ASME B31.1 2022
$98.04
ASME B31.1-2022 Power Piping
Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
ASME | 2022 | 394 |
Rules for this Code Section have been developed considering the needs for applications that include piping typically found in electric power generating stations, industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems, and central and district heating and cooling systems.
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PDF Pages | PDF Title |
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4 | CONTENTS |
10 | FOREWORD |
11 | ASME B31 COMMITTEE ROSTER |
14 | INTRODUCTION |
17 | ASME B31.1-2022 SUMMARY OF CHANGES |
22 | Chapter I Scope and Definitions 100 GENERAL 100.1 Scope |
23 | Figures Figure 100.1.2-1 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — An Example of Forced-Flow Steam Generators With No Fixed Steam and Waterline |
24 | Figure 100.1.2-2 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — An Example of Steam Separator Type Forced-Flow Steam Generators With No Fixed Steam and Waterline |
25 | Figure 100.1.2-3 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Drum-Type Boilers |
26 | Figure 100.1.2-4 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Isolable Economizers Located in Feedwater Piping and Isolable Superheaters in Main Steam Piping (Boiler Pressure Relief Valves, Blowoff, and Miscellaneous Piping for Boiler Proper Not Shown for Clarity) |
27 | Figure 100.1.2-5 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Reheaters and Nonintegral Separately Fired Superheaters |
28 | 100.2 Definitions Figure 100.1.2-6 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Spray-Type Desuperheater |
29 | Figure 100.1.2-7 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — HRSG — Desuperheater Protection Devices |
30 | Figure 100.1.2-8 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Firetube Boiler |
31 | Figure 100.1.2-9 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Steam Locomotive Boiler With Dome Throttle |
32 | Figure 100.1.2-10 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Steam Locomotive Boiler With Front-End Throttle |
39 | Chapter II Design 101 DESIGN CONDITIONS 101.1 General 101.2 Pressure 101.3 Temperature |
40 | 101.4 Ambient Influences 101.5 Dynamic Effects 101.6 Weight Effects 101.7 Thermal Expansion and Contraction Loads |
41 | 101.9 Reduced Ductility Effects 102 DESIGN CRITERIA 102.1 General 102.2 Pressure–Temperature Ratings for Piping Components |
42 | 102.3 Allowable Stress Values and Other Stress Limits for Piping Components |
43 | 102.4 Allowances |
44 | Tables Table 102.4.3-1 Longitudinal Weld Joint Efficiency Factors Table 102.4.5-1 Bend Thinning Allowance |
45 | Figure 102.4.5-1 Nomenclature for Pipe Bends Table 102.4.6-1 Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness 4 1⁄2 in. (114 mm) or Less |
46 | 103 CRITERIA FOR PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS Table 102.4.6-2 Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness Greater Than 4 1⁄2 in. (114 mm) |
47 | Table 102.4.7-1 Weld Strength Reduction Factors (WSRFs) to Be Applied When Calculating the Minimum Wall Thickness or Allowable Design Pressure of Components Fabricated With a Longitudinal Seam Fusion Weld |
48 | 104 PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS 104.1 Straight Pipe |
49 | 104.2 Curved and Mitered Segments of Pipe Table 104.1.2-1 Values of y |
50 | 104.3 Intersections and Attachments |
53 | Figure 104.3.1-1 Reinforcement of Branch Connections |
56 | Figure 104.3.1-2 Reinforced Extruded Outlets |
