ASHRAE Standard 100 2024

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ASHRAE Standard 100-2024 — Energy and Emissions Building Performance Standard for Existing Buildings (ANSI/IES Approved)

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASHRAE	2024	154

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Description

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100, Energy and Emissions Building Performance Standard for Existing Buildings, is a code-ready building performance standard that provides processes and procedures for reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions through improved energy efficiency and performance of all types of existing buildings, including residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial. Standard 100 provides owners, utility companies, and government at every level a verifiable process that can reduce energy costs and support tax incentives, rebates, and related programs. The 2024 edition brings numerous key updates to the standard: New metrics are provided for greenhouse gas emissions targets, along with continued improvements to energy efficiency and performance in existing buildings. Buildings are required to Establish an energy management plan that incorporates efficient, low-carbon equipment into capital replacement Achieve energy and emissions performance goals Implement an operations and maintenance program to ensure continued building performance. Energy-efficient and low-emission buildings are provided a simple compliance mechanism to demonstrate compliance with the standard if they meet both energy use intensity (EUI) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) targets. For buildings that do not meet targets, an energy audit and decarbonization assessment must be conducted, necessary measures must be implemented, and it must be demonstrated that measured EUI and GHGI targets are met. A separate compliance process is included for building types without targets.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100-2024
3	Contents
4	Foreword
5	1. Purpose 1.1 This standard establishes building greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption performance levels for existing buildings.This standard provides compliance requirements that will result in improved energy efficiency and reduced GHG emiss… 1.2 This standard is directed toward 2. Scope 3. Definitions 3.1 General. Certain terms, abbreviations, and acronyms are defined in this section for the purposes of this standard. These definitions are applicable to all sections of this standard.
8	3.2 Abbreviations and Acronyms
9	4. Compliance Requirements 4.1 Compliance Forms. Forms used for compliance with standard are located in Normative Appendix A. 4.2 Building Type Requirements
10	4.3 Energy and Emissions Management Plan and Operations and Maintenance Program 4.4 Building Performance
13	4.5 General 5. Energy and Emissions Management Plan 5.1 Establish the Energy and Emissions Management Plan
14	5.2 Building Energy and Emissions Monitoring. Building gross energy use and GHG emissions shall be monitored and recorded in accordance with following sections.
19	5.3 Energy Manager. The EM shall be responsible for the following. 6. Operations and Maintenance Requirements 6.1 Scope. Section 6 applies to the building envelope, building systems, and building equipment that directly or indirectly consume energy. 6.2 Operations and Maintenance Program. A formal operations and maintenance (O&M) program shall be established and implemented in order that the building energy-using systems achieve their intended energy efficiency throughout their service life. 6.3 Operations and Maintenance Implementation. The O&M program shall be implemented in accordance with Normative Appendix C. 6.4 Operations and Maintenance Tasks 6.5 Tenant Improvements. The energy manager shall put in place a formal process to ensure that any tenant improvements involving a change in space use or the relocation of partitions (including partial height partitions) do not change the annual ener… 6.6 Equipment and Component Replacement
20	7. Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis and Target Requirements 7.1 Building Type, Energy Use Intensity Targets, and Greenhouse Gas Intensity Targets 7.2 Determining Energy Use Intensity Target
22	7.3 Determining Greenhouse Gas Intensity Target
49	8. Energy Audit with Decarbonization Assessment Requirements 8.1 The qualified energy auditor shall complete Forms D and/or E and submit them to the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ). If an energy audit with decarbonization assessment is required (see Section 4), a copy of the audit summary results shall be … 8.2 Energy Audit with Decarbonization Assessment Requirements for Buildings without Performance Targets 8.3 Energy Audit with Decarbonization Assessment Requirements for Buildings with Performance Targets
50	8.4 Energy Audit with Decarbonization Assessment. This section outlines the requirements for Level 1 and Level 2 energy audits for buildings. If required, the energy audit with decarbonization assessment shall be performed. A Level 1 and Level 2 ener… 9. Implementation and Verification Requirements 9.1 Developing and Implementing an Energy and Emissions Management Plan
51	9.2 Verification of Implemented Energy Efficiency Measures and Emissions Reduction Measures
52	9.3 Compliance. The qualified person shall complete the compliance documentation as required in Section 4. 10. Residential Buildings and Dwelling Units 10.1 Compliance Requirements 10.2 Energy Use Intensity 10.3 Operations and Maintenance (O&M)
54	10.4 Energy Audit Requirements
56	10.5 Implementation and Verification Requirements 10.6 Monitoring. Upon implementation of EEMs, the building’s EUI shall be monitored until 12 consecutive months of energy use data demonstrate that the EUI target has been met and Form A is submitted to the AHJ.
