ASHRAE Refrigeration Handbook IP 2018
$124.58
ASHRAE Handbook – Refrigeration (I-P)
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ASHRAE | 2018 | 805 |
The 2018 ASHRAE Handbook–Refrigeration covers the refrigeration equipment and systems for applications other than human comfort. This volume includes data and guidance on cooling, freezing, and storing food; industrial and medical applications of refrigeration; and low-temperature refrigeration.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 2 | Front Matter |
| 3 | Dedicated To The Advancement Of The Profession And Its Allied Industries DISCLAIMER |
| 10 | Ch. 1: Halocarbon Refrigeration Systems 1. Application |
| 11 | 2. System Safety 3. Basic Piping Principles Refrigerant Line Velocities Refrigerant Flow Rates |
| 12 | 4. Refrigerant Line Sizing Pressure Drop Considerations |
| 14 | Location and Arrangement of Piping Protection Against Damage to Piping Piping Insulation Vibration and Noise in Piping |
| 25 | Refrigerant Line Capacity Tables Equivalent Lengths of Valves and Fittings Oil Management in Refrigerant Lines |
| 29 | 5. Piping at Multiple Compressors Suction Piping |
| 30 | Discharge Piping Interconnecting Crankcases |
| 31 | 6. Piping at Various System Components Flooded Fluid Coolers Refrigerant Feed Devices Direct-Expansion Fluid Chillers |
| 32 | Direct-Expansion Air Coils |
| 33 | Flooded Evaporators 7. Discharge (Hot-Gas) Lines |
| 36 | 8. Defrost Gas Supply Lines 9. Heat Exchangers and Vessels Receivers |
| 38 | Air-Cooled Condensers 10. Refrigeration Accessories Liquid-Suction Heat Exchangers |
| 39 | Two-Stage Subcoolers |
| 40 | Discharge Line Oil Separators |
| 41 | Surge Drums or Accumulators Compressor Floodback Protection Refrigerant Driers and Moisture Indicators |
| 42 | Strainers Liquid Indicators Oil Receivers Purge Units 11. Head Pressure Control for Refrigerant Condensers Water-Cooled Condensers Condenser-Water-Regulating Valves Water Bypass Evaporative Condensers |
| 43 | Air-Cooled Condensers Microchannel Condensers |
| 44 | 12. Keeping Liquid from Crankcase During Off Cycles Automatic Pumpdown Control (Direct-Expansion Air-Cooling Systems) Crankcase Oil Heater (Direct-Expansion Systems) Control for Direct-Expansion Water Chillers Effect of Short Operating Cycle 13. Hot-Gas Bypass Arrangements Full (100%) Unloading for Starting Full (100%) Unloading for Capacity Control |
| 45 | 14. Minimizing Refrigerant Charge in Commercial Systems |
| 46 | 15. Refrigerant Retrofitting 16. Temperature Glide |
| 47 | References |
| 48 | Ch. 2: Ammonia Refrgieration Systems History of Ammonia Refrigeration Ammonia Refrigerant for HVAC Systems 1. Equipment 1.1 Compressors |
| 49 | Reciprocating Compressors |
| 50 | Rotary Vane, Low-Stage Compressors |
| 51 | Screw Compressors |
| 52 | 1.2 Condensers |
| 53 | Condenser and Receiver Piping Evaporative Condensers |
| 56 | 1.3 Evaporators |
| 57 | 1.4 Evaporator Piping Unit Cooler: Flooded Operation |
| 58 | High-Side Float Control Low-Side Float Control 1.5 Vessels |
| 61 | 1.6 Piping |
| 62 | Recommended Material Fittings Pipe Joints Pipe Location Pipe Sizing 1.7 Controls Liquid Feed Control |
| 63 | Controlling Load During Pulldown Operation at Varying Loads and Temperatures |
| 64 | Electronic Control |
| 65 | Lubricant Management Valves Isolated Line Sections |
| 66 | Insulation and Vapor Retarders 2. Systems 2.1 Single-Stage Systems 2.2 Economized Systems 2.3 Multistage Systems |
| 67 | Two-Stage Screw Compressor System |
| 68 | Converting Single-Stage into Two-Stage Systems 2.4 Liquid Recirculation Systems Hot-Gas Defrost |
| 71 | Double-Riser Designs for Large Evaporator Coils |
| 73 | 2.5 Safety Considerations Avoiding Hydraulic Shock |
| 74 | Hazards Related to System Cleanliness References Bibliography |
| 76 | Ch. 3: Carbon Dioxide Refrigeration Systems |
| 77 | 1. Applications Transcritical CO2 Refrigeration |
| 78 | CO2 Cascade System 2. System Design Transcritical CO2 Systems |
| 79 | CO2/HFC Cascade Systems Ammonia/CO2 Cascade Refrigeration System System Design Pressures |
| 80 | Valves |
| 81 | CO2 Monitoring Water in CO2 Systems |
| 82 | 3. System Safety 4. Piping Carbon Dioxide Piping Materials Carbon Steel Piping for CO2 Pipe Sizing |
| 83 | 5. Heat Exchangers and Vessels Gravity Liquid Separator Recirculator Cascade Heat Exchanger 6. Compressors for CO2 Refrigeration Systems Transcritical Compressors for Commercial Refrigeration |
| 84 | Compressors for Industrial Applications 7. Lubricants |
| 85 | 8. Evaporators 9. Defrost Electric Defrost Hot-Gas Defrost Reverse-Cycle Defrost |
| 86 | High Pressure Liquid Defrost Water Defrost 10. Installation, Start-up, and Commissioning References |
| 87 | Bibliography Acknowledgment |
| 88 | Ch. 4: Liquid Overfeed Systems Terminology Advantages and Disadvantages |
| 89 | 1. Overfeed System Operation Mechanical Pump Gas Pump |
| 90 | 2. Refrigerant Distribution 3. Oil in System |
| 91 | 4. Circulating Rate 5. Pump Selection and Installation Types of Pumps |
| 92 | Installing and Connecting Mechanical Pumps 6. Controls |
| 93 | 7. Evaporator Design Considerations Top Feed Versus Bottom Feed 8. Refrigerant Charge |
| 94 | 9. Start-Up and Operation Operating Costs and Efficiency 10. Line Sizing 11. Low-Pressure Receiver Sizing |
| 96 | References Bibliography |
| 98 | Ch. 5: Component Balancing in Refrigeration Systems 1. Refrigeration System 2. Components |
| 99 | 3. Selecting Design Balance Points |
| 100 | 4. Energy and Mass Balances |
| 101 | 5. System Performance |
| 102 | Ch. 6: Refrigeration System Chemistry 1. Refrigerants Refrigerant Standards 2. Lubricants Mineral Oils Desiccants |
| 103 | Alkylbenzenes (ABs) Polyol Esters (POEs) |
| 104 | Polyalkylene Glycols (PAGs) Polyalphaolefins Polyvinyl Ethers (PVEs) |
| 105 | 3. System Reactions Thermal Stability |
| 107 | Hydrolysis of Halogenated Refrigerants and Polyol Ester Lubricants |
| 108 | Oxidation of Oils Effects of Lubricant Additives |
| 109 | Copper Plating Corrosion Effects of Unsaturated Contaminants on HFC or HFO Refrigerants and Lubricants |
| 110 | 4. Compatibility of Materials Process Chemicals Brazing Fluxes Electrical and Ground Insulation |
| 111 | Magnet Wire Insulation |
| 112 | Varnishes Elastomers Plastics Material Compatibility Involving HFO Refrigerants |
| 113 | 5. Chemical Evaluation Techniques Sealed-Tube or Pressure Vessel Material Tests Component Tests System Tests References |
| 116 | Bibliography |
| 118 | Ch. 7: Control of Moisture and Other Contaminants in Refrigerant Systems 1. Moisture Sources of Moisture Effects of Moisture |
| 119 | Drying Methods |
| 120 | Moisture Indicators Moisture Measurement Desiccants |
| 122 | Desiccant Applications |
| 123 | Driers Drier Selection 2. Other Contaminants Metallic Contaminants and Dirt |
| 124 | Organic Contaminants: Sludge, Wax, and Tars Residual Cleaning Agents |
| 125 | Noncondensable Gases Motor Burnouts Field Assembly 3. System Cleanup Procedure After Hermetic Motor Burnout Procedure |
| 126 | Special System Characteristics and Procedures 4. Contaminant Control During Retrofit |
| 127 | 5. Chiller Decontamination 6. System Sampling |
| 128 | Testing and Rating References |
| 129 | Bibliography |
| 130 | Ch. 8: Equipment and System Dehydrating, Charging, and Testing 1. Dehydration (Moisture Removal) Sources of Moisture Dehydration by Heat, Vacuum, or Dry Air |
| 131 | Combination Methods |
| 132 | 2. Moisture Measurement |
| 133 | 3. Charging 4. Testing for Leaks Leak Detection Methods |
| 134 | Special Considerations 5. Performance Testing Compressor Testing |
| 135 | Testing Complete Systems |
| 136 | Testing of Components References Bibliography |
| 138 | Ch. 9: Refrigerant Containment, Recovery, Recycling, and Reclamation 1. Emissions Types 2. Design 3. Installation 4. Servicing and Decommissioning |
| 139 | 5. Training 6. Leak Detection Global Detection Local Detection Automated Performance Monitoring Systems |
| 140 | 7. Recovery, Recycling, and Reclamation Installation and Service Practices Contaminants Recovery |
| 141 | Recycling |
| 142 | Equipment Standards Special Considerations and Equipment for Handling Multiple Refrigerants Reclamation |
| 143 | Purity Standards References Bibliography |
| 144 | Ch. 10: Insulation Systems for Refrigerant Piping 1. Design Considerations for Below- Ambient Refrigerant Piping 2. Insulation Properties at Below-Ambient Temperatures |
| 145 | 3. Insulation System Moisture Resistance 4. Insulation Systems |
| 146 | Pipe Preparation for Corrosion Control |
| 147 | Insulation Materials |
| 148 | Insulation Joint Sealant/Adhesive Vapor Retarders |
| 150 | Weather Barrier Jacketing |
| 151 | 5. Installation Guidelines |
| 154 | 6. Maintenance of Insulation Systems References Bibliography |
| 156 | Ch. 11: Refrigerant Control Devices 1. Control Switches 1.1 Pressure Switches |
| 157 | 1.2 Temperature Switches (Thermostats) 1.3 Differential Switches |
| 158 | 1.4 Float Switches Operation and Selection Application |
| 159 | 2. Control Sensors 2.1 Pressure Transducers 2.2 Thermistors 2.3 Resistance Temperature Detectors 2.4 Thermocouples 2.5 Liquid Level Sensors Operation and Selection |
| 160 | 3. Control Valves 3.1 Thermostatic Expansion Valves Operation |
| 161 | Capacity |
| 162 | Thermostatic Charges |
| 163 | Type of Equalization Alternative Construction Types |
| 164 | Application |
| 165 | 3.2 Electric Expansion Valves |
| 166 | 4. Regulating and Throttling Valves |
| 167 | 4.1 Evaporator-Pressure-Regulating Valves Operation |
| 168 | Selection Application |
