BIBLIOGRAPHY |
| 1115 | I-P_A15_Ch62 Human Health Energy Conservation Sustainability Costs Avoiding Litigation Risk |
| 1116 | Fig. 1 Mold Caused by Complex Combination of Factors |
| 1117 | Fig. 2 Rain Loads Versus Wind Speed and Direction Risk Factors |
| 1118 | Risk Mitigation Fig. 3 Dehumidification Load Versus Peak Outdoor Dew Point Design and Peak Dry Bulb Risk Factors |
| 1119 | Risk Mitigation Risk Factors Risk Mitigation Risk Factors Risk Mitigation |
| 1120 | Sill Pans and Flashing Waterproof Drainage Plane Wrap-Around Air Barrier |
| 1121 | Mold-Resistant Gypsum Board Permeable Interior Finish for Exterior Walls Roof Overhang |
| 1122 | Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS) Fig. 4 Mold Resulting from Humid Air Infiltration in Overcooled Health Clinic Maximum 55°F Indoor Dew Point for Mechanically Cooled Buildings in Hot or Humid Climates |
| 1123 | Design for Dehumidification Based on Loads at Peak Outdoor Dew Point Fig. 5 Peak Dry-Bulb and Dew-Point Design: Retail Store Humidity Loads Based on ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010 Mastic-Sealed Duct Connections Positive Building Pressure When Outdoor Dew Point Is Above 55°F |
| 1125 | Different Measurement Locations Fig. 6 Variation in Moisture Content and Mold Growth Across Short Distances Different Moisture Meters |
| 1126 | Fig. 7 Variation in Moisture Meter Readings on Same Material Fig. 8 Example of Documenting Both Values and Pattern of Moisture References Bibliography |
| 1129 | I-P_A15_Ch63 Selected Codes and Standards Published by Various Societies and Associations |
| 1155 | ORGANIZATIONS |
| 1157 | I-P_A15Additions 2012 HVAC Systems and Equipment Fig. 1 Dehumidification Process Points Fig. 13 The Psychrometric Processes of Exchangers in Series Mode 2013 Fundamentals |
| 1158 | Table 8 Enhanced Model Stack and Wind Coefficients Fig. 3 Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Heat Exchanger Fig. 25 Typical Sensible Storage Connection Scheme |
| 1159 | Fig. 1 Example House 2014 Refrigeration |
| 1161 | I-P_A2015 IndexIX_print Abbreviations, F37 Absorbents Absorption Acoustics. See Sound Activated carbon adsorption, A46.7 Adaptation, environmental, F9.16 ADPI. See Air diffusion performance index (ADPI) Adsorbents Adsorption Aeration, of farm crops, A25 Aerosols, S29.1 AFDD. See Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD) Affinity laws for centrifugal pumps, S44.8 AFUE. See Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE) AHU. See Air handlers Air Air barriers, F26.5 Airborne infectious diseases, F10.7 Air cleaners. (See also Filters, air; Industrial exhaust gas cleaning) Air conditioners. (See also Central air conditioning) |
| 1162 | Air conditioning. (See also Central air conditioning) Air contaminants, F11. (See also Contaminants) Aircraft, A12 Air curtains, display cases, R15.5 Air diffusers, S20 Air diffusion, F20 Air diffusion performance index (ADPI), A57.5 Air distribution, A57; F20; S4; S20 Air exchange rate Air filters. See Filters, air Airflow |
| 1163 | Airflow retarders, F25.9, 10 Air flux, F25.2. (See also Airflow) Air handlers Air inlets Air intakes Air jets. See Air diffusion Air leakage. (See also Infiltration) Air outlets Airports, air conditioning, A3.6 Air quality. [See also Indoor air quality (IAQ)] Airtightness, F36.24 Air-to-air energy recovery, S26 Air-to-transmission ratio, S5.13 Air transport, R27 Air washers Algae, control, A49.11 All-air systems Altitude, effects of Ammonia Anchor bolts, seismic restraint, A55.7 Anemometers Animal environments Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), S33.9; S34.2 Antifreeze Antisweat heaters (ASH), R15.5 Apartment buildings Aquifers, thermal storage, S51.6 Archimedes number, F20.6 Archives. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries |
| 1164 | Arenas Argon, recovery, R47.17 Asbestos, F10.5 ASH. See Antisweat heaters (ASH) Atriums Attics, unconditioned, F27.2 Auditoriums, A5.3 Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD), A39.5; A61.1 Automobiles Autopsy rooms, A8.9; A9.6, 7 Avogadro’s law, and fuel combustion, F28.10 Backflow-prevention devices, S47.13 BACnet®, A40.18; F7.18 Bacteria Bakery products, R41 Balance point, heat pumps, S49.9 Balancing. (See also Testing, adjusting, and balancing) BAS. See Building automation systems (BAS) Baseboard units Basements Beer’s law, F4.16 Bernoulli equation, F21.1 Best efficiency point (BEP), S44.7 Beverages, R39 BIM. See Building information modeling (BIM) Bioaerosols Biocides, control, A49.13 Biodiesel, F28.6 Biological safety cabinets, A16.5 Biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A18.9 Bioterrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Boilers, S32 Boiling Brake horsepower, S44.8 Brayton cycle Bread, R41 Breweries Brines. See Coolants, secondary Building automation systems (BAS), A40.18; A61.1; F7.14 Building energy monitoring, A41. (See also Energy, monitoring) Building envelopes |
| 1165 | Building information modeling (BIM), A40.15 Building materials, properties, F26 Buildings Building thermal mass Burners Buses Bus terminals Butane, commercial, F28.5 CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD) Cafeterias, service water heating, A50.11, 21 Calcium chloride brines, F31.1 Candy Capillary action, and moisture flow, F25.10 Capillary tubes Carbon dioxide Carbon emissions, F34.6 Carbon monoxide Cargo containers, R25 Carnot refrigeration cycle, F2.6 Cattle, beef, and dairy, A24.7. (See also Animal environments) CAV. See Constant air volume (CAV) Cavitation, F3.13 CBRE. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Ceiling effect. See Coanda effect Ceilings Central air conditioning, A42. (See also Air conditioning) Central plants |
| 1166 | Central systems Cetane number, engine fuels, F28.8 CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Charge minimization, R1.36 Charging, refrigeration systems, R8.4 Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents, A59 Chemical plants Chemisorption, A46.9 Chilled beams, S20.9 Chilled water (CW) Chillers Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F6.7 Chimneys, S35 Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), A34.6 Chocolate, R42.1. (See also Candy) Choking, F3.13 CHP systems. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Cinemas, A5.3 CKV. See Commercial kitchen ventilation (CRV) Claude cycle, R47.8 Cleanrooms. See Clean spaces Clean spaces, A18 |
| 1167 | Clear-sky solar radiation, calculation, F14.7 Climate change, effect on climatic design conditions, F14.15 Climatic design information, F14 Clinics, A8.14 Clothing CLTD/CLF. See Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF) Coal Coanda effect, A33.17; F20.2, 6; S20.2 Codes, A63. (See also Standards) Coefficient of performance (COP) Cogeneration. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Coils Colburn’s analogy, F4.17 Colebrook equation Collectors, solar, A35.6, 11, 24, 25; S37.3 Colleges and universities, A7.11 Combined heat and power (CHP), S7 Combustion, F28 Combustion air systems Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC), S7.20; S8.1 |
| 1168 | Comfort. (See also Physiological principles, humans) Commercial and public buildings, A3 Commercial kitchen ventilation (CKV), A33 Commissioning, A43 Compressors, S38 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F13.1 Computer-aided design (CAD), A18.5; A40.15 Computers, A40 Concert halls, A5.4 Concrete Condensate Condensation |
| 1169 | Condensers, S39 Conductance, thermal, F4.3; F25.1 Conduction Conductivity, thermal, F25.1; F26.1 Constant air volume (CAV) Construction. (See also Building envelopes) Containers. (See also Cargo containers) Contaminants Continuity, fluid dynamics, F3.2 Control. (See also Controls, automatic; Supervisory control) |
| 1170 | Controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage Controlled-environment rooms (CERs), and plant growth, A24.16 Controls, automatic, F7. (See also Control) Convection Convectors Convention centers, A5.5 Conversion factors, F38 Coolants, secondary Coolers. (See also Refrigerators) Cooling. (See also Air conditioning) |