57	11. References
58	Normative Appendix A: Forms
67	Normative Appendix B: Alternative Energy Intensity Targets B1. Alternative Site Energy Use Intensity and Source Energy Use Intensity Targets Tables B1.1 Alternative Source Energy Use Intensity Target Calculations. Electricity use and fossil-fuel use targets listed in Tables B-3 and B-4 shall be permitted to be used in source energy EUI target (EUIt1) calculations by authorities having jurisdicti…
88	Normative Appendix C: Operations and Maintenance Implementation C1. Introduction C2. Responsible Party C3. Maintenance Program C3.1 Inventory of Items to be Inspected and Maintained. All building systems and equipment that impact building envelope performance, thermal and visual comfort, energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and other services shall be listed in a… C3.2 Maintenance Plan. A plan of inspection and maintenance work shall be established. The maintenance plan shall document the work to be accomplished at scheduled intervals on the inventory of work to be maintained. The maintenance plan shall be dev…
89	C4. Maintenance Plan Authorization and Execution C4.1 Inspection and maintenance tasks shall be performed at the established frequency or upon documented observance of an unacceptable condition. Whether or not authorized by written or verbal instructions, execution of the task shall be documented a… C5. Revision of the Maintenance Program and Maintenance Plan
90	C5.1 Degradation of Condition and Performance. Degradation of equipment condition or performance that is observed while performing scheduled inspection and maintenance tasks or on other occasions shall be documented. C5.2 Response to Changes. Upon initial discovery or observation of the degraded state, the situation shall be resolved through appropriate corrective or preservative action. If preservative action cannot resolve the degraded status, then further acti… C5.3 If unacceptable condition indicators or unacceptable performance are found on a system or component during two successive inspections, the maintenance plan and condition history of the system or component shall be reviewed to determine if the in… C5.4 If acceptable condition indicators or acceptable performance are observed during three successive inspections, the maintenance plan shall be reviewed for opportunities to reduce task frequencies or work procedures without compromising condition … C5.5 Climate-related or facility operational requirements may impact execution of the maintenance plan. These circumstances shall be reviewed along with the maintenance plan for opportunities to revise task frequencies or work procedures. Revisions t… C5.6 Equipment Warranty. This standard’s requirements shall not supersede equipment manufacturers’ warranty terms and conditions and other guidance that may require different tasks or task frequencies. C6. Program Review C6.1 Beginning Review. The responsible party and the implementing party shall define scope, expectations, and desired outcomes for the maintenance program. Initial review shall consist of developing program objectives, condition standards, and measur… C6.2 End Review. The end review shall consist of comparing maintenance program results with the program results and condition standards. The responsible party and the implementing party shall review the measurements and observations collected during …
91	Informative Appendix D: Timeline
93	Informative Appendix E: Climate Zones
94	Informative Appendix F: Building Energy Modeling F1. Building Energy Modeling F1.1 General. Building energy simulation plays a valuable role informing the design and operation of existing buildings undergoing energy performance renovations and in analyzing alternative energy efficiency measures (EEMs) or for optimized bundles …