57 | 104.4 Closures |
58 | 104.5 Pressure Design of Flanges and Blanks |
59 | 104.6 Reducers 104.7 Other Pressure-Containing Components Figure 104.5.3-1 Types of Permanent Blanks |
60 | 104.8 Analysis of Piping Components |
61 | 105 PIPE 105.1 General 105.2 Metallic Pipe Figure 104.8-1 Equations (15), (16), and (17) |
62 | 105.3 Nonmetallic Pipe 106 FITTINGS, BENDS, AND INTERSECTIONS 106.1 Fittings 106.2 Bends and Intersections 106.3 Pipe Couplings and Unions 106.4 Flexible Metal Hose Assembly |
63 | 107 VALVES 107.1 General 107.2 Marking 107.3 Ends 107.4 Stem Threads 107.5 Bonnet Joints 107.6 Bypasses |
64 | 107.8 Pressure-Relieving Valves and Devices 108 PIPE FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, GASKETS, AND BOLTING 108.1 Flanges 108.2 Blanks 108.3 Flange Facings 108.4 Gaskets 108.5 U.S. Customary Bolting 108.6 Metric Bolting |
65 | 110 PIPING JOINTS 111 WELDED JOINTS 111.1 General 111.2 Butt Welds 111.3 Socket Welds 111.4 Fillet Welds 111.5 Seal Welds 112 FLANGED JOINTS |
66 | 113 EXPANDED OR ROLLED JOINTS 114 THREADED JOINTS 114.1 Threads on Piping Components 114.2 Threaded Joints, Access Holes With Plugs 114.3 Threaded Pipe Wall 115 FLARED, FLARELESS, AND COMPRESSION JOINTS, AND UNIONS 115.1 Compatibility 115.2 Pressure–Temperature Ratings |
67 | Table 112-1 Piping Flange Bolting, Facing, and Gasket Requirements (Refer to Paras. 108, 110, and 112) |
70 | 115.3 Threads 115.4 Fitting and Gripping 116 BELL END JOINTS 116.1 Elastomeric-Gasket Joints 116.2 Caulked Joints 117 BRAZED AND SOLDERED JOINTS 117.1 Brazed Joints 117.2 Soldered Joints 117.3 Limitations 118 SLEEVE COUPLED AND OTHER PROPRIETARY JOINTS Table 114.2.1-1 Threaded Joints Limitations |
71 | 119 EXPANSION AND FLEXIBILITY 119.1 General 119.2 Displacement Stress Range 119.3 Local Overstrain 119.5 Flexibility 119.6 Piping Properties |
72 | 119.7 Flexibility Analysis |
73 | 119.8 Movements 119.9 Cold Spring 119.10 Reactions 120 LOADS ON PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS 120.1 General |
74 | 120.2 Supports, Anchors, and Guides 121 DESIGN OF PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS 121.1 General 121.2 Allowable Stress Values |
75 | 121.3 Temperature Limitations 121.4 Hanger Adjustments 121.5 Hanger Spacing 121.6 Springs 121.7 Fixtures Table 121.5-1 Suggested Steel Pipe-Support Spacing |
76 | Table 121.7.2-1 Carrying Capacity of Threaded ASTM A36, ASTM A575, and ASTM A576 Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel |
77 | 121.8 Structural Attachments 121.9 Loads and Supporting Structures 121.10 Requirements for Fabricating Pipe Supports 122 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS PERTAINING TO SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS |
78 | 122.1 Boiler External Piping; in Accordance With Para. 100.1.2(a) — Steam, Feedwater, Blowoff, and Drain Piping |
82 | Figure 122.1.7-1 Typical Globe Valves |
83 | 122.2 Blowoff and Blowdown Piping in Nonboiler External Piping 122.3 Instrument, Control, and Sampling Piping Table 122.2-1 Design Pressure for Blowoff/Blowdown Piping Downstream of BEP Valves |
85 | 122.4 Spray-Type Desuperheater Piping for Use on Steam Generators, Main Steam, and Reheat Steam Piping |
86 | Figure 122.4-1 Desuperheater Schematic Arrangement |
87 | 122.5 Pressure-Reducing Valves 122.5.1 General. 122.5.2 Bypass Valves. 122.5.3 Design of Valves and Pressure-Relieving Valves and Devices. 122.6 Pressure Relief Piping 122.6.1 Piping to Pressure-Relieving Valves and Devices 122.6.2 Discharge Piping From Pressure-Relieving Valves and Devices 122.7 Piping for Flammable or Combustible Liquids 122.7.1 General. |
