ASHRAE HVACSystemsandEquipment IP 2016
$102.38
ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Systems and Equipment (IP)
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ASHRAE | 2016 | 958 |
The 2016 ASHRAE Handbook–HVAC Systems and Equipment discusses various systems and the equipment (components or assemblies) they comprise, and describes features and differences. This information helps system designers and operators in selecting and using equipment.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 1 | I-P_S2016 FrontCover |
| 2 | I-P_S2016 FrontMatter |
| 3 | Dedicated To The Advancement Of The Profession And Its Allied Industries DISCLAIMER |
| 10 | I-P_S16_Ch01 1. Selecting a System |
| 11 | Additional Goals System Constraints Constructability Constraints |
| 12 | Narrowing the Choices Selection Report |
| 13 | 2. HVAC Systems and Equipment Decentralized System Characteristics |
| 14 | Centralized System Characteristics Air Distribution Systems Primary Equipment |
| 15 | Refrigeration Equipment Heating Equipment Air Delivery Equipment 3. Space Requirements Equipment Rooms |
| 16 | Fan Rooms Horizontal Distribution Vertical Shafts |
| 17 | Rooftop Equipment Equipment Access 4. Air Distribution Air Terminal Units Duct Insulation Ceiling and Floor Plenums 5. Pipe Distribution Pipe Systems |
| 18 | Pipe Insulation 6. Security 7. Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems 8. Maintenance Management System |
| 19 | 9. Building System Commissioning References Bibliography |
| 20 | I-P_S16_Ch02 1. System Characteristics |
| 21 | 2. Design Considerations |
| 22 | 3. Window-Mounted and Through-the- Wall Room HVAC Units |
| 23 | 4. Water-Source Heat Pump Systems |
| 24 | 5. Multiple-Unit Systems |
| 25 | 6. Residential and Light Commercial Split Systems |
| 26 | 7. Commercial Self-Contained (Floor- by-Floor) Systems |
| 28 | 8. Commercial Outdoor Packaged Systems |
| 29 | 9. Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems 10. Maintenance Management 11. Building System Commissioning |
| 30 | Bibliography |
| 31 | I-P_S16_Ch03 1. System Characteristics Advantages |
| 32 | Disadvantages 2. Design Considerations Cooling and Heating Loads |
| 33 | System Flow Design |
| 34 | Energy Recovery and Thermal Storage 3. Equipment Primary Refrigeration Equipment |
| 35 | Ancillary Refrigeration Equipment Primary Heating Equipment |
| 36 | Ancillary Heating Equipment 4. Distribution Systems |
| 37 | 5. Sound, Vibration, Seismic, and Wind Considerations Sound and Vibration Seismic and Wind Issues 6. Space Considerations |
| 38 | Location of Central Plant and Equipment Central Plant Security |
| 39 | 7. Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems Instrumentation 8. Maintenance Management Systems 9. Building System Commissioning |
| 40 | References Bibliography |
| 41 | I-P_S16_Ch04 Advantages Disadvantages |
| 42 | Heating and Cooling Calculations Zoning Space Heating Air Temperature Versus Air Quantity |
| 43 | Space Pressure Other Considerations First, Operating, and Maintenance Costs Energy in Air Handling |
| 44 | Fig. 1 Typical Air-Handling Unit Configurations Primary Equipment Air-Handling Equipment Central Mechanical Equipment Rooms (MERs) Decentralized MERs Fans Cooling |
| 45 | Fig. 2 Direct-Expansion or Chilled-Water Cooling and Dehumidification Fig. 3 Direct Spray of Water in Airstream Cooling Fig. 4 Supersaturated Evaporative Cooling Heating Fig. 5 Steam, Hot-Water, and Electric Heating, and Direct and Indirect Gas- and Oil-Fired Heat Exchangers Humidification |
| 46 | Fig. 6 Direct Spray Humidification Fig. 7 Steam Injection Humidification Dehumidification Fig. 8 Chemical Dehumidification Air Mixing or Blending Return Air Fan |
| 47 | Relief Air Fan Automatic Dampers Relief Openings Return Air Dampers Outdoor Air Intakes Economizers Mixing Plenums |
| 48 | Static Air Mixers Filter Section Preheat Coil Cooling Coil |
| 49 | Reheat Coil Humidifiers Dehumidifiers Energy Recovery Devices Sound Control Devices Supply Air Fan |
| 50 | Miscellaneous Components Ductwork Design |
| 51 | Constant Volume Fig. 9 Constant-Volume System with Reheat Variable Air Volume (VAV) Fig. 10 Variable-Air-Volume System with Reheat and Induction and Fan-Powered Devices |
| 52 | Constant Volume Fig. 11 Single-Fan, Dual-Duct System Variable Air Volume |
| 53 | Fig. 12 Dual-Fan, Dual-Duct System Fig. 13 Multizone System |
| 54 | Primary/Secondary Fig. 14 Primary/Secondary System Dedicated Outdoor Air Underfloor Air Distribution |
| 55 | Fig. 15 Underfloor Air Distribution Wetted Duct/Supersaturated Fig. 16 Supersaturated/Wetted Coil Compressed-Air and Water Spray |
| 56 | Low-Temperature Smoke Control Constant-Volume Reheat Variable Air Volume |
| 57 | Terminal Humidifiers Terminal Filters |
| 59 | References Bibliography |
| 60 | I-P_S16_Ch05 1. System Characteristics Advantages |
| 61 | Disadvantages Heating and Cooling Calculations Space Heating |
| 62 | Central (Primary-Air) Ventilation Systems Central Plant Sizing Building Pressurization First, Operating, and Maintenance Costs Energy |
| 63 | Life-Cycle Costs 2. System Components and Configurations Components |
| 64 | Configurations 3. Secondary-Water Distribution 4. Piping Arrangements Four-Pipe Distribution Two-Pipe Distribution |
| 65 | Three-Pipe Distribution Condenser Water Systems with Heat Pump Terminal Units 5. Fan-Coil Unit and Unit Ventilator Systems Types and Location |
| 66 | Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Wiring Condensate Capacity Control Maintenance 6. Variable-Refrigerant-Flow (VRF) Units |
| 67 | 7. Chilled-Beam Systems Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Wiring Condensate |
| 68 | Capacity Control Maintenance Other Concerns 8. Radiant-Panel Heating Systems Types and Location Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Wiring Capacity Control Maintenance 9. Radiant-Floor Heating Systems Types and Location |
| 69 | Ventilation Air Requirements Selection Wiring Capacity Control Maintenance 10. Induction Unit Systems 11. Supplemental Heating Units 12. Primary-Air Systems |
| 70 | 13. Performance Under Varying Load |
| 71 | 14. Changeover Temperature 15. Two-Pipe Systems with Central Ventilation Critical Design Elements |
| 72 | Changeover Temperature Considerations |
| 73 | Nonchangeover Design Zoning |
| 74 | Room Control Evaluation Electric Heat for Two-Pipe Systems 16. Four-Pipe Systems Zoning Room Control |
| 75 | Evaluation 17. Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems 18. Maintenance Management Systems and Building System Commissioning References Bibliography |
| 76 | I-P_S16_Ch06 1. PRINCIPLES OF RADIANT SYSTEMS Special Cases 3.2 Embedded Systems with Tubing in Ceilings, Walls, or Floors 4. DESIGN PROCEDURE |
| 77 | 1.1 Heat Transfer Heat Transfer by Thermal Radiation |
| 78 | Heat Transfer by Natural Convection |
| 79 | Combined Heat Flux (Thermal Radiation and Natural Convection) |
| 80 | 1.2 Factors Affecting Heat Transfer Panel Thermal Resistance |
| 81 | Effect of Floor Coverings Panel Heat Losses or Gains |
| 82 | Panel Performance 1.3 Panel Design |
| 84 | Examples |
| 85 | 2. General Design Considerations 2.1 Hybrid Systems |
| 86 | 3. RADIANT HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS 3.1 Hydronic Ceiling Panels |
| 88 | Hydronic Wall Panels Hydronic Floor Panels |
| 89 | 3.3 Electrically Heated Radiant Systems Electric Ceiling Panels |
| 91 | Electric Wall Heating Electric Floor Heating |
| 92 | Sensible Cooling Sensible Heating Other Steps Common for Sensible Heating and Cooling |
| 94 | 4.1 Controls |
| 95 | Sensible Cooling Controls Heating Slab Controls References |
| 96 | Bibliography |
| 97 | I-P_S16_Ch07 |
| 98 | 1. Terminology |
| 99 | 2. CHP System Concepts 2.1 Custom-Engineered Systems 2.2 Packaged and Modular Systems |
| 100 | 2.3 Load Profiling and Prime Mover Selection 2.4 Peak Load Shaving 2.5 Continuous-Duty Standby |
| 101 | 2.6 Power Plant Incremental Heat Rate 3. Performance Parameters 3.1 Heating Value 3.2 CHP Electric Effectiveness |
| 102 | Power and Heating Systems |
| 104 | 3.3 Fuel Energy Savings |
| 105 | 4. Fuel-to-Power Components 4.1 Reciprocating Engines Types |
| 106 | Performance Characteristics |
| 107 | Fuels and Fuel Systems |
| 108 | Combustion Air |
| 109 | Lubricating Systems Starting Systems Cooling Systems |
| 110 | Exhaust Systems |
| 111 | Emissions Instruments and Controls |
| 112 | Noise and Vibration |
| 113 | Installation Ventilation Requirements Operation and Maintenance |
| 114 | 4.2 Combustion Turbines Types Advantages Disadvantages |
| 115 | Gas Turbine Cycle Components 4.3 Performance Characteristics |
| 116 | Fuels and Fuel Systems |
| 117 | Combustion Air Lubricating Systems Starting Systems Exhaust Systems Emissions Instruments and Controls Noise and Vibration Operation and Maintenance |
| 118 | 4.4 Fuel Cells Types |
| 120 | 5. Thermal-to-Power Components 5.1 Steam Turbines Types |
| 121 | Performance Characteristics |
| 124 | Fuel Systems Lubricating Oil Systems Power Systems Exhaust Systems Instruments and Controls |
| 126 | Operation and Maintenance |
| 127 | 5.2 Organic Rankine Cycles 5.3 Expansion Engines/Turbines 5.4 Stirling Engines Types Performance Characteristics |
| 128 | Fuel Systems Power Systems Exhaust Systems Coolant Systems Operation and Maintenance 6. Thermal-to-Thermal Components 6.1 Thermal Output Characteristics Reciprocating Engines |
| 129 | Combustion Turbines 6.2 Heat Recovery Reciprocating Engines |
| 133 | Combustion Turbines Steam Turbines |
| 134 | 6.3 Thermally Activated Technologies Heat-Activated Chillers |
| 135 | Desiccant Dehumidification Hot Water and Steam Heat Recovery Thermal Energy Storage Technologies |
| 136 | 7. Electrical Generators and Components 7.1 Generators |
| 137 | 8. System Design 8.1 CHP Electricity-Generating Systems Thermal Loads |
| 138 | Prime Mover Selection Air Systems Hydronic Systems |
| 139 | Service Water Heating District Heating and Cooling Utility Interfacing Power Quality Output Energy Streams |
| 140 | 8.2 CHP Shaft-Driven HVAC and Refrigeration Systems Engine-Driven Systems |
| 141 | Combustion-Turbine-Driven Systems |
| 142 | Steam-Turbine-Driven Systems |
| 143 | 9. Codes and Installation 9.1 General Installation Parameters 9.2 Utility Interconnection |
| 144 | 9.3 Air Permits 9.4 Building, Zoning, and Fire Codes Zoning Building Code/Structural Design Mechanical/Plumbing Code Fire Code Electrical Connection 10. Economic Evaluation |
| 145 | CHP Application Assessment Types and Scope of CHP Studies |
| 146 | CHP System Modeling Techniques |
| 147 | CHP Feasibility Study for New Facilities Tools and Software for Feasibility Study 10.1 Load Profiles and Load Duration Curves Load Duration Curve Analysis |
