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ASME B31.1 2022

$98.04

ASME B31.1-2022 Power Piping

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
ASME 2022 394
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Rules for this Code Section have been developed considering the needs for applications that include piping typically found in electric power generating stations, industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems, and central and district heating and cooling systems.

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PDF Pages PDF Title
4 CONTENTS
10 FOREWORD
11 ASME B31 COMMITTEE ROSTER
14 INTRODUCTION
17 ASME B31.1-2022 SUMMARY OF CHANGES
22 Chapter I Scope and Definitions
100 GENERAL
100.1 Scope
23 Figures
Figure 100.1.2-1 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — An Example of Forced-Flow Steam Generators With No Fixed Steam and Waterline
24 Figure 100.1.2-2 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — An Example of Steam Separator Type Forced-Flow Steam Generators With No Fixed Steam and Waterline
25 Figure 100.1.2-3 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Drum-Type Boilers
26 Figure 100.1.2-4 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Isolable Economizers Located in Feedwater Piping and Isolable Superheaters in Main Steam Piping (Boiler Pressure Relief Valves, Blowoff, and Miscellaneous Piping for Boiler Proper Not Shown for Clarity)
27 Figure 100.1.2-5 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Reheaters and Nonintegral Separately Fired Superheaters
28 100.2 Definitions
Figure 100.1.2-6 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Spray-Type Desuperheater
29 Figure 100.1.2-7 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — HRSG — Desuperheater Protection Devices
30 Figure 100.1.2-8 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Firetube Boiler
31 Figure 100.1.2-9 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Steam Locomotive Boiler With Dome Throttle
32 Figure 100.1.2-10 Code Jurisdictional Limits for Piping — Steam Locomotive Boiler With Front-End Throttle
39 Chapter II Design
101 DESIGN CONDITIONS
101.1 General
101.2 Pressure
101.3 Temperature
40 101.4 Ambient Influences
101.5 Dynamic Effects
101.6 Weight Effects
101.7 Thermal Expansion and Contraction Loads
41 101.9 Reduced Ductility Effects
102 DESIGN CRITERIA
102.1 General
102.2 Pressure–Temperature Ratings for Piping Components
42 102.3 Allowable Stress Values and Other Stress Limits for Piping Components
43 102.4 Allowances
44 Tables
Table 102.4.3-1 Longitudinal Weld Joint Efficiency Factors
Table 102.4.5-1 Bend Thinning Allowance
45 Figure 102.4.5-1 Nomenclature for Pipe Bends
Table 102.4.6-1 Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness 4 1⁄2 in. (114 mm) or Less
46 103 CRITERIA FOR PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS
Table 102.4.6-2 Maximum Severity Level for Casting Thickness Greater Than 4 1⁄2 in. (114 mm)
47 Table 102.4.7-1 Weld Strength Reduction Factors (WSRFs) to Be Applied When Calculating the Minimum Wall Thickness or Allowable Design Pressure of Components Fabricated With a Longitudinal Seam Fusion Weld
48 104 PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS
104.1 Straight Pipe