| 1171 | Cooling load Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF), F18.49 Cooling towers, S40 Cool storage, S51.1 COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP) Corn, drying, A25.1 Correctional facilities. See Justice facilities Corrosion Costs. (See also Economics) Cotton, drying, A25.8 Courthouses, A9.5 Courtrooms, A9.5 CPVC. See Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) Crawlspaces Critical spaces Crops. See Farm crops Cruise terminals, A3.6 Cryogenics, R47 |
| 1172 | Curtain walls, F15.5 Cycloparaffins, R12.3 Dairy products, R33 Dampers Dampness, problems in buildings, A62.1 Dams, concrete cooling, R45.1 Darcy equation, F21.6 Darcy-Weisbach equation Data centers, A19 Data-driven modeling Daylighting DDC. See Direct digital control (DDC) Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS), S4.13; S18.2, 7; S25.4 Definitions, of refrigeration terms, R50 Defrosting Degree-days, F14.12; F19.18 Dehumidification, A47.15; S24 Dehumidifiers Dehydration Density Dental facilities, A8.14 Desiccants, F32.1; S24.1 Design-day climatic data, F14.12 Desorption isotherm, F26.19 Desuperheaters Dew point, A62.8 Diamagnetism, and superconductivity, R47.5 |
| 1173 | Diesel fuel, F28.8 Diffusers, air, sound control, A48.12 Diffusion Diffusivity Dilution Dining halls, in justice facilities, A9.4 DIR. See Dispersive infrared (DIR) Direct digital control (DDC), F7.4, 10 Direct numerical simulation (DNS), turbulence modeling, F13.4; F24.10 Dirty bombs. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Discharge coefficients, in fluid flow, F3.9 Dispersive infrared (DIR), F7.9 Display cases, R15.2, 5 District energy (DE), S12.1 District heating and cooling (DHC), S12 d-limonene, F31.13 DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS) Doors Dormitories Draft Drag, in fluid flow, F3.5 Driers, R7.6. (See also Dryers) Drip station, steam systems, S12.11 Dryers. (See also Driers) Drying DTW. See Dual-temperature water (DTW) system Dual-duct systems Dual-temperature water (DTW) system, S13.1 DuBois equation, F9.3 Duct connections, A62.9 Duct design Ducts |
| 1174 | Duct sealing, A62.9 Dust mites, F25.17 Dusts, S29.1 Dynamometers, A17.1 Earth, stabilization, R45.3, 4 Earthquakes, seismic-resistant design, A55.1 Economic analysis, A37 Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP), S7.49 Economic performance degradation index (EPDI), A61.3 Economics. (See also Costs) Economizers ECOP. See Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP) ECS. See Environmental control system (ECS) Eddy diffusivity, F6.7 Educational facilities, A7 EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Effectiveness, heat transfer, F4.21 Effective radiant flux (ERF), A54.2 Efficiency Eggs, R34 EIFS. See Exterior insulation finishing system (EIFS) Electricity Electric thermal storage (ETS), S51.16 Electrostatic precipitators, S29.6; S30.7 Elevators Emissions, pollution, F28.7 Emissivity, F4.2 Emittance, thermal, F25.2 Enclosed vehicular facilities, A15 Energy |
| 1175 | Energy efficiency ratio (EER), S50.1 Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC), A37.8 Energy transfer station, S12.32 Engines, S7 Engine test facilities, A17 Enhanced tubes. See Finned-tube heat transfer coils Enthalpy Entropy, F2.1 Environmental control Environmental control system (ECS), A12 Environmental health, F10 Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) EPDI. See Economic performance degradation index (EPDI) Equipment vibration, A48.43; F8.17 ERF. See Effective radiant flux (ERF) ESPC. See Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC) Ethylene glycol, in hydronic systems, S13.23 ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Electric thermal storage (ETS) Evaluation. See Testing Evaporation, in tubes Evaporative coolers. (See also Refrigerators) Evaporative cooling, A52 Evaporators. (See also Coolers, liquid) Exfiltration, F16.1 Exhaust Exhibit buildings, temporary, A5.8 Exhibit cases, A23.5, 16 Exhibition centers, A5.5 Expansion joints and devices, S46.10 |