| 149 | Two-Dimensional Load Duration Curve Analysis by Simulations |
| 150 | References |
| 151 | Bibliography |
| 152 | I-P_S16_Ch08 |
| 153 | 1. Advantages Economic Benefits Environmental Benefits |
| 154 | 2. Disadvantages 3. Definition and Theory 4. System Types Evaporative Systems |
| 156 | Chiller Systems |
| 157 | LNG Vaporization Systems Hybrid Systems 5. Calculation of Power Capacity Enhancement and Economics |
| 159 | References |
| 160 | Bibliography |
| 161 | I-P_S16_Ch09 1. TERMINOLOGY 2. APPLIED HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS |
| 162 | 2.1 Heat Pump Cycles 2.2 Heat Sources and Sinks |
| 164 | 2.3 Types of Heat Pumps |
| 165 | 2.4 Heat Pump Components |
| 169 | 2.5 Industrial Process Heat Pumps |
| 174 | 3. APPLIED HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS 3.1 Waste Heat Recovery |
| 178 | 3.2 Water-Loop Heat Pump Systems |
| 182 | 3.3 Balanced Heat Recovery Systems |
| 185 | 3.4 Heat Pumps in District Heating and Cooling Systems References |
| 186 | Bibliography |
| 187 | I-P_S16_Ch10 1. Components Heating and Cooling Units |
| 188 | Ducts Accessory Equipment Controls 2. Common System Problems |
| 189 | 3. System Design Estimating Heating and Cooling Loads Locating Outlets, Returns, Ducts, and Equipment |
| 190 | Selecting Heating and Cooling Equipment Determining Airflow Requirements Finalize Duct Design and Size Selecting Supply and Return Grilles and Registers |
| 191 | 4. Detailed Duct Design Detailing the Duct Configuration |
| 193 | Detailing the Distribution Design Duct Design Recommendations Zone Control for Small Systems |
| 194 | Duct Sizing for Zone Damper Systems Box Plenum Systems Using Flexible Duct Embedded Loop Ducts |
| 195 | 5. Small Commercial Systems Air Distribution in Small Commercial Buildings Controlling Airflow in New Buildings |
| 196 | 6. Testing for Duct Efficiency Data Inputs Data Output Standards References |
| 197 | Bibliography |
| 200 | I-P_S16_Ch11 1. Advantages 2. Fundamentals |
| 201 | 3. Effects of Water , Air , and Gases 4. Heat Transfer 5. Basic Steam System Design 6. Steam Source |
| 202 | Boilers Heat Recovery and Waste Heat Boilers Heat Exchangers 7. Boiler Connections Supply Piping Return Piping |
| 203 | 8. Design Steam Pressure |
| 204 | 9. Piping Supply Piping Design Considerations |
| 205 | Terminal Equipment Piping Design Considerations Return Piping Design Considerations 10. Condensate Removal from Temperature-Regulated Equipment |
| 206 | 11. Steam Traps Thermostatic Traps |
| 207 | Mechanical Traps |
| 208 | Kinetic Traps 12. Pressure-Reducing Valves Installation |
| 210 | Valve Size Selection 13. Terminal Equipment Selection Natural Convection Units Forced-Convection Units 14. Convection Steam Heating |
| 211 | One-Pipe Steam Heating Systems Two-Pipe Steam Heating Systems |
| 212 | 15. Steam Distribution 16. Temperature Control |
| 213 | 17. Heat Recovery Flash Steam |
| 214 | Direct Heat Recovery |
| 215 | 18. Combined Steam and Water Systems 19. Commissioning References Bibliography |
| 216 | I-P_S16_Ch12 Applicability Components |
| 217 | Environmental Benefits 1. SYSTEM MASTER PLANNING |
| 218 | 1.1 Economic Considerations Consumer Economics Producer Economics |
| 220 | District Energy Economic Comparison |
| 223 | 2. CENTRAL PLANT 2.1 Heating and Cooling Production Heating Medium Steam and Hot Water Generation |
| 224 | Chilled-Water Generation |
| 225 | Thermal Storage Auxiliaries |
| 226 | 2.2 Chilled-Water Distribution Design Considerations Constant Flow |
| 227 | Variable Flow Chilled-Water System Design Guidelines |
| 228 | 3. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 3.1 Hydraulic Considerations Objectives of Hydraulic Design Water Hammer Pressure Losses Pipe Sizing |
| 229 | Network Calculations Condensate Drainage and Return in Steam Systems 3.2 Thermal Considerations Thermal Design Conditions |
| 230 | Thermal Properties of Pipe Insulation and Soil 3.3 Methods of Heat Transfer Analysis |
| 231 | Calculation of Undisturbed Soil Temperatures |
| 232 | Convective Heat Transfer at Ground Surface Uninsulated Buried Pipe |
| 233 | Insulated Buried Pipe Buried Pipe in Conduit with Air Space |
| 234 | Buried Pipe with Composite Insulation |
| 236 | Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space |
| 237 | Two Buried Pipes or Conduits Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels |
| 239 | Pipes in Shallow Trenches Buried Pipes with Other Geometries Pipes in Air |
| 240 | Economical Thickness for Pipe Insulation 3.4 Expansion Provisions |
| 241 | Pipe Supports, Guides, and Anchors 3.5 Distribution System Construction |
| 242 | Piping Materials and Standards |
| 243 | Aboveground Systems |
| 244 | Underground Systems |
| 246 | Conduits |
| 249 | Cathodic Protection of Direct-Buried Conduits Leak Detection |
| 250 | Geotechnical Considerations Valve Vaults and Entry Pits |
| 252 | 4. CONSUMER INTERCONNECTIONS |
| 253 | 4.1 Direct Connections |
| 254 | 4.2 Indirect Connections |
| 255 | 4.3 Steam Connections |
| 257 | Building Conversion to District Heating 4.4 Components Heat Exchangers |
| 259 | Flow Control Devices Instrumentation Controller Pressure Control Devices |
| 260 | Flow and Energy Metering 4.5 Temperature Differential Control |
| 261 | 4.6 Operation and Maintenance References |
| 263 | Bibliography |
| 265 | I-P_S16_Ch13 1. TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATIONS |
| 266 | 2. CLOSED WATER SYSTEMS 2.1 Method of Design 2.2 Thermal Components |
| 270 | 2.3 Hydraulic Components |
| 276 | 2.4 Piping Circuits |
| 277 | 2.5 Capacity Control of Load System |
| 280 | 2.6 Low-Temperature Heating Systems |
| 281 | 2.7 Chilled-Water Systems |
| 283 | 2.8 Dual-Temperature Systems |
| 284 | 2.9 Other Design Considerations |
| 286 | 2.10 Other Design Procedures |
| 287 | 2.11 Antifreeze Solutions |
| 289 | References Bibliography |
| 290 | I-P_S16_Ch14 1. Once-Through City Water Systems 2. Open Cooling Tower Systems |
| 293 | 3. Low-Temperature (Water Economizer) Systems 4. Closed-Circuit Evaporative Coolers 5. Other Sources of Water 6. Overpressure Caused by Thermal Fluid Expansion Bibliography |
| 294 | I-P_S16_Ch15 1. System Characteristics 2. Basic System |
| 295 | 3. Design Considerations Direct-Fired High-Temperature Water Generators |
| 296 | Expansion and Pressurization |
| 298 | Direct-Contact Heaters (Cascades) System Circulating Pumps |
| 299 | 4. Distribution Piping Design 5. Heat Exchangers 6. Air-Heating Coils 7. Space-Heating Equipment 8. Instrumentation and Controls |
| 300 | 9. Water Treatment 10. Heat Storage |
| 301 | 11. Safety Considerations References Bibliography |
| 302 | I-P_S16_Ch16 1. Energy Conservation 2. Infrared Energy Sources Gas Infrared |
| 303 | Electric Infrared |
| 304 | Oil Infrared |
| 305 | 3. System Efficiency 4. Reflectors 5. Controls 6. Precautions |
| 306 | 7. Maintenance 8. Design Considerations for Beam Radiant Heaters |
| 309 | References Bibliography |
| 310 | I-P_S16_Ch17 1. Terminology |
| 311 | 2. UVGI Fundamentals Microbial Dose Response Susceptibility of Microorganisms to UV Energy |
| 312 | 3. Lamps and Ballasts Types of UV-C Lamps |
| 313 | UV-C Lamp Ballasts |
| 314 | Germicidal Lamp Cooling and Heating Effects UV-C Lamp Aging UV-C Lamp Irradiance UV-C Photodegradation of Materials |
| 316 | 4. Maintenance Lamp Replacement Lamp Disposal Visual Inspection 5. Safety Hazards of Ultraviolet Radiation to Humans Sources of UV Exposure Exposure Limits |
| 317 | UV Radiation Measurements for Upper Air Applications Safety Design Guidance Personnel Safety Training |
| 318 | Lamp Breakage 6. Unit Conversions References Bibliography |
| 320 | I-P_S16_Ch18 |
| 322 | 1. Standards |
| 323 | 2. Equipment |
| 324 | 3. VRF System Operation |
| 326 | 7. Commissioning |
| 327 | 4. Modeling Considerations |
| 328 | 5. Design Considerations |
| 329 | 6. VRF System Design Example |
| 334 | References Bibliography |
| 335 | I-P_S16_Ch19 1. Building Code Requirements 2. Pressure Classifications |
| 336 | 3. Duct Cleaning 4. HVAC System Leakage System Sealing Sealants |
| 337 | Leakage Testing |
| 338 | Responsibilities |
| 339 | 5. Air-Handling Unit Leakage 6. Residential and Commercial Duct Construction |
| 340 | Buildings and Spaces |
| 341 | Round, Flat Oval, and Rectangular Ducts |
| 342 | Fibrous Glass Ducts Phenolic Ducts Flexible Ducts Hangers and Supports Installation |
| 343 | Plenums and Apparatus Casings Acoustical Treatment 7. Industrial Duct Construction |
| 344 | Materials Round Ducts Rectangular Ducts Construction Details Hangers 8. Antimicrobial-Treated Ducts 9. Duct Construction for Grease- and Moisture-Laden Vapors Factory-Built Grease Duct Systems Site-Built Grease Duct Systems Duct Systems for Moisture-Laden Air |
| 345 | 10. Rigid Plastic Ducts 11. Air Dispersion Systems Dispersion Types |
| 346 | 12. Underground Ducts 13. Ducts Outside Buildings 14. Seismic Qualification 15. Sheet Metal Welding 16. Thermal Insulation 17. Specifications References |
| 348 | Bibliography |
| 349 | I-P_S16_Ch20 |
| 350 | Head A initial – 1. SYSTEM CLASSIFICATIONS Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 1.1 Fully Mixed Systems Head C – Factors That Influence Selection Head C – Outlet Selection Procedure |
| 351 | Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 1.2 Fully Stratified Systems Head C – Factors that Influence Selection Head C – Outlet Selection Procedure |
| 352 | Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 1.3 Partially Mixed Systems Head C – Factors That Influence Selection Head C – Outlet Selection Procedures Head A cont – 2. EQUIPMENT Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 2.1 Supply Air Outlets Head C – Grilles |
| 354 | Head C – Nozzles Head C – Diffusers |
| 355 | Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 2.2 Return and Exhaust Air Inlets Head C – V-Bar Transfer Grilles Head C – Lightproof Transfer Grilles Head C – Eggcrate Grilles Head B 1 with A Heads cont – 2.3 Terminal Units |
| 356 | Head C – Single-Duct Terminal Units Head C – Dual-Duct Terminal Units Head C – Air-to-Air Induction Terminal Units Head C – Fan-Powered Terminal Units |
| 357 | Head C – Chilled Beams |
| 358 | Head C – Fan-Coil Unit Systems |
| 360 | Head C – Air Curtain Units |
| 361 | Head REF – References |
| 363 | Head REF – Bibliography |
| 364 | I-P_S16_Ch21 1. Types of Fans 2. Principles of Operation |
| 367 | 3. Testing and Rating |
| 368 | 4. Field Testing of Fans for Air Performance 5. Fan Laws 12. Series Fan Operation |
| 369 | 6. Fan and System Pressure Relationships |
| 370 | 7. Temperature Rise Across Fans 8. Duct System Characteristics |
| 371 | 9. System Effects |
| 372 | 10. Selection |