95	Informative Appendix G: Derivation of Energy Intensity Targets for Standard 100
109	Informative Appendix H: Energy Efficiency Measures H1. Building Envelope H1.1 Walls H1.2 Roofs H1.3 Floors H1.4 Windows H1.5 Doors
110	H1.6 Install separate smaller doors for people near the area of large vehicle doors. H1.7 Moisture Penetration H1.8 Reduce air leakage. H1.9 Install vapor barriers in walls, ceilings, and roofs. H2. HVAC Systems H2.1 Ventilation H2.2 HVAC Distribution Systems
111	H2.3 Building Automation and Control Systems
112	H3. Refrigeration H3.1 Reduce Loads H3.2 Improve System Operating Efficiency
113	H4. Water Systems H4.1 Domestic Hot-Water Systems H4.2 Water Conservation H5. Energy Generation, Distribution, and Monitoring H5.1 Boiler System H5.2 Chiller System
114	H5.3 Thermal Storage and Heat Pumps
115	H5.4 Electric and Heat Cogeneration H5.5 Energy System Monitoring H6. Nonresidential Lighting H6.1 General. Check the current Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) recommended light levels for the tasks in the facility. They may be lower than when the original lighting system was designed. Use these current recommended light levels to help s… H6.2 Daylighting H6.3 Luminaire Upgrades H6.4 Signage
116	H6.5 Lighting Controls H6.6 Exterior Lighting H6.7 Luminaire Layout H6.8 Other H7. Residential Lighting H7.1 General
117	H7.2 Interior H7.3 Exterior H8. Electric Systems, Motors H8.1 Install energy-efficient transformers. Use infrared cameras to identify high-heat-loss transformers. H8.2 Reduce demand charges through load shedding, operational changes, and procedural changes. H8.3 Replace oversized electric motors with right-sized or slightly oversized motors. H8.4 Replace existing three-phase, 1 hp (746 W) and greater electric motors with premium-efficiency motors (often a better choice than rewinding motors). H8.5 Replace existing one-phase, 1 hp (746 W) and less motors with electrically commutated motors. H9. Appliances H9.1 Install appliances (clothes washers, dehumidifiers, dishwashers, freezers, refrigerators, room air cleaners and purifiers, office equipment, and televisions) that are certified as ENERGY STAR® compliant. H9.2 Reduce plug loads, using devices to shut off equipment not being used (use occupancy sensors or timers). H9.3 Install vending-machine controllers.
118	Informative Appendix I: Operations and Maintenance Requirements for Building Systems and Elements I1. Building Envelope I1.1 Operations and maintenance (O&M) requirements for the building envelope should include all applicable items in Section 6 plus the following. I2. domestic Hot-Water Systems I2.1 General Requirements. O&M requirements for domestic hot-water (DHW) systems include all applicable items in Section 6 plus the following. I2.2 Hot-Water Heaters I3. Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems I3.1 Scope. The scope of Section D3 includes HVAC systems and components used to condition spaces within buildings. The O&M requirements for these systems and their components should minimize energy use over time while providing heating, ventilation,… I3.2 General Requirements
119	I3.3 Boiler Systems. The scope of this section covers the operation and maintenance of boilers, flues/vents, feed water equipment, piping, valves, steam traps, strainers, all fittings, and components comprising the entire system.
120	I3.4 Chilled-Water Systems. The scope of this section covers the operation and maintenance of chillers, condensers, open- and closed-type cooling towers, pumps, valves, strainers, piping, and all fittings and components that make up the system. I3.5 Air-Side Heating, Cooling, and Ventilating Systems. The scope of this section covers the operation and maintenance of air-side heating, cooling, and ventilating systems ducting; terminal units; and components that make up the system.