| 1176 | Expansion tanks, S12.8 Explosions. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Fairs, A5.8 Family courts, A9.4. (See also Juvenile facilities) Fan-coil units, S5.6 Fans, S21 Farm crops, drying and storing, A25 Faults, system, reasons for detecting, A39.6 f-Chart method, sizing heating and cooling systems, A35.21 Fenestration. (See also Windows) Fick’s law, F6.1 Filters, air, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Finned-tube heat-distributing units, S36.1, 5 Finned-tube heat transfer coils, F4.25 Fins, F4.6 Fire/smoke management. See Smoke control Firearm laboratories, A9.7 Fire management, A53.1 Fireplaces, S34.4 Fire safety Fish, R19; R32 Fitness facilities. (See also Gymnasiums) Fittings Fixed-guideway vehicles, A11.7. (See also Mass-transit systems) Fixture units, A50.1, 27 Flammability limits, gaseous fuels, F28.1 Flash tank, steam systems, S11.15 Floors Flowers, cut Flowmeters, A38.13; F36.19 |
| 1177 | Fluid dynamics computations, F13.1 Fluid flow, F3 Food. (See also specific foods) Food service Forced-air systems, residential, A1.1 Forensic labs, A9.6 Fouling factor Foundations, moisture control, A44.11 Fountains, Legionella pneumophila control, A49.14 Fourier’s law, and heat transfer, F25.5 Four-pipe systems, S5.5 Framing Freeze drying, A30.6 Freeze prevention. (See also Freeze protection systems) Freeze protection systems, A51.18, 19 Freezers Freezing Friction, in fluid flow Fruit juice, R38 Fruits |
| 1178 | Fuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP), S7.22 Fuels, F28 Fume hoods, laboratory exhaust, A16.3 Fungi Furnaces, S33 Galleries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Garages Gases Gas-fired equipment, S34. (See also Natural gas) Gas vents, S35.1 GCHP. See Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Generators Geothermal energy, A34 Geothermal heat pumps (GHP), A34.10 Glaser method, F25.15 Glazing Glossary, of refrigeration terms, R50 Glycols, desiccant solution, S24.2 Graphical symbols, F37 Green design, and sustainability, F35.1 Greenhouses. (See also Plant environments) Grids, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), A34.1, 10 Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP), A34.32 GSHP. See Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) Guard stations, in justice facilities, A9.5 GWHP. See Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP) GWP. See Global warming potential (GWP) Gymnasiums, A5.5; A7.3 HACCP. See Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) Halocarbon Hartford loop, S11.3 Hay, drying, A25.8 Hazard analysis and control, F10.4 Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP), R22.4 Hazen-Williams equation, F22.1 HB. See Heat balance (HB) Health Health care facilities, A8. (See also specific types) Health effects Heat |
| 1179 | Heat and moisture control, F27.1 Heat balance (HB), S9.19 Heat capacity, F25.1 Heat control, F27 Heaters, S34 Heat exchangers, S48 Heat flow, F25. (See also Heat transfer) Heat flux, F25.1 Heat gain. (See also Load calculations) Heating Heating load Heating values of fuels, F28.3, 7, 9 Heat loss. (See also Load calculations) Heat pipes, air-to-air energy recovery, S26.13 Heat pumps |
| 1180 | Heat recovery. (See also Energy, recovery) Heat storage. See Thermal storage Heat stress Heat transfer, F4; F25; F26; F27. (See also Heat flow) Heat transmission Heat traps, A50.1 Helium High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, A28.3; S29.6; S30.3 High-rise buildings. See Tall buildings High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, R33.2 High-temperature water (HTW) system, S13.1 Homeland security. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Hoods Hospitals, A8.2 |
| 1181 | Hot-box method, of thermal modeling, F25.8 Hotels and motels, A6 Hot-gas bypass, R1.35 Houses of worship, A5.3 HSI. See Heat stress, index (HSI) HTST. See High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization Humidification, S22 Humidifiers, S22 Humidity (See also Moisture) HVAC security, A59 Hydrogen, liquid, R47.3 Hydronic systems, S35. (See also Water systems) Hygrometers, F7.9; F36.10, 11 Hygrothermal loads, F25.2 Hygrothermal modeling, F25.16; F27.10 IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ) IBD. See Integrated building design (IBD) Ice Ice makers Ice rinks, A5.5; R44 ID50‚ mean infectious dose, A59.9 Ignition temperatures of fuels, F28.2 IGUs. See Insulating glazing units (IGUs) Illuminance, F36.30 Indoor air quality (IAQ). (See also Air quality) Indoor environmental modeling, F13 Indoor environmental quality (IEQ). (See also Air quality) Induction Industrial applications |