88 | 122.7.2 Materials 122.7.3 Piping Joints 122.7.4 Valves and Specialties. 122.8 Piping for Flammable Gases, Toxic Fluids (Gases or Liquids), or Nonflammable Nontoxic Gases 122.8.1 Flammable Gas |
90 | 122.8.2 Toxic Fluids (Gas or Liquid) Table 122.8.2-1 Minimum Wall Thickness Requirements for Toxic Fluid Piping |
91 | 122.8.3 Nonflammable Nontoxic Gas 122.9 Piping for Corrosive Liquids and Gases 122.10 Temporary Piping Systems 122.11 Steam Trap Piping 122.11.1 Drip Lines. 122.11.2 Discharge Piping. 122.12 Exhaust and Pump Suction Piping |
92 | 122.13 Pump Discharge Piping 122.14 District Heating and Steam Distribution Systems 122.14.1 General. 122.14.2 Alternative Systems. |
93 | Chapter III Materials 123 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 123.1 Materials and Specifications |
94 | 123.2 Piping Components 123.3 Pipe-Supporting Elements 123.4 Longitudinal-Welded or Spiral-Welded Pipe With Filler Metal Added 124 LIMITATIONS ON MATERIALS 124.1 Temperature Limitations |
95 | 124.2 Steel 124.4 Gray Cast Iron 124.5 Malleable Iron 124.6 Ductile (Nodular) Iron |
96 | 124.7 Nonferrous Metals 124.8 Cladding and Lining Materials 124.9 Nonmetallic Pipe 124.10 Deterioration of Materials in Service 124.11 Gaskets 124.12 Bolting 125 CREEP STRENGTH ENHANCED FERRITIC MATERIALS 125.1 Requirements for ASTM A217, Grade C12A and ASTM A1091, Grade C91 Castings |
98 | Chapter IV Reference Specifications, Codes, and Standards 126 SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS FOR STANDARD AND NONSTANDARD PIPING COMPONENTS 126.1 Standard Piping Components 126.2 Nonstandard Piping Components 126.3 Referenced Documents 126.4 Other Documents |
99 | Table 126.1-1 Specifications and Standards |
108 | Chapter V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection 127 WELDING 127.1 General 127.2 Material |
109 | 127.3 Preparation for Welding 127.4 Procedure Figure 127.3-1 Butt Welding of Piping Components With Internal Misalignment |
111 | Figure 127.4.2-1 Welding End Transition — Maximum Envelope |
112 | Table 127.4.2-1 Reinforcement of Girth and Longitudinal Butt Welds |
113 | Figure 127.4.4-1 Fillet Weld Size |
114 | Figure 127.4.4-2 Welding Details for Slip-On and Socket-Welding Flanges; Some Acceptable Types of Flange Attachment Welds Figure 127.4.4-3 Minimum Welding Dimensions Required for Socket Welding Components Other Than Flanges Figure 127.4.8-1 Typical Welded Branch Connection Without Additional Reinforcement |
115 | 127.5 Qualification 127.6 Welding Records Figure 127.4.8-2 Typical Welded Branch Connection With Additional Reinforcement |
116 | 128 BRAZING AND SOLDERING 128.1 General 128.2 Materials 128.3 Preparation 128.4 Procedure 128.5 Brazing Qualification Figure 127.4.8-3 Typical Welded Angular Branch Connection Without Additional Reinforcement |
117 | 128.6 Brazing Records 129 BENDING AND FORMING 129.1 Bending Figure 127.4.8-4 Some Acceptable Types of Welded Branch Attachment Details Showing Minimum Acceptable Welds |
118 | Figure 127.4.8-5 Some Acceptable Details for Integrally Reinforced Outlet Fittings |
119 | Figure 127.4.8-6 Typical Full Penetration Weld Branch Connections for NPS 3 (DN 80) and Smaller Half Couplings or Adapters |
120 | Figure 127.4.8-7 Typical Partial Penetration Weld Branch and Instrument Connections for NPS 2 (DN 50) and Smaller Fittings |
121 | 129.2 Forming 129.3 Heat Treatment of Bends and Formed Components Table 129.3.1-1 Approximate Lower Critical Temperatures |