| 373 | 11. Parallel Fan Operation |
| 374 | 13. Noise 14. Vibration |
| 375 | Vibration Isolation 15. Arrangement and Installation 16. Fan Control |
| 376 | 17. Symbols References |
| 377 | Bibliography |
| 378 | I-P_S16_Ch22 1. Environmental Conditions Human Comfort Prevention and Treatment of Disease Electronic Equipment |
| 379 | Process Control and Materials Storage Static Electricity Sound Wave Transmission Miscellaneous |
| 380 | 2. Enclosure Characteristics Vapor Retarders Visible Condensation Concealed Condensation 3. Energy Considerations |
| 381 | Load Calculations Design Conditions Ventilation Rate Additional Moisture Losses |
| 382 | Internal Moisture Gains Supply Water for Humidifiers Scaling Potential Bacterial Growth 4. Equipment |
| 383 | Residential Humidifiers for Central Air Systems Residential Humidifiers for Nonducted Applications Industrial and Commercial Humidifiers for Central Air Systems |
| 387 | Selecting Humidifiers |
| 389 | 5. Controls |
| 390 | Mechanical Controls |
| 391 | Electronic Controls Control Location Management Systems 6. Application Considerations Humidity Control with Direct Space Humidification |
| 392 | Humidity Control with Duct-Mounted Humidification Humidity Control in Variable-Air-Volume Systems Commissioning Systems References |
| 393 | Bibliography |
| 394 | I-P_S16_Ch23 1. Uses for Coils 2. Coil Construction and Arrangement |
| 395 | Water and Aqueous Glycol Coils Direct-Expansion Coils |
| 396 | Control of Coils Flow Arrangement |
| 397 | Applications |
| 398 | 3. Coil Selection |
| 399 | Performance and Ratings 4. Airflow Resistance 5. Heat Transfer |
| 400 | 6. Performance of Sensible Cooling Coils |
| 402 | 7. Performance of Dehumidifying Coils |
| 407 | 8. Determining Refrigeration Load |
| 408 | 9. Maintenance |
| 409 | 10. Symbols References Bibliography |
| 410 | I-P_S16_Ch24 1. Methods of Dehumidification |
| 411 | 2. Desiccant Dehumidification |
| 412 | 2.1 Liquid Desiccant Equipment |
| 413 | 2.2 Solid-Sorption Equipment |
| 414 | 2.3 Rotary Solid-Desiccant Dehumidifiers |
| 416 | 2.4 Equipment Ratings |
| 417 | 2.5 Equipment Operating Recommendations |
| 419 | 2.6 Applications for Atmospheric- Pressure Dehumidification |
| 421 | 3. Desiccant Drying at Elevated Pressure 3.1 Equipment Types |
| 422 | 3.2 Applications References Bibliography |
| 423 | Additional Information |
| 424 | I-P_S16_Ch25 1. Mechanical Dehumidifiers Psychrometrics of Dehumidification |
| 425 | Residential Dehumidifiers |
| 427 | General-Purpose Dehumidifiers DX Dedicated Outdoor Air System (DOAS) Units |
| 429 | Indoor Swimming Pool Dehumidifiers |
| 431 | Ice Rink Dehumidifiers Industrial Dehumidifiers |
| 432 | Tunnel Dryer Dehumidifier 2. Controls and Sensors 3. Installation and Service Considerations |
| 433 | 4. Wraparound Heat Exchangers |
| 434 | References Bibliography |
| 436 | I-P_S16_Ch26 1. Applications |
| 437 | 2. Basic Thermodynamics Thermodynamics of Heat Recovery Ventilators Thermodynamics of Energy Recovery Ventilators |
| 439 | Ideal Air-to-Air Energy Exchange 3. Airflow Arrangements |
| 440 | Effectiveness Rate of Energy Transfer |
| 441 | 4. Additional Technical Considerations Air Leakage Air Capacity of Ventilator Fans |
| 442 | Pressure Drop Maintenance Filtration Controls Fouling Corrosion Condensation and Freeze-Up |
| 443 | 5. Performance Ratings 6. Types and Applications of Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers Fixed-Plate Heat Exchangers |
| 444 | Rotary Air-to-Air Energy Exchangers |
| 446 | Systems with Multiple Energy Recovery Exchangers Coil Energy Recovery (Runaround) Loops |
| 447 | Desiccant and Heat Wheel Systems |
| 449 | Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers |
| 451 | Thermosiphon Heat Exchangers |
| 453 | Liquid-Desiccant Cooling Systems |
| 454 | Twin-Tower Enthalpy Recovery Loops |
| 455 | Indirect Evaporative Air Cooling |
| 456 | Precooling Air Reheaters (Series Application) |
| 457 | 7. Comparison of Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Systems |
| 458 | Characterizing System Efficiency of Heat or Energy Recovery Ventilators Selection of Heat or Energy Recovery Ventilators |
| 459 | 8. Economic Considerations |
| 460 | 9. Energy and/or Mass Recovery Calculation Procedure |
| 464 | 10. Symbols References |
| 465 | Bibliography |
| 467 | I-P_S16_Ch27 1. Coil Construction and Design Steam Coils |
| 468 | Water/Aqueous Glycol Heating Coils |
| 469 | Volatile Refrigerant Heat Reclaim Coils Electric Heating Coils 2. Coil Selection Coil Ratings |
| 470 | Overall Requirements 3. Installation Guidelines |
| 471 | 4. Coil Maintenance References |
| 472 | I-P_S16_Ch28 1. Unit Ventilators Application Selection |
| 474 | Control |
| 475 | 2. Unit Heaters Application Selection |
| 477 | Control |
| 478 | Piping Connections |
| 479 | Maintenance 3. Makeup Air Units Description and Applications Selection |
| 480 | Control Applicable Codes and Standards Commissioning |
| 481 | Maintenance References Bibliography |
| 482 | I-P_S16_Ch29 1. Atmospheric Dust 2. Aerosol Characteristics |
| 483 | 3. Air-Cleaning Applications 4. Mechanisms of Particle Collection 5. Evaluating Air Cleaners |
| 484 | 6. Air Cleaner Test Methods Arrestance Test Dust-Holding Capacity (DHC) Test Particle Size Removal Efficiency (PSE) Test Other Performance Tests |
| 485 | DOP Penetration Test Leakage (Scan) Tests Guideline 26-2008 |
| 486 | Environmental Tests AHRI Standards 7. Types of Air Cleaners 8. Filter Types and Performance Panel Filters |
| 488 | Electronic Air Cleaners |
| 489 | 9. Selection and Maintenance |
| 491 | Residential Air Cleaners VAV Systems Antimicrobial Treatment of Filter Media 10. Air Cleaner Installation |
| 492 | 11. Safety Considerations References |
| 493 | Bibliography |
| 494 | I-P_S16_Ch30 Equipment Selection 1. Regulations and Monitoring Gas-Cleaning Regulations |
| 495 | Measuring Gas Streams and Contaminants Gas Flow Distribution Monitors and Controls 2. Particulate Contaminant Control |
| 496 | Collector Performance 2.1 Mechanical Collectors Settling Chambers |
| 497 | Inertial Collectors |
| 500 | 2.2 Electrostatic Precipitators |
| 501 | Single-Stage Designs |
| 502 | Two-Stage Designs |
| 503 | 2.3 Fabric Filters Principle of Operation |
| 504 | Pressure-Volume Relationships Electrostatic Augmentation Fabrics |
| 505 | Types of Self-Cleaning Mechanisms for Fabric Dust Collectors |
| 507 | 2.4 Granular-Bed Filters Principle of Operation |
| 508 | 2.5 Particulate Scrubbers (Wet Collectors) Principle of Operation Spray Towers and Impingement Scrubbers Centrifugal-Type Collectors Orifice-Type Collectors Venturi Scrubber |
| 509 | Electrostatically Augmented Scrubbers |
| 510 | 3. Gaseous Contaminant Control 3.1 Spray Dry Scrubbing Principle of Operation Equipment |
| 511 | 3.2 Wet-Packed Scrubbers Scrubber Packings |
| 512 | Arrangements of Packed Scrubbers |
| 513 | Pressure Drop Absorption Efficiency |
| 516 | General Efficiency Comparisons Liquid Effects 3.3 Adsorption of Gaseous Contaminants |
| 517 | Equipment for Adsorption Solvent Recovery |
| 519 | Odor Control Applications of Fluidized Bed Adsorbers 3.4 Incineration of Gases and Vapors Thermal Oxidizers |
| 520 | Catalytic Oxidizers Applications of Oxidizers Adsorption and Oxidation |
| 521 | 4. Auxiliary Equipment 4.1 Ducts Temperature Controls Fans 4.2 Dust- and Slurry-Handling Equipment Hoppers |
| 522 | Dust Conveyors Dust Disposal Slurry Treatment 5. Operation and Maintenance Corrosion Fires and Explosions References |
| 523 | Bibliography |
| 524 | I-P_S16_Ch31 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1.1 Terminology 1.2 System Application |
| 525 | 1.3 Safety 1.4 Efficiency and Emission Ratings Steady-State and Cyclic Efficiency Emissions |
| 526 | 2. GAS-BURNING APPLIANCES 2.1 Gas-Fired Combustion Systems Burners Combustion System Flow |
| 527 | Ignition Input Rate Control |
| 528 | 2.2 Residential Appliances Boilers Forced-Air Furnaces Water Heaters |
| 529 | Combination Space- and Water-Heating Appliances Pool Heaters Conversion Burners 2.3 Commercial-Industrial Appliances Boilers Space Heaters |
| 530 | Water Heaters Pool Heaters 2.4 Applications Location Gas Supply and Piping Air for Combustion and Ventilation |
| 531 | Draft Control Venting Building Depressurization |
| 532 | Gas Input Rate Effect of Gas Temperature and Barometric Pressure Changes on Gas Input Rate Fuel Gas Interchangeability |
| 533 | Altitude |
| 534 | 3. OIL-BURNING APPLIANCES 3.1 Residential Oil Burners |
| 535 | 3.2 Commercial/Industrial Oil Burners Pressure-Atomizing Oil Burners |
| 536 | Return-Flow Pressure-Atomizing Oil Burners Air-Atomizing Oil Burners Horizontal Rotary Cup Oil Burners |
| 537 | Steam-Atomizing Oil Burners (Register Type) Mechanical Atomizing Oil Burners (Register Type) Return-Flow Mechanical Atomizing Oil Burners 3.3 Dual-Fuel Gas/Oil Burners 3.4 Equipment Selection |
| 538 | Fuel Oil Storage Systems Fuel-Handling Systems |
| 539 | Fuel Oil Preparation System |
| 540 | 4. SOLID-FUEL-BURNING APPLIANCES 4.1 Capacity Classification of Stokers 4.2 Stoker Types by Fuel-Feed Methods Spreader Stokers |
| 541 | Underfeed Stokers |
| 542 | Chain and Traveling Grate Stokers Vibrating Grate Stokers 5. CONTROLS |
| 543 | 5.1 Safety Controls and Interlocks Ignition and Flame Monitoring Draft Proving Limit Controls Other Safety Controls |
| 544 | Prescriptive Requirements for Safety Controls Reliability of Safety Controls 5.2 Operating Controls |
| 545 | Integrated and Programmed Controls |
| 546 | References Bibliography |
| 547 | I-P_S16_Ch32 1. Classifications Working Pressure and Temperature Fuel Used Construction Materials |
| 549 | Type of Draft Condensing or Noncondensing |
| 550 | Wall-Hung Boilers Integrated (Combination) Boilers Electric Boilers |
| 551 | 2. Selection Parameters |
| 552 | 3. Efficiency: Input and Output Ratings 4. Performance Codes and Standards 5. Sizing |
| 553 | 6. Burner Types 7. Boiler Controls Operating Controls Water Level Controls |
| 554 | 8. Flame Safeguard Controls References Bibliography |
| 555 | I-P_S16_Ch33 1. Components Casing or Cabinet Heat Exchangers |
| 556 | Heat Sources Combustion Venting Components Circulating Blowers and Motors Filters and Other Accessories Airflow Variations |
| 557 | Combustion System Variations |
| 558 | Indoor/Outdoor Furnace Variations 2. Heat Source Types Natural Gas and Propane Furnaces Oil Furnaces Electric Furnaces |
| 559 | 3. Commercial Equipment Ducted Equipment Unducted Heaters 4. Controls and Operating Characteristics External to Furnace Internal to Furnace |
| 560 | 5. Equipment Selection Distribution System Equipment Location Forced-Air System Primary Use Fuel Selection Combustion Air and Venting |