| 169 | 4.2 Constant-Pressure Expansion Valves Operation Selection Application 4.3 Suction-Pressure-Regulating Valves Operation |
| 170 | Selection Application 4.4 Condenser-Pressure- Regulating Valves Operation |
| 171 | Application 4.5 Discharge Bypass Valves Operation Selection |
| 172 | Application 4.6 High-Side Float Valves Operation Selection Application 4.7 Low-Side Float Valves Operation Selection Application |
| 173 | 4.8 Solenoid Valves Operation |
| 175 | Application 4.9 Condensing Water Regulators |
| 176 | Two-Way Regulators Three-Way Regulators |
| 177 | 4.10 Check Valves Seat Materials Applications 4.11 Relief Devices Safety Relief Valves |
| 178 | Functional Relief Valves Other Safety Relief Devices 5. Discharge-Line Lubricant Separators |
| 179 | Selection Application 6. Capillary Tubes Theory |
| 180 | System Design Factors Capacity Balance Characteristic |
| 181 | Optimum Selection and Refrigerant Charge Application |
| 182 | 6.1 Adiabatic Capillary Tube Selection Procedure |
| 184 | Sample Calculations 6.2 Capillary-Tube/Suction-Line Heat Exchanger Selection Procedure Capillary Tube Selection |
| 185 | Generalized Prediction Equations |
| 186 | Sample Calculations 7. Short-Tube Restrictors Application |
| 187 | Selection |
| 189 | References Bibliography |
| 190 | Ch. 12: Lubricants in Refrigerant Systems 1. Tests for Boundary and Mixed Lubrication |
| 191 | 2. Refrigeration Lubricant Requirements |
| 192 | 3. Synthetic Lubricants Alkylbenzenes (ABs) Polyalkylene Glycols (PAGs) |
| 193 | Polyalphaolefins (PAOs) |
| 194 | Polyol Esters (POE) |
| 195 | Polyvinyl Ethers (PVEs) 4. Mineral Oil Composition and Component Characteristics |
| 196 | Component Characteristics |
| 197 | Applications 5. Lubricant Additives 6. Lubricant Properties Viscosity and Viscosity Grades |
| 198 | Viscosity Index Pressure/Viscosity Coefficient and Compressibility Factor |
| 199 | Density Relative Molecular Mass |
| 200 | Pour Point Volatility: Flash and Fire Points Vapor Pressure Aniline Point |
| 201 | Solubility of Refrigerants in Oils 7. Lubricant/Refrigerant Solutions |
| 202 | Density Thermodynamics and Transport Phenomena |
| 204 | Pressure/Temperature/Solubility Relations Mutual Solubility |
| 206 | Effects of Partial Miscibility in Refrigerant Systems Solubility Curves and Miscibility Diagrams Effect of Lubricant Type on Solubility and Miscibility Effect of Refrigerant Type on Miscibility with Lubricants |
| 207 | Solubilities and Viscosities of Lubricant/Refrigerant Solutions |
| 208 | 8. Lubricant Influence on Lubricant Return |
| 212 | 9. Lubricant Influence on System Performance |
| 214 | 10. Wax Separation (Floc Tests) |
| 216 | 11. Solubility of Hydrocarbon Gases 12. Lubricants for Carbon Dioxide |
| 220 | 13. Solubility of Water in Lubricants |
| 221 | 14. Solubility of Air in Lubricants 15. Foaming and Antifoam Agents 16. Oxidation Resistance 17. Chemical Stability Effect of Refrigerants and Lubricant Types |
| 222 | 18. Retrofitting from CFC/HCFC to Other Refrigerants Choice of Refrigerant Lubricants Flushing References |
| 225 | Bibliography |
| 226 | Ch. 13: Secondary Coolants in Refrigeration Systems 1. Coolant Selection Load Versus Flow Rate Pumping Cost Performance Comparisons |
| 227 | Other Considerations 2. Design Considerations Piping and Control Valves Storage Tanks |
| 228 | Expansion Tanks |
| 229 | Pulldown Time |
| 230 | System Costs Corrosion Prevention 3. Applications |
| 231 | References |
| 232 | Ch. 14: Forced-Circulation Air Coolers 1. Types of Forced-Circulation Air Coolers |
| 233 | 2. Components Draw-Through and Blow-Through Airflow Fan Assemblies |
| 234 | Casing Coil Construction Frost Control Operational Controls 3. Air Movement and Distribution |
| 235 | 4. Unit Ratings Refrigerant Velocity Frost Condition Defrosting |
| 236 | Basic Cooling Capacity |
| 237 | 5. Installation and Operation 6. More Information References |
| 238 | Ch. 15: Retail Food Store Refrigeration and Equipment |
| 239 | 1. Display Refrigerators Product Temperatures |
| 240 | Effect of Store Ambient Conditions |
| 242 | Display Refrigerator Cooling Load |
| 243 | Refrigerator Construction |
| 244 | Cleaning and Sanitizing Equipment Merchandising Applications |
| 247 | 2. Refrigerated Storage Rooms Meat Processing Rooms Wrapped Meat Storage |
| 248 | Walk-In Coolers and Freezers 3. Refrigeration Systems Remote Design Considerations |
| 250 | Typical Systems |
| 256 | 4. Condensing Methods |
| 257 | Condenser Types |
| 258 | Noise |
| 259 | 5. Methods of Defrost Multicompressor Refrigeration Systems |
| 260 | Secondary Refrigeration Systems Defrost Control Strategies |
| 261 | 6. Sustainable Retail Refrigeration Environmental Considerations Minimizing Refrigerant Emissions |
| 263 | Reducing Energy Consumption |
| 264 | 7. Liquid Subcooling Strategies |
| 265 | 8. Heat Reclaim Strategies Space Heating |
| 266 | Water Heating 9. Supermarket Air-Conditioning Systems System Types Comfort Considerations |
| 267 | References Bibliography |
| 268 | Ch. 16: Food Service and General Commercial Refrigeration Equipment 1. Refrigerated Cabinets Reach-In Cabinets |
| 269 | Open Display Cabinets Roll-In Cabinets Product Temperatures Typical Construction Specialty Applications |
| 270 | Refrigeration Systems 2. Food Freezers 3. Blast Chillers and Blast Freezers |
| 271 | 4. Walk-In Coolers/Freezers Operating Temperatures Typical Construction Door Construction Walk-In Floors Refrigeration Systems Compressors |
| 272 | Evaporators Refrigeration Sizing Maintenance and Operation 5. Vending Machines Types of Refrigerated Vending Machines |
| 273 | Refrigeration Systems Cooling Load Components Sensitivity to Surroundings Maintenance and Operation 6. Ice Machines Typical Operation and Construction |
| 274 | Refrigeration Systems Maintenance and Operations 7. Preparation Tables Product Temperatures Typical Construction Energy Efficiency Opportunities |
| 275 | References Bibliography |
| 276 | Ch. 17: Household Refrigerators and Freezers 1. Primary Functions Food Preservation Special-Purpose Compartments |
| 277 | Ice and Water Service 2. Cabinets Use of Space Thermal Loads Insulation |
| 279 | Structure and Materials Moisture Sealing Door Latching and Entrapment |
| 280 | Cabinet Testing 3. Refrigerating Systems Refrigerating Circuit Defrosting Compressor |
| 281 | Evaporator Condenser |
| 282 | Fans Capillary Tube |
| 283 | Variable-Speed Compressors Linear Compressors |
| 284 | Temperature Control System System Design and Balance Processing and Assembly Procedures 4. Performance and Evaluation Environmental Test Rooms |
| 285 | Standard Performance Test Procedures |
| 286 | Special Performance Testing Materials Testing |
| 287 | Component Life Testing Field Testing 5. Safety Requirements 6. Durability and Service References |
| 288 | Bibliography |
| 290 | Ch. 18: Absorption Equipment Equipment Classifications 1. Water/Lithium Bromide Absorption Equipment 1.1 Components and Terminology |
| 292 | 1.2 Equipment Types Single-Effect Lithium Bromide Chillers |
| 294 | Double-Effect Chillers |
| 295 | Single-Effect Heat Pump |
| 297 | Two-Stage, Double-Effect/Double-Lift Chillers/Heat Pumps |
| 299 | Single-Effect Heat Transformers 1.3 Chiller and Heat Pump Operation Operational Limits |
| 300 | Operational Controls Limit and Safety Controls |
| 301 | 1.4 Machine Setup and Maintenance 2. Ammonia/Water Absorption Equipment 2.1 Residential Chillers and Components |
| 302 | Components |
| 303 | Equipment Performance and Selection 2.2 Domestic Absorption Refrigerators and Controls |
| 304 | 2.3 Industrial Absorption Refrigeration Units 3. Special Applications and Emerging Products 3.1 Combination Systems: Power Production with Waste-Heat-Activated Absorption Cooling 3.2 Triple-Effect Cycles |
| 305 | 3.3 Generator-Absorber Heat Exchange (GAX) Cycle 3.4 Solid/Vapor Sorption Systems 3.5 Liquid Desiccant/Absorption Systems 4. Information Sources References |
| 306 | Bibliography |
| 308 | Ch. 19: Thermal Properties of Foods 1. Thermal Properties of Food Constituents 2. Thermal Properties of Foods |
| 309 | 3. Water Content 4. Initial Freezing Point 5. Ice Fraction |
| 313 | 6. Density |
| 314 | 7. Specific Heat Unfrozen Food Frozen Food |
| 315 | 8. Enthalpy Unfrozen Food Frozen Foods |
| 317 | 9. Thermal Conductivity |
| 324 | 10. Thermal Diffusivity 11. Heat of Respiration |
| 326 | 12. Transpiration of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables |
| 332 | 13. Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient Evaluation of Thermophysical Property Models |
| 335 | 14. Symbols References |
| 338 | Bibliography |
| 340 | Ch. 20: Cooling and Freezing Times of Foods 1. Thermodynamics of Cooling and Freezing 2. Cooling Times of Foods and Beverages Cooling Time Estimation Methods Based on f and j Factors |
| 341 | Determination of f and j Factors for Slabs, Cylinders, and Spheres |
| 342 | Determination of f and j Factors for Irregular Shapes |
| 343 | Cooling Time Estimation Methods Based on Equivalent Heat Transfer Dimensionality |
| 344 | Algorithms for Estimating Cooling Time 3. Sample Problems for Estimating Cooling Time |
| 346 | 4. Freezing Times of Foods and Beverages Plank’s Equation Modifications to Plank’s Equation |
| 348 | Precooling, Phase Change, and Subcooling Time Calculations |
| 349 | Geometric Considerations |
| 351 | Evaluation of Freezing Time Estimation Methods Algorithms for Freezing Time Estimation |
| 352 | 5. Sample Problems for Estimating Freezing Time |
| 353 | 6. Symbols |
| 354 | References |
| 355 | Bibliography |