| 1182 | Industrial environments, A14; A31; A32 Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Industrial hygiene, F10.3 Infiltration. (See also Air leakage) Infrared applications In-room terminal systems Instruments, F14. (See also specific instruments or applications) Insulating glazing units (IGUs), F15.4 Insulation, thermal Integrated building design (IBD), A58.1, 7 |
| 1183 | Intercoolers, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.11 Jacketing, insulation, R10.6 Jails, A9.4 Joule-Thomson cycle, R47.6 Judges’ chambers, A9.5 Juice, R38.1 Jury facilities, A9.5 Justice facilities, A9 Juvenile facilities, A9.1. (See also Family courts) K-12 schools, A7.2 Kelvin’s equation, F25.11 Kirchoff’s law, F4.13 Kitchens, A33 Kleemenko cycle, R47.13 Krypton, recovery, R47.18 Laboratories, A16 Laboratory information management systems (LIMS), A9.8 Lakes, heat transfer, A34.38 Laminar flow Large eddy simulation (LES), turbulence modeling, F13.3; F24.10 Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA), F36.17 Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV), F36.17 Latent energy change materials, S51.2 Laundries LCR. See Load collector ratio (LCR) LD50‚ mean lethal dose, A59.9 LDA. See Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA) LDV. See Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV) LE. See Life expectancy (LE) rating Leakage Leakage function, relationship, F16.15 Leak detection of refrigerants, F29.9 Legionella pneumophila, A49.14; F10.7 Legionnaires’ disease. See Legionella pneumophila LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES) Lewis relation, F6.9; F9.4 Libraries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Life expectancy (LE) rating, film, A22.3 Lighting |
| 1184 | Light measurement, F36.30 LIMS. See Laboratory information management systems (LIMS) Linde cycle, R47.6 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), S8.6 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F28.5 Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R4 Lithium bromide/water, F30.69 Lithium chloride, S24.2 Load calculations Load collector ratio (LCR), A35.22 Local exhaust. See Exhaust Loss coefficients Louvers, F15.29 Low-temperature water (LTW) system, S13.1 LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) LTW. See Low-temperature water (LTW) system Lubricants, R6.1; R12. (See also Lubrication; Oil) Lubrication, R12 Mach number, S38.31 Maintenance. (See also Operation and maintenance) Makeup air units, S28.8 Malls, A2.7 Manometers, differential pressure readout, A38.12 Manufactured homes, A1.8 Masonry, insulation, F26.7. (See also Building envelopes) Mass transfer, F6 Mass-transit systems McLeod gages, F36.14 Mean infectious dose (ID50), A59.9 Mean lethal dose (LD50), A59.9 |
| 1185 | Mean radiant temperature (MRT), A54.1 Mean temperature difference, F4.21 Measurement, F36. (See also Instruments) Meat, R30 Mechanical equipment room, central Mechanical traps, steam systems, S11.8 Medium-temperature water (MTW) system, S13.1 Megatall buildings, A4.1 Meshes, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Metabolic rate, F9.6 Metals and alloys, low-temperature, R48.6 Microbial growth, R22.4 Microbial volatile organic chemicals (MVOCs), F10.7 Microbiology of foods, R22.1 Microphones, F36.27 Mines, A29 Modeling. (See also Data-driven modeling; Energy, modeling) Moist air Moisture (See also Humidity) Mold, A62.1; F25.17 Mold-resistant gypsum board, A62.7 Montreal Protocol, F29.1 Morgues, A8.1 Motors, S45 Movie theaters, A5.3 MRT. See Mean radiant temperature (MRT) Multifamily residences, A1.7 Multiple-use complexes Multisplit unitary equipment, S49.1 Multizone airflow modeling, F13.14 Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries |
| 1186 | MVOCs. See Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) Natatoriums. (See also Swimming pools) Natural gas, F28.5 Navier-Stokes equations, F13.1 NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curves Net positive suction head (NPSH), A34.34; R2.9; S44.10 Night setback, recovery, A42.43 Nitrogen Noise, F8.13. (See also Sound) Noise criterion (NC) curves, F8.16 Noncondensable gases NPSH. See Net positive suction head (NPSH) NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU) Nuclear facilities, A28 Number of transfer units (NTU) Nursing facilities, A8.15 Nuts, storage, R42.7 Odors, F12 ODP. See Ozone depletion potential (ODP) Office buildings Oil, fuel, F28.6 Oil. (See also Lubricants) Olf unit, F12.6 One-pipe systems Operating costs, A37.4 Operation and maintenance, A39. (See also Maintenance) Optimization, A42.4 Outdoor air, free cooling Outpatient health care facilities, A8.14 Owning costs, A37.1 Oxygen Ozone Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), S50.5 Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), S50.5 PACs. See Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Paint, and moisture problems, F25.17 Panel heating and cooling, S6. (See also Radiant heating and cooling) Paper Paper products facilities, A26 |
| 1187 | Paraffins, R12.3 Parallel compressor systems, R15.13 Particulate matter, indoor air quality (IAQ), F10.4, 6 Pasteurization, R33.2 Peak dew point, A62.9 Peanuts, drying, A25.9 PEL. See Permissible exposure limits (PEL) Performance contracting, A41.2 Performance monitoring, A47.6 Permafrost stabilization, R45.4 Permeability Permeance Permissible exposure limits (PELs), F10.6 Personal environmental control (PEC) systems, F9.25 Pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms, A18.9 Pharmacies, A8.9 Phase-change materials, thermal storage of, S51.15, 26 Photographic materials, A22 Photovoltaic (PV) systems, S36.18. (See also Solar energy) Physical properties of materials, F33 Physiological principles, humans. (See also Comfort) Pigs. See Swine Pipes, S46. (See also Piping) Piping. (See also Pipes) Pitot-static tubes, F36.17 Pitot tubes, A38.2; F36.17 Places of assembly, A5 |
| 1188 | Planes. See Aircraft Plank’s equation, R20.7 Plant environments, A24.10 Plenums PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV) Police stations, A9.1 Pollutant transport modeling. See Contami- nants, indoor, concentration prediction Pollution, air, and combustion, F28.7, 14 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), F10.6 Polydimethylsiloxane, F31.13 Ponds, spray, S40.6 Pope cell, F36.12 Positive building pressure, A62.9 Positive positioners, F7.8 Potatoes Poultry. (See also Animal environments; Chickens; Turkeys) Power grid, A61.7 Power-law airflow model, F13.14 Power plants, A27 PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD) Prandtl number, F4.17 Precooling Predicted mean vote (PMV), F36.31 Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F9.18 Preschools, A7.1 Pressure Pressure drop. (See also Darcy-Weisbach equation) Primary-air systems, S5.10 Printing plants, A20 Prisons, A9.4 Produce Product load, R15.5 Propane Propylene glycol, hydronic systems, S13.23 Psychrometers, F1.13 Psychrometrics, F1 PTACs. See Packaged terminal air condition- ers (PTACs) PTHPs. See Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs) Public buildings. See Commercial and public buildings; Places of assembly Pumps |
| 1189 | Purge units, centrifugal chillers, S43.11 Radiant heating and cooling, A55; S6.1; S15; S33.4. (See also Panel heating and cooling) Radiant time series (RTS) method, F18.2, 20 Radiation Radiators, S36.1, 5 Radioactive gases, contaminants, F11.19 Radiometers, A54.7 Radon, F10.11, 17, 22 Rail cars Rail cars, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Railroad tunnels, ventilation Rain, and building envelopes, F25.4 RANS. See Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation Rapid-transit systems. See Mass-transit systems Rayleigh number, F4.19 RC curves. See Room criterion (RC) curves Receivers Recycling refrigerants, R9.3 Refrigerant/absorbent pairs, F2.15 Refrigerant control devices, R11 Refrigerants, F29.1 |
