ASHRAE Standard 182 2020

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ASHRAE Standard 182-2020 — Method of Testing Absorption Water-Chilling and Water-Heating Packages (ANSI Approved)

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASHRAE	2020	46

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Description

ASHRAE Standard 182 prescribes a method of testing absorption water-chilling and water-heating packages to verify capacity and thermal energy input requirements at a specific set of operating conditions. This standard applies to absorption packages used to chill and/or heat water, as defined by the standard, and to testing that will occur where proper instrumentation and load stability can be provided. The standard does not provide for testing in typical field installations, wheresteady-state conditions are often difficult to achieve and adequate provisions for measurement are not made.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 182-2020
3	CONTENTS
4	FOREWORD 1. PURPOSE 2. SCOPE 3. DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND ACRONYMS
7	4. CALCULATIONS AND CONVERSIONS 4.1 Liquid Properties
8	4.2 Steam Properties. The properties of steam shall be determined using a formulation that is based on or consistent with IAPWS R7-97(2012) 1, such as REFPROP 2. 4.3 Gas Properties. The properties of hot gases used to indirectly fire an absorption chiller/ heater shall be determined from properties of the constituent gas components. Bulk hot-gas properties shall be calculated based on the mass fraction of the… 4.4 Combustible Fuel Properties
9	4.5 Data Collection 4.6 Data Processing 4.7 Performance
13	4.8 Gravitational Constant. The values in Table 4-5 shall be used for the gravitational constant, g. 4.9 Validation. Test results are validated by checking the system energy balance. The equations to be used are listed in subsections to this section below. Requirements for the energy balance are given in Section 5. 4.10 Energy Balance. based on the first law of thermodynamics (law of conservation of energy), an energy balance calculation evaluates all of the measured energy flow into and out of a control volume. If there is a nonzero difference between energy f…
15	4.11 Conversions 5. TEST REQUIREMENTS 5.1 Tests shall report measurement values and calculated results in accordance with methods and procedures described in this method of test. 5.2 From a test perspective, it is best to maintain heat transfer surfaces by cleaning or maintaining proper liquid treatment to avoid highly fouled conditions and the associated efficiency loss. 5.3 Instrumentation. This section defines requirements for each type of measurement (temperature, flow, pressure, power). Instruments shall be selected, installed, and operated according to the requirements of Table 5-1. Further details are provided …
19	5.4 Temperature 5.5 Flow. Measure either liquid mass flow rate or volumetric flow rate and use the corresponding capacity calculation method in Section 4.7.1. 5.6 Pressure. This section prescribes a measurement method for liquid pressure drop across the heat exchanger. The measurement method only applies to pipe of circular cross section.
20	5.7 Power. Auxiliary power shall be measured by summation of measurements at one or more locations defined in the following sections. Electrical measurements include voltage (for each phase), current (for each phase), power, and frequency (from a min… 5.8 Plan. A test plan shall document all requirements for conducting the test. This includes the operating mode(s), a list of the required full-load and part-load test points and associated operating conditions, including adjusted liquid temperature … 5.9 Operating Condition Tolerances. Operating condition tolerances are defined to control two characteristics. The first is deviation of the mean value relative to the target value. The second is the stability, which is defined in statistical terms a… 5.10 Corrections. The following corrections shall be applied to test targets or test results when applicable.
21	5.11 Validation
24	6. DATA TO BE RECORDED 6.1 Primary Data. Table 6-1 summarizes the data to be recorded during the test for each of the data point samples. 6.2 Auxiliary Data. Table 6-2 summarizes the auxiliary data that shall be recorded for the test. 7. TEST PROCEDURES 7.1 Purpose. This section prescribes a method of testing for liquid-chilling and liquid-heating packages and to verify capacity and power requirements at a specific set of steady-state conditions. 7.2 Test Procedures. For each test point at a specific load and set of operating conditions, the test will measure capacity, thermal energy input, and liquid-side pressure drop. Capacity, a measurement of the heat added to or removed from the liquid … 7.3 Setup. The chiller package to be tested shall be set up at the test facility in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, including, but not limited to, support of installation mounting points, connections for liquid, connections for the… 7.4 Water temperatures for test are adjusted from the specified conditions to simulate the effect of fouling. The procedure for that adjustment is described in Appendix C. 7.5 Operation. After setup is complete, the chiller will be started and operated to attain the target conditions of the test point per the test plan. The chiller is not required to operate continuously between different test points; shut down and res…
26	7.6 Adjustments 7.7 Liquid Pressure Drop Measurement Procedure 8. REPORTING OF RESULTS 8.1 Reporting of results shall conform to the customer’s request. The minimum list of items to report is presented in Section 8.1.1. This list is based on the minimum data requirements specified in AHRI Standard 560 13. The report shall include the…
27	8.2 The test results report shall state the operating conditions and shall include the following items, rounded to the specified number of significant figures (sf) or decimal places (dp).
29	9. NOMENCLATURE
33	10. NORMATIVE REFERENCES
35	INFORMATIVE APPENDIX A: INFORMATIVE REFERENCES