| 356 | Ch. 21: Commodity Storage Requirements 1. Refrigerated Storage Cooling Deterioration Desiccation |
| 365 | 2. Refrigerated Storage Plant Operation Checking Temperatures and Humidity Air Circulation Sanitation and Air Purification |
| 366 | Removal of Produce from Storage 3. Storage of Frozen Foods 4. Other Products Beer Canned Foods Dried Foods Furs and Fabrics Honey |
| 367 | Maple Syrup Nursery Stock and Cut Flowers |
| 368 | Popcorn Vegetable Seeds References Bibliography |
| 370 | Ch. 22: Food Microbiology and Refrigeration 1. Basic Microbiology Sources of Microorganisms Microbial Growth |
| 371 | 2. Critical Microbial Growth Requirements Intrinsic Factors Extrinsic Factors |
| 372 | Biological Diversity 3. Design for Control of Microorganisms Contamination Prevention |
| 373 | Growth Prevention Destruction of Organisms 4. Role of HACCP 5. Sanitation |
| 374 | 6. Regulations and Standards Bibliography |
| 376 | Ch. 23: Refrigerated-Facility Design 1. Initial Building Considerations Location Configuration and Size Determination |
| 377 | Stacking Arrangement Building Design One-Story Configuration |
| 378 | Shipping and Receiving Docks Utility Space Specialized Storage Facilities Controlled-Atmosphere Storage Rooms |
| 379 | Automated Warehouses Refrigerated Rooms Construction Methods |
| 380 | Space Adjacent to Envelope Air/Vapor Treatment at Junctions |
| 381 | Floor Construction Surface Preparation Finishes Suspended Ceilings and Other Interstitial Spaces Floor Drains Electrical Wiring Tracking |
| 382 | Cold-Storage Doors Hardware Refrigerated Docks Schneider System 2. Refrigeration Systems Types of Refrigeration Systems |
| 383 | Choice of Refrigerant Load Determination |
| 384 | Unit Cooler Selection |
| 385 | Freezers |
| 386 | Controls |
| 387 | 3. Insulation Techniques Vapor Retarder System |
| 388 | Types of Insulation Insulation Thickness 4. Applying Insulation Roofs Walls |
| 389 | Floors Freezer Doorways Doors |
| 390 | 5. Other Considerations Temperature Pulldown |
| 391 | Material-Handling Equipment Fire Protection Inspection and Maintenance References Bibliography |
| 394 | Ch. 24: Refrigerated-Facility Loads 1. Transmission Load |
| 395 | Heat Gain from Cooler Floors 2. Product Load |
| 396 | 3. Internal Load |
| 397 | Packaging Related Load |
| 398 | 4. Infiltration Air Load Infiltration by Air Exchange |
| 400 | Infiltration by Direct Flow Through Doorways Sensible and Latent Heat Components 5. Equipment-Related Load |
| 401 | 6. Safety Factor |
| 402 | 7. Total Facility Load Calculation Example Facility Description |
| 406 | 8. Load Diversity |
| 407 | 9. Symbols References Bibliography |
| 408 | Ch. 25: Cargo Containers, Rail Cars, Trailers, and Trucks 1. Vehicles 2. Vehicle Design Considerations Insulation and Vapor Barrier |
| 410 | Air Circulation Equipment Attachment Provisions Sanitation 3. Equipment Cargo Container and Rail Car Systems |
| 411 | Self-Powered Truck and Trailer Systems |
| 412 | Vehicle-Powered Systems Multitemperature Systems |
| 413 | Storage Effect Cooling Heating Only Ventilation Controlled and Modified Atmosphere Control Systems |
| 414 | 4. Equipment Design and Selection Factors Time Shock and Vibration Ambient Temperature Extremes |
| 415 | Other Ambient Design Factors Operating Efficiency Guidelines Airborne Sound Safety |
| 416 | 5. Qualification Testing |
| 417 | 6. System Application Factors Load Calculations Equipment Selection |
| 418 | Owning and Operating Costs 7. Operations Commodity Precooling Vehicle Use Practices |
| 419 | Temperature Settings Other Cargo Space Considerations Maintenance |
| 420 | References Bibliography |
| 422 | Ch. 26: Marine Refrigeration 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1.1 Refrigeration Load 1.2 Refrigeration System Refrigerants Compressors Condensers and Coolers |
| 423 | Receivers and Refrigerant Distribution Controls Thermometers, Thermostats, and Temperature Sensors 1.3 Cargo Holds Arrangement Space Cooling Insulation and Construction |
| 424 | Applying Insulation |
| 425 | Decks and Doors 2. Ships’ Refrigerated Stores 2.1 Commodities Meats and Poultry Fish, Ice Cream, and Bread |
| 426 | Fruits and Vegetables Dairy Products, Ice, and Drinking Water 2.2 Storage Areas Storage Space Requirements Stores’ Arrangement and Location |
| 427 | 2.3 Ship Refrigerated Room Design Refrigerated Room Construction 2.4 Specific Vessels Cargo Vessels Specifications |
| 428 | Calculations 3. Fishing Vessels 3.1 Refrigeration System Design Hold Preparation 3.2 Refrigeration with Ice |
| 429 | 3.3 Refrigeration with Seawater 3.4 Process Freezing and Cold Storage |
| 430 | References Bibliography |
| 432 | Ch. 27: Air Transport 1. Cargo Refrigeration 1.1 Perishable Air Cargo Fruits and Vegetables |
| 433 | Seafood Animals 1.2 Perishable Commodity Requirements 1.3 Design Considerations |
| 434 | 1.4 Shipping Containers 1.5 Transit Refrigeration |
| 435 | 1.6 Ground Handling |
| 436 | 2. Galley Refrigeration |
| 437 | 2.1 Galley Air Chillers and Systems Air Chiller |
| 438 | 2.2 Galley Liquid-Chilling System |
| 440 | 2.3 Galley Refrigeration Inserts 2.4 System Design Thermal Considerations |
| 442 | 3. Hybrid Environmental Control Systems |
| 445 | References |
| 446 | Ch. 28: Methods of Precooling Fruits, Vegetables, and Cut Flowers 1. Fundamentals 1.1 Product Requirements 1.2 Calculation Methods Heat Load |
| 447 | Precooling Time Estimation Methods Fractional Unaccomplished Temperature Difference Half-Cooling Time |
| 448 | Cooling Coefficient Other Semianalytical/Empirical Precooling Time Estimation Methods Numerical Techniques 2. Cooling Methods 2.1 Hydrocooling |
| 449 | Types of Hydrocoolers |
| 450 | Variations on Hydrocooling |
| 451 | Hydrocooler Efficiency Hydrocooling Water Treatment 2.2 Forced-Air Cooling |
| 452 | Commercial Methods Effects of Containers and Stacking Patterns Moisture Loss in Forced-Air Cooling |
| 453 | Computer Solution 2.3 Forced-Air Evaporative Cooling 2.4 Package Icing |
| 454 | 2.5 Vacuum Cooling Pressure, Volume, and Temperature |
| 455 | Commercial Systems Applications 2.6 Selecting a Cooling Method |
| 456 | 2.7 Cooling Cut Flowers |
| 457 | Symbols References |
| 458 | Bibliography |
| 460 | Ch. 29: Industrial Food-Freezing Systems 1. Freezing Methods 2. Blast Freezers |
| 461 | Cold Storage Rooms Stationary Blast Cell Freezing Tunnels Push-Through Trolley Freezers Straight Belt Freezers Multipass Straight Belt Freezers |
| 462 | Fluidized Bed Freezers Fluidized Belt Freezers Spiral Belt Freezers |
| 463 | Impingement Freezers Carton Freezers 3. Contact Freezers |
| 464 | Manual and Automatic Plate Freezers Specialized Contact Freezers 4. Cryogenic Freezers Liquid Nitrogen Freezers Carbon Dioxide Freezers 5. Cryomechanical Freezers 6. Other Freezer Selection Criteria Reliability |
| 465 | Hygiene Quality Economics |
| 466 | 7. Refrigeration Systems Operation Maintenance Bibliography |
| 468 | Ch. 30: Meat Products 1. Sanitation Role of HACCP |
| 469 | 2. Carcass Chilling and Holding Spray Chilling Beef Chilling Time Refrigeration Systems for Coolers |
| 470 | Beef Cooler Layout and Capacity |
| 474 | Boxed Beef Hog Chilling and Tempering |
| 477 | Pork Trimmings Fresh Pork Holding Calf and Lamb Chilling |
| 478 | Chilling and Freezing Variety Meats Packaging and Storage Packaged Fresh Cuts |
| 479 | Refrigeration Load Computations 3. Processed Meats |
| 480 | Bacon Slicing and Packaging Room Sausage Dry Rooms |
| 482 | Lard Chilling Blast and Storage Freezers |
| 483 | Direct-Contact Meat Chilling 4. Frozen Meat Products Freezing Quality of Meat Effect of Freezing on Quality Storage and Handling |
| 484 | Packaging 5. Shipping Docks 6. Energy Conservation |
| 485 | References Bibliography |
| 486 | Ch. 31: Poultry Products 1. Processing 2. Chilling |
| 489 | 3. Decontamination of Carcasses |
| 490 | 4. Further Processing Unit Operations 5. Freezing Effect on Product Quality |
| 491 | Freezing Methods |
| 492 | Predicting Freezing or Thawing Times 6. Packaging |
| 493 | 7. Airflow Systems in Poultry Processing Plants |
| 494 | Airflow System Consideration During Renovation 8. Plant Sanitation HACCP Systems in Poultry Processing |
| 495 | 9. Tenderness Control 10. Distribution and Retail Holding Refrigeration 11. Preserving Quality in Storage and Marketing |
| 496 | 12. Thawing References |
| 497 | Bibliography |
| 498 | Ch. 32: Fishery Products 1. Fresh Fishery Products 1.1 Care Aboard Vessels Icing |
| 499 | Saltwater Icing Use of Preservatives Storage of Fish in Refrigerated Seawater Boxing at Sea 1.2 Shore Plant Procedure and Marketing |
| 500 | 1.3 Packaging Fresh Fish 1.4 Fresh Fish Storage |
| 501 | Irradiation of Fresh Seafood Modified-Atmosphere (MA) Packaging 2. Frozen Fishery Products 2.1 Packaging |
| 502 | Package Considerations in Freezing Package Considerations for Frozen Storage Types of Packages 2.2 Freezing Methods Blast Freezing |
| 503 | Plate Freezing Immersion Freezing |
| 504 | Freezing Fish at Sea 2.3 Storage of Frozen Fish |
| 505 | Composition Storage Conditions Packaging and Glazing |
| 506 | Space Requirements 2.4 Transportation and Marketing |
| 507 | Bibliography |
| 508 | Ch. 33: Dairy Products 1. Milk Production and Processing Handling Milk at the Dairy Receiving and Storing Milk |
| 509 | Separation and Clarification Pasteurization and Homogenization |
| 511 | Packaging Milk Products Equipment Cleaning Milk Storage and Distribution |
| 512 | Half-and-Half and Cream Buttermilk, Sour Cream, and Yogurt Refrigeration |
| 513 | 2. Butter Manufacture Separation and Pasteurization Churning |