49 104.2 Curved and Mitered Segments of Pipe
Table 104.1.2-1 Values of y
50 104.3 Intersections and Attachments
53 Figure 104.3.1-1 Reinforcement of Branch Connections
56 Figure 104.3.1-2 Reinforced Extruded Outlets
57 104.4 Closures
58 104.5 Pressure Design of Flanges and Blanks
59 104.6 Reducers
104.7 Other Pressure-Containing Components
Figure 104.5.3-1 Types of Permanent Blanks
60 104.8 Analysis of Piping Components
61 105 PIPE
105.1 General
105.2 Metallic Pipe
Figure 104.8-1 Equations (15), (16), and (17)
62 105.3 Nonmetallic Pipe
106 FITTINGS, BENDS, AND INTERSECTIONS
106.1 Fittings
106.2 Bends and Intersections
106.3 Pipe Couplings and Unions
106.4 Flexible Metal Hose Assembly
63 107 VALVES
107.1 General
107.2 Marking
107.3 Ends
107.4 Stem Threads
107.5 Bonnet Joints
107.6 Bypasses
64 107.8 Pressure-Relieving Valves and Devices
108 PIPE FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, GASKETS, AND BOLTING
108.1 Flanges
108.2 Blanks
108.3 Flange Facings
108.4 Gaskets
108.5 U.S. Customary Bolting
108.6 Metric Bolting
65 110 PIPING JOINTS
111 WELDED JOINTS
111.1 General
111.2 Butt Welds
111.3 Socket Welds
111.4 Fillet Welds
111.5 Seal Welds
112 FLANGED JOINTS
66 113 EXPANDED OR ROLLED JOINTS
114 THREADED JOINTS
114.1 Threads on Piping Components
114.2 Threaded Joints, Access Holes With Plugs
114.3 Threaded Pipe Wall
115 FLARED, FLARELESS, AND COMPRESSION JOINTS, AND UNIONS
115.1 Compatibility
115.2 Pressure–Temperature Ratings
67 Table 112-1 Piping Flange Bolting, Facing, and Gasket Requirements (Refer to Paras. 108, 110, and 112)
70 115.3 Threads
115.4 Fitting and Gripping
116 BELL END JOINTS
116.1 Elastomeric-Gasket Joints
116.2 Caulked Joints
117 BRAZED AND SOLDERED JOINTS
117.1 Brazed Joints
117.2 Soldered Joints
117.3 Limitations
118 SLEEVE COUPLED AND OTHER PROPRIETARY JOINTS
Table 114.2.1-1 Threaded Joints Limitations
71 119 EXPANSION AND FLEXIBILITY
119.1 General
119.2 Displacement Stress Range
119.3 Local Overstrain
119.5 Flexibility
119.6 Piping Properties
72 119.7 Flexibility Analysis
73 119.8 Movements
119.9 Cold Spring
119.10 Reactions
120 LOADS ON PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS
120.1 General
74 120.2 Supports, Anchors, and Guides
121 DESIGN OF PIPE-SUPPORTING ELEMENTS
121.1 General
121.2 Allowable Stress Values
75 121.3 Temperature Limitations
121.4 Hanger Adjustments
121.5 Hanger Spacing
121.6 Springs
121.7 Fixtures
Table 121.5-1 Suggested Steel Pipe-Support Spacing
76 Table 121.7.2-1 Carrying Capacity of Threaded ASTM A36, ASTM A575, and ASTM A576 Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel
77 121.8 Structural Attachments
121.9 Loads and Supporting Structures
121.10 Requirements for Fabricating Pipe Supports
122 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS PERTAINING TO SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS
78 122.1 Boiler External Piping; in Accordance With Para. 100.1.2(a) — Steam, Feedwater, Blowoff, and Drain Piping
82 Figure 122.1.7-1 Typical Globe Valves
83 122.2 Blowoff and Blowdown Piping in Nonboiler External Piping
122.3 Instrument, Control, and Sampling Piping
Table 122.2-1 Design Pressure for Blowoff/Blowdown Piping Downstream of BEP Valves
85 122.4 Spray-Type Desuperheater Piping for Use on Steam Generators, Main Steam, and Reheat Steam Piping