| 561 | Equipment Sizing Types of Furnaces Consumer Considerations |
| 562 | Selecting Furnaces for Commercial Buildings 6. Calculations 7. Technical Data Natural Gas Furnaces |
| 563 | Propane Furnaces Oil Furnaces Electric Furnaces Commercial Furnaces 8. Installation |
| 564 | 9. Agency Listings References Bibliography |
| 565 | I-P_S16_Ch34 1. GAS IN-SPACE HEATERS Room Heaters Wall Furnaces |
| 566 | Floor Furnaces United States Minimum Efficiency Requirements 1.1 Controls Valves Thermostats |
| 567 | 1.2 Vent Connectors 1.3 Sizing Units 2. OIL AND KEROSENE IN-SPACE HEATERS Vaporizing Oil Pot Heaters Powered Atomizing Heaters Portable Kerosene Heaters 3. ELECTRIC IN-SPACE HEATERS Wall, Floor, Toe Space, and Ceiling Heaters Baseboard Heaters |
| 568 | 3.1 Radiant Heating Systems Heating Panels and Heating Panel Sets Embedded Cable and Storage Heating Systems Cord-Connected Portable Heaters Controls 4. SOLID-FUEL IN-SPACE HEATERS |
| 569 | 4.1 Fireplaces Simple Fireplaces Factory-Built Fireplaces Freestanding Fireplaces 4.2 Stoves Conventional Wood Stoves Advanced-Design Wood Stoves Fireplace Inserts |
| 570 | Pellet-Burning Stoves 5. GENERAL INSTALLATION PRACTICES Safety with Solid Fuels Utility-Furnished Energy |
| 571 | Products of Combustion Agency Testing References Bibliography |
| 572 | I-P_S16_Ch35 |
| 573 | Start-Up Air Intakes |
| 574 | Vent Size Draft Control Pollution Control Equipment Location Wind Effects Safety Factors |
| 575 | Mass Flow of Combustion Products in Chimneys and Vents Table 1 Mass Flow Equations for Common Fuels Fig. 1 Graphical Evaluation of Rate of Vent Gas Flow from Percent CO2 and Fuel Rate |
| 576 | Table 2 Typical Chimney and Vent Design Conditionsa Fig. 2 Flue Gas Mass and Volumetric Flow Table 3 Mass Flow for Incinerator Chimneys Mean Chimney Gas Temperature and Density |
| 577 | Fig. 3 Temperature Multiplier Cu for Compensation of Heat Losses in Connector Table 4 Mean Chimney Gas Temperature for Various Appliances |
| 578 | Table 5 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients of Various Chimneys and Vents Theoretical Draft Table 6 Approximate Theoretical Draft of Chimneys Fig. 4 Theoretical Draft Nomograph |
| 579 | Table 7 Input Altitude Factor for Equation (21) Theoretical Draft System Pressure Loss Caused by Flow Table 8 Pressure Equations for Dp Available Draft Chimney Gas Velocity |
| 580 | Table 9 Resistance Loss Coefficients System Resistance Coefficient |
| 581 | Fig. 5 Friction Factor for Commercial Iron and Steel Pipe Configuration and Manifolding Effects |
| 582 | Fig. 6 Typical Connector Design Input, Diameter, and Temperature Relationships |
| 583 | Volumetric Flow in Chimney or System Graphical Solution of Chimney or Vent System |
| 584 | Fig. 7 Design Chart for Vents, Chimneys, and Ducts |
| 585 | Fig. 8 Gas Vent with Lateral |
| 586 | Fig. 9 Draft-Regulated Appliance with 0.10 in. of water Available Draft Required Fig. 10 Forced-Draft Appliance with Neutral (Zero) Draft (Negative Pressure Lateral) |
| 587 | Fig. 11 Forced-Draft Appliance with Positive Outlet Pressure (Negative Draft) Fig. 12 Illustration for Example 2 Fig. 13 Illustration for Example 3 |
| 588 | Fig. 14 Illustration for Example 4 |
| 589 | Fig. 15 Illustration for Example 5 |
| 590 | Fig. 16 Illustration for Example 7 |
| 591 | Fig. 17 Typical Fan Operating Data and System Curves Vent Connectors Masonry Chimneys for Gas Appliances |
| 592 | Type B and Type L Factory-Built Venting Systems Gas Appliances Without Draft Hoods Conversion to Gas Condensation and Corrosion |
| 593 | Connector and Chimney Corrosion Vent Connectors Masonry Chimneys for Oil-Fired Appliances |
| 594 | Replacement of Appliances |
| 595 | Fig. 18 Eddy Formation |
| 596 | Fig. 19 Effect of Chimney Gas (Combustion Products) Temperature on Fireplace Frontal Opening Velocity Fig. 20 Permissible Fireplace Frontal Opening Area for Design Conditions (0.8 fps mean frontal velocity with 12 in. inside diameter round flue) Fig. 21 Effect of Area Ratio on Frontal Velocity (for chimney height of 15 ft with 12 in. inside diameter round flue) |
| 597 | Fig. 22 Variation of Chimney Flue Gas Temperature with Heat Input Rate of Combustion Products |
| 598 | Fig. 23 Chimney Sizing Chart for Fireplaces Fig. 24 Estimation of Fireplace Frontal Opening Area |
| 600 | Fig. 25 Building Heating Appliance, Medium-Heat Chimney |
| 601 | Table 10 Underwriters Laboratories Test Standards Draft Hoods Draft Regulators |
| 602 | Fig. 26 Use of Barometric Draft Regulators Vent Dampers Heat Exchangers or Flue Gas Heat Extractors |
| 603 | Fig. 27 Draft Inducers |
| 604 | Fig. 28 Wind Eddy and Wake Zones for One- or Two-Story Buildings and Their Effect on Chimney Gas Discharge Fig. 29 Height of Eddy Currents Around Single High-Rise Buildings Fig. 30 Eddy and Wake Zones for Low, Wide Buildings |
| 605 | Fig. 31 Vent and Chimney Rain Protection |
| 606 | Table 11 List of U.S. National Standards Relating to Installationa References |
| 607 | Bibliography |
| 608 | I-P_S16_Ch36 1. Description Radiators Pipe Coils Convectors |
| 609 | Baseboard Units Finned-Tube Units Heat Emission 2. Ratings of Heat-Distributing Units Radiators |
| 610 | Convectors Baseboard Units Finned-Tube Units Other Heat-Distributing Units Corrections for Nonstandard Conditions 3. Design Effect of Water Velocity |
| 612 | Effect of Altitude Effect of Mass Performance at Low Water Temperatures Effect of Enclosure and Paint 4. Applications Radiators Convectors Baseboard Radiation Finned-Tube Radiation |
| 613 | Radiant Panels References Bibliography |
| 614 | I-P_S16_Ch37 |
| 615 | 1. SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS 1.1 Air-Heating Systems 1.2 Liquid-Heating Systems |
| 616 | 1.3 Solar Thermal Energy Collectors |
| 619 | 1.4 Row Design |
| 620 | 1.5 Array Design |
| 624 | 1.6 Thermal Energy Storage |
| 628 | 1.7 Heat Exchangers |
| 630 | 1.8 Controls |
| 632 | 2. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS |
| 636 | References Bibliography |
| 638 | I-P_S16_Ch38 1. POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS |
| 639 | 1.1 Performance Ideal Compressor |
| 640 | Actual Compressor Compressor Efficiency, Subcooling, and Superheating |
| 641 | 1.2 Abnormal Operating Conditions, Hazards, and Protective Devices Liquid Hazard Suction and Discharge Pulsations |
| 642 | Noise Vibration Shock Testing and Operating Requirements |
| 643 | 1.3 Motors |
| 644 | 2. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS |
| 645 | Performance Data Motor Performance |
| 647 | Features |
| 648 | Special Devices Application |
| 649 | 3. ROTARY COMPRESSORS 3.1 Rolling-Piston Compressors |
| 650 | Performance Features |
| 651 | 3.2 Rotary-Vane Compressors 3.3 Screw Compressors Single-Screw Compressors |
| 656 | Twin-Screw Compressors |
| 661 | 3.4 Scroll Compressors |
| 662 | Mechanical Features |
| 663 | Capacity Control |
| 664 | Energy Efficiency |
| 665 | Noise and Vibration Operation and Maintenance 3.5 Trochoidal Compressors |
| 666 | Description and Performance 4. CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS |
| 667 | Refrigeration Cycle |
| 668 | Angular Momentum Mach Number |
| 669 | Performance Surging System Balance and Capacity Control |
| 671 | 4.1 Application Vibration Noise Drivers |
| 672 | Paralleling Other Specialized Applications 4.2 Mechanical Design Impellers Casings Rotor Dynamics Bearings |
| 673 | Lubrication Oil-Free Centrifugal Compressors Accessories and Controls |
| 674 | 4.3 Isentropic Analysis |
| 675 | 4.4 Polytropic Analysis Nondimensional Coefficients |
| 676 | Testing 4.5 Operation and Maintenance |
| 677 | 4.6 Symbols References |
| 679 | I-P_S16_Ch39 1. WATER-COOLED CONDENSERS 1.1 Heat Removal |
| 680 | 1.2 Heat Transfer Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Water-Side Film Coefficient Refrigerant-Side Film Coefficient |
| 681 | Tube-Wall Resistance |
| 682 | Surface Efficiency Fouling Factor 1.3 Water Pressure Drop |
| 683 | 1.4 Liquid Subcooling 1.5 Water Circuiting 1.6 Types Shell-and-Tube Condensers |
| 684 | Shell-and-Coil Condensers Tube-in-Tube Condensers Brazed-Plate and Plate-and-Frame Condensers |
| 685 | 1.7 Noncondensable Gases 1.8 Testing and Rating |
| 686 | Design Pressure 1.9 Operation and Maintenance 2. AIR-COOLED CONDENSERS 2.1 Types Plate-and-Fin |
| 687 | Integral-Fin Microchannel 2.2 Fans and Air Requirements |
| 688 | 2.3 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop 2.4 Condensers Remote from Compressor 2.5 Condensers as Part of Condensing Unit |
| 689 | 2.6 Water-Cooled Versus Air-Cooled Condensing 2.7 Testing and Rating |
| 690 | 2.8 Control |
| 691 | 2.9 Installation and Maintenance |
| 692 | 3. EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS 3.1 Heat Transfer |
| 693 | 3.2 Condenser Configuration Coils Method of Coil Wetting |
| 694 | Airflow 3.3 Condenser Location 3.4 Multiple-Condenser Installations |
| 695 | 3.5 Ratings 3.6 Desuperheating Coils 3.7 Refrigerant Liquid Subcoolers |
| 696 | 3.8 Multicircuit Condensers and Coolers 3.9 Water Treatment 3.10 Water Consumption 3.11 Capacity Modulation |
| 697 | 3.12 Purging 3.13 Maintenance 3.14 Testing and Rating References |
| 698 | Bibliography |
| 699 | I-P_S16_Ch40 1. Principle of Operation |
| 700 | 2. Design Conditions 3. Types of Cooling Towers |
| 702 | Direct-Contact Cooling Towers |
| 705 | Indirect-Contact Cooling Towers Hybrid Cooling Towers |
| 706 | 4. Materials of Construction 5. Selection Considerations |
| 708 | 6. Application Siting |
| 709 | Piping Capacity Control |
| 710 | Water-Side Economizer (Free Cooling) |
| 711 | Winter Operation |
| 712 | Sound Drift Fogging (Cooling Tower Plume) |
| 713 | Maintenance Inspections |
| 714 | Water Treatment |
| 715 | White Rust 7. Performance Curves |
| 716 | 8. Cooling Tower Thermal Performance 9. Cooling Tower Theory |
| 717 | Counterflow Integration |
| 718 | Cross-Flow Integration |
| 719 | 10. Tower Coefficients |
| 720 | Available Coefficients |
| 721 | Establishing Tower Characteristics 11. Additional Information References Bibliography |
| 722 | I-P_S16_Ch41 1. Direct Evaporative Air Coolers |
| 723 | Random-Media Air Coolers Rigid-Media Air Coolers |
| 724 | Remote Pad Evaporative Cooling Equipment 2. Indirect Evaporative Air Coolers Packaged Indirect Evaporative Air Coolers |
| 726 | Heat Recovery Cooling Tower/Coil Systems Other Indirect Evaporative Cooling Equipment 3. Indirect/Direct Combinations |
| 727 | Precooling and Makeup Air Pretreatment |
| 728 | 4. Air Washers Spray Air Washers |
| 729 | High-Velocity Spray-Type Air Washers 5. Humidification/Dehumidification Humidification with Air Washers and Rigid Media Dehumidification with Air Washers and Rigid Media |
