ASME B31.1 prescribes minimum requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, inspection, operation, and maintenance of piping systems typically found in electric power generating stations, industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems, and central and district heating and cooling systems. It also covers boiler-external piping for power boilers and high-temperature, high pressure water boilers in which steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 psig; and high temperature water is generated at pressures exceeding 160 psig and/or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F. Key changes to this revision include the relocation of the rules for nonmetallic piping and piping lined with nonmetals from a nonmandatory appendix to a mandatory appendix, selected language from Nonmandatory Appendix V has been moved into the body of the code in Chapter VII, the preheat and post weld heat treatment rules have been reformatted into tabular form for clarity, and cold forming rules for creep strength enhanced ferritic steels have been incorporated into Chapter V. It is the owner’s responsibility to select the B31 Code Section(s) that apply to a proposed piping installation. For some installations, more than one Code Section in the B31 series may apply to different parts of a piping system or to different parts of the installation. ASME B31.1 is one of ASME’s most popular codes, widely adopted by jurisdictions worldwide. It is prominently referenced in ASME’s Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I. This Code serves as a companion to ASME’s B31.3 Code on Process Piping as well as to the other codes in ASME’s B31 series. Together, they remain essential references for anyone engaged with piping. Careful application of these ASME B31 codes will help users to comply with applicable regulations within their jurisdictions, while achieving the operational, cost and safety benefits to be gained from the many industry best-practices detailed within these volumes. Intended for manufacturers, designers, operators and owners of piping systems including, but not limited to, steam, water, oil, gas, and air services, plus all potential governing entities.