122 | Table 129.3.3.1-1 Post-Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat Treatment Requirements for Creep Strength Enhanced Ferritic Steels |
123 | Table 129.3.4.1-1 Post-Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat Treatment Requirements for Austenitic Materials and Nickel Alloys |
124 | 130 REQUIREMENTS FOR FABRICATING AND ATTACHING PIPE SUPPORTS 130.1 Pipe Supports 130.2 Alternate Pipe Supports 130.3 Pipe Support Welds 131 WELDING PREHEAT 131.1 Minimum Preheat Requirements 131.2 Different P-Number Materials 131.3 Preheat Temperature Verification 131.4 Preheat Temperature 131.6 Interruption of Welding |
125 | Table 131.4.1-1 Preheat Temperatures |
126 | 132 POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT 132.1 Minimum PWHT Requirements 132.2 Mandatory PWHT Requirements 132.3 Exemptions to Mandatory PWHT Requirements 132.4 Definition of Thicknesses for PWHT |
127 | Table 132.1.1-1 Postweld Heat Treatment |
128 | 132.5 PWHT Heating and Cooling Requirements 132.6 Furnace Heating Table 132.1.1-2 Alternate Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels, P-Nos. 1 and 3 Table 132.1.3-1 Postweld Heat Treatment of 15NiCuMoNb 5-6-4/P36/F36 |
129 | Table 132.2-1 Exemptions to Mandatory Postweld Heat Treatment |
131 | 132.7 Local Heating 133 STAMPING 135 ASSEMBLY 135.1 General 135.2 Alignment 135.3 Bolted Flanged Connections 135.4 Packed Joints and Caulked Joints |
132 | 135.5 Threaded Piping 135.6 Tubing Joints 135.7 Ductile Iron Bell End Piping Figure 135.5.3-1 Typical Threaded Joints Using Straight Threads |
133 | Chapter VI Inspection, Examination, and Testing 136 INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION 136.1 Inspection 136.2 Inspection and Qualification of Authorized Inspector for Boiler External Piping |
134 | 136.3 Examination 136.4 Examination Methods of Welds |
135 | Table 136.4.1-1 Mandatory Minimum Nondestructive Examinations for Pressure Welds or Welds to Pressure-Retaining Components |
136 | Table 136.4.1-2 Weld Imperfections Indicated by Various Types of Examination |
138 | 137 PRESSURE TESTS 137.1 General Requirements 137.2 Preparation for Testing 137.3 Requirements for Specific Piping Systems |
139 | 137.4 Hydrostatic Testing 137.5 Pneumatic Testing |
140 | 137.6 Mass-Spectrometer and Halide Testing 137.7 Initial Service Testing 137.8 Alternative to Hydrostatic and Pneumatic Testing |
141 | 137.9 Retesting After Repair or Additions |
142 | Chapter VII Operation and Maintenance 138 GENERAL 139 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES 140 CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF CPS |
143 | 141 CPS RECORDS 141.1 General 141.2 Materials 141.3 Installation, Modification, and Repair Records 141.4 Failure Analysis |
144 | 141.5 Restoration After Failure 142 PIPING AND PIPE-SUPPORT MAINTENANCE PROGRAM AND PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS 142.1 Maintenance Program 142.2 Personnel 143 REPAIR OF CPS 144 CPS WALKDOWNS 145 MATERIAL DEGRADATION MECHANISMS 146 DYNAMIC LOADING |
145 | 149 RERATING PIPING SYSTEMS 149.1 Uprating Piping Systems |
146 | MANDATORY APPENDICES MANDATORY APPENDIX A ALLOWABLE STRESS TABLES |
147 | Table A-1 Carbon Steel |
161 | Table A-2 Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel |
173 | Table A-3 Stainless Steels |
209 | Table A-4 Nickel and High Nickel Alloys |
223 | Table A-5 Cast Iron |
227 | Table A-6 Copper and Copper Alloys |
233 | Table A-7 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys |
241 | Table A-8 Temperatures 1,200°F and Above |
249 | Table A-9 Titanium and Titanium Alloys |