| 1190 | Refrigerant transfer units (RTU), liquid chillers, S43.11 Refrigerated facilities, R23 Refrigeration, F1.1. (See also Absorption; Adsorption) Refrigeration oils, R12. (See also Lubricants) Refrigerators Regulators. (See also Valves) Residential health care facilities, A8.15 Residential systems, A1 |
| 1191 | Resistance, thermal, F4; F25; F26. (See also R-values) Resistance temperature devices (RTDs), F7.9; F36.6 Resistivity, thermal, F25.1 Resource utilization factor (RUF), F34.2 Respiration of fruits and vegetables, R19.17 Restaurants Retail facilities, A2 Retrofit performance monitoring, A41.4 Retrofitting refrigerant systems, contaminant control, R7.10 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, F13.3; F24.10 Reynolds number, F3.3 Rice, drying, A25.9 RMS. See Root mean square (RMS) Road tunnels, A15.3 Roof overhang, A62.7 Roofs, U-factors, F27.2 Room air distribution, A57; S20.1 Room criterion (RC) curves, F8.16 Root mean square (RMS), F36.1 Roughness factors, ducts, F21.6 RTDs. See Resistance temperature devices (RTDs) RTS. See Radiant time series (RTS) RTU. See Refrigerant transfer units (RTU) RUF. See Resource utilization factor (RUF) Rusting, of building components, F25.17 R-values, F23; F25; F26. (See also Resistance, thermal) Safety Sanitation Savings-to-investment-ratio (SIR), A37.11 Scale Schneider system, R23.7 Schools Security. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Seeds, storage, A25.12 Seismic restraint, A48.52; A55.1 Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), F10.4, 12; F11.14 Sensors Separators, lubricant, R11.24 Service water heating, A50 SES. See Subway environment simulation (SES) program Shading Ships, A13 |
| 1192 | Shooting ranges, indoor, A9.8 Short-tube restrictors, R11.31 Single-duct systems, all-air, S4.10 SIR. See Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) Skating rinks, R44.1 Skylights, and solar heat gain, F15.27 Slab heating, A51 Slab-on-grade foundations, A44.11 SLR. See Solar-load ratio (SLR) Smart building systems, A61.1 Smart grid, A61.7, 10 Smoke control, A53 Snow-melting systems, A51 Snubbers, seismic, A55.8 Sodium chloride brines, F31.1 Soft drinks, R39.10 Software Soils. (See also Earth) Solar energy, A35; S37.1 (See also Solar heat gain; Solar radiation) |
| 1193 | Solar heat gain, F15.13; F18.14 Solar-load ratio (SLR), A35.22 Solar-optical glazing, F15.13 Solar radiation, F14.7; F15.13 Solid fuel Solvent drying, constant-moisture, A30.7 Soot, F28.17 Sorbents, F32.1 Sorption isotherm, F25.10; F26.19 Sound, F8. (See also Noise) Sound control, A48; F8. (See also Noise) Soybeans, drying, A25.7 Specific heat Spot cooling Spot heating, A54.4 Stack effect Stadiums, A5.4 Stairwells, smoke control, A53.8 Standard atmosphere, U.S., F1.1 Standards, A63. (See also Codes) Static electricity and humidity, S22.2 Steam Steam systems, S11 |
| 1194 | Steam traps, S11.7 Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F4.2, 12 Stevens’ law, F12.3 Stirling cycle, R47.14 Stokers, S31.16 Storage Stoves, heating, S34.5 Stratification Stroboscopes, F36.27 Subcoolers Subway environment simulation (SES) program, A15.3 Subway systems. (See also Mass-transit systems) Suction risers, R2.24 Sulfur content, fuel oils, F28.7 Superconductivity, diamagnetism, R47.5 Supertall buildings, A4.1 Supervisory control, A42 Supply air outlets, S20.1. (See also Air outlets) Surface effect. See Coanda effect Surface transportation Surface water heat pump (SWHP), A34.12 Sustainability, F16.1; F35.1; S49.2 SVFs. See Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) SVOCs. See Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) SWHP. See Surface water heat pump (SWHP) Swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums) Swine, recommended environment, A24.7 Symbols, F37 Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F10.5 Tachometers, F36.27 Tall buildings, A4 Tanks, secondary coolant systems, R13.2 Telecomunication facilities Temperature Temperature-controlled transport, R25.1 Temperature index, S22.3 Terminal units, A47.13; S20.8 |