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5	CONTENTS
9	FOREWORD
10	ASME B31 COMMITTEE ROSTER
14	INTRODUCTION
16	ASME B31.1- 2014 SUMMARY OF CHANGES
21	Chapter I Scope and Definitions 100 GENERAL
22	Figures Fig. 100.1.2(A.1) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — An Example of Forced Flow Steam Generators With No Fixed Steam and Water Line
23	Fig. 100.1.2(A.2) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — An Example of Steam Separator Type Forced Flow Steam Generators With No Fixed Steam and Water Line
24	Fig. 100.1.2(B) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Drum-Type Boilers
25	Fig. 100.1.2(C) Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Spray-Type Desuperheater
32	Chapter II Design 101 DESIGN CONDITIONS
33	102 DESIGN CRITERIA
36	Tables Table 102.4.3 Longitudinal Weld Joint Efficiency Factors
37	Fig. 102.4.5 Nomenclature for Pipe Bends Table 102.4.5 Bend Thinning Allowance
38	Table 102.4.6( B. 1.1) Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness 4 1/2 in. (114 mm) or less
39	103 CRITERIA FOR PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS 104 PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS Table 102.4.6( B. 2.2) Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness Greater Than 4 1/2 in. (114 mm)
40	Table 102.4.7 Weld Strength Reduction Factors to Be Applied When Calculating the Minimum Wall Thickness or Allowable Design Pressure of Components Fabricated With a Longitudinal Seam Fusion Weld
42	Table 104.1.2( A) Values of y
44	Fig. 104.3.1(D) Reinforcement of Branch Connections
48	Fig. 104.3.1(G) Reinforced Extruded Outlets
51	Fig. 104.5.3 Types of Permanent Blanks
53	Fig. 104.8.4 Cross Section Resultant Moment Loading
54	105 PIPE 106 FITTINGS, BENDS, AND INTERSECTIONS
55	107 VALVES
56	108 PIPE FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, GASKETS, AND BOLTING
57	110 PIPING JOINTS 111 WELDED JOINTS
58	112 FLANGED JOINTS 113 EXPANDED OR ROLLED JOINTS 114 THREADED JOINTS 115 FLARED, FLARELESS, AND COMPRESSION JOINTS, AND UNIONS
59	Table 112 Piping Flange Bolting, Facing, and Gasket Requirements
63	116 BELL END JOINTS 117 BRAZED AND SOLDERED JOINTS 118 SLEEVE COUPLED AND OTHER PROPRIETARY JOINTS Table 114.2.1 Threaded Joints Limitations
64	119 EXPANSION AND FLEXIBILITY
66	120 LOADS ON PIPE SUPPORTING ELEMENTS
67	121 DESIGN OF PIPE SUPPORTING ELEMENTS
68	Table 121.5 Suggested Steel Pipe Support Spacing
69	Table 121.7.2( A) Carrying Capacity of Threaded ASTM A36, A575, and A576 Hot- Rolled Carbon Steel
70	122 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS PERTAINING TO SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS
75	Fig. 122.1.7(C) Typical Globe Valves
76	Table 122.2 Design Pressure for Blowoff/ Blowdown Piping Downstream of BEP Valves
79	Fig. 122.4 Desuperheater Schematic Arrangement
83	Table 122.8.2( B) Minimum Wall Thickness Requirements for Toxic Fluid Piping
86	Chapter III Materials 123 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
87	124 LIMITATIONS ON MATERIALS
89	125 CREEP STRENGTH ENHANCED FERRITIC MATERIALS
91	Chapter IV Dimensional Requirements 126 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS FOR STANDARD AND NONSTANDARD PIPING COMPONENTS
92	Table 126.1 Specifications and Standards
99	Chapter V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection 127 WELDING
100	Fig. 127.3 Butt Welding of Piping Components With Internal Misalignment
101	Fig. 127.4.2 Welding End Transition — Maximum Envelope
103	Table 127.4.2 Reinforcement of Girth and Longitudinal Butt Welds
104	Fig. 127.4.4(A) Fillet Weld Size
105	Fig. 127.4.4(B) Welding Details for Slip-On and Socket-Welding Flanges; Some Acceptable Types of FlangeAttachment Welds Fig. 127.4.4(C) Minimum Welding Dimensions Required for Socket Welding Components Other Than Flanges Fig. 127.4.8(B) Typical Welded Branch Connection With Additional Reinforcement Fig. 127.4.8(A) Typical Welded Branch Connection Without Additional Reinforcement Fig. 127.4.8(C) Typical Welded Angular Branch Connection Without Additional Reinforcement
106	Fig. 127.4.8(D) Some Acceptable Types of Welded Branch Attachment Details Showing Minimum Acceptable Welds
107	Fig. 127.4.8(E) Some Acceptable Details for Integrally Reinforced Outlet Fittings
108	Fig. 127.4.8(F) Typical Full Penetration Weld Branch Connections for NPS 3 and Smaller Half Couplings or Adapters
109	Fig. 127.4.8(G) Typical Partial Penetration Weld Branch Connection for NPS 2 and Smaller Fittings
110	128 BRAZING AND SOLDERING
112	129 BENDING AND FORMING Table 129.3.1 Approximate Lower Critical Temperatures
113	130 REQUIREMENTS FOR FABRICATING AND ATTACHING PIPE SUPPORTS
114	Table 129.3.4.1 Post Cold- Forming Strain Limits and Heat- Treatment Requirements
115	131 WELDING PREHEAT 132 POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT
116	Table 131.4.1 Preheat Temperatures
117	Table 132 Postweld Heat Treatment
118	Table 132.1 Alternate Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels, P- Nos. 1 and 3 Table 132.1.3 Postweld Heat Treatment of P36/ F36
119	Table 132.2 Exemptions to Mandatory Postweld Heat Treatment
122	133 STAMPING 135 ASSEMBLY
123	Fig. 135.5.3 Typical Threaded Joints Using Straight Threads
124	Chapter VI Inspection, Examination, and Testing 136 INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION
126	Table 136.4 Mandatory Minimum Nondestructive Examinations for Pressure Welds or Welds to Pressure- Retaining Components
127	Table 136.4.1 Weld Imperfections Indicated by Various Types of Examination
128	137 PRESSURE TESTS
131	Chapter VII Operation and Maintenance 138 GENERAL 139 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES 140 CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF CPS
132	141 CPS RECORDS 142 PIPING AND PIPE- SUPPORT MAINTENANCE PROGRAM AND PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS 144 CPS WALKDOWNS 145 MATERIAL DEGRADATION MECHANISMS 146 DYNAMIC LOADING