86 Figure 122.4-1 Desuperheater Schematic Arrangement
87 122.5 Pressure-Reducing Valves
122.5.1 General.
122.5.2 Bypass Valves.
122.5.3 Design of Valves and Pressure-Relieving Valves and Devices.
122.6 Pressure Relief Piping
122.6.1 Piping to Pressure-Relieving Valves and Devices
122.6.2 Discharge Piping From Pressure-Relieving Valves and Devices
122.7 Piping for Flammable or Combustible Liquids
122.7.1 General.
88 122.7.2 Materials
122.7.3 Piping Joints
122.7.4 Valves and Specialties.
122.8 Piping for Flammable Gases, Toxic Fluids (Gases or Liquids), or Nonflammable Nontoxic Gases
122.8.1 Flammable Gas
90 122.8.2 Toxic Fluids (Gas or Liquid)
Table 122.8.2-1 Minimum Wall Thickness Requirements for Toxic Fluid Piping
91 122.8.3 Nonflammable Nontoxic Gas
122.9 Piping for Corrosive Liquids and Gases
122.10 Temporary Piping Systems
122.11 Steam Trap Piping
122.11.1 Drip Lines.
122.11.2 Discharge Piping.
122.12 Exhaust and Pump Suction Piping
92 122.13 Pump Discharge Piping
122.14 District Heating and Steam Distribution Systems
122.14.1 General.
122.14.2 Alternative Systems.
93 Chapter III Materials
123 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
123.1 Materials and Specifications
94 123.2 Piping Components
123.3 Pipe-Supporting Elements
123.4 Longitudinal-Welded or Spiral-Welded Pipe With Filler Metal Added
124 LIMITATIONS ON MATERIALS
124.1 Temperature Limitations
95 124.2 Steel
124.4 Gray Cast Iron
124.5 Malleable Iron
124.6 Ductile (Nodular) Iron
96 124.7 Nonferrous Metals
124.8 Cladding and Lining Materials
124.9 Nonmetallic Pipe
124.10 Deterioration of Materials in Service
124.11 Gaskets
124.12 Bolting
125 CREEP STRENGTH ENHANCED FERRITIC MATERIALS
125.1 Requirements for ASTM A217, Grade C12A and ASTM A1091, Grade C91 Castings
98 Chapter IV Reference Specifications, Codes, and Standards
126 SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS FOR STANDARD AND NONSTANDARD PIPING COMPONENTS
126.1 Standard Piping Components
126.2 Nonstandard Piping Components
126.3 Referenced Documents
126.4 Other Documents
99 Table 126.1-1 Specifications and Standards
108 Chapter V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection
127 WELDING
127.1 General
127.2 Material
109 127.3 Preparation for Welding
127.4 Procedure
Figure 127.3-1 Butt Welding of Piping Components With Internal Misalignment
111 Figure 127.4.2-1 Welding End Transition — Maximum Envelope
112 Table 127.4.2-1 Reinforcement of Girth and Longitudinal Butt Welds
113 Figure 127.4.4-1 Fillet Weld Size
114 Figure 127.4.4-2 Welding Details for Slip-On and Socket-Welding Flanges; Some Acceptable Types of Flange Attachment Welds
Figure 127.4.4-3 Minimum Welding Dimensions Required for Socket Welding Components Other Than Flanges
Figure 127.4.8-1 Typical Welded Branch Connection Without Additional Reinforcement
115 127.5 Qualification
127.6 Welding Records
Figure 127.4.8-2 Typical Welded Branch Connection With Additional Reinforcement
116 128 BRAZING AND SOLDERING
128.1 General
128.2 Materials
128.3 Preparation
128.4 Procedure
128.5 Brazing Qualification
Figure 127.4.8-3 Typical Welded Angular Branch Connection Without Additional Reinforcement
117 128.6 Brazing Records
129 BENDING AND FORMING
129.1 Bending
Figure 127.4.8-4 Some Acceptable Types of Welded Branch Attachment Details Showing Minimum Acceptable Welds
118 Figure 127.4.8-5 Some Acceptable Details for Integrally Reinforced Outlet Fittings
119 Figure 127.4.8-6 Typical Full Penetration Weld Branch Connections for NPS 3 (DN 80) and Smaller Half Couplings or Adapters
