ASME B31.3 2016

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ASME B31.3 Process Piping

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ASME	2016

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Description

ASME has been defining piping safety since 1922. ASME B31.3 contains requirements for piping typically found in petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and terminals. It covers materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This Code applies to piping for all fluids including: (1) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; (2) petroleum products; (3) gas, steam, air and water; (4) fluidized solids; (5) refrigerants; and (6) cryogenic fluids. Also included is piping that interconnects pieces or stages within a packaged equipment assembly. Key changes to this revision include: • Severe Cyclic Conditions • MPa Allowable Stresses • Expansion Joints • Flange Joint Assembly • Ultrasonic Examination Acceptance Criteria • Category M Fluid Service Examination • Leak Testing of Instrument Connections • Leak Testing of Vacuum Systems • Leak Testing of Insulated Systems • Leak Testing of Assembled Piping B31.3 is one of ASME’s most requested codes. It serves as a companion to ASME’s B31.1 Code on Power Piping as well as to the other codes in ASME’s B31 series. Together, they remain essential references for anyone engaged with piping. Careful application of these B31 codes will help users to comply with applicable regulations within their jurisdictions, while achieving the operational, cost and safety benefits to be gained from the many industry best-practices detailed within these volumes. Intended for manufacturers, users, constructors, designers, and others concerned with the design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping, plus all potential governing entities.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
4	CONTENTS
13	FOREWORD
15	ASME B31 COMMITTEE Code for Pressure Piping
19	INTRODUCTION
21	ASME B31.3-2016 SUMMARY OF CHANGES
34	Chapter I Scope and Definitions 300 GENERAL STATEMENTS
35	300.1 Scope 300.1.1 Content and Coverage 300.1.2 Packaged Equipment Piping. 300.1.3 Exclusions. 300.1.4 Rounding.
36	300.2 Definitions Figures Fig. 300.1.1 Diagram Illustrating Application of B31.3 Piping at Equipment
42	300.3 Nomenclature 300.4 Status of Appendices
43	Tables Table 300.4 Status of Appendices in B31.3
44	Chapter II Design PART 1 CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA 301 DESIGN CONDITIONS 301.1 Qualifications of the Designer 301.2 Design Pressure 301.2.1 General 301.2.2 Required Pressure Containment or Relief 301.3 Design Temperature 301.3.1 Design Minimum Temperature.
45	301.3.2 Uninsulated Components 301.3.3 Externally Insulated Piping. 301.3.4 Internally Insulated Piping. 301.4 Ambient Effects 301.4.1 Cooling — Effects on Pressure. 301.4.2 Fluid Expansion Effects. 301.4.3 Atmospheric Icing. 301.4.4 Low Ambient Temperature. 301.5 Dynamic Effects 301.5.1 Impact. 301.5.2 Wind. 301.5.3 Earthquake. 301.5.4 Vibration. 301.5.5 Discharge Reactions. 301.6 Weight Effects 301.6.1 Live Loads. 301.6.2 Dead Loads. 301.7 Thermal Expansion and Contraction Effects 301.7.1 Thermal Loads Due to Restraints. 301.7.2 Loads Due to Temperature Gradients.
46	301.7.3 Loads Due to Differences in Expansion Characteristics. 301.8 Effects of Support, Anchor, and Terminal Movements 301.9 Reduced Ductility Effects 301.10 Cyclic Effects 301.11 Air Condensation Effects 302 DESIGN CRITERIA 302.1 General 302.2 Pressure-Temperature Design Criteria 302.2.1 Listed Components Having Established Ratings. 302.2.2 Listed Components Not Having Specific Ratings 302.2.3 Unlisted Components. 302.2.4 Allowances for Pressure and Temperature Variations.
47	302.2.5 Ratings at Junction of Different Services. 302.3 Allowable Stresses and Other Stress Limits 302.3.1 General. 302.3.2 Bases for Design Stresses.2
48	302.3.3 Casting Quality Factor, Ec
49	302.3.4 Weld Joint Quality Factor, Ej 302.3.5 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Sustained Loads and Displacement Strains Table 302.3.3C Increased Casting Quality Factors, Ec Table 302.3.3D Acceptance Levels for Castings
51	Fig. 302.3.5 Stress Range Factor, f Fig. 302.3.5 Stress Range Factor, f
52	302.3.6 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Occasional Loads 302.4 Allowances 302.5 Mechanical Strength
53	Table 302.3.5 Weld Joint Strength Reduction Factor, W
54	PART 2 PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS 303 GENERAL 304 PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS 304.1 Straight Pipe 304.1.1 General 304.1.2 Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure 304.1.3 Straight Pipe Under External Pressure.