121	I3.6 Perform heat exchanger testing on furnace heat exchangers at a minimum of once every three years per AHRI Guideline X, Induced Draft Furnace Heat Exchanger Inspection N1. I3.7 Review occupant hot/cold complaints and operator hot/cold observations. If the complaint is validated, do the following. I3.8 Maintain economizer systems. I3.9 Unitary Systems and Air-Handling Systems I3.10 Evaporative Cooling Systems I3.11 Geothermal Systems I3.12 Terminal Systems I3.13 Thermal Energy Storage Systems. The scope of this section covers thermal energy storage systems, ice-storage systems, phase-change storage systems, hot-water storage systems, and heat storage systems (e.g., using thermal mass).
122	I4. Refrigeration Systems I4.1 Scope. The scope of Section D4 includes the operation and maintenance of refrigeration systems and equipment that do not supply comfort cooling, such as display case refrigeration systems, refrigerated warehouses, and all medium- and low-tempera… I4.2 Operations and Maintenance. O&M requirements for refrigeration systems include all applicable items in Section I6.1 plus the following. I4.3 Retail Store Product Display Refrigeration Systems I4.4 Walk-In Coolers and Freezers I4.5 Ice-Making Machines I4.6 Refrigerated Warehouses I5. Lighting Systems I5.1 The O&M program should include a lighting systems section. The lighting systems plan should include, as a minimum, the requirements listed in Section D5, which should be implemented at the time of compliance with this section and at three-year i…
123	I5.2 Lighting Controls. The EM should inventory and verify correct operation, programming, and placement of all lighting controls. Lighting controls that have been disabled should be repaired and made functional. Functional testing should be performe… I5.3 Luminaire Integrity. The EM should survey all existing luminaires and create an as-built lighting schedule. This lighting schedule may be developed using a lighting survey tool. The EM should calculate and document the lighting power density and… I5.4 The current lighting schedule should be evaluated for opportunities for energy savings through implementation of energy efficiency measures (EEMs), such as those listed in Informative Appendix H, Section H6 (nonresidential) or Section H7 (reside… I5.5 Occupant Training I5.6 Lighting Maintenance. The O&M program should specify the following. I5.7 Interior Lighting in Nonresidential Buildings. A lighting satisfaction survey should be conducted at least every three years and key issues identified and corrected as necessary. I6. Controls Systems I6.1 Scope. The scope of Section D6 includes all types of control and energy management systems and components used to control conditioned spaces within buildings. I6.2 All equipment should be maintained according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
124	I6.3 Pneumatic Controls (including Pneumatic Sensors and Actuators) I6.4 Analog Controls I6.5 Direct Digital Controls (DDC) (including Electronic Sensors and Actuators) I7. electric Power Distribution and On-Site Generation Systems I7.1 Scope. The scope of Section D7 covers aspects of O&M for the building electrical power system that relate to the facility’s energy efficiency.
125	I7.2 O&M requirements for electric power distribution and on-site generation systems include all applicable items in Section I6.1 plus the following.
126	Informative Appendix J: Guidance for Locally Derived Building Performance Targets J1. Introduction J2. Goals, Metrics, and Targets
127	J2.1 ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100 Default Targets vs. Locally Derived Targets. Locally derived targets are preferred when the AHJ has sufficient data on local buildings. When an AHJ has building energy data for an entire jurisdiction, creating locall… J2.2 Metric Types. Metrics are the quantifiable unit of measurement used to assess a building’s performance. They include site energy, source energy (EPA’s ENERGY STAR® score is another common metric based on source energy), and GHG emissions. E…
128	J2.3 Achievement of Goals through Target Setting. Building performance targets can be tailored to meet specific AHJ reduction targets.
130	J2.4 Progression of Targets Over Time. To meet aggressive energy or emission goals, a jurisdiction may choose to set increasingly stringent requirements over time. One strategy is to set initial and final targets based on initial conditions and final…
131	J3. Data Collection/Generation J3.1 Data Categorization and Normalization. Typical energy benchmarking ordinances require reporting building size, EUI, and other parameters of the building on an annual basis.