| 1195 | Terminology, of refrigeration, R50 Terrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents TES. See Thermal energy storage (TES) Testing Testing, adjusting, and balancing. (See also Balancing) TETD/TA. See Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA) TEWI. See Total equivalent warning impact (TEWI) Textile processing plants, A21 TFM. See Transfer function method (TFM) Theaters, A5.3 Thermal bridges, F25.8 Thermal comfort. See Comfort Thermal emittance, F25.2 Thermal energy storage (TES), S8.5; S51 Thermally activated building systems (TABS), A42.3, 33 Thermal properties, F26.1 Thermal resistivity, F25.1 Thermal storage, S51 Thermal transmission data, F26 Thermistors, R11.4 Thermodynamics, F2.1 |
| 1196 | Thermometers, F36.5 Thermopile, F7.4; F36.9; R45.4 Thermosiphons Thermostats Three-pipe distribution, S5.5 Tobacco smoke Tollbooths Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA), F18.49 Trailers and trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Transducers, pneumatic pressure, F7.10 Transfer function method (TFM), A40.10; F18.49 Transmittance, thermal, F25.2 Transmitters, pneumatic pressure, F7.10 Transpiration, R19.19 Transportation centers Transport properties of refrigerants, F30 Traps Trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Tuning automatic control systems, F7.18 Tunnels, vehicular, A15.1 Turbines, S7 Turbochargers, heat recovery, S7.34 Turbulence modeling, F13.3 Turbulent flow, fluids, F3.3 Turndown ratio, design capacity, S13.4 Two-node model, for thermal comfort, F9.18 Two-pipe systems, S5.5; S13.19 U.S. Marshal spaces, A9.6 U-factor Ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, S29.6; S30.3 Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems, S17 Ultraviolet air and surface treatment, A60 Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A60; S17. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems] Uncertainty analysis Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems, A4.10; A57.9 Unitary systems, S49 Unit heaters. See Heaters Units and conversions, F38 Unit ventilators, S28.1 Utility interfacing, electric, S7.43 Utility rates, A61.10 UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems UVGI. See Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) Vacuum cooling, of fruits and vegetables, R28.9 Validation, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Valves, S46. (See also Regulators) |
| 1197 | Vaporization systems, S8.6 Vapor pressure, F27.8; F33.2 Vapor retarders, jackets, F23.12 Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Variable-frequency drives, S45.12 Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), S18.1; S49.1, 13 VAV. See Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Vegetables, R37 Vehicles Vena contracta, F3.4 Vending machines, R16.5 Ventilation, F16 Ventilators Venting Verification, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.11 Vibration, F8.17 |
| 1198 | Viral pathogens, F10.8 Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat release rate, A29.3 Viscosity, F3.1 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), F10.11 Voltage, A56.1 Volume ratio, compressors VRF. See Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) VRT. See Virgin rock temperature (VRT) Walls Warehouses, A3.8 Water Water heaters Water horsepower, pump, S44.7 Water/lithium bromide absorption Water-source heat pump (WSHP), S2.4; S49.10 Water systems, S13 Water treatment, A49 |
| 1199 | Water vapor control, A44.6 Water vapor permeance/permeability, F26.16, 17 Water vapor retarders, F26.6 Water wells, A34.33 Weather data Welding sheet metal, S19.11 Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat stress, A31.5 Wheels, rotary enthalpy, S26.9 Whirlpools and spas Wien’s displacement law, F4.12 Wind. (See also Climate design information; Weather data) Wind chill index, F9.23 Windows. (See also Fenestration) Wind restraint design, A55.15 Wineries Wireless sensors, A61.6 Wood construction, and moisture, F25.10 Wood products facilities, A26.1 Wood pulp, A26.2 Wood stoves, S34.5 World Wide Web (WWW), A40.8 WSHP. See Water-source heat pump (WSHP) WWW. See World Wide Web (WWW) Xenon, R47.18 |