55	304.2 Curved and Mitered Segments of Pipe 304.2.1 Pipe Bends. 304.2.2 Elbows. 304.2.3 Miter Bends. Fig. 304.2.1 Nomenclature for Pipe Bends Fig. 304.2.3 Nomenclature for Miter Bends Table 304.1.1 Values of Coefficient Y for t < D/6
56	304.2.4 Curved and Mitered Segments of Pipe Under External Pressure. 304.3 Branch Connections 304.3.1 General 304.3.2 Strength of Branch Connections.
57	304.3.3 Reinforcement of Welded Branch Connections.
58	Fig. 304.3.3 Branch Connection Nomenclature
59	304.3.4 Reinforcement of Extruded Outlet Headers
60	Fig. 304.3.4 Extruded Outlet Header Nomenclature
61	304.3.5 Additional Design Considerations. 304.3.6 Branch Connections Under External Pressure. 304.4 Closures 304.4.1 General
62	304.4.2 Openings in Closures 304.5 Pressure Design of Flanges and Blanks 304.5.1 Flanges — General 304.5.2 Blind Flanges Table 304.4.1 BPV Code References for Closures
63	304.5.3 Blanks 304.6 Reducers 304.6.1 Concentric Reducers 304.6.2 Eccentric Reducers. 304.7 Pressure Design of Other Components 304.7.1 Listed Components. 304.7.2 Unlisted Components. Fig. 304.5.3 Blanks
64	304.7.3 Metallic Components With Nonmetallic Pressure Parts. 304.7.4 Expansion Joints PART 3 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS 305 PIPE 305.1 General 305.2 Specific Requirements 305.2.1 Pipe for Category D Fluid Service. 305.2.2 Pipe Requiring Safeguarding. 305.2.3 Pipe for Severe Cyclic Conditions 305.2.4 Elevated Temperature Fluid Service. 306 FITTINGS, BENDS, MITERS, LAPS, AND BRANCH CONNECTIONS
65	306.1 Pipe Fittings 306.1.1 Listed Fittings. 306.1.2 Unlisted Fittings. 306.1.3 Specific Fittings 306.1.4 Fittings for Severe Cyclic Conditions 306.2 Pipe Bends 306.2.1 General 306.2.2 Corrugated and Other Bends. 306.2.3 Bends for Severe Cyclic Conditions. 306.3 Miter Bends 306.3.1 General. 306.3.2 Miter Bends for Category D Fluid Service. 306.3.3 Miter Bends for Severe Cyclic Conditions. 306.4 Laps 306.4.1 Fabricated Laps. 306.4.2 Flared Laps. 306.4.3 Forged Laps. 306.4.4 Laps for Severe Cyclic Conditions
66	306.5 Fabricated Branch Connections 306.5.1 General. 306.5.2 Fabricated Branch Connections for Severe Cyclic Conditions. 306.6 Thermowells 307 VALVES AND SPECIALTY COMPONENTS 307.1 General 307.1.1 Listed Valves. 307.1.2 Unlisted Valves. 307.2 Specific Requirements 307.2.1 Bonnet Bolting. 307.2.2 Stem Retention. 308 FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, AND GASKETS 308.1 General 308.1.1 Listed Components. 308.1.2 Unlisted Components. 308.2 Specific Requirements for Flanges 308.2.1 Slip-On Flanges 308.2.2 Expanded-Joint Flanges. Table 308.2.1 Permissible Sizes/Rating Classes for Slip-On Flanges Used as Lapped Flanges
67	308.2.3 Socket Welding and Threaded Flanges. 308.2.4 Flanges for Severe Cyclic Conditions. 308.2.5 Flanges for Flared Metallic Laps. 308.3 Flange Facings 308.4 Gaskets 309 BOLTING 309.1 General 309.1.1 Listed Bolting. 309.1.2 Unlisted Bolting. 309.1.3 Bolting for Components. 309.1.4 Selection Criteria. 309.2 Specific Bolting 309.2.1 Low Yield Strength Bolting. 309.2.2 Carbon Steel Bolting. 309.2.3 Bolting for Metallic Flange Combinations. 309.2.4 Bolting for Severe Cyclic Conditions. 309.3 Tapped Holes PART 4 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPING JOINTS 310 GENERAL 311 WELDED JOINTS 311.1 General