| 515 | Continuous Churning Packaging Butter Deterioration of Butter in Storage |
| 516 | Total Refrigeration Load Whipped Butter |
| 517 | 3. Cheese Manufacture Cheddar Cheese |
| 518 | Provolone and Mozzarella (Pasta Filata Types) Swiss Cheese Roquefort and Blue Cheese |
| 519 | Cottage Cheese Other Cheeses |
| 520 | Refrigerating Cheese Rooms 4. Frozen Dairy Desserts |
| 521 | Ice Cream Ice Milk Soft Ice Milk or Ice Cream Frozen Yogurt Sherbets |
| 522 | Ices Making Ice Cream Mix Freezing |
| 525 | Ice Cream Bars and Other Novelties |
| 526 | Refrigeration Compressor Equipment Selection and Operation 5. Ultrahigh-Temperature (UHT) Sterilization and Aseptic Packaging (AP) Sterilization Methods and Equipment |
| 527 | Aseptic Packaging |
| 528 | Quality Control Heat-Labile Nutrients |
| 529 | 6. Evaporated, Sweetened Condensed, and Dry Milk Evaporated Milk Sweetened Condensed Milk Dry Milk and Nonfat Dry Milk |
| 530 | Drum Drying |
| 531 | References Bibliography |
| 532 | Ch. 34: Eggs and Egg Products 1. Shell Eggs 1.1 Egg Structure and Composition Physical Structure Chemical Composition |
| 533 | Nutritive Value 1.2 Egg Quality and Safety Quality Grades and Weight Classes |
| 534 | Quality Factors |
| 535 | Control and Preservation of Quality Egg Spoilage and Safety In-Shell Egg Pasteurization |
| 536 | HACCP Plan for Shell Eggs 1.3 Shell Egg Processing Off-Line and In-Line Processing 1.4 Effect of Refrigeration on Egg Quality and Safety |
| 538 | Refrigeration Requirement Issues Condensation on Eggs Initial Egg Temperatures |
| 539 | Egg Temperatures After Processing Cooling Rates Cooling for Storage Accelerated Cooling Methods 1.5 Packaging 1.6 Transportation |
| 540 | 2. Egg Products 2.1 Egg Breaking |
| 541 | Holding Temperatures Pasteurization Yields |
| 542 | 2.2 Refrigerated Liquid Egg Products Chilled Egg Products 2.3 Frozen Egg Products |
| 543 | 2.4 Dehydrated Egg Products 2.5 Egg Product Quality |
| 544 | 2.6 Sanitary Standards and Plant Sanitation HACCP Program for Egg Products References Bibliography |
| 546 | Ch. 35: Deciduous Tree and Vine Fruit 1. Fruit Storage and Handling Considerations Quality and Maturity Handling and Harvesting Storage and Transportation 2. Apples |
| 547 | Controlled-Atmosphere Storage |
| 548 | Storage Diseases and Deterioration |
| 551 | 3. Pears |
| 552 | Controlled-Atmosphere Storage Storage Diseases and Deterioration |
| 553 | 4. Grapes Cooling and Storage Fumigation |
| 555 | Diseases |
| 556 | Storage Life Refrigeration System Materials and Practices Maintenance and Operation 5. Plums |
| 557 | Storage Diseases and Deterioration 6. Sweet Cherries Harvesting Techniques Cooling Storage Diseases 7. Peaches and Nectarines Storage Varieties Harvest Techniques Cooling Storage |
| 558 | Diseases 8. Apricots Diseases and Deterioration 9. Berries Diseases 10. Strawberries Diseases 11. Figs Diseases |
| 559 | 12. Supplements to Refrigeration Antiseptic Washes Protective Packaging Selective Marketing Heat Treatment Fungicides Irradiation References Bibliography |
| 560 | Ch. 36: Citrus Fruit, Bananas, and Subtropical Fruit 1. Citrus Fruit 1.1 Maturity and Quality 1.2 Harvesting and Packing Picking |
| 561 | Handling Accelerated Coloring or Sweating Color-Added Treatment Cooling |
| 562 | 1.3 Transportation 1.4 Storage Oranges Grapefruit |
| 563 | Lemons Specialty Citrus Fruit Controlled-Atmosphere Storage 1.5 Storage Disorders and Control Postharvest Diseases Physiological Disturbances |
| 564 | 2. Bananas 2.1 Harvesting and Transportation 2.2 Diseases and Deterioration 2.3 Exposure to Excessive Temperatures 2.4 Wholesale Processing Facilities |
| 565 | Airtightness Refrigeration Refrigeration Load Calculations Heating Air Circulation |
| 566 | Airflow Requirements Humidity Controls |
| 567 | 3. Subtropical Fruit 3.1 Avocados Storage Disorders 3.2 Mangoes Storage Disorders 3.3 Pineapples Storage Disorders References Bibliography |
| 568 | Ch. 37: Vegetables 1. Product Selection and Quality Maintenance Postharvest Handling |
| 569 | Cooling Protective Packaging and Waxing 2. In-Transit Preservation Cooling Vehicle and Product Packaging, Loading, and Handling Providing Refrigeration and Air Circulation |
| 570 | Protection from Cold Checking and Cleaning Equipment Modified Atmospheres in Transit 3. Preservation in Destination Facilities |
| 572 | 4. Refrigerated Storage Considerations Sprout Inhibitors |
| 573 | Controlled- and Modified-Atmosphere Storage Injury 5. Storage of Various Vegetables |
| 574 | Artichokes, Globe (32°F and 95 to 100% rh) Asparagus (32 to 36°F and 95 to 100% rh) Beans, Green or Snap (40 to 45°F and 95% rh) Beans, Lima (37 to 41°F and 95% rh) |
| 575 | Beets (32°F and 98 to 100% rh) Broccoli (32°F and 95 to 100% rh) Brussels Sprouts (32°F and 95 to 100% rh) Cabbage (32°F and 98 to 100% rh) Carrots (32°F and 98 to 100% rh) Cauliflower (32°F and 95% rh) |
| 576 | Celery (32°F and 98 to 100% rh) Corn, Sweet (32°F and 95 to 98% rh) Cucumbers (50 to 55°F and 95% rh) |
| 577 | Eggplants (46 to 54°F and 90 to 95% rh) Endive and Escarole (32°F and 95 to 100% rh) Garlic, Dry (32°F and 65 to 70% rh) Greens, Leafy (32°F and 95 to 100% rh) Lettuce (32°F and 95 to 100% rh) Melons |
| 578 | Mushrooms (32°F and 95% rh) Okra (45 to 50°F and 90 to 95% rh) Onions (32°F and 65 to 70% rh) |
| 579 | Parsley (32°F and 95 to 100% rh) Parsnips (32°F and 98 to 100% rh) Peas, Green (32°F and 95 to 98% rh) Peas, Southern (40 to 41°F and 95% rh) Peppers, Dry Chili or Hot Peppers, Sweet (45 to 55°F and 90 to 95% rh) Potatoes (Temperature, see following; 90 to 95% rh) |
| 580 | Pumpkins and Squash |
| 581 | Radishes (32°F and 95 to 100% rh) Rhubarb (32°F and 95% rh) Rutabagas (32°F and 98 to 100% rh) Spinach (32°F and 95 to 98% rh) Sweet Potatoes (55 to 60°F, 85 to 90% rh) Tomatoes (Mature Green, 55 to 70°F; Ripe, 50°F; 90 to 95% rh) |
| 582 | Turnips (32°F and 95% rh) References |
| 583 | Bibliography |
| 584 | Ch. 38: Fruit Juice Concentrates and Chilled Juice Products 1. Orange Juice 1.1 Orange Concentrate Selecting, Handling, and Processing Fresh Fruit |
| 586 | 1.2 Cold Storage 1.3 Concentration Methods Thermally Accelerated Short-Time Evaporator (TASTE) |
| 587 | Freeze Concentration 1.4 Quality Control 1.5 Chilled Juice |
| 588 | 1.6 Refrigeration Refrigeration Equipment Refrigeration Loads Compressor Manifolding 1.7 Pure Fruit Juice Powders |
| 589 | 2. Other Citrus Juices Grapefruit Juice Blended Grapefruit and Orange Juice Tangerine Juice 3. Noncitrus Juices 3.1 Pineapple Juice 3.2 Apple Juice |
| 590 | 3.3 Grape Juice Concord Grapes Muscadines 3.4 Strawberry and Other Berry Juices |
| 592 | Ch. 39: Beverages 1. Breweries 1.1 Malting 1.2 Process Aspects |
| 594 | 1.3 Processing Wort Cooling |
| 595 | Fermenting Cellar Fermenting Cellar Refrigeration |
| 596 | Stock Cellar Kraeusen Cellar Finishing Operations |
| 597 | Outdoor Storage Tanks Hop Storage Yeast Culture Room 1.4 Pasteurization 1.5 Carbon Dioxide Collection |
| 598 | Liquefaction CO2 Storage and Reevaporation 1.6 Heat Balance |
| 599 | 1.7 Common Refrigeration Systems 1.8 Vinegar Production 2. Wine Making |
| 600 | 2.1 Must Cooling 2.2 Heat Treatment of Red Musts 2.3 Juice Cooling 2.4 Heat Treatment of Juices 2.5 Fermentation Temperature Control |
| 601 | 2.6 Potassium Bitartrate Crystallization 2.7 Storage Temperature Control 2.8 Chill-Proofing Brandies 3. Carbonated Beverages 3.1 Beverage and Water Coolers |
| 602 | Refrigeration Plant Refrigeration Load 3.2 Size of Plant |
| 603 | 3.3 Liquid Carbon Dioxide Storage References Bibliography |
| 604 | Ch. 40: Processed, Precooked, and Prepared Foods 1. Main Dishes, Meals General Plant Characteristics Preparation, Processing, Unit Operations |
| 605 | Assembly, Filling, and Packaging Cooling, Freezing, Casing |
| 606 | Finished Goods Storage and Shipping Refrigeration Loads Refrigeration Systems Plant Internal Environment 2. Vegetables |
| 607 | International Production Vegetables in Other Prepared Foods Refrigeration Loads and Systems |
| 608 | 3. Fruits Refrigeration Loads and Systems 4. Potato Products French Fries |
| 609 | Formed Potato Products Hash Brown Potatoes Refrigeration Loads and Systems |
| 610 | 5. Other Prepared Foods 6. Long-Term Storage Bibliography |
| 612 | Ch. 41: Bakery Products 1. Ingredient Storage |
| 613 | 2. Mixing Mixers Dough Systems |
| 614 | Dough Cooling 3. Fermentation 4. Bread Makeup |
| 615 | 5. Final Proof 6. Baking 7. Bread Cooling |
| 616 | 8. Slicing and Wrapping 9. Bread Freezing |
| 617 | 10. Freezing Other Bakery Products 11. Frozen Pre-Proofed Bakery Products |
| 618 | 12. Retarding Doughs and Batters 13. Choice of Refrigerants References Bibliography |
| 620 | Ch. 42: Chocolates, Candies, Nuts, Dried Fruits, and Dried Vegetables 1. Candy Manufacture 1.1 Milk and Dark Chocolate |
| 621 | 1.2 Hand Dipping and Enrobing 1.3 Bar Candy |
| 622 | 1.4 Hard Candy 1.5 Hot Rooms 1.6 Cold Rooms |
| 623 | 1.7 Cooling Tunnels 1.8 Coating Kettles or Pans 1.9 Packing Rooms |
| 624 | 1.10 Refrigeration Plant 2. Storage 2.1 Candy Color |
| 625 | Flavor Texture Insects Storage Temperature |
| 626 | Humidity Requirements 2.2 Nuts Temperature Relative Humidity Atmosphere Packaging 2.3 Dried Fruits and Vegetables |
| 627 | Dried Fruit Storage Dried Vegetable Storage 2.4 Controlled Atmosphere |
| 628 | Ch. 43: Ice Manufacture 1. Ice Makers Flake Ice Tubular Ice |
| 629 | Plate Ice |
| 630 | Ice Builders Scale Formation 2. Thermal Storage 3. Ice Storage |
| 631 | Ice Rake and Live Bottom Bins 4. Delivery Systems |
| 632 | Screw and Belt Conveyors Pneumatic Ice Conveying Slurry Pumping |