253 | Table A-10 Bolts, Nuts, and Studs |
260 | MANDATORY APPENDIX B THERMAL EXPANSION DATA |
261 | Table B-1 Thermal Expansion Data |
265 | Table B-1 (SI) Thermal Expansion Data |
270 | MANDATORY APPENDIX C MODULI OF ELASTICITY |
271 | Table C-1 Moduli of Elasticity for Ferrous Material |
272 | Table C-1 (SI) Moduli of Elasticity for Ferrous Material |
273 | Table C-2 Moduli of Elasticity for Nonferrous Material |
275 | Table C-2 (SI) Moduli of Elasticity for Nonferrous Material |
278 | MANDATORY APPENDIX D FLEXIBILITY AND STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTORS |
279 | Table D-1 Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors |
283 | Figure D-1 Branch Connection Dimensions |
284 | Figure D-2 Flexibility Factor, k, and Stress Intensification Factor, i |
285 | Figure D-3 Correction Factor, c |
286 | MANDATORY APPENDIX F REFERENCED STANDARDS |
290 | MANDATORY APPENDIX G NOMENCLATURE |
296 | MANDATORY APPENDIX H PREPARATION OF TECHNICAL INQUIRIES H-1 INTRODUCTION H-2 REQUIREMENTS H-3 SUBMITTAL |
297 | MANDATORY APPENDIX N RULES FOR NONMETALLIC PIPING AND PIPING LINED WITH NONMETALS FOREWORD |
298 | Chapter N-I Scope and Definitions |
300 | Figure N-100.2.1-1 Winding Angle of Filament-Wound Thermosetting Resin Pipe |
301 | Chapter N-II Design |
302 | Table N-102.2.1-1 Hydrostatic Design Stresses (HDS) and Recommended Temperature Limits for Thermoplastic Piping Components |
304 | Table N-102.2.1-2 Design Stresses (DS) and Recommended Temperature Limits for Laminated Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Piping Components |
305 | Table N-102.2.1-3 Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB) for Machine-Made Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe |
307 | Figure N-102.3.1-1 Typical Allowable Stress Curve for Filament-Wound Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe |
313 | Table N-119.6.1-1 Thermal Expansion Coefficients, Nonmetals |
314 | Table N-119.6.2-1 Modulus of Elasticity, Nonmetals |
316 | Chapter N-III Materials |
318 | Chapter N-IV Specifications and Standard Data |
319 | Table N-126.1-1 Nonmetallic Material and Product Standards |
321 | Chapter N-V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection |
322 | Figure N-127.7.1-1 Solvent-Cemented Joint |
323 | Figure N-127.7.2-1 Heat Fusion Joints Figure N-127.7.3-1 Thermoplastic Electrofusion Joints |
324 | Figure N-127.8.1-1 Thermosetting Resin Joints |
326 | Chapter N-VI Examination, Inspection, and Testing |
327 | Table N-136.4.1-1 Acceptance Criteria for Bonds |
328 | MANDATORY APPENDIX O USE OF ALTERNATIVE ULTRASONIC ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA O-1 GENERAL O-2 SCOPE O-3 EQUIPMENT O-4 PERSONNEL O-5 EXAMINATION O-6 DATA RECORDING O-7 DATA ANALYSIS |
329 | Figure O-8-1 Surface and Subsurface Indications O-8 DISCONTINUITY EVALUATION O-9 DISCONTINUITY ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA |
330 | Table O-9-1 Discontinuity Acceptance Criteria for Weld Thickness Under 1.0 in. (25 mm) Table O-9-2 Surface Discontinuity Acceptance Criteria for Weld Thickness 1.0 in. (25 mm) and Over Table O-9-3 Subsurface Discontinuity Acceptance Criteria for Weld Thickness 1.0 in. (25 mm) and Over |
331 | MANDATORY APPENDIX P METALLIC BELLOWS EXPANSION JOINTS P-1 GENERAL P-2 PIPING DESIGNER RESPONSIBILITIES |
332 | P-3 EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURER RESPONSIBILITIES |
335 | NONMANDATORY APPENDICES NONMANDATORY APPENDIX II RULES FOR THE DESIGN OF SAFETY VALVE INSTALLATIONS FOREWORD II-1 SCOPE AND DEFINITION |