68	311.2 Specific Requirements 311.2.1 Welds for Category D Fluid Service. 311.2.2 Welds for Severe Cyclic Conditions. 311.2.3 Welds for Elevated Temperature Fluid Service. 311.2.4 Backing Rings and Consumable Inserts 311.2.5 Socket Welds 311.2.6 Fillet Welds 311.2.7 Seal Welds. 312 FLANGED JOINTS 312.1 Joints Using Flanges of Different Ratings 312.2 Metal to Nonmetal Flanged Joints 312.3 Flanged Joint Assembly 313 EXPANDED JOINTS 314 THREADED JOINTS 314.1 General
69	314.2 Specific Requirements 314.2.1 Taper-Threaded Joints. 314.2.2 Straight-Threaded Joints. 315 TUBING JOINTS 315.1 General 315.2 Joints Conforming to Listed Standards 315.3 Joints Not Conforming to Listed Standards 316 CAULKED JOINTS 317 SOLDERED AND BRAZED JOINTS 317.1 Soldered Joints 317.2 Brazed and Braze Welded Joints Table 314.2.1 Minimum Thickness of External Threaded Components
70	318 SPECIAL JOINTS 318.1 General 318.1.1 Listed Joints. 318.1.2 Unlisted Joints. 318.2 Specific Requirements 318.2.1 Joint Integrity. 318.2.2 Joint Interlocks. 318.2.3 Bell and Gland Type Joints. PART 5 FLEXIBILITY AND SUPPORT 319 PIPING FLEXIBILITY 319.1 Requirements 319.1.1 Basic Requirements. 319.1.2 Specific Requirements. 319.2 Concepts 319.2.1 Displacement Strains 319.2.2 Displacement Stresses
71	319.2.3 Displacement Stress Range 319.2.4 Cold Spring. 319.3 Properties for Flexibility Analysis 319.3.1 Thermal Expansion Data 319.3.2 Modulus of Elasticity.
72	319.3.3 Poisson’s Ratio. 319.3.4 Allowable Stresses 319.3.5 Dimensions. 319.3.6 Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors. 319.4 Flexibility Analysis 319.4.1 Formal Analysis Not Required. 319.4.2 Formal Analysis Requirements 319.4.3 Basic Assumptions and Requirements.
73	319.4.4 Flexibility Stresses 319.5 Reactions 319.5.1 Maximum Reactions for Simple Systems.
74	Fig. 319.4.4A Moments in Bends Fig. 319.4.4B Moments in Branch Connections
75	319.5.2 Maximum Reactions for Complex Systems. 319.6 Calculation of Movements 319.7 Means of Increasing Flexibility 320 ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINED LOADS 320.1 Basic Assumptions and Requirements
76	320.2 Stress Due to Sustained Loads 321 PIPING SUPPORT 321.1 General 321.1.1 Objectives.
77	321.1.2 Analysis. 321.1.3 Stresses for Pipe Supporting Elements. 321.1.4 Materials 321.1.5 Threads. 321.2 Fixtures 321.2.1 Anchors and Guides 321.2.2 Inextensible Supports Other Than Anchors and Guides 321.2.3 Resilient Supports
78	321.2.4 Counterweight Supports. 321.2.5 Hydraulic Supports. 321.3 Structural Attachments 321.3.1 Nonintegral Attachments. 321.3.2 Integral Attachments. 321.4 Structural Connections PART 6 SYSTEMS 322 SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS 322.3 Instrument Piping 322.3.1 Definition. 322.3.2 Requirements. 322.6 Pressure-Relieving Systems 322.6.1 Stop Valves in Pressure Relief Piping.
79	322.6.2 Pressure Relief Discharge Piping. 322.6.3 Pressure-Relieving Devices
80	Chapter III Materials 323 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 323.1 Materials and Specifications 323.1.1 Listed Materials. 323.1.2 Unlisted Materials. 323.1.3 Unknown Materials. 323.1.4 Reclaimed Materials. 323.2 Temperature Limitations 323.2.1 Upper Temperature Limits, Listed Materials. 323.2.2 Lower Temperature Limits, Listed Materials.