120 Figure 127.4.8-7 Typical Partial Penetration Weld Branch and Instrument Connections for NPS 2 (DN 50) and Smaller Fittings
121 129.2 Forming
129.3 Heat Treatment of Bends and Formed Components
Table 129.3.1-1 Approximate Lower Critical Temperatures
122 Table 129.3.3.1-1 Post-Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat Treatment Requirements for Creep Strength Enhanced Ferritic Steels
123 Table 129.3.4.1-1 Post-Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat Treatment Requirements for Austenitic Materials and Nickel Alloys
124 130 REQUIREMENTS FOR FABRICATING AND ATTACHING PIPE SUPPORTS
130.1 Pipe Supports
130.2 Alternate Pipe Supports
130.3 Pipe Support Welds
131 WELDING PREHEAT
131.1 Minimum Preheat Requirements
131.2 Different P-Number Materials
131.3 Preheat Temperature Verification
131.4 Preheat Temperature
131.6 Interruption of Welding
125 Table 131.4.1-1 Preheat Temperatures
126 132 POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT
132.1 Minimum PWHT Requirements
132.2 Mandatory PWHT Requirements
132.3 Exemptions to Mandatory PWHT Requirements
132.4 Definition of Thicknesses for PWHT
127 Table 132.1.1-1 Postweld Heat Treatment
128 132.5 PWHT Heating and Cooling Requirements
132.6 Furnace Heating
Table 132.1.1-2 Alternate Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels, P-Nos. 1 and 3
Table 132.1.3-1 Postweld Heat Treatment of 15NiCuMoNb 5-6-4/P36/F36
129 Table 132.2-1 Exemptions to Mandatory Postweld Heat Treatment
131 132.7 Local Heating
133 STAMPING
135 ASSEMBLY
135.1 General
135.2 Alignment
135.3 Bolted Flanged Connections
135.4 Packed Joints and Caulked Joints
132 135.5 Threaded Piping
135.6 Tubing Joints
135.7 Ductile Iron Bell End Piping
Figure 135.5.3-1 Typical Threaded Joints Using Straight Threads
133 Chapter VI Inspection, Examination, and Testing
136 INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION
136.1 Inspection
136.2 Inspection and Qualification of Authorized Inspector for Boiler External Piping
134 136.3 Examination
136.4 Examination Methods of Welds
135 Table 136.4.1-1 Mandatory Minimum Nondestructive Examinations for Pressure Welds or Welds to Pressure-Retaining Components
136 Table 136.4.1-2 Weld Imperfections Indicated by Various Types of Examination
138 137 PRESSURE TESTS
137.1 General Requirements
137.2 Preparation for Testing
137.3 Requirements for Specific Piping Systems
139 137.4 Hydrostatic Testing
137.5 Pneumatic Testing
140 137.6 Mass-Spectrometer and Halide Testing
137.7 Initial Service Testing
137.8 Alternative to Hydrostatic and Pneumatic Testing
141 137.9 Retesting After Repair or Additions
142 Chapter VII Operation and Maintenance
138 GENERAL
139 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
140 CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF CPS
143 141 CPS RECORDS
141.1 General
141.2 Materials
141.3 Installation, Modification, and Repair Records
141.4 Failure Analysis
144 141.5 Restoration After Failure
142 PIPING AND PIPE-SUPPORT MAINTENANCE PROGRAM AND PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
142.1 Maintenance Program
142.2 Personnel
143 REPAIR OF CPS
144 CPS WALKDOWNS
145 MATERIAL DEGRADATION MECHANISMS
146 DYNAMIC LOADING
145 149 RERATING PIPING SYSTEMS
149.1 Uprating Piping Systems
146 MANDATORY APPENDICES
MANDATORY APPENDIX A ALLOWABLE STRESS TABLES
147 Table A-1 Carbon Steel
161 Table A-2 Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel
173 Table A-3 Stainless Steels
209 Table A-4 Nickel and High Nickel Alloys
223 Table A-5 Cast Iron
227 Table A-6 Copper and Copper Alloys