| 730 | Air Cleaning 6. Sound Attenuation 7. Maintenance and Water Treatment |
| 731 | Legionnaires’ Disease References Bibliography |
| 732 | I-P_S16_Ch42 1. Types of Liquid Coolers Direct-Expansion |
| 733 | Flooded Baudelot |
| 734 | Shell-and-Coil 2. Heat Transfer Heat Transfer Coefficients |
| 735 | Fouling Factors Wall Resistance 3. Pressure Drop Fluid Side Refrigerant Side 4. Vessel Design Mechanical Requirements |
| 736 | Chemical Requirements Electrical Requirements 5. Application Considerations Refrigerant Flow Control Freeze Prevention |
| 737 | Oil Return Maintenance Insulation References |
| 738 | I-P_S16_Ch43 1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 1.1 Principles of Operation 1.2 Common Liquid-Chilling Systems Basic Chiller Multiple-Chiller Systems |
| 740 | 1.3 Selection 1.4 Control Liquid Chiller Controls |
| 741 | Controls That Influence the Liquid Chiller Safety Controls 1.5 Standards and Testing |
| 742 | 1.6 General Maintenance Continual Monitoring Periodic Checks Regularly Scheduled Maintenance Extended Maintenance Checks 2. RECIPROCATING LIQUID CHILLERS 2.1 Equipment Components and Their Functions Capacities and Types Available |
| 743 | Selection of Refrigerant 2.2 Performance Characteristics and Operating Problems 2.3 Method of Selection Ratings Power Consumption Fouling 2.4 Control Considerations |
| 744 | 2.5 Special Applications 3. CENTRIFUGAL LIQUID CHILLERS 3.1 Equipment Components and Their Function |
| 745 | Capacities and Types Available Selection of Refrigerant |
| 746 | 3.2 Performance and Operating Characteristics |
| 747 | 3.3 Selection Ratings Fouling Noise and Vibration 3.4 Control Considerations |
| 748 | 3.5 Auxiliaries 3.6 Special Applications Free Cooling Heat Recovery Systems |
| 749 | Air-Cooled System Other Coolants Vapor Condensing 3.7 Operation and Maintenance |
| 750 | 4. SCREW LIQUID CHILLERS 4.1 Equipment Components and Their Function Capacities and Types Available |
| 751 | Selection of Refrigerant 4.2 Performance and Operating Characteristics 4.3 Selection Ratings Power Consumption Fouling 4.4 Control Considerations |
| 752 | 4.5 Auxiliaries 4.6 Special Applications 4.7 Maintenance References |
| 753 | Bibliography Online Resource |
| 754 | I-P_S16_Ch44 1. Centrifugal Pumping 2. Construction Features |
| 755 | 3. Pump Types Circulator Pump |
| 756 | Close-Coupled, Single-Stage, End-Suction Pump Frame-Mounted, End-Suction Pump on Base Plate Base-Mounted, Horizontal (Axial) or Vertical, Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump Base-Mounted, Horizontal, Split-Case, Multistage Pump |
| 757 | Vertical In-Line Pump Vertical In-Line Split-Coupled Pump Vertical Turbine, Single- or Multistage, Sump-Mounted Pump 4. Pump Performance Curves |
| 758 | 5. Hydronic System Curves |
| 759 | 6. Pump and Hydronic System Curves |
| 760 | 7. Pump Power 8. Pump Efficiency |
| 761 | 9. Affinity Laws |
| 763 | 10. Radial Thrust 11. Net Positive Suction Characteristics |
| 764 | 12. Selection of Pumps |
| 765 | 13. Arrangement of Pumps Parallel Pumping Series Pumping |
| 766 | Standby Pump Primary-Secondary Pumping Variable-Speed Central Pumping Variable-Speed Distributed Pumping |
| 767 | Differential Pressure Control with Predefined Control Curves |
| 768 | 14. Motive Power 15. Energy Conservation in Pumping 16. Installation, Operation, and Commissioning |
| 769 | Commissioning Base-Mounted Centrifugal Pumps |
| 770 | 17. Troubleshooting References Bibliography |
| 771 | I-P_S16_Ch45 1. MOTORS 1.1 Alternating-Current Power Supply |
| 772 | 1.2 Codes and Standards 1.3 Motor Efficiency |
| 773 | 1.4 General-Purpose Motors |
| 774 | Application 1.5 Permanent-Magnet AC Motors |
| 775 | 1.6 Hermetic Motors Application 1.7 Integral Thermal Protection |
| 776 | 1.8 Motor Protection and Control Separate Motor Protection |
| 777 | Protection of Control Apparatus and Branch Circuit Conductors Three-Phase Motor Starting |
| 778 | Direct-Current Motor Starting Single-Phase Motor Starting Operating AC Induction Motors above Nameplate Speed Using Variable-Frequency Drives |
| 779 | VFD-Induced Bearing Currents References |
| 780 | Detecting Bearing Currents |
| 781 | Strategies for Mitigating Bearing Currents |
| 783 | 2. AIR VOLUME CONTROL |
| 784 | 2.1 Variable-Frequency Drives |
| 785 | Power Transistor Characteristics Motor and Conductor Impedance |
| 786 | Motor Ratings and NEMA Standards |
| 787 | Motor Noise and Drive Carrier Frequencies Carrier Frequencies and Drive Ratings 2.2 Power Distribution System Effects |
| 788 | VFDs and Harmonics |
| 789 | 2.3 AHRI standard 1210 Calculating VFD and Motor Efficiency |
| 790 | Drive-Generated Harmonics Performance Rating Bibliography |
| 792 | I-P_S16_Ch46 1. Pipe Steel Pipe Copper Tube |
| 793 | Ductile Iron and Cast Iron 2. Fittings 3. Joining Methods Threading Soldering and Brazing Flared and Compression Joints |
| 796 | Flanges Welding Reinforced Outlet Fittings Other Joints Unions |
| 797 | 4. Special Systems 5. Selection of Materials |
| 798 | 6. Pipe Wall Thickness 7. Stress Calculations 8. Plastic Piping |
| 799 | Allowable Stress Plastic Material Selection 9. Pipe-Supporting Elements |
| 801 | 10. Pipe Expansion and Flexibility 11. Pipe Bends and Loops |
| 802 | L Bends Z Bends U Bends and Pipe Loops |
| 803 | Cold Springing of Pipe Analyzing Existing Piping Configurations 12. Expansion Joints and Expansion Compensating Devices |
| 804 | Packed Expansion Joints |
| 805 | References Bibliography |
| 806 | I-P_S16_Ch47 1. Fundamentals Body Ratings Materials |
| 807 | Flow Coefficient and Pressure Drop Cavitation Water Hammer Noise Body Styles 2. Manual Valves Selection |
| 808 | Globe Valves Gate Valves Plug Valves Ball Valves Butterfly Valves |
| 809 | 3. Automatic Valves Actuators Pneumatic Actuators |
| 810 | Electric Actuators Electronic Hydraulic Actuators |
| 811 | Solenoids Thermostatic Radiator Valves Control of Automatic Valves Two-Way Valves Three-Way Valves Special-Purpose Valves |
| 812 | Ball Valves Butterfly Valves Pressure-Independent Control Valves |
| 813 | Flow-Limiting Valves Control Valve Flow Characteristics |
| 814 | Control Valve Sizing |
| 815 | 4. Balancing Valves Manual Balancing Valves |
| 816 | Automatic Flow-Limiting Valves Balancing Valve Selection 5. Multiple-Purpose Valves 6. Safety Devices |
| 817 | 7. Self-Contained Temperature Control Valves |
| 818 | 8. Pressure-Reducing Valves Makeup Water Valves 9. Check Valves |
| 819 | 10. Stop-Check Valves 11. Backflow Prevention Devices Selection Installation 12. Steam Traps References Bibliography |
| 821 | I-P_S16_Ch48 1. Fundamentals 2. Types of Heat Exchangers |
| 822 | Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers |
| 823 | Plate Heat Exchangers Double-Wall Heat Exchangers |
| 824 | 3. Components Shell-and-Tube Components Plate Components |
| 825 | 4. Application 5. Selection Criteria Thermal/Mechanical Design |
| 826 | Cost Maintenance Space Requirements Steam Water Quality 6. Installation |
| 827 | I-P_S16_Ch49 1. General Design Considerations User Requirements Application Requirements |
| 828 | Installation Service Sustainability 2. Types of Unitary Equipment |
| 830 | Single-Package Equipment: Types and Installations |
| 831 | Combined Space-Conditioning/Water-Heating Systems |
| 832 | Engine-Driven Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners 3. Equipment and System Standards Energy Conservation and Efficiency |
| 833 | AHRI Certification Programs Safety Standards and Installation Codes 4. Air Conditioners Refrigerant Circuit Design |
| 834 | Air-Handling Systems Electrical Design |
| 835 | Mechanical Design Accessories Heating 5. Air-Source Heat Pumps Add-On Heat Pumps Selection |
| 836 | Refrigerant Circuit and Components |
| 837 | System Control and Installation 6. Water-Source Heat Pumps Systems |
| 839 | Performance Certification Programs Equipment Design |
| 840 | 7. Variable-Refrigerant-Flow Heat Pumps Application Categories Refrigerant Circuit and Components Heating and Defrost Operation References |
| 841 | Bibliography |
| 842 | I-P_S16_Ch50 1. ROOM AIR CONDITIONERS 1.1 Sizes and Classifications 1.2 Design |
| 843 | 1.3 Performance Data |
| 845 | 1.4 Special Features 1.5 Safety Codes and Standards |
| 846 | 1.6 Installation and Service 2. PACKAGED TERMINAL AIR CONDITIONERS 2.1 Sizes and Classifications |
| 847 | 2.2 General Design Considerations 2.3 Design of PTAC/PTHP Components |
| 848 | 2.4 Heat Pump Operation 2.5 Performance and Safety Testing References |
| 849 | Bibliography |
| 850 | I-P_S16_Ch51 Terminology |
| 851 | Classification of Systems |
| 852 | Storage Media Basic Thermal Storage Concepts Benefits of Thermal Storage |
| 853 | Design Considerations 1. Sensible Thermal Storage Technology Sensible Energy Storage Temperature Range and Storage Size Techniques for Thermal Separation in Sensible Storage Devices |
| 854 | Performance of Chilled-Water Storage Systems Design of Stratification Diffusers |
| 855 | Storage Tank Insulation Other Factors Chilled-Water Storage Tanks Low-Temperature Fluid Sensible Energy Storage |
| 856 | Storage in Aquifers 2. Chilled-Water Thermal Storage Sizing Examples |
| 858 | Latent Cool Storage Technology |
| 859 | Water as Phase-Change Thermal Storage Medium Internal Melt Ice-On-Coil |
| 860 | 3. Chiller and Ice Storage Selection |
| 861 | Operation With Disabled Chiller Selecting Storage Equipment |
| 862 | External-Melt Ice-On-Coil Encapsulated Ice |
| 863 | Ice Harvesters |
| 864 | Ice Slurry Systems Unitary Thermal Storage Systems |
| 865 | Other Phase-Change Materials 4. Heat Storage Technology Sizing Heat Storage Systems |
| 866 | Service Water Heating Brick Storage (ETS) Heaters |
| 868 | Pressurized Water Storage Heaters Underfloor Heat Storage Building Mass Thermal Storage |
| 869 | Storage Charging and Discharging |
| 870 | Design Considerations Factors Favoring Thermal Storage |
| 872 | Factors Discouraging Thermal Storage Typical Applications |
| 873 | 5. Sizing Cool Storage Systems Sizing Strategies Calculating Load Profiles Sizing Equipment |
| 874 | 6. Application of Thermal Storage Systems Chilled-Water Storage Systems |
| 876 | Ice (and PCM) Storage Systems |
| 878 | Unitary Thermal Storage Systems (UTSSs) 7. Operation and Control |
| 879 | Operating Modes |
| 880 | Control Strategies Operating Strategies Utility Demand Control Instrumentation Requirements |
| 881 | 8. Other Design Considerations Hydronic System Design for Open Systems Cold-Air Distribution |
| 882 | Storage of Heat in Cool Storage Units System Interface Insulation |
| 883 | 9. Cost Considerations 10. Maintenance Considerations Water Treatment |
| 884 | 11. Commissioning Statement of Design Intent |