| 633 | 5. Commercial Ice 6. Ice-Source Heat Pumps Bibliography |
| 634 | Ch. 44: Ice Rinks 1. Applications 2. Refrigeration Requirements |
| 635 | Heat Loads |
| 637 | 3. Ice Rink Conditions |
| 638 | 4. Equipment Selection Compressors Evaporators Condensers and Heat Recovery |
| 639 | Ammonia versus CO2 High-Grade Heat Recovery Comparison |
| 640 | Ice Temperature Control Rink Piping and Pipe Supports |
| 641 | Headers and Expansion Tanks |
| 642 | Coolant Equipment Ice Removal Storage Accumulators Energy Consumption |
| 643 | Dehumidifiers 5. Rink Floor Design |
| 644 | Drainage Subfloor Heating for Freeze Protection Preparation of Rink Floor Permanent General-Purpose Rink Floor All-Purpose Floors Header Trench Snow-Melting Pit |
| 645 | 6. Building, Maintaining, and Planing Ice Surfaces |
| 646 | Pebbling Water Quality 7. Imitation Ice-Skating Surfaces References Bibliography |
| 648 | Ch. 45: Concrete Dams and Subsurface Soils 1. Concrete Dams 1.1 Methods of Temperature Control Cement Selection and Pozzolanic Admixtures Cooling with Embedded Coils Cooling with Chilled Water and Ice |
| 649 | Cooling by Inundation Air-Blast Cooling |
| 650 | Other Cooling Methods 1.2 System Selection Parameters 2. Control of Subsurface Water Flow |
| 651 | 3. Soil Stabilization 3.1 Thermal Design Piling Design Slab-on-Grade Buildings, Outdoor Slabs, and Equipment Pads Design Considerations 3.2 Passive Cooling Air Convection Systems Liquid Convection Systems Two-Phase Systems (Heat Pipes) |
| 652 | 3.3 Active Systems |
| 653 | References Bibliography |
| 654 | Ch. 46: Refrigeration in the Chemical Industry 1. Flow Sheets and Specifications 2. Refrigeration as a Utility |
| 655 | 3. Load Characteristics Production Philosophy Flexibility Requirements 4. Safety Requirements Corrosion |
| 656 | Toxicity Fire and Explosion Refrigeration System Malfunction Maintenance 5. Equipment Characteristics Automation |
| 657 | Outdoor Construction Energy Recovery Performance Testing Insulation Requirements |
| 658 | Design Standards and Codes 6. Start-Up and Shutdown 7. Refrigerants 8. Refrigeration Systems |
| 659 | 9. Refrigeration Equipment Compressors |
| 660 | Absorption Equipment Condensers Evaporators |
| 661 | Instrumentation and Controls Cooling Towers and Spray Ponds Miscellaneous Equipment |
| 662 | References BIBLIOGRAPHY |
| 664 | Ch. 47: Cryogenics 1. General Applications 2. Low-Temperature Properties Fluid Properties |
| 666 | Thermal Properties |
| 668 | Electrical and Magnetic Properties |
| 669 | Mechanical Properties 3. Refrigeration and Liquefaction Isenthalpic Expansion |
| 670 | Isentropic Expansion |
| 671 | Combined Isenthalpic and Isentropic Expansion Mixed-Refrigerant Cycle |
| 673 | Comparison of Refrigeration and Liquefaction Systems |
| 674 | 4. Cryocoolers Recuperative Systems |
| 677 | Regenerative Systems |
| 679 | 5. Separation and Purification of Gases |
| 680 | Air Separation |
| 681 | Helium Recovery Natural Gas Processing |
| 682 | Purification Procedures |
| 683 | 6. Equipment Compression Systems Expansion Devices |
| 684 | Heat Exchangers |
| 686 | 7. Low-Temperature Insulations |
| 687 | High-Vacuum Insulation Evacuated Multilayer Insulations |
| 688 | Evacuated Powder and Fibrous Insulations |
| 689 | Homogeneous Material Insulations Composite Material Insulations Systems 8. Storage and Transfer Systems Storage Systems |
| 690 | Transfer Systems 9. Instrumentation Pressure Measurements Thermometry |
| 691 | Liquid-Level Measurements Density Measurements Flow Measurements 10. Hazards of Cryogenic Systems Physiological Hazards |
| 692 | Construction and Operations Hazards |
| 693 | Flammability and Detonability Hazards |
| 694 | Hazard Evaluation Summary References |
| 695 | Bibliography |
| 696 | Ch. 48: Ultralow-Temperature Refrigeration 1. Autocascade Systems Operational Characteristics |
| 697 | Design Considerations 2. Custom-Designed and Field-Erected Systems 3. Single-Refrigerant Systems Two-Stage Systems |
| 698 | Refrigerant and Compressor Selection Special Multistage Systems 4. Cascade Systems |
| 699 | Refrigerants for Low-Temperature Circuit Compressor Lubrication |
| 700 | Compressors |
| 701 | Choice of Metal for Piping and Vessels 5. Ultralow-Temperature Materials Metals |
| 703 | Thermoplastic Polymers Thermosetting Plastics Fiber Composites |
| 704 | Adhesives 6. Insulation 7. Heat Transfer |
| 705 | 8. Secondary Coolants |
| 706 | References |
| 707 | Bibliography |
| 708 | Ch. 49: Biomedical Applications of Cryogenic Refrigeration 1. Preservation Applications Principles of Biological Preservation |
| 710 | Preservation of Biological Materials by Freezing Preservation of Biological Materials by Freeze Drying |
| 711 | Preservation of Biological Materials by Vitrification |
| 712 | Preservation of Biological Materials by Undercooling |
| 713 | 2. Research Applications Electron Microscopy Specimen Preparation Cryomicroscopy |
| 714 | Cryomicrotome 3. Clinical Applications Hypothermia Cryosurgery |
| 715 | 4. Refrigeration Hardware for Cryobiological Applications |
| 716 | References |
| 718 | Bibliography |
| 720 | Ch. 50: Terminology of Refrigeration |
| 731 | References |
| 732 | Ch. 51: Codes and Standards |
| 762 | Additions and Corrections 2015 HVAC Applications 2016 HVAC Systems and Equipment 2017 Fundamentals |
| 764 | Index 14Abbreviations, F38 Absorbents Absorption Acoustics. See Sound Activated alumina, S24.1, 4, 12 Activated carbon adsorption, A46.7 Adaptation, environmental, F9.17 ADPI. See Air diffusion performance index (ADPI) Adsorbents Adsorption Aeration, of farm crops, A25 Aerosols, S29.1 AFDD. See Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD) Affinity laws for centrifugal pumps, S44.8 AFUE. See Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE) AHU. See Air handlers Air Air barriers, F25.9; F26.5 Airborne infectious diseases, F10.7 Air cleaners. (See also Filters, air; Industrial exhaust gas cleaning) Air conditioners. (See also Central air conditioning) |
| 765 | Air conditioning. (See also Central air conditioning) Air contaminants, F11. (See also Contaminants) Aircraft, A12 Air curtains Air diffusers, S20 Air diffusion, F20 Air diffusion performance index (ADPI), A57.5 Air dispersion systems, fabric, S19.11 Air distribution, A57; F20; S4; S20 Air exchange rate Air filters. See Filters, air Airflow |
| 766 | Airflow retarders, F25.9 Air flux, F25.2. (See also Airflow) Air handlers Air inlets Air intakes Air jets. See Air diffusion Air leakage. (See also Infiltration) Air mixers, S4.8 Air outlets Airports, air conditioning, A3.6 Air quality. [See also Indoor air quality (IAQ)] Air terminal units (ATUs) Airtightness, F37.24 Air-to-air energy recovery, S26 Air-to-transmission ratio, S5.13 Air transport, R27 Air washers Algae, control, A49.11 All-air systems Altitude, effects of Ammonia Anchor bolts, seismic restraint, A55.7 Anemometers Animal environments |
| 767 | Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), S34.2 Antifreeze Antisweat heaters (ASH), R15.5 Apartment buildings Aquifers, thermal storage, S51.7 Archimedes number, F20.6 Archives. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Arenas Argon, recovery, R47.17 Asbestos, F10.5 ASH. See Antisweat heaters (ASH) Atriums Attics, unconditioned, F27.2 Auditoriums, A5.3 Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD), A39.5; A61.1 Automobiles Autopsy rooms, A8.9; A9.6, 7 Avogadro’s law, and fuel combustion, F28.11 Backflow-prevention devices, S47.14 BACnet®, A40.18; F7.18 Bacteria Bakery products, R41 Balance point, heat pumps, S49.9 Balancing. (See also Testing, adjusting, and balancing) BAS. See Building automation systems (BAS) Baseboard units Basements Bayesian analysis, F19.37 Beer’s law, F4.16 BEMP. See Building energy modeling professional (BEMP) Bernoulli equation, F21.1 Best efficiency point (BEP), S44.8 Beverages, R39 BIM. See Building information modeling (BIM) Bioaerosols Biocides, control, A49.13 Biodiesel, F28.8 Biological safety cabinets, A16.5 Biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A18.9 Bioterrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Boilers, F19.21; S32 Boiling Brake horsepower, S44.8 Brayton cycle Bread, R41 Breweries Brines. See Coolants, secondary Building automation systems (BAS), A40.18; A61.1; F7.14 |
| 768 | Building energy modeling professional (BEMP), F19.5 Building energy monitoring, A41. (See also Energy, monitoring) Building envelopes Building information modeling (BIM), A40.15 Building materials, properties, F26 Buildings Building thermal mass Burners Buses Bus terminals Butane, commercial, F28.5 CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD) Cafeterias, service water heating, A50.11, 21 Calcium chloride brines, F31.1 Candy Capillary action, and moisture flow, F25.10 Capillary tubes Carbon dioxide Carbon emissions, F34.7 Carbon monoxide Cargo containers, R25 Carnot refrigeration cycle, F2.6 |
| 769 | Cattle, beef and dairy, A24.7. (See also Animal environments) CAV. See Constant air volume (CAV) Cavitation, F3.13 CBRE. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents CEER. See Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER) Ceiling effect. See Coanda effect Ceilings Central air conditioning, A42. (See also Air conditioning) Central plants Central systems Cetane number, engine fuels, F28.9 CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Change-point regression models, F19.28 Charge minimization, R1.36 Charging, refrigeration systems, R8.4 Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents, A59 Chemical plants Chemisorption, A46.9 Chilled beams, S20.10 Chilled water (CW) Chillers Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F6.7 Chimneys, S35 Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), A34.6 Chocolate, R42.1. (See also Candy) Choking, F3.13 CHP systems. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Cinemas, A5.3 CKV. See Commercial kitchen ventilation (CVK) Claude cycle, R47.8 Cleanrooms. See Clean spaces Clean spaces, A18 |