81	Table 323.2.2 Requirements for Low Temperature Toughness Tests for Metals
83	Fig. 323.2.2A Minimum Temperatures Without Impact Testing for Carbon Steel Materials
84	Table 323.2.2A Tabular Values for Minimum Temperatures Without Impact Testing for Carbon Steel Materials (See Fig. 323.2.2A for Curves and Applicable Notes)
85	Fig. 323.2.2B Reduction in Lowest Exemption Temperature for Steels Without Impact Testing
86	Table 323.2.2B Tabular Values for Reduction in Lowest Exemption Temperature for Steels Without Impact Testing
87	323.2.3 Temperature Limits, Unlisted Materials. 323.2.4 Verification of Serviceability 323.3 Impact Testing Methods and Acceptance Criteria 323.3.1 General. 323.3.2 Procedure. 323.3.3 Test Specimens.
88	Table 323.3.1 Impact Testing Requirements for Metals
89	323.3.4 Test Temperatures. 323.3.5 Acceptance Criteria Table 323.3.4 Charpy Impact Test Temperature Reduction
90	323.4 Fluid Service Requirements for Materials 323.4.1 General. 323.4.2 Specific Requirements 323.4.3 Cladding and Lining Materials. Table 323.3.5 Minimum Required Charpy V-Notch Impact Values
91	323.5 Deterioration of Materials in Service 325 MATERIALS — MISCELLANEOUS 325.1 Joining and Auxiliary Materials
92	Chapter IV Standards for Piping Components 326 DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS OF COMPONENTS 326.1 Dimensional Requirements 326.1.1 Listed Piping Components. 326.1.2 Unlisted Piping Components. 326.1.3 Threads. 326.2 Ratings of Components 326.2.1 Listed Components. 326.2.2 Unlisted Components. 326.3 Reference Documents
93	Table 326.1 Component Standards
96	Chapter V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection 327 GENERAL 328 WELDING AND BRAZING 328.1 Responsibility 328.2 Welding and Brazing Qualification 328.2.1 Standard Welding Procedure Specifications. 328.2.2 Procedure Qualification by Others. 328.2.3 Performance Qualification by Others. 328.2.4 Qualification Records. 328.3 Welding Materials 328.3.1 Electrodes and Filler Metal.
97	328.3.2 Weld Backing Material. 328.3.3 Consumable Inserts. 328.4 Preparation for Welding 328.4.1 Cleaning. 328.4.2 End Preparation 328.4.3 Alignment
98	Fig. 328.3.2 Typical Backing Rings and Consumable Inserts Fig. 328.4.2 Typical Butt Weld End Preparation
99	328.5 Welding Requirements 328.5.1 General 328.5.2 Fillet and Socket Welds. 328.5.3 Seal Welds. 328.5.4 Welded Branch Connections Fig. 328.4.4 Preparation for Branch Connections
100	Fig. 328.5.2A Fillet Weld Size Fig. 328.5.2B Typical Details for Double-Welded Slip-On and Socket Welding Flange Attachment Welds Fig. 328.5.2C Minimum Welding Dimensions for Socket Welding Components Other Than Flanges
101	Figs. 328.5.4A, B, C Typical Welded Branch Connections Fig. 328.5.4D Acceptable Details for Branch Attachment Welds Fig. 328.5.4E Acceptable Details for Branch Attachment Suitable for 100% Radiography
102	Fig. 328.5.4F Acceptable Details for Integrally Reinforced Branch Connections
103	328.5.5 Fabricated Laps. 328.5.6 Welding for Severe Cyclic Conditions. 328.6 Weld Repair 328.7 Attachment Welds 330 PREHEATING 330.1 General 330.1.1 Requirements.
104	Fig. 328.5.5 Typical Fabricated Laps Table 330.1.1 Preheat Temperatures
105	330.1.2 Unlisted Materials. 330.1.3 Preheat Temperature Verification 330.1.4 Preheat Zone. 330.2 Specific Requirements 330.2.1 Different P-No. Materials. 330.2.2 Interruption of Welding. 331 HEAT TREATMENT 331.1 General 331.1.1 Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements 331.1.2 Other Heat Treatments 331.1.3 Definition of Thicknesses Governing PWHT
106	Table 331.1.1 Postweld Heat Treatment
107	331.1.4 Heating and Cooling. 331.1.6 Temperature Verification. 331.2 Specific Requirements 331.2.1 Alternative Heat Treatment. 331.2.2 Exceptions to Basic Requirements. 331.2.3 Dissimilar Materials 331.2.4 Delayed Heat Treatment. Table 331.1.2 Alternate Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels, P-Nos.1 and 3
108	Table 331.1.3 Exemptions to Mandatory Postweld Heat Treatment
110	331.2.5 Partial Heat Treatment. 331.2.6 Local Heat Treatment. 332 BENDING AND FORMING 332.1 General 332.2 Bending 332.2.1 Bend Flattening. 332.2.2 Bending Temperature 332.2.3 Corrugated and Other Bends. 332.3 Forming 332.4 Required Heat Treatment 332.4.1 Hot Bending and Forming. 332.4.2 Cold Bending and Forming. 333 BRAZING AND SOLDERING 333.1 Qualification 333.1.1 Brazing Qualification. 333.1.2 Soldering Qualification.