| 885 | Commissioning Specification Required Information Performance Verification Sample Commissioning Plan Outline for Chilled-Water Plants with Thermal Storage Systems |
| 886 | 12. Good Practices References |
| 889 | Bibliography |
| 891 | I-P_S16_Ch52 |
| 919 | I-P_S2016 IndexIX Abbreviations, F37 Absorbents Absorption Acoustics. See Sound Activated alumina, S24.1, 4, 12 Activated carbon adsorption, A46.7 Adaptation, environmental, F9.16 ADPI. See Air diffusion performance index (ADPI) Adsorbents Adsorption Aeration, of farm crops, A25 Aerosols, S29.1 AFDD. See Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD) Affinity laws for centrifugal pumps, S44.8 AFUE. See Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE) AHU. See Air handlers Air Air barriers, F26.5 Airborne infectious diseases, F10.7 Air cleaners. (See also Filters, air; Industrial exhaust gas cleaning) Air conditioners. (See also Central air conditioning) |
| 920 | Air conditioning. (See also Central air conditioning) Air contaminants, F11. (See also Contaminants) Aircraft, A12 Air curtains Air diffusers, S20 Air diffusion, F20 Air diffusion performance index (ADPI), A57.5 Air dispersion systems, fabric, S19.11 Air distribution, A57; F20; S4; S20 Air exchange rate Air filters. See Filters, air Airflow |
| 921 | Airflow retarders, F25.9, 10 Air flux, F25.2. (See also Airflow) Air handlers Air inlets Air intakes Air jets. See Air diffusion Air leakage. (See also Infiltration) Air mixers, S4.8 Air outlets Airports, air conditioning, A3.6 Air quality. [See also Indoor air quality (IAQ)] Air terminal units (ATUs) Airtightness, F36.24 Air-to-air energy recovery, S26 Air-to-transmission ratio, S5.13 Air transport, R27 Air washers Algae, control, A49.11 All-air systems Altitude, effects of Ammonia Anchor bolts, seismic restraint, A55.7 Anemometers Animal environments Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), S34.2 |
| 922 | Antifreeze Antisweat heaters (ASH), R15.5 Apartment buildings Aquifers, thermal storage, S51.7 Archimedes number, F20.6 Archives. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Arenas Argon, recovery, R47.17 Asbestos, F10.5 ASH. See Antisweat heaters (ASH) Atriums Attics, unconditioned, F27.2 Auditoriums, A5.3 Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD), A39.5; A61.1 Automobiles Autopsy rooms, A8.9; A9.6, 7 Avogadro’s law, and fuel combustion, F28.10 Backflow-prevention devices, S47.14 BACnet®, A40.18; F7.18 Bacteria Bakery products, R41 Balance point, heat pumps, S49.9 Balancing. (See also Testing, adjusting, and balancing) BAS. See Building automation systems (BAS) Baseboard units Basements Beer’s law, F4.16 Bernoulli equation, F21.1 Best efficiency point (BEP), S44.8 Beverages, R39 BIM. See Building information modeling (BIM) Bioaerosols Biocides, control, A49.13 Biodiesel, F28.6 Biological safety cabinets, A16.5 Biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A18.9 Bioterrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Boilers, S32 Boiling Brake horsepower, S44.8 Brayton cycle Bread, R41 Breweries Brines. See Coolants, secondary Building automation systems (BAS), A40.18; A61.1; F7.14 Building energy monitoring, A41. (See also Energy, monitoring) Building envelopes |
| 923 | Building information modeling (BIM), A40.15 Building materials, properties, F26 Buildings Building thermal mass Burners Buses Bus terminals Butane, commercial, F28.5 CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD) Cafeterias, service water heating, A50.11, 21 Calcium chloride brines, F31.1 Candy Capillary action, and moisture flow, F25.10 Capillary tubes Carbon dioxide Carbon emissions, F34.6 Carbon monoxide Cargo containers, R25 Carnot refrigeration cycle, F2.7 Cattle, beef and dairy, A24.7. (See also Animal environments) CAV. See Constant air volume (CAV) Cavitation, F3.13 CBRE. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents |
| 924 | CEER. See Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER) Ceiling effect. See Coanda effect Ceilings Central air conditioning, A42. (See also Air conditioning) Central plants Central systems Cetane number, engine fuels, F28.8 CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Charge minimization, R1.36 Charging, refrigeration systems, R8.4 Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents, A59 Chemical plants Chemisorption, A46.9 Chilled beams, S20.9 Chilled water (CW) Chillers Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F6.7 Chimneys, S35 Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), A34.6 Chocolate, R42.1. (See also Candy) Choking, F3.13 CHP systems. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Cinemas, A5.3 CKV. See Commercial kitchen ventilation (CVK) Claude cycle, R47.8 Cleanrooms. See Clean spaces Clean spaces, A18 |
| 925 | Clear-sky solar radiation, calculation, F14.7 Climate change, effect on climatic design conditions, F14.14 Climatic design information, F14 Clinics, A8.14 Clothing CLTD/CLF. See Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF) Coal Coanda effect, A33.17; F20.2, 6; S20.2 Codes, S52. (See also Standards) Coefficient of performance (COP) Cogeneration. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Coils Colburn’s analogy, F4.17 Colebrook equation Collectors, solar, A35.6, 11, 24, 25; S37.3 Colleges and universities, A7.11 Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER), S50.3 Combined heat and power (CHP), S7 Combustion, F28 |
| 926 | Combustion air systems Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC), S7.21; S8.1 Comfort. (See also Physiological principles, humans) Commercial and public buildings, A3 Commercial kitchen ventilation (CKV), A33 Commissioning, A43 Compressors, S38 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F13.1 Computer-aided design (CAD), A18.5; A40.15 Computers, A40 Concert halls, A5.4 Concrete |
| 927 | Condensate Condensation Condensers, S39 Conductance, thermal, F4.3; F25.1 Conduction Conductivity, thermal, F25.1; F26.1 Constant air volume (CAV) Constant-volume, all-air systems Construction. (See also Building envelopes) Containers. (See also Cargo containers) Contaminants Continuity, fluid dynamics, F3.2 Control. (See also Controls, automatic; Supervisory control) |
| 928 | Controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage Controlled-environment rooms (CERs), and plant growth, A24.16 Controls, automatic, F7. (See also Control) Convection Convectors Convention centers, A5.5 Conversion factors, F38 Coolants, secondary Coolers. (See also Refrigerators) |
| 929 | Cooling. (See also Air conditioning) Cooling load Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF), F18.49 Cooling towers, S40 Cool storage, S51.1 COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP) Corn, drying, A25.1 Correctional facilities. See Justice facilities Corrosion Costs. (See also Economics) Cotton, drying, A25.8 Courthouses, A9.5 Courtrooms, A9.5 CPVC. See Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) Crawlspaces Critical spaces Crops. See Farm crops Cruise terminals, A3.6 Cryogenics, R47 |
| 930 | Curtain walls, F15.5 Cycloparaffins, R12.3 Dairy products, R33 Dampers Dampness problems in buildings, A62.1 Dams, concrete cooling, R45.1 Darcy equation, F21.6 Darcy-Weisbach equation Data centers, A19 Data-driven modeling Daylighting DDC. See Direct digital control (DDC) Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS), S4.14; S18.2, 8; S25.4 Definitions, of refrigeration terms, R50 Defrosting Degree-days, F14.12; F19.18 Dehumidification, A47.15; S24 Dehumidifiers Dehydration Density Dental facilities, A8.14 Desiccants, F32.1; S24.1 Design-day climatic data, F14.11 Desorption isotherm, F26.19 Desuperheaters Dew point, A62.8 |
| 931 | Diamagnetism, and superconductivity, R47.5 Diesel fuel, F28.8 Diffusers, air, sound control, A48.12 Diffusion Diffusivity Dilution Dining halls, in justice facilities, A9.4 DIR. See Dispersive infrared (DIR) Direct digital control (DDC), F7.4, 10 Direct numerical simulation (DNS), turbulence modeling, F13.4; F24.10 Dirty bombs. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Discharge coefficients, in fluid flow, F3.9 Dispersive infrared (DIR), F7.9 Display cases, R15.2, 5 District energy (DE), S12.1 District heating and cooling (DHC), S12 d-limonene, F31.13 DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS) Doors Dormitories Draft Drag, in fluid flow, F3.5 Driers, R7.6. (See also Dryers) Drip station, steam systems, S12.14 Dryers. (See also Driers) Drying DTW. See Dual-temperature water (DTW) system Dual-duct systems Dual-temperature water (DTW) system, S13.1 DuBois equation, F9.3 Duct connections, A62.9 Duct design Ducts |
| 932 | Duct sealing, A62.9 Dust mites, F25.17 Dusts, S29.1 Dynamometers, A17.1 Earth, stabilization, R45.3, 4 Earthquakes, seismic-resistant design, A55.1 Economic analysis, A37 Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP), S7.2 Economic performance degradation index (EPDI), A61.3 Economics. (See also Costs) Economizers ECOP. See Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP) ECS. See Environmental control system (ECS) Eddy diffusivity, F6.7 Educational facilities, A7 EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Effectiveness, heat transfer, F4.21 Effective radiant flux (ERF), A54.2 Efficiency Eggs, R34 Electricity Electric thermal storage (ETS), S51.17 Electrostatic precipitators, S29.7; S30.7 Elevators Emissions, pollution, F28.7 Emissivity, F4.2 Emittance, thermal, F25.2 Enclosed vehicular facilities, A15 Energy |
| 933 | Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC), A37.8 Energy transfer station, S12.37 Engines, S7 Engine test facilities, A17 Enhanced tubes. See Finned-tube heat transfer coils Enthalpy Entropy, F2.1 Environmental control Environmental control system (ECS), A12 Environmental health, F10 Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) EPDI. See Economic performance degradation index (EPDI) Equipment vibration, A48.43; F8.17 ERF. See Effective radiant flux (ERF) ESPC. See Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC) Ethylene glycol, in hydronic systems, S13.23 ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Electric thermal storage (ETS) Evaluation. See Testing Evaporation, in tubes Evaporative coolers. (See also Refrigerators) Evaporative cooling, A52 Evaporators. (See also Coolers, liquid) Exfiltration, F16.1 Exhaust Exhibit buildings, temporary, A5.8 Exhibit cases, A23.5, 16 Exhibition centers, A5.5 Expansion joints and devices, S46.10 Expansion tanks, S12.10 |