| 770 | Clear-sky solar radiation, calculation, F14.8 Climate change Climatic design information, F14 Clinics, A8.14 Clothing CLTD/CLF. See Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF) Coal Coanda effect, A33.17; F20.2, 7; S20.2 Codes, R51. (See also Standards) Coefficient of performance (COP) Coefficient of variance of the root mean square error [CV(RMSE)], F19.33 Cogeneration. See Combined heat and power (CHP) Coils Colburn’s analogy, F4.17 Colebrook equation Collectors, solar, A35.6, 11, 24, 25; S37.3 Colleges and universities, A7.11 Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER), S50.3 Combined heat and power (CHP), S7 Combustion, F28 |
| 771 | Combustion air systems Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC), S7.21; S8.1 Comfort. (See also Physiological principles, humans) Commercial and public buildings, A3 Commercial kitchen ventilation (CKV), A33 Commissioning, A43 Comprehensive room transfer function method (CRTF), F19.11 Compressors, S38 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F13.1, F19.25 Computer-aided design (CAD), A18.5; A40.15 Computers, A40 |
| 772 | Concert halls, A5.4 Concrete Condensate Condensation Condensers, S39 Conductance, thermal, F4.3; F25.1 Conduction Conductivity, thermal, F25.1; F26.1 Constant air volume (CAV) Construction. (See also Building envelopes) Containers. (See also Cargo containers) Contaminants Continuity, fluid dynamics, F3.2 Control. (See also Controls, automatic; Supervisory control) |
| 773 | Controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage Controlled-environment rooms (CERs), and plant growth, A24.16 Controls, automatic, F7. (See also Control) Convection Convectors Convention centers, A5.5 Conversion factors, F39 Cooking appliances Coolants, secondary Coolers. (See also Refrigerators) |
| 774 | Cooling. (See also Air conditioning) Cooling load Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF), F18.58 Cooling towers, S40 Cool storage, S51.1 COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP) Corn, drying, A25.1 Correctional facilities. See Justice facilities Corrosion Costs. (See also Economics) Cotton, drying, A25.8 Courthouses, A9.5 Courtrooms, A9.5 CPVC. See Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) Crawlspaces Critical spaces |
| 775 | Crops. See Farm crops Cruise terminals, A3.6 Cryogenics, R47 Curtain walls, F15.6 Dairy products, R33 Dampers Dampness problems in buildings, A62.1 Dams, concrete cooling, R45.1 Darcy equation, F21.6 Darcy-Weisbach equation Data centers, A19 Data-driven modeling Daylighting, F19.26 DDC. See Direct digital control (DDC) Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS), F36.12; S4.14; S18.2, 8; S25.4 Definitions, of refrigeration terms, R50 Defrosting Degree-days, F14.12 Dehumidification, A47.15; S24 Dehumidifiers Dehydration Density Dental facilities, A8.14 Desiccants, F32.1; S24.1 |
| 776 | Design-day climatic data, F14.12 Desorption isotherm, F26.20 Desuperheaters Dew point, A62.8 Diamagnetism, and superconductivity, R47.5 Diesel fuel, F28.9 Diffusers, air, sound control, A48.12 Diffusion Diffusivity Dilution Dining halls, in justice facilities, A9.4 DIR. See Dispersive infrared (DIR) Direct digital control (DDC), F7.4, 11 Direct numerical simulation (DNS), turbulence modeling, F13.4; F24.13 Dirty bombs. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Discharge coefficients, in fluid flow, F3.9 Dispersive infrared (DIR), F7.10 Display cases, R15.2, 5 District energy (DE). See District heating and cooling (DHC) District heating and cooling (DHC), S12 d-limonene, F31.12 DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS) DOAS. See Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) Doors Dormitories Draft Drag, in fluid flow, F3.5 Driers, R7.6. (See also Dryers) Drip station, steam systems, S12.14 Dryers. (See also Driers) Drying DTW. See Dual-temperature water (DTW) system Dual-duct systems Dual-temperature water (DTW) system, S13.1 DuBois equation, F9.3 Duct design Ducts |
| 777 | Dust mites, F25.16 Dusts, S29.1 Dynamometers, A17.1 Earth, stabilization, R45.3, 4 Earthquakes, seismic-resistant design, A55.1 Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP), S7.2 Economic performance degradation index (EPDI), A61.3 Economics. (See also Costs) Economizers ECOP. See Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP) ECS. See Environmental control system (ECS) Eddy diffusivity, F6.7 Educational facilities, A7 EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Effectiveness, heat transfer, F4.22 Effectiveness-NTU heat exchanger model, F19.19 Effective radiant flux (ERF), A54.2 Efficiency Eggs, R34 Electricity Electric thermal storage (ETS), S51.17 Electronic smoking devices (e-cigarettes), F11.19 Electrostatic precipitators, S29.7; S30.7 Elevators Emissions, pollution, F28.9 Emissivity, F4.2 Emittance, thermal, F25.2 Enclosed vehicular facilities, A15 Energy |
| 778 | Energy efficiency ratio (EER) Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC), A37.8 Energy transfer station, S12.37 Engines, S7 Engine test facilities, A17 Enhanced tubes. See Finned-tube heat transfer coils Enthalpy Entropy, F2.1 Environmental control Environmental control system (ECS), A12 Environmental health, F10 Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) EPDI. See Economic performance degradation index (EPDI) Equipment vibration, A48.43; F8.17 ERF. See Effective radiant flux (ERF) ESPC. See Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC) Ethylene glycol, in hydronic systems, S13.24 ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Electric thermal storage (ETS) Evaluation. See Testing Evaporation, in tubes Evaporative coolers. (See also Refrigerators) Evaporative cooling, A52 Evaporators. (See also Coolers, liquid) Exfiltration, F16.2 Exhaust Exhibit cases, A23.5, 16 Exhibition centers, A5.5 |
| 779 | Expansion joints and devices, S46.10 Expansion tanks, S12.10 Explosions. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Fairs, A5.8 Family courts, A9.4. (See also Juvenile detention facilities) Fan-coil units, S5.6 Fans, F19.18; S21 Farm crops, drying and storing, A25 Faults, system, reasons for detecting, A39.6 f-Chart method, sizing heating and cooling systems, A35.21 Fenestration. (See also Windows) Fick’s law, F6.1 Filters, air, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Finned-tube heat-distributing units, S36.2, 5 Finned-tube heat transfer coils, F4.25 Fins, F4.6 Fire/smoke control. See Smoke control Firearm laboratories, A9.7 Fire management, A53.1 Fireplaces, S34.5 Fire safety Fish, R19; R32 Fitness facilities. (See also Gymnasiums) Fittings |
| 780 | Fixed-guideway vehicles, A11.7. (See also Mass-transit systems) Fixture units, A50.1, 27 Flammability limits, gaseous fuels, F28.1 Flash tank, steam systems, S11.14 Floors Flowers, cut Flowmeters, A38.13; F37.18 Fluid dynamics computations, F13.1 Fluid flow, F3 Food. (See also specific foods) Food service Forced-air systems, residential, A1.1 Forensic labs, A9.6 Fouling factor Foundations Fountains, Legionella pneumophila control, A49.14 Fourier’s law, and heat transfer, F25.5 Four-pipe systems, S5.5 Framing, for fenestration Freeze drying, A30.6 Freeze prevention. (See also Freeze protection systems) Freeze protection systems, A51.18, 19 Freezers Freezing Friction, in fluid flow Fruit juice, R38 Fruits |
| 781 | Fuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP), S7.22 Fuels, F28 Fume hoods, laboratory exhaust, A16.3 Fungi Furnaces, S33 Galleries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Garages Gases Gas-fired equipment, S34. (See also Natural gas) Gas vents, S35.1 Gaussian process (GP) models, F19.30 GCHP. See Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Generators Geothermal energy, A34 Geothermal heat pumps (GHP), A34.10 Glaser method, F25.15 Glazing Global climate change, and refrigerants, F29.1 Global warming potential (GWP), F29.5 Glossary, of refrigeration terms, R50 Glycols, desiccant solution, S24.2 Graphical symbols, F38 Green design, and sustainability, F35.1 Greenhouses. (See also Plant environments) Grids, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP) Ground-coupled systems, F19.23 Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), A34.1, 10 Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP), A34.32 Guard stations, in justice facilities, A9.5 GWP. See Global warming potential (GWP) Gymnasiums, A5.5; A7.3 HACCP. See Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) Halocarbon Hartford loop, S11.3 Hay, drying, A25.8 Hazard analysis and control, F10.4 Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP), R22.4 Hazen-Williams equation, F22.6 HB. See Heat balance (HB) Health Health care facilities, A8. (See also specific types) |
| 782 | Heat Heat and moisture control, F27.1 Heat balance (HB), S9.23 Heat capacity, F25.1 Heat control, F27 Heaters, S34 Heat exchangers, S48 Heat flow, F25. (See also Heat transfer) Heat flux, F25.1 Heat gain. (See also Load calculations) Heating Heating load Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF), S49.6 Heating values of fuels, F28.3, 9, 10 Heat loss. (See also Load calculations) Heat pipes, air-to-air energy recovery, S26.14 Heat pumps |