233 Table A-7 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
241 Table A-8 Temperatures 1,200°F and Above
249 Table A-9 Titanium and Titanium Alloys
253 Table A-10 Bolts, Nuts, and Studs
260 MANDATORY APPENDIX B THERMAL EXPANSION DATA
261 Table B-1 Thermal Expansion Data
265 Table B-1 (SI) Thermal Expansion Data
270 MANDATORY APPENDIX C MODULI OF ELASTICITY
271 Table C-1 Moduli of Elasticity for Ferrous Material
272 Table C-1 (SI) Moduli of Elasticity for Ferrous Material
273 Table C-2 Moduli of Elasticity for Nonferrous Material
275 Table C-2 (SI) Moduli of Elasticity for Nonferrous Material
278 MANDATORY APPENDIX D FLEXIBILITY AND STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTORS
279 Table D-1 Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors
283 Figure D-1 Branch Connection Dimensions
284 Figure D-2 Flexibility Factor, k, and Stress Intensification Factor, i
285 Figure D-3 Correction Factor, c
286 MANDATORY APPENDIX F REFERENCED STANDARDS
290 MANDATORY APPENDIX G NOMENCLATURE
296 MANDATORY APPENDIX H PREPARATION OF TECHNICAL INQUIRIES
H-1 INTRODUCTION
H-2 REQUIREMENTS
H-3 SUBMITTAL
297 MANDATORY APPENDIX N RULES FOR NONMETALLIC PIPING AND PIPING LINED WITH NONMETALS
FOREWORD
298 Chapter N-I Scope and Definitions
300 Figure N-100.2.1-1 Winding Angle of Filament-Wound Thermosetting Resin Pipe
301 Chapter N-II Design
302 Table N-102.2.1-1 Hydrostatic Design Stresses (HDS) and Recommended Temperature Limits for Thermoplastic Piping Components
304 Table N-102.2.1-2 Design Stresses (DS) and Recommended Temperature Limits for Laminated Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Piping Components
305 Table N-102.2.1-3 Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB) for Machine-Made Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe
307 Figure N-102.3.1-1 Typical Allowable Stress Curve for Filament-Wound Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe
313 Table N-119.6.1-1 Thermal Expansion Coefficients, Nonmetals
314 Table N-119.6.2-1 Modulus of Elasticity, Nonmetals
316 Chapter N-III Materials
318 Chapter N-IV Specifications and Standard Data
319 Table N-126.1-1 Nonmetallic Material and Product Standards
321 Chapter N-V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection
322 Figure N-127.7.1-1 Solvent-Cemented Joint
323 Figure N-127.7.2-1 Heat Fusion Joints
Figure N-127.7.3-1 Thermoplastic Electrofusion Joints
324 Figure N-127.8.1-1 Thermosetting Resin Joints
326 Chapter N-VI Examination, Inspection, and Testing
327 Table N-136.4.1-1 Acceptance Criteria for Bonds
328 MANDATORY APPENDIX O USE OF ALTERNATIVE ULTRASONIC ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
O-1 GENERAL
O-2 SCOPE
O-3 EQUIPMENT
O-4 PERSONNEL
O-5 EXAMINATION
O-6 DATA RECORDING
O-7 DATA ANALYSIS
329 Figure O-8-1 Surface and Subsurface Indications
O-8 DISCONTINUITY EVALUATION
O-9 DISCONTINUITY ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
330 Table O-9-1 Discontinuity Acceptance Criteria for Weld Thickness Under 1.0 in. (25 mm)
Table O-9-2 Surface Discontinuity Acceptance Criteria for Weld Thickness 1.0 in. (25 mm) and Over
Table O-9-3 Subsurface Discontinuity Acceptance Criteria for Weld Thickness 1.0 in. (25 mm) and Over
331 MANDATORY APPENDIX P METALLIC BELLOWS EXPANSION JOINTS
P-1 GENERAL
P-2 PIPING DESIGNER RESPONSIBILITIES
332 P-3 EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURER RESPONSIBILITIES
335 NONMANDATORY APPENDICES
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX II RULES FOR THE DESIGN OF SAFETY VALVE INSTALLATIONS
FOREWORD
II-1 SCOPE AND DEFINITION