| 934 | Explosions. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Fairs, A5.8 Family courts, A9.4. (See also Juvenile facilities) Fan-coil units, S5.6 Fans, S21 Farm crops, drying and storing, A25 Faults, system, reasons for detecting, A39.6 f-Chart method, sizing heating and cooling systems, A35.21 Fenestration. (See also Windows) Fick’s law, F6.1 Filters, air, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Finned-tube heat-distributing units, S36.2, 5 Finned-tube heat transfer coils, F4.25 Fins, F4.6 Fire/smoke control. See Smoke control Firearm laboratories, A9.7 Fire management, A53.1 Fireplaces, S34.5 Fire safety Fish, R19; R32 Fitness facilities. (See also Gymnasiums) Fittings Fixed-guideway vehicles, A11.7. (See also Mass-transit systems) Fixture units, A50.1, 27 Flammability limits, gaseous fuels, F28.1 Flash tank, steam systems, S11.14 Floors Flowers, cut |
| 935 | Flowmeters, A38.13; F36.19 Fluid dynamics computations, F13.1 Fluid flow, F3 Food. (See also specific foods) Food service Forced-air systems, residential, A1.1 Forensic labs, A9.6 Fouling factor Foundations, moisture control, A44.11 Fountains, Legionella pneumophila control, A49.14 Fourier’s law, and heat transfer, F25.5 Four-pipe systems, S5.5 Framing Freeze drying, A30.6 Freeze prevention. (See also Freeze protection systems) Freeze protection systems, A51.18, 19 Freezers Freezing Friction, in fluid flow Fruit juice, R38 Fruits |
| 936 | Fuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP), S7.22 Fuels, F28 Fume hoods, laboratory exhaust, A16.3 Fungi Furnaces, S33 Galleries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Garages Gases Gas-fired equipment, S34. (See also Natural gas) Gas vents, S35.1 GCHP. See Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Generators Geothermal energy, A34 Geothermal heat pumps (GHP), A34.10 Glaser method, F25.15 Glazing Global warming potential (GWP), F29.5 Glossary, of refrigeration terms, R50 Glycols, desiccant solution, S24.2 Graphical symbols, F37 Green design, and sustainability, F35.1 Greenhouses. (See also Plant environments) Grids, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), A34.1, 10 Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP), A34.32 GSHP. See Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) Guard stations, in justice facilities, A9.5 GWHP. See Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP) GWP. See Global warming potential (GWP) Gymnasiums, A5.5; A7.3 HACCP. See Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) Halocarbon Hartford loop, S11.3 Hay, drying, A25.8 Hazard analysis and control, F10.4 Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP), R22.4 Hazen-Williams equation, F22.1 HB. See Heat balance (HB) Health Health care facilities, A8. (See also specific types) Health effects, mold, A62.1 Heat Heat and moisture control, F27.1 |
| 937 | Heat balance (HB), S9.22 Heat capacity, F25.1 Heat control, F27 Heaters, S34 Heat exchangers, S48 Heat flow, F25. (See also Heat transfer) Heat flux, F25.1 Heat gain. (See also Load calculations) Heating Heating load Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF), S49.6 Heating values of fuels, F28.3, 7, 9 Heat loss. (See also Load calculations) Heat pipes, air-to-air energy recovery, S26.14 Heat pumps |
| 938 | Heat recovery. (See also Energy, recovery) Heat storage. See Thermal storage Heat stress Heat transfer, F4; F25; F26; F27. (See also Heat flow) Heat transmission Heat traps, A50.1 Helium High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, A28.3; S29.6; S30.3 High-rise buildings. See Tall buildings High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, R33.2 High-temperature water (HTW) system, S13.1 Homeland security. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Hoods Hospitals, A8.2 |
| 939 | Hot-box method, of thermal modeling, F25.8 Hotels and motels, A6 Hot-gas bypass, R1.35 Houses of worship, A5.3 HSI. See Heat stress, index (HSI) HSPF. See Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) HTST. See High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization Humidification, S22 Humidifiers, S22 Humidity (See also Moisture) HVAC security, A59 Hydrogen, liquid, R47.3 Hydronic systems, S35. (See also Water systems) Hygrometers, F7.9; F36.10, 11 Hygrothermal loads, F25.2 Hygrothermal modeling, F25.16; F27.10 IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ) IBD. See Integrated building design (IBD) Ice Ice makers Ice rinks, A5.5; R44 ID50‚ mean infectious dose, A59.9 Ignition temperatures of fuels, F28.2 IGUs. See Insulating glazing units (IGUs) Illuminance, F36.30 Indoor air quality (IAQ). (See also Air quality) Indoor environmental modeling, F13 Indoor environmental quality (IEQ), kitchens, A33.20. (See also Air quality) Induction Industrial applications |
| 940 | Industrial environments, A14; A31; A32 Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Industrial hygiene, F10.3 Infiltration. (See also Air leakage) Infrared applications In-room terminal systems Instruments, F14. (See also specific instruments or applications) Insulating glazing units (IGUs), F15.4 Insulation, thermal Integrated building design (IBD), A58.1, 7 |
| 941 | Intercoolers, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.11 Jacketing, insulation, R10.6 Jails, A9.4 Joule-Thomson cycle, R47.6 Judges’ chambers, A9.5 Juice, R38.1 Jury facilities, A9.5 Justice facilities, A9 Juvenile facilities, A9.1. (See also Family courts) K-12 schools, A7.2 Kelvin’s equation, F25.11 Kirchoff’s law, F4.13 Kitchens, A33 Kleemenko cycle, R47.13 Krypton, recovery, R47.18 Laboratories, A16 Laboratory information management systems (LIMS), A9.8 Lakes, heat transfer, A34.38 Laminar flow Large eddy simulation (LES), turbulence modeling, F13.3; F24.10 Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA), F36.17 Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV), F36.17 Latent energy change materials, S51.2 Laundries LCR. See Load collector ratio (LCR) LD50‚ mean lethal dose, A59.9 LDA. See Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA) LDV. See Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV) LE. See Life expectancy (LE) rating Leakage Leakage function, relationship, F16.15 Leak detection of refrigerants, F29.9 Legionella pneumophila, A49.14; F10.7 Legionnaires’ disease. See Legionella pneumophila LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES) Lewis relation, F6.9; F9.4 Libraries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Life expectancy (LE) rating, film, A22.3 Lighting Light measurement, F36.30 |
| 942 | LIMS. See Laboratory information management systems (LIMS) Linde cycle, R47.6 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), S8.6 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F28.5 Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R4 Lithium bromide/water, F30.69 Lithium chloride, S24.2 LNG. See Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Load calculations Load collector ratio (LCR), A35.22 Local exhaust. See Exhaust Loss coefficients Louvers, F15.29 Low-temperature water (LTW) system, S13.1 LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) LTW. See Low-temperature water (LTW) system Lubricants, R6.1; R12. (See also Lubrication; Oil) Lubrication, R12 Mach number, S38.31 Maintenance. (See also Operation and maintenance) Makeup air units, S28.8 Malls, A2.7 Manometers, differential pressure readout, A38.12 Manufactured homes, A1.8 Masonry, insulation, F26.7. (See also Building envelopes) Mass transfer, F6 Mass-transit systems McLeod gages, F36.14 Mean infectious dose (ID50), A59.9 Mean lethal dose (LD50), A59.9 |
| 943 | Mean radiant temperature (MRT), A54.1 Mean temperature difference, F4.21 Measurement, F36. (See also Instruments) Meat, R30 Mechanical equipment room, central Mechanical traps, steam systems, S11.8 Medium-temperature water (MTW) system, S13.1 Megatall buildings, A4.1 Meshes, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Metabolic rate, F9.6 Metals and alloys, low-temperature, R48.6 Microbial growth, R22.4 Microbial volatile organic chemicals (MVOCs), F10.7 Microbiology of foods, R22.1 Microphones, F36.27 Mines, A29 Modeling. (See also Data-driven modeling; Energy, modeling) Moist air Moisture (See also Humidity) Mold, A62.1; F25.17 Mold-resistant gypsum board, A62.7 Molecular sieves, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Zeolites) Montreal Protocol, F29.1 Morgues, A8.1 Motors, S45 Movie theaters, A5.3 MRT. See Mean radiant temperature (MRT) Multifamily residences, A1.7 Multiple-use complexes Multisplit unitary equipment, S49.1 Multizone airflow modeling, F13.14 Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries |
| 944 | MVOCs. See Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) Natatoriums. (See also Swimming pools) Natural gas, F28.5 Navier-Stokes equations, F13.1 NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curves Net positive suction head (NPSH), A34.34; R2.9; S44.10 Night setback, recovery, A42.43 Nitrogen Noise, F8.13. (See also Sound) Noise criterion (NC) curves, F8.16 Noncondensable gases NPSH. See Net positive suction head (NPSH) NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU) Nuclear facilities, A28 Number of transfer units (NTU) Nursing facilities, A8.15 Nuts, storage, R42.7 Odors, F12 ODP. See Ozone depletion potential (ODP) Office buildings Oil, fuel, F28.6 Oil. (See also Lubricants) Olf unit, F12.6 One-pipe systems Operating costs, A37.4 Operation and maintenance, A39. (See also Maintenance) Optimization, A42.4 Outdoor air, free cooling Outpatient health care facilities, A8.14 Owning costs, A37.1 Oxygen Ozone Ozone depletion potential (ODP), F29.4 Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), S50.5 Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), S50.5 PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Paint, and moisture problems, F25.17 Panel heating and cooling, S6. (See also Radiant heating and cooling) Paper Paper products facilities, A26 Paraffins, R12.3 Parallel compressor systems, R15.13 |
| 945 | Particulate matter, indoor air quality (IAQ), F10.4, 6 Pasteurization, R33.2 Peak dew point, A62.9 Peanuts, drying, A25.9 PEC systems. See Personal environmental control (PEC) systems PEL. See Permissible exposure limits (PEL) Performance contracting, A41.2 Performance monitoring, A47.6 Permafrost stabilization, R45.4 Permeability Permeance Permissible exposure limits (PELs), F10.6 Personal environmental control (PEC) systems, F9.25 Pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms, A18.9 Pharmacies, A8.9 Phase-change materials, thermal storage in, S51.16, 27 Photographic materials, A22 Photovoltaic (PV) systems, S36.18. (See also Solar energy) Physical properties of materials, F33 Physiological principles, humans. (See also Comfort) Pigs. See Swine Pipes, S46. (See also Piping) Piping. (See also Pipes) Pitot tubes, A38.2; F36.17 Places of assembly, A5 |