336 | Figure II-1.2-1 Safety Valve Installation (Closed Discharge System) |
337 | Figure II-1.2-2 Safety Valve Installation (Open Discharge System) |
338 | II-2 LOADS |
339 | Figure II-2.2.1-1 Discharge Elbow (Open Discharge Installation) Table II-2.2.1-1 Values of a and b |
340 | Figure II-2.2.1-2 Compressible Flow Analysis |
341 | Figure II-2.2.1-3 Vent Pipe (Open Discharge Installation) |
343 | II-3 BENDING MOMENT COMPUTATIONS |
345 | Figure II-3.5.1.3-1 Safety Valve Installation (Open Discharge System) II-4 LOADING CRITERIA AND STRESS COMPUTATION |
346 | Figure II-3.5.1.3-2 Dynamic Load Factors for Open Discharge System |
347 | II-5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS |
349 | Figure II-6-1 Examples of Safety Valve Installations II-6 SAMPLE DESIGNS II-7 SAMPLE PROBLEM (SEE FIGURES II-7-1 AND II-7-2) |
351 | Figure II-7-1 Sample Problem Figure 1 |
352 | Figure II-7-2 Sample Problem Figure 2 |
355 | Figure II-7.1.9-1 Sample Problem Figure 3 |
356 | NONMANDATORY APPENDIX IV CORROSION CONTROL FOR ASME B31.1 POWER PIPING SYSTEMS FOREWORD IV-1 GENERAL IV-2 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL FOR BURIED OR SUBMERGED PIPELINES |
357 | IV-3 INTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL |
358 | Table IV-5.2-1 Flow-Accelerated Corrosion Rates IV-4 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL FOR PIPING EXPOSED TO THE ATMOSPHERE IV-5 MONITORING OF PIPE WALL THINNING DUE TO FLOW-ACCELERATED CORROSION |
359 | IV-6 REFERENCES |
360 | NONMANDATORY APPENDIX V RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND MODIFICATION OF POWER PIPING SYSTEMS FOREWORD V-1 DEFINITIONS |
361 | V-2 GENERAL V-3 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAM |
362 | V-4 REQUIREMENTS OF THE OPERATING, MAINTENANCE, AND MODIFICATION PROCEDURES V-5 PIPING AND PIPE-SUPPORT MAINTENANCE PROGRAM AND PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS V-6 MATERIAL RESTORATION |
363 | V-7 CPS POSITION HISTORY |
364 | V-8 PIPING CORROSION |
368 | V-9 PIPING ADDITION TO EXISTING PLANTS |
369 | V-10 PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICES V-11 DYNAMIC LOADING |
370 | V-12 DAMAGE MECHANISMS |
371 | Figure V-13.1.2-1 Effect of Various Steady Operating Temperatures on Time to Failure Due to Creep V-13 CREEP |
372 | V-14 RERATING PIPING SYSTEMS |
373 | V-15 REPAIR OF PIPING SYSTEMS |
374 | NONMANDATORY APPENDIX VII PROCEDURES FOR THE DESIGN OF RESTRAINED UNDERGROUND PIPING FOREWORD VII-1 SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS |
375 | VII-2 LOADS |
376 | VII-3 CALCULATIONS |
377 | Table VII-3.2.3-1 Approximate Safe Working Values of CD for Use in Modified Marston Formula |
378 | Figure VII-3.3.2-1 Element Category A, Elbow or Bend Figure VII-3.3.2-2 Element Category B, Branch Pipe Joining the P Leg Figure VII-3.3.2-3 Element Category C, Tee on End of P Leg Figure VII-3.3.2-4 Element Category D, Straight Pipe |
379 | VII-4 COMPUTER MODELING OF BURIED PIPING |
380 | Figure VII-5-1 Plan of Example Buried Pipe VII-5 ALLOWABLE STRESS IN BURIED PIPE VII-6 EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS |
382 | Table VII-6.3-1 Equations for Calculating Effective Length L′ or L″ |
384 | Figure VII-6.4.4-1 Computer Model of Example Pipe Figure VII-6.6-1 Example Plan of Element 1 as a Category D Element |
385 | NONMANDATORY APPENDIX VIII GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING IF LOW-TEMPERATURE SERVICE REQUIREMENTS APPLY |
386 | Table VIII-1 Low-Temperature Service Requirements by Material Group |
388 | Table VIII-2 Material Groupings by Material Specification |