| 783 | Heat recovery. (See also Energy, recovery) Heat storage. See Thermal storage Heat stress Heat transfer, F4; F25; F26; F27. (See also Heat flow) Heat transmission Heat traps, A50.1 Helium High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, A28.3; S29.6; S30.3 High-rise buildings. See Tall buildings High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, R33.2 High-temperature water (HTW) system, S13.1 Homeland security. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Hoods |
| 784 | Hospitals, A8.2 Hot-box method, of thermal modeling, F25.8 Hotels and motels, A6 Hot-gas bypass, R1.35 Houses of worship, A5.3 HSI. See Heat stress, index (HSI) HSPF. See Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) HTST. See High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization Humidification, S22 Humidifiers, S22 Humidity (See also Moisture) HVAC security, A59 Hybrid inverse change point model, F19.31 Hybrid ventilation, F19.26 Hydrogen, liquid, R47.3 Hydronic systems, S35. (See also Water systems) Hygrometers, F7.9; F37.10, 11 Hygrothermal loads, F25.2 Hygrothermal modeling, F25.15; F27.10 IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ) IBD. See Integrated building design (IBD) Ice Ice makers Ice rinks, A5.5; R44 ID50‚ mean infectious dose, A59.9 Ignition temperatures of fuels, F28.2 IGUs. See Insulating glazing units (IGUs) Illuminance, F37.31 Indoor air quality (IAQ). (See also Air quality) |
| 785 | Indoor environmental modeling, F13 Indoor environmental quality (IEQ), kitchens, A33.20. (See also Air quality) Induction Industrial applications Industrial environments, A14; A31; A32 Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29. (See also Air cleaners) Industrial hygiene, F10.3 Infiltration. (See also Air leakage) Infrared applications In-room terminal systems Instruments, F14. (See also specific instruments or applications) Insulating glazing units (IGUs), F15.5 Insulation, thermal Integrated building design (IBD), A58.1, 7 |
| 786 | Intercoolers, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.12 Internal heat gains, F19.13 Jacketing, insulation, R10.7 Jails, A9.4 Joule-Thomson cycle, R47.6 Judges’ chambers, A9.5 Juice, R38.1 Jury facilities, A9.5 Justice facilities, A9 Juvenile detention facilities, A9.1. (See also Family courts) K-12 schools, A7.2 Kelvin’s equation, F25.11 Kirchoff’s law, F4.12 Kitchens, A33 Kleemenko cycle, R47.13 Krypton, recovery, R47.18 Laboratories, A16 Laboratory information management systems (LIMS), A9.8 Lakes, heat transfer, A34.38 Laminar flow Large eddy simulation (LES), turbulence modeling, F13.3; F24.13 Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA), F37.17 Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV), F37.17 Latent energy change materials, S51.2 Laundries LCR. See Load collector ratio (LCR) LD50‚ mean lethal dose, A59.9 LDA. See Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA) LDV. See Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV) LE. See Life expectancy (LE) rating Leakage |
| 787 | Leakage function, relationship, F16.15 Leak detection of refrigerants, F29.9 Legionella pneumophila, A49.14; F10.7 Legionnaires’ disease. See Legionella pneumophila LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES) Lewis relation, F6.9; F9.4 Libraries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries Life expectancy (LE) rating, film, A22.3 Lighting Light measurement, F37.31 LIMS. See Laboratory information management systems (LIMS) Linde cycle, R47.6 Liquefied natural gas (LNG), S8.6 Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F28.5 Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R4 Lithium bromide/water, F30.71 Lithium chloride, S24.2 LNG. See Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Load calculations Load collector ratio (LCR), A35.22 Local exhaust. See Exhaust Loss coefficients Louvers, F15.33 Low-temperature water (LTW) system, S13.1 LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) LTW. See Low-temperature water (LTW) system Lubricants, R6.1; R12. (See also Lubrication; Oil) Lubrication, R12 Mach number, S38.32 Maintenance. (See also Operation and maintenance) Makeup air units, S28.8 Malls, A2.7 Manometers, differential pressure readout, A38.12 Manufactured homes, A1.8 Masonry, insulation, F26.7. (See also Building envelopes) Mass transfer, F6 |
| 788 | Mass-transit systems McLeod gages, F37.13 Mean infectious dose (ID50), A59.9 Mean lethal dose (LD50), A59.9 Mean radiant temperature (MRT), A54.1 Mean temperature difference, F4.22 Measurement, F37. (See also Instruments) Meat, R30 Mechanical equipment room, central Mechanical traps, steam systems, S11.8 Medium-temperature water (MTW) system, S13.1 Megatall buildings, A4.1 Meshes, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4 Metabolic rate, F9.6 Metals and alloys, low-temperature, R48.6 Microbial growth, R22.4 Microbial volatile organic chemicals (MVOCs), F10.8 Microbiology of foods, R22.1 Microphones, F37.29 Mines, A29 Modeling. (See also Data-driven modeling; Energy, modeling) Moist air Moisture (See also Humidity) Mold, A62.1; F25.16 Mold-resistant gypsum board, A62.7 Molecular sieves, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Zeolites) Montreal Protocol, F29.1 Morgues, A8.1 |
| 789 | Motors, S45 Movie theaters, A5.3 MRT. See Mean radiant temperature (MRT) Multifamily residences, A1.7 Multiple-use complexes Multisplit unitary equipment, S49.1 Multizone airflow modeling, F13.14 Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries MVOCs. See Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) Natatoriums. (See also Swimming pools) Natural gas, F28.5 Navier-Stokes equations, F13.2 NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curves Net positive suction head (NPSH), A34.34; R2.9; S44.10 Network airflow models, F19.25 Night setback, recovery, A42.43 Nitrogen Noise, F8.13. (See also Sound) Noise criterion (NC) curves, F8.16 Noncondensable gases Normalized mean bias error (NMBE), F19.33 NPSH. See Net positive suction head (NPSH) NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU) Nuclear facilities, A28 Number of transfer units (NTU) Nursing facilities, A8.15 Nuts, storage, R42.7 Odors, F12 ODP. See Ozone depletion potential (ODP) Office buildings Oil, fuel, F28.7 Oil, in two-phase flow, F5.15. (See also Lubricants) Olf unit, F12.6 One-pipe systems Operating costs, A37.4 Operation and maintenance, A39. (See also Maintenance) Optimization, A42.4 Outdoor air, free cooling. (See also Ventilation) Outpatient health care facilities, A8.14 Owning costs, A37.1 Oxygen |
| 790 | Ozone Ozone depletion potential (ODP), F29.5 Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), S50.5 Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), S50.5 PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Paint, and moisture problems, F25.16 Panel heating and cooling, S6. (See also Radiant heating and cooling) Paper Paper products facilities, A26 Parallel compressor systems, R15.14 Particulate matter, indoor air quality (IAQ), F10.5 Passive heating, F19.27 Pasteurization, R33.2 Peak dew point, A62.9 Peanuts, drying, A25.9 PEC systems. See Personal environmental control (PEC) systems PEL. See Permissible exposure limits (PEL) Performance contracting, A41.2 Performance monitoring, A47.6 Permafrost stabilization, R45.4 Permeability Permeance Permissible exposure limits (PELs), F10.5 Personal environmental control (PEC) systems, F9.26 Pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms, A18.9 Pharmacies, A8.9 Phase-change materials, thermal storage in, S51.16, 27 Photographic materials, A22 Photovoltaic (PV) systems, S36.18. (See also Solar energy) Physical properties of materials, F33 Physiological principles, humans. (See also Comfort) Pigs. See Swine Pipes, S46. (See also Piping) Piping. (See also Pipes) |
| 791 | Pitot tubes, A38.2; F37.17 Places of assembly, A5 Planes. See Aircraft Plank’s equation, R20.7 Plant environments, A24.10 Plenums PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV) Police stations, A9.1 Pollutant transport modeling. See Contami- nants, indoor, concentration prediction Pollution, air, and combustion, F28.9, 17 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), F10.6 Polydimethylsiloxane, F31.12 Ponds, spray, S40.6 Pope cell, F37.12 Positive building pressure, A62.9 Positive positioners, F7.8 Potatoes Poultry. (See also Animal environments) Power grid, A61.7 Power-law airflow model, F13.14 Power plants, A27 PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD) Prandtl number, F4.17 Precooling Predicted mean vote (PMV), F37.32 Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F9.18 Preschools, A7.1 Pressure Pressure drop. (See also Darcy-Weisbach equation) Primary-air systems, S5.10 Printing plants, A20 |
| 792 | Prisons, A9.4 Produce Product load, R15.6 Propane Propylene glycol, hydronic systems, S13.24 Psychrometers, F1.13 Psychrometrics, F1 PTACs. See Packaged terminal air condition- ers (PTACs) PTHPs. See Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs) Public buildings. See Commercial and public buildings; Places of assembly Pumps, F19.18 Purge units, centrifugal chillers, S43.11 PV systems. See Photovoltaic (PV) systems; Solar energy Radiant heating and cooling, A55; S6.1; S15; S33.4. (See also Panel heating and cooling) Radiant time series (RTS) method, F18.2, 22 Radiation Radiators, S36.1, 5 Radioactive gases, contaminants, F11.21 Radiometers, A54.7 Radiosity method, F19.26 Radon, F10.16, 22 Rail cars, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Railroad tunnels, ventilation Rain, and building envelopes, F25.4 RANS. See Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation Rapid-transit systems. See Mass-transit systems Rayleigh number, F4.20 Ray tracing method, F19.27 RC curves. See Room criterion (RC) curves Receivers Recycling refrigerants, R9.3 Refrigerant/absorbent pairs, F2.15 Refrigerant control devices, R11 |