| 946 | Planes. See Aircraft Plank’s equation, R20.7 Plant environments, A24.10 Plenums PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV) Police stations, A9.1 Pollutant transport modeling. See Contami- nants, indoor, concentration prediction Pollution, air, and combustion, F28.7, 14 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), F10.6 Polydimethylsiloxane, F31.13 Ponds, spray, S40.6 Pope cell, F36.12 Positive building pressure, A62.9 Positive positioners, F7.8 Potatoes Poultry. (See also Animal environments) Power grid, A61.7 Power-law airflow model, F13.14 Power plants, A27 PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD) Prandtl number, F4.17 Precooling Predicted mean vote (PMV), F36.31 Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F9.18 Preschools, A7.1 Pressure Pressure drop. (See also Darcy-Weisbach equation) Primary-air systems, S5.10 Printing plants, A20 Prisons, A9.4 Produce Product load, R15.5 Propane Propylene glycol, hydronic systems, S13.23 Psychrometers, F1.13 Psychrometrics, F1 PTACs. See Packaged terminal air condition- ers (PTACs) PTHPs. See Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs) Public buildings. See Commercial and public buildings; Places of assembly Pumps |
| 947 | Purge units, centrifugal chillers, S43.11 Radiant heating and cooling, A55; S6.1; S15; S33.4. (See also Panel heating and cooling) PV systems. See Photovoltaic (PV) systems; Solar energy Radiant time series (RTS) method, F18.2, 20 Radiation Radiators, S36.1, 5 Radioactive gases, contaminants, F11.19 Radiometers, A54.7 Radon, F10.11, 17, 22 Rail cars, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Railroad tunnels, ventilation Rain, and building envelopes, F25.4 RANS. See Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation Rapid-transit systems. See Mass-transit systems Rayleigh number, F4.19 RC curves. See Room criterion (RC) curves Receivers Recycling refrigerants, R9.3 Refrigerant/absorbent pairs, F2.16 Refrigerant control devices, R11 Refrigerants, F29.1 |
| 948 | Refrigerant transfer units (RTU), liquid chillers, S43.11 Refrigerated facilities, R23 Refrigeration, F1.16. (See also Absorption; Adsorption) Refrigeration oils, R12. (See also Lubricants) Refrigerators Regulators. (See also Valves) Residential health care facilities, A8.15 Residential systems, A1 |
| 949 | Resistance, thermal, F4; F25; F26. (See also R-values) Resistance temperature devices (RTDs), F7.9; F36.6 Resistivity, thermal, F25.1 Resource utilization factor (RUF), F34.2 Respiration of fruits and vegetables, R19.17 Restaurants Retail facilities, A2 Retrofit performance monitoring, A41.4 Retrofitting refrigerant systems, contaminant control, R7.10 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, F13.3; F24.10 Reynolds number, F3.3 Rice, drying, A25.9 RMS. See Root mean square (RMS) Road tunnels, A15.3 Roof overhang, A62.7 Roofs, U-factors, F27.2 Room air distribution, A57; S20.1 Room criterion (RC) curves, F8.16 Root mean square (RMS), F36.1 Roughness factors, ducts, F21.6 RTDs. See Resistance temperature devices (RTDs) RTS. See Radiant time series (RTS) RTU. See Refrigerant transfer units (RTU) RUF. See Resource utilization factor (RUF) Rusting, of building components, F25.17 R-values, F23; F25; F26. (See also Resistance, thermal) Safety Sanitation Savings-to-investment-ratio (SIR), A37.11 Scale Schneider system, R23.7 Schools Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) Security. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Seeds, storage, A25.12 SEER. See Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) Seismic restraint, A48.52; A55.1 Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), F10.4, 12; F11.14 Sensors Separators, lubricant, R11.24 Service water heating, A50 SES. See Subway environment simulation (SES) program Shading Ships, A13 |
| 950 | Shooting ranges, indoor, A9.8 Short-tube restrictors, R11.31 Silica gel, S24.1, 4, 6, 12 Single-duct systems, all-air, S4.11 SIR. See Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) Skating rinks, R44.1 Skylights, and solar heat gain, F15.27 Slab heating, A51 Slab-on-grade foundations, A44.11 SLR. See Solar-load ratio (SLR) Smart building systems, A61.1 Smart grid, A61.7, 10 Smoke control, A53 Snow-melting systems, A51 Snubbers, seismic, A55.8 Sodium chloride brines, F31.1 Soft drinks, R39.10 Software Soils. (See also Earth) Solar energy, A35; S37.1 (See also Solar heat gain; Solar radiation) |
| 951 | Solar heat gain, F15.13; F18.14 Solar-load ratio (SLR), A35.22 Solar-optical glazing, F15.13 Solar radiation, F14.7; F15.13 Solid fuel Solvent drying, constant-moisture, A30.7 Soot, F28.17 Sorbents, F32.1 Sorption isotherm, F25.10; F26.19 Sound, F8. (See also Noise) Sound control, A48; F8. (See also Noise) Soybeans, drying, A25.7 Specific heat Spot cooling Spot heating, A54.4 Stack effect Stadiums, A5.4 Stairwells, smoke control, A53.8 Standard atmosphere, U.S., F1.1 Standards, S52. (See also Codes) Static air mixers, S4.8 Static electricity and humidity, S22.2 Steam Steam systems, S11 |
| 952 | Steam traps, S11.7 Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F4.2, 12 Stevens’ law, F12.3 Stirling cycle, R47.14 Stokers, S31.17 Storage Stoves, heating, S34.5 Stratification Stroboscopes, F36.27 Subcoolers Subway environment simulation (SES) program, A15.3 Subway systems. (See also Mass-transit systems) Suction risers, R2.24 Sulfur content, fuel oils, F28.7 Superconductivity, diamagnetism, R47.5 Supertall buildings, A4.1 Supervisory control, A42 Supply air outlets, S20.2. (See also Air outlets) Surface effect. See Coanda effect Surface transportation Surface water heat pump (SWHP), A34.12 Sustainability, F16.1; F35.1; S49.2 SVFs. See Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) SVOCs. See Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) SWHP. See Surface water heat pump (SWHP) Swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums) Swine, recommended environment, A24.7 Symbols, F37 Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F10.5 TABS. See Thermally activated building systems (TABS) Tachometers, F36.27 Tall buildings, A4 Tanks, secondary coolant systems, R13.2 Telecomunication facilities, air-conditioning systems, A19.1 Temperature Temperature-controlled transport, R25.1 Temperature index, S22.3 |
| 953 | Terminal units, A47.13; S20.7 Terminal units. See Air terminal units (ATUs) Terminology, of refrigeration, R50 Terrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents TES. See Thermal energy storage (TES) Testing Testing, adjusting, and balancing. (See also Balancing) TETD/TA. See Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA) TEWI. See Total equivalent warning impact (TEWI) Textile processing plants, A21 TFM. See Transfer function method (TFM) Theaters, A5.3 Thermal bridges, F25.8 Thermal comfort. See Comfort Thermal emittance, F25.2 Thermal energy storage (TES), S8.6; S51 Thermally activated building systems (TABS), A42.3, 33 Thermal properties, F26.1 Thermal resistivity, F25.1 Thermal storage, S51 Thermal transmission data, F26 Thermistors, R11.4 Thermodynamics, F2.1 |
| 954 | Thermometers, F36.5 Thermopile, F7.4; F36.9; R45.4 Thermosiphons Thermostats Three-pipe distribution, S5.6 Tobacco smoke Tollbooths Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA), F18.49 Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), F29.5 Trailers and trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Transducers, pneumatic pressure, F7.10 Transfer function method (TFM), A40.10; F18.49 Transmittance, thermal, F25.2 Transmitters, pneumatic pressure, F7.10 Transpiration, R19.19 Transportation centers Transport properties of refrigerants, F30 Traps Trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Tuning automatic control systems, F7.18 Tunnels, vehicular, A15.1 Turbines, S7 Turbochargers, heat recovery, S7.34 Turbulence modeling, F13.3 Turbulent flow, fluids, F3.3 Turndown ratio, design capacity, S13.4 Two-node model, for thermal comfort, F9.18 Two-pipe systems, S5.5; S13.20 U.S. Marshal spaces, A9.6 U-factor Ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, S29.6; S30.3 Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems, S17 Ultraviolet air and surface treatment, A60 Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A60.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems] Uncertainty analysis Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems, A4.10; A57.9 Unitary systems, S49 Unit heaters. See Heaters Units and conversions, F38 Unit ventilators, S28.1 Utility interface, electric, S7.43 Utility rates, A61.10 UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems UVGI. See Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) Vacuum cooling, of fruits and vegetables, R28.9 Validation, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Valves, S46. (See also Regulators) |
| 955 | Vaporization systems, S8.6 Vapor pressure, F27.8; F33.2 Vapor retarders, jackets, F23.12 Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Variable-frequency drives, S45.14 Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), S18.1; S49.1, 14 VAV. See Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Vegetables, R37 Vehicles Vena contracta, F3.4 Vending machines, R16.5 Ventilation, F16 Ventilators Venting Verification, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.11 Vibration, F8.17 |
| 956 | Vibration control, Viral pathogens, F10.8 Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat release rate, A29.3 Viscosity, F3.1 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), F10.11 Voltage, A56.1 Volume ratio, compressors VRF. See Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) VRT. See Virgin rock temperature (VRT) Walls Warehouses, A3.8 Water Water heaters Water horsepower, pump, S44.7 Water/lithium bromide absorption Water-source heat pump (WSHP), S2.4; S49.11 Water systems, S13 |
| 957 | Water treatment, A49 Water vapor control, A44.6 Water vapor permeance/permeability, F26.16, 17 Water vapor retarders, F26.6 Water wells, A34.33 Weather data, F14 Welding sheet metal, S19.12 Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat stress, A31.5 Wheels, rotary enthalpy, S26.9 Whirlpools and spas Wien’s displacement law, F4.12 Wind. (See also Climatic design information; Weather data) Wind chill index, F9.23 Windows. (See also Fenestration) Wind restraint design, A55.15 Wineries Wireless sensors, A61.6 Wood construction, and moisture, F25.10 Wood products facilities, A26.1 Wood pulp, A26.2 Wood stoves, S34.5 World Wide Web (WWW), A40.8 WSHP. See Water-source heat pump (WSHP) WWW. See World Wide Web (WWW) Xenon, R47.18 Zeolites, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Molecular sieves) |
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