133	MANDATORY APPENDIX A ALLOWABLE STRESS TABLES
134	Table A- 1 Carbon Steel
146	Table A- 2 Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel
156	Table A- 3 Stainless Steels
186	Table A- 4 Nickel and High Nickel Alloys
198	Table A- 5 Cast Iron
200	Table A- 6 Copper and Copper Alloys
204	Table A- 7 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
212	Table A- 8 Temperatures 1,200° F and Above
218	Table A- 9 Titanium and Titanium Alloys
222	Table A- 10 Bolts, Nuts, and Studs
227	MANDATORY APPENDIX B THERMAL EXPANSION DATA
228	Table B- 1 Thermal Expansion Data
232	Table B- 1 ( SI) Thermal Expansion Data
236	MANDATORY APPENDIX C MODULI OF ELASTICITY Table C- 1 Moduli of Elasticity for Ferrous Material
237	Table C- 1 ( SI) Moduli of Elasticity for Ferrous Material
238	Table C- 2 Moduli of Elasticity for Nonferrous Material
240	Table C- 2 ( SI) Moduli of Elasticity for Nonferrous Material
242	MANDATORY APPENDIX D FLEXIBILITY AND STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTORS Table D- 1 Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors
243	Table D- 1 Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors ( Cont’d)
244	Table D- 1 Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors ( Cont’d)
245	Table D- 1 Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors ( Cont’d)
249	MANDATORY APPENDIX F REFERENCED STANDARDS
253	MANDATORY APPENDIX G NOMENCLATURE
260	MANDATORY APPENDIX H PREPARATION OF TECHNICAL INQUIRIES H- 1 INTRODUCTION H- 2 REQUIREMENTS H- 3 SUBMITTAL
261	MANDATORY APPENDIX J QUALITY CONTROL REQUIREMENTS FOR BOILER EXTERNAL PIPING ( BEP) J- 1 QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM
263	MANDATORY APPENDIX N RULES FOR NONMETALLIC PIPING AND PIPING LINED WITH NONMETALS
264	Chapter N- I Scope and Definitions N- 100 GENERAL
266	Chapter N- II Design N- 101 DESIGN CONDITIONS N- 102 DESIGN CRITERIA
271	N- 103 CRITERIA FOR PRESSURE DESIGN N- 104 PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS
273	N- 105 PIPE N- 106 FITTINGS N- 107 VALVES N- 110 GENERAL N- 111 BONDED JOINTS
274	N- 112 FLANGED JOINTS N- 113 EXPANDED OR ROLLED JOINTS N- 114 THREADED JOINTS N- 115 FLARED LINING JOINTS FOR METALLIC PIPING LINED WITH NONMETALS N- 116 BELL END JOINTS
275	N- 118 PROPRIETARY JOINTS N- 119 EXPANSION AND FLEXIBILITY
277	N- 120 LOADS ON PIPE- SUPPORTING ELEMENTS N- 121 DESIGN OF PIPE- SUPPORTING ELEMENTS
278	N- 122 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS PERTAINING TO SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS
279	Chapter N- III Materials N- 123 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS N- 124 LIMITATIONS ON MATERIALS
280	N- 125 MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS: JOINING AND AUXILIARY MATERIALS
281	Chapter N- IV Specifications and Standard Data N- 126 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS
284	Chapter N- V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection N- 127 BONDING PLASTIC JOINTS
287	N- 129 BENDING AND FORMING N- 135 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION
289	Chapter N- VI Examination, Inspection, and Testing N- 136 GENERAL N- 136.1 Inspection N- 136.3 Examination
290	N- 137 PRESSURE TESTS
291	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX II RULES FOR THE DESIGN OF SAFETY VALVE INSTALLATIONS1 II- 1 SCOPE AND DEFINITION
292	II- 2 LOADS
299	II- 3 BENDING MOMENT COMPUTATIONS
300	II- 4 LOADING CRITERIA AND STRESS COMPUTATION
303	II- 5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
304	II- 6 SAMPLE DESIGNS II- 7 SAMPLE PROBLEM ( SEE FIGS. II- 7- 1 AND II- 7- 2)
312	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX III DELETED
313	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX IV CORROSION CONTROL FOR ASME B31.1 POWER PIPING SYSTEMS IV- 1 GENERAL IV- 2 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL FOR BURIED OR SUBMERGED PIPELINES
314	IV- 3 INTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL
315	IV- 4 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL FOR PIPING EXPOSED TO THE ATMOSPHERE IV- 5 MONITORING OF PIPE WALL THINNING DUE TO EROSION/ CORROSION
317	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX V RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND MODIFICATION OF POWER PIPING SYSTEMS V- 1 DEFINITIONS1
318	V- 2 GENERAL V- 3 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAM V- 4 REQUIREMENTS OF THE OPERATING, MAINTENANCE, AND MODIFICATION PROCEDURES
319	V- 5 PIPING AND PIPE SUPPORT MAINTENANCE PROGRAM AND PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS V- 6 MATERIAL HISTORY
320	V- 7 CPS POSITION HISTORY
325	V- 8 PIPING CORROSION
326	V- 9 PIPING ADDITION TO EXISTING PLANTS V- 10 SAFETY, SAFETY RELIEF, AND RELIEF VALVES
327	V- 11 DYNAMIC LOADING V- 12 CREEP
329	V- 13 RERATING PIPING SYSTEMS
330	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX VI APPROVAL OF NEW MATERIALS
332	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX VII PROCEDURES FOR THE DESIGN OF RESTRAINED UNDERGROUND PIPING VII- 1 SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS
333	VII- 2 LOADS
334	VII- 3 CALCULATIONS
337	VII- 4 COMPUTER MODELING OF BURIED PIPING
338	VII- 5 ALLOWABLE STRESS IN BURIED PIPE VII- 6 EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
343	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX VIII GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING IF LOW- TEMPERATURE SERVICE REQUIREMENTS APPLY
353	INDEX
361	ASME B31.1 INTERPRETATIONS VOLUME 47
362	B31.1
365	B31.1 — Cases No. 37

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASME	2014	380


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Standard Title	ASME B31.1 Power Piping
Published Code	ASME
Publication Date	2014
Pages Count	380

ASME B31.1 2014

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