36	INFORMATIVE APPENDIX B: UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS B1. Definitions B2. Methodology for Uncertainty Analysis B2.1 Uncertainty analysis (also referred to as error analysis) is outlined in ASHRAE Guideline 2 A3. The goal of the uncertainty analysis is to bound the reported test results such that the true values lie within the specified range with 95% confiden… B2.2 The error analysis applied in this standard is intended for steady-state measurements taken from a single system over a time period long enough to encompass all system variations. The first step is to assign the uncertainty in each of the measur… B2.3 Fixed or systematic error associated with measured variables are those that do not vary randomly during operation of the facility. An example is errors introduced during calibration of the instrumentation. As a general practice, comparison again… B2.4 A sequence of measurements made over time of a particular quantity often exhibit some level of random variation or random error. The standard deviation in Equation B-1 is a measure of the magnitude of the random error and is most meaningful if d…
37	B2.5 Quantities of interest are generally computed from the measured variables: B3. UNCERTAINTY CALCULATIONS—OVERVIEW B3.1 From Section 8.2, the following quantities are required to be reported and shall therefore include an uncertainty: B3.2 The following assumptions are made: B3.3 Notes B4. CALCULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER RATE AND ASSOCIATED UNCERTAINTY FOR LIQUID STREAMS B4.1 All liquid streams share the same general equations for calculation of heat transfer rate and the associated uncertainty. These streams include the following:
38	B4.2 The following equations allow for alternative measurement methods denoted within braces {}. The liquid stream flow rate can be measured either by volume (V) or by mass (m). The liquid stream pressure drop can either be measured directly by a dif… B4.3 Values for the specific heat and density of water shall be derived using the polynomial equation for liquid water specific heat in Section 4 or by using another formulation consistent with IAPWS-IF97 1, such as REFPROP 2. Values for the volume e… B5. CALCULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER RATE AND ASSOCIATED UNCERTAINTY FOR STEAM AS HEAT SOURCE B5.1 The thermal power input, Qinput, is calculated as follows when steam is used as the heat source, where it is assumed that the steam is in a superheated state upstream of the chiller and leaves as subcooled condensate. Flow rate of the condensate…
39	B5.2 The sensitivities of the entering steam enthalpy to the uncertainties in its temperature and pressure, Equations B-16 and B-17, can be estimated from steam properties tables. However, it is most convenient to determine these using a software-bas… B5.3 The sensitivity of the leaving condensate enthalpy to the uncertainties in its temperature, Equation B-18, can be estimated using the polynomial equation for liquid water specific heat in Section 4 or by using a formulation consistent with IAPWS… B6. Calculation of thermal power input and associated uncertainty for direct-fired operation B6.1 The thermal power input, , is calculated as follows under direct-fired operation. This requires measurement of volumetric flow rate of the fuel. The HHV of the fuel can be obtained from the utility supplying the fuel. Alternatively, HHV can be d… B6.2 The relative uncertainty in the direct-fired thermal power input shown in Equation B-20b is derived from the absolute metric in Equation B-20a combined with Equations B-21 and B-22. B6.3 The uncertainty in HHV can be estimated from utility records of the variability of HHV over time. Alternatively, the uncertainty can be determined from the uncertainties in the composition measurement.
40	B7. Calculation of energy efficiency or COP and associated uncertainty B7.1 The energy efficiency is defined as the ratio of the useful product to the thermal power input, Qt. The useful product in cooling mode is the net refrigerating capacity, Qr. The useful product in heating mode is the net heating capacity, Qh. B7.2 The relative uncertainties in the energy efficiency metrics shown in Equation B-27 are derived from the absolute metrics in Equation B-24 combined with Equations B-25 and B-26. B8. Calculation of energy balance and associated uncertainty B8.1 The energy balance, EB, in cooling mode is calculated by subtracting the gross cooling heat transfer rate, , from the sum of the gross refrigerating capacity, , and the thermal power input, (Equation B-28a). B8.2 A relative energy balance, EB*, can be defined by comparing the absolute energy balance to the gross cooling heat transfer rate (Equation B-28b).
41	NORMATIVE APPENDIX C: METHOD FOR SIMULATING FIELD FOULING ALLOWANCE AT FULL- AND PART-LOAD CONDITIONS C1. Calculations C1.1 The calculations in this section apply to evaporators and/or absorber/condensers using water for full-load and part-load operating conditions. The resultant fouling factor correction, DTadj, is added or subtracted to the target test water temper… C2. Special Consideration for Multiple Refrigerant Circuits
42	C3. Example—Condenser Fouling Inside Tubes C4. Derivation of LMTD
43	NORMATIVE APPENDIX D: ROUNDING AND SIGNIFICANT DIGITS D1.1 Calculations shall use measurement values with full numerical precision. D1.2 Numerical data are often obtained (or at least calculations can be made) with more digits than are justified by their accuracy or precision. In order not to be misleading, such data should be rounded to the number of figures consistent with the … D1.3 Expanded uncertainty values on test reports shall be provided with two significant digits. D1.4 Calculations reporting values with expanded uncertainty shall be reported to the same level of significance as the expanded uncertainty. D1.5 The rules for identifying significant figures when writing or interpreting numbers are as follows.

Additional information

Standard Title	ASHRAE Standard 182-2020 — Method of Testing Absorption Water-Chilling and Water-Heating Packages (ANSI Approved)
Published Code	ASHRAE
Publication Date	2020
Pages Count	46

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