| 793 | Refrigerants, F29.1 Refrigerant transfer units (RTU), liquid chillers, S43.11 Refrigerated facilities, R23 Refrigeration, F1.16. (See also Absorption; Adsorption) |
| 794 | Refrigeration oils, R12. (See also Lubricants) Refrigerators Regulators. (See also Valves) Relative humidity, F1.12 Residential health care facilities, A8.15 Residential systems, A1 Resistance, thermal, F4; F25; F26. (See also R-values) Resistance temperature devices (RTDs), F7.9; F37.6 Resistivity, thermal, F25.1 Resource utilization factor (RUF), F34.2 Respiration of fruits and vegetables, R19.17 Restaurants Retail facilities, A2 Retrofit performance monitoring, A41.4 Retrofitting refrigerant systems, contaminant control, R7.9 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, F13.3; F24.13 Reynolds number, F3.3 Rice, drying, A25.9 RMS. See Root mean square (RMS) Road tunnels, A15.3 Roof overhang, A62.7 Roofs, U-factors, F27.2 Room air distribution, A57; S20.1 Room criterion (RC) curves, F8.16 Root mean square (RMS), F37.1 RTDs. See Resistance temperature devices (RTDs) RTS. See Radiant time series (RTS) RTU. See Refrigerant transfer units (RTU) RUF. See Resource utilization factor (RUF) Rusting, of building components, F25.16 R-values, F23; F25; F26. (See also Resistance, thermal) Safety Sanitation Savings-to-investment-ratio (SIR), A37.11 Scale |
| 795 | Schneider system, R23.7 Schools Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) Security. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents Seeds, storage, A25.12 SEER. See Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) Seismic restraint, A48.52; A55.1 Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), F10.4, 12; F11.15 Sensors Separators, lubricant, R11.23 Service water heating, A50 SES. See Subway environment simulation (SES) program Shading Ships, A13 Shooting ranges, indoor, A9.8 Short-tube restrictors, R11.31 Silica gel, S24.1, 4, 6, 12 Single-duct systems, all-air, S4.11 SIR. See Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) Skating rinks, R44.1 Skylights, and solar heat gain, F15.21 Slab heating, A51 Slab-on-grade foundations, A44.11 SLR. See Solar-load ratio (SLR) Smart building systems, A61.1 Smart grid, A61.7, 10 Smoke control, A53 Snow-melting systems, A51 Snubbers, seismic, A55.8 Sodium chloride brines, F31.1 Soft drinks, R39.10 Software Soils. (See also Earth) Solar energy, A35; S37.1 (See also Solar heat gain; Solar radiation) |
| 796 | Solar heat gain, F15.14; F18.16 Solar-load ratio (SLR), A35.22 Solar-optical glazing, F15.14 Solar radiation, F14.8; F15.14 Solid fuel Solvent drying, constant-moisture, A30.7 Soot, F28.20 Sorbents, F32.1 Sorption isotherm, F25.10; F26.20 Sound, F8. (See also Noise) Soybeans, drying, A25.7 Specific heat Split-flux method, F19.26 Spot cooling Spot heating, A54.4 Stack effect Stadiums, A5.4 Stairwells Standard atmosphere, U.S., F1.1 Standards, R51. (See also Codes) |
| 797 | Static air mixers, S4.8 Static electricity and humidity, S22.2 Steam Steam systems, S11 Steam traps, S11.7 Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F4.2, 12 Stevens’ law, F12.3 Stirling cycle, R47.14 Stokers, S31.17 Storage Stoves, heating, S34.5 Stratification Stroboscopes, F37.28 Subcoolers Subway environment simulation (SES) program, A15.3 Subway systems. (See also Mass-transit systems) Suction risers, R2.24 Sulfur content, fuel oils, F28.9 Superconductivity, diamagnetism, R47.5 Supermarkets. See Retail facilities, supermarkets Supertall buildings, A4.1 Supervisory control, A42 Supply air outlets, S20.2. (See also Air outlets) Surface effect. See Coanda effect Surface transportation Surface water heat pump (SWHP), A34.12 Sustainability, F16.1; F35.1; S49.2 |
| 798 | SVFs. See Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) SVOCs. See Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) SWHP. See Surface water heat pump (SWHP) Swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums) Swine, recommended environment, A24.7 Symbols, F38 Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F10.6 TABS. See Thermally activated building systems (TABS) Tachometers, F37.28 Tall buildings, A4 Tanks, secondary coolant systems, R13.2 TDD. See Tubular daylighting devices Telecomunication facilities, air-conditioning systems, A19.1 Temperature Temperature-controlled transport, R25.1 Temperature index, S22.3 Terminal units. [See also Air terminal units (ATUs)], A47.13, F19.16; S20.7 Terminology, of refrigeration, R50 Terrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents TES. See Thermal energy storage (TES) Testing Testing, adjusting, and balancing. (See also Balancing) TETD/TA. See Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA) TEWI. See Total equivalent warning impact (TEWI) Textile processing plants, A21 TFM. See Transfer function method (TFM) Theaters, A5.3 Thermal bridges, F25.8 Thermal comfort. See Comfort Thermal displacement ventilation (TDV), F19.17 Thermal emittance, F25.2 Thermal energy storage (TES), S8.6; S51 |
| 799 | Thermally activated building systems (TABS), A42.3, 33 Thermal-network method, F19.11 Thermal properties, F26.1 Thermal resistivity, F25.1 Thermal storage. See Thermal energy storage (TES) Thermal transmission data, F26 Thermal zones, F19.14 Thermistors, R11.4 Thermodynamics, F2.1 Thermometers, F37.5 Thermopile, F7.4; F37.9; R45.4 Thermosiphons Thermostats Three-dimensional (3D) printers, F11.18 Three-pipe distribution, S5.6 Tobacco smoke Tollbooths Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA), F18.58 Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), F29.5 Trailers and trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Transducers, F7.10, 13 Transfer function method (TFM), A40.10; F18.58; F19.3 Transmittance, thermal, F25.2 Transmitters, F7.9, 10 Transpiration, R19.19 Transportation centers Transport properties of refrigerants, F30 Traps Trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers) Tubular daylighting devices (TDDs), F15.30 Tuning automatic control systems, F7.19 Tunnels, vehicular, A15.1 Turbines, S7 |
| 800 | Turbochargers, heat recovery, S7.34 Turbulence modeling, F13.3 Turbulent flow, fluids, F3.3 Turndown ratio, design capacity, S13.4 Two-node model, for thermal comfort, F9.18 Two-pipe systems, S5.5; S13.20 U.S. Marshal spaces, A9.6 U-factor Ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, S29.6; S30.3 Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems, S17 Ultraviolet air and surface treatment, A60 Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A60.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems] Uncertainty analysis Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems, A4.10; A57.9; F19.17 Unitary systems, S49 Unit heaters. See Heaters Units and conversions, F39 Unit ventilators, S28.1 Utility interface, electric, S7.43 Utility rates, A61.10 UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems UVGI. See Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) Vacuum cooling, of fruits and vegetables, R28.9 Validation, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Valves, S46. (See also Regulators) Vaporization systems, S8.6 Vapor pressure, F27.8; F33.2 Vapor retarders, jackets, F23.12 Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Variable-frequency drives, S45.14 Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), S18.1; S49.1, 14 Variable-speed drives. See Variable-frequency drives VAV. See Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems Vegetables, R37 Vehicles |
| 801 | Vena contracta, F3.4 Vending machines, R16.5 Ventilation, F16 Ventilators Venting Verification, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17 Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.11 Vibration, F8.17 Viral pathogens, F10.9 Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat release rate, A29.3 Viscosity, F3.1 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), F10.11 Voltage, A56.1 Volume ratio, compressors VRF. See Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) VRT. See Virgin rock temperature (VRT) Walls Warehouses, A3.8 Water Water heaters |
| 802 | Water horsepower, pump, S44.7 Water/lithium bromide absorption Water-source heat pump (WSHP), S2.4; S49.11 Water systems, S13 Water treatment, A49 Water vapor control, A44.6 Water vapor permeance/permeability, F26.12, 17, 18 Water vapor retarders, F26.6 Water wells, A34.33 Weather data, F14 Weatherization, F16.18 Welding sheet metal, S19.12 Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat stress, A31.5 Wheels, rotary enthalpy, S26.9 Whirlpools and spas Wien’s displacement law, F4.12 Wind. (See also Climatic design information; Weather data) Wind chill index, F9.23 Windows. (See also Fenestration) Wind restraint design, A55.15 Wineries Wireless sensors, A61.6 Wood construction, and moisture, F25.10 Wood products facilities, A26.1 Wood pulp, A26.2 Wood stoves, S34.5 World Wide Web (WWW), A40.8 WSHP. See Water-source heat pump (WSHP) WWW. See World Wide Web (WWW) Xenon, R47.18 Zeolites, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Molecular sieves) |
| 804 | I-P_CommentPage |
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