132	J3.2 Data Verification/Quality Assurance. It is important to perform a preliminary data exploration to better understand the data’s characteristics and verify the data set’s accuracy and consistency. A data analysis should be performed to ensure …
133	J4. Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity Calculations J4.1 Site Energy Conversion Factors and Calculations. A building performance metric requires site energy measurements for all forms of energy used at a building. Some forms of energy, such as electricity and gas, are metered by energy distribution co… J4.2 Source Energy Conversion Factors and Calculations. Source energy estimates are based on site energy measurements multiplied by source energy factors. Source energy factors quantify the impacts of upstream energy lost in the production and delive…
134	J4.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Calculations. This standard considers energy related GHG emissions only and does not consider GHG emissions associated with refrigerant leakage, processes occurring at the building (e.g., anesthetic gases in healthcare b…
135	J5. Target Development Process J5.1 Getting Started
136	J5.2 Mean-Based Targets. Set the target at the mean EUI for each property type.
137	J5.3 Percentile/Median-Based Targets. Define a desired percentile, P, (e.g., 25th percentile, which is the base requirement in this standard) of the existing building stock to represent the minimum performance standard to which all existing buildings…
138	J5.4 Individual Percent Improvement Targets. Instead of setting a specific EUI or GHGI target, instead define a desired percent improvement (e.g., 40%) to which all existing buildings shall reduce energy use or emissions. Each building will have its … J5.5 Overall Percent Improvement Targets. Define a desired percent energy use or emissions improvement target, P, (e.g., 40%) to be achieved across the building stock through energy use or emissions reductions by all buildings performing worse than t…
140	J5.6 Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions Targets. A jurisdiction may choose to set a target to zero to correspond to a zero-emission goal. While the target development on this is easy, it is often paired with multiple interim targets, which can be based on… J5.7 Targets Requiring Building Simulation Modeling. Where building-type data sets lack sufficient sample quality or sample quantity for each climate zone represented in the jurisdiction despite benchmarking efforts, building simulation modeling can …
141	J6. Energy Use Intensity Targets for U.S. Hospitals
143	J6.1 Climate Zones. The ASHE 2023 analysis used Building America climate zones (7 zones for the United States) vs. the IECC 2021 climate zones (21 zones for the United States); refer to Table J6-1 and Figure J6-1. There are fewer Building America cli… J6.2 Limitations. The 2022 calendar year values are the most recent and are most reflective of current operations (2020 and 2021 saw changes that may have been affected by hospitals’ response to COVID). However, there are an insufficient number of … J6.3 Energy Use Variation by Hospital Size. The ASHE dataset shows that energy consumption varies by hospital size. ASHE identifies four size categories for hospitals, as detailed in Table J6-2. J7. Jurisdiction-Specific Methodologies
144	Informative Appendix K: Fuel Heat Content Conversion Values—“Other” Fuels
145	Informative Appendix L: Simple Payback and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis L1. Simple Payback and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis L1.1 General. For small buildings and efficiency improvement measures with a payback period of fewer than five years, simple payback is probably adequate to make decisions. For federal buildings, larger buildings, or buildings with longer payback per… L1.2 Simple Payback. Simple payback can best be described by the following equation: L1.3 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis. The evaluation tool that yields the most comprehensive analysis is called “life-cycle cost analysis,” which takes all capital, energy, and operating costs into account over the useful life of a facility or EEM. Life…
146	Informative Appendix M: Guidance on Building Type Definitions
148	Informative Appendix N: Informative References
149	Informative Appendix O: Standard 100-2024 Crosswalk
151	Informative Appendix P: Addenda Description Information

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Standard Title	ASHRAE Standard 100-2024 — Energy and Emissions Building Performance Standard for Existing Buildings (ANSI/IES Approved)
Published Code	ASHRAE
Publication Date	2024
Pages Count	154

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ASHRAE Standard 100 2024

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