336 Figure II-1.2-1 Safety Valve Installation (Closed Discharge System)
337 Figure II-1.2-2 Safety Valve Installation (Open Discharge System)
338 II-2 LOADS
339 Figure II-2.2.1-1 Discharge Elbow (Open Discharge Installation)
Table II-2.2.1-1 Values of a and b
340 Figure II-2.2.1-2 Compressible Flow Analysis
341 Figure II-2.2.1-3 Vent Pipe (Open Discharge Installation)
343 II-3 BENDING MOMENT COMPUTATIONS
345 Figure II-3.5.1.3-1 Safety Valve Installation (Open Discharge System)
II-4 LOADING CRITERIA AND STRESS COMPUTATION
346 Figure II-3.5.1.3-2 Dynamic Load Factors for Open Discharge System
347 II-5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
349 Figure II-6-1 Examples of Safety Valve Installations
II-6 SAMPLE DESIGNS
II-7 SAMPLE PROBLEM (SEE FIGURES II-7-1 AND II-7-2)
351 Figure II-7-1 Sample Problem Figure 1
352 Figure II-7-2 Sample Problem Figure 2
355 Figure II-7.1.9-1 Sample Problem Figure 3
356 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX IV CORROSION CONTROL FOR ASME B31.1 POWER PIPING SYSTEMS
FOREWORD
IV-1 GENERAL
IV-2 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL FOR BURIED OR SUBMERGED PIPELINES
357 IV-3 INTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL
358 Table IV-5.2-1 Flow-Accelerated Corrosion Rates
IV-4 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL FOR PIPING EXPOSED TO THE ATMOSPHERE
IV-5 MONITORING OF PIPE WALL THINNING DUE TO FLOW-ACCELERATED CORROSION
359 IV-6 REFERENCES
360 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX V RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, AND MODIFICATION OF POWER PIPING SYSTEMS
FOREWORD
V-1 DEFINITIONS
361 V-2 GENERAL
V-3 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAM
362 V-4 REQUIREMENTS OF THE OPERATING, MAINTENANCE, AND MODIFICATION PROCEDURES
V-5 PIPING AND PIPE-SUPPORT MAINTENANCE PROGRAM AND PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS
V-6 MATERIAL RESTORATION
363 V-7 CPS POSITION HISTORY
364 V-8 PIPING CORROSION
368 V-9 PIPING ADDITION TO EXISTING PLANTS
369 V-10 PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICES
V-11 DYNAMIC LOADING
370 V-12 DAMAGE MECHANISMS
371 Figure V-13.1.2-1 Effect of Various Steady Operating Temperatures on Time to Failure Due to Creep
V-13 CREEP
372 V-14 RERATING PIPING SYSTEMS
373 V-15 REPAIR OF PIPING SYSTEMS
374 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX VII PROCEDURES FOR THE DESIGN OF RESTRAINED UNDERGROUND PIPING
FOREWORD
VII-1 SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS
375 VII-2 LOADS
376 VII-3 CALCULATIONS
377 Table VII-3.2.3-1 Approximate Safe Working Values of CD for Use in Modified Marston Formula
378 Figure VII-3.3.2-1 Element Category A, Elbow or Bend
Figure VII-3.3.2-2 Element Category B, Branch Pipe Joining the P Leg
Figure VII-3.3.2-3 Element Category C, Tee on End of P Leg
Figure VII-3.3.2-4 Element Category D, Straight Pipe
379 VII-4 COMPUTER MODELING OF BURIED PIPING
380 Figure VII-5-1 Plan of Example Buried Pipe
VII-5 ALLOWABLE STRESS IN BURIED PIPE
VII-6 EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
382 Table VII-6.3-1 Equations for Calculating Effective Length L′ or L″
384 Figure VII-6.4.4-1 Computer Model of Example Pipe
Figure VII-6.6-1 Example Plan of Element 1 as a Category D Element
385 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX VIII GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING IF LOW-TEMPERATURE SERVICE REQUIREMENTS APPLY
386 Table VIII-1 Low-Temperature Service Requirements by Material Group
388 Table VIII-2 Material Groupings by Material Specification
ASME B31.1 2022
$98.04