111	333.2 Brazing and Soldering Materials 333.2.1 Brazing Filler Metal and Flux. 333.2.2 Soldering Filler Metal and Flux. 333.3 Preparation and Cleaning 333.3.1 Surface Preparation. 333.3.2 Joint Clearance. 333.3.3 Flux Removal. 335 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION 335.1 Alignment 335.2 Flanged Joints 335.2.1 Preparation for Assembly. 335.2.2 Bolting Torque 335.2.3 Bolt Length. 335.2.4 Gaskets. 335.2.5 Flanged Joint Assembly. 335.3 Threaded Joints 335.3.1 Thread Compound or Lubricant. 335.3.2 Joints for Seal Welding. 335.3.3 Straight Threaded Joints. 335.4 Tubing Joints 335.4.1 Flared Tubing Joints. 335.4.2 Flareless and Compression Tubing Joints.
112	335.5 Caulked Joints 335.6 Expanded Joints and Special Joints 335.6.1 General. 335.6.2 Packed Joints. 335.9 Cleaning of Piping 335.10 Identification of Piping Fig. 335.3.3 Typical Threaded Joints Using Straight Threads
113	Chapter VI Inspection, Examination, and Testing 340 INSPECTION 340.1 General 340.2 Responsibility for Inspection 340.3 Rights of the Owner’s Inspector 340.4 Qualifications of the Owner’s Inspector 341 EXAMINATION 341.1 General 341.2 Responsibility for Examination 341.3 Examination Requirements 341.3.1 General.
114	341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria. 341.3.3 Defective Components and Workmanship. 341.3.4 Progressive Sampling for Examination. 341.4 Extent of Required Examination 341.4.1 Examination — Normal Fluid Service.
115	Table 341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria for Welds — Visual and Radiographic Examination
116	Criterion Value Notes for Table 341.3.2
118	Fig. 341.3.2 Typical Weld Imperfections
119	341.4.2 Examination — Category D Fluid Service. 341.4.3 Examination — Severe Cyclic Conditions. 341.4.4 Examination — Elevated Temperature Fluid Service.
120	341.5 Supplementary Examination 341.5.1 Spot Radiography 341.5.2 Hardness Tests. 341.5.3 Examinations to Resolve Uncertainty. 342 EXAMINATION PERSONNEL 342.1 Personnel Qualification and Certification 342.2 Specific Requirement 343 EXAMINATION PROCEDURES 344 TYPES OF EXAMINATION 344.1 General 344.1.1 Methods. 344.1.2 Special Methods. 344.1.3 Definitions.
121	344.2 Visual Examination 344.2.1 Definition. 344.2.2 Method. 344.3 Magnetic Particle Examination 344.3.1 Method. 344.3.2 Acceptance Criteria. 344.4 Liquid Penetrant Examination 344.4.1 Method. 344.4.2 Acceptance Criteria. 344.5 Radiographic Examination 344.5.1 Method. 344.5.2 Extent of Radiography
122	344.6 Ultrasonic Examination 344.6.1 Method. 344.6.2 Acceptance Criteria. 344.7 In-Process Examination 344.7.1 Definition. 344.7.2 Method. 345 TESTING 345.1 Required Leak Test
123	345.2 General Requirements for Leak Tests 345.2.1 Limitations on Pressure 345.2.2 Other Test Requirements 345.2.3 Special Provisions for Testing 345.2.4 Externally Pressured Piping 345.2.5 Jacketed Piping 345.2.6 Repairs or Additions After Leak Testing. 345.2.7 Test Records. 345.3 Preparation for Leak Test 345.3.1 Joints Exposed
124	345.3.2 Temporary Supports. 345.3.3 Piping With Expansion Joints 345.3.4 Limits of Tested Piping. 345.4 Hydrostatic Leak Test 345.4.1 Test Fluid. 345.4.2 Test Pressure. 345.4.3 Hydrostatic Test of Piping With Vessels as a System
125	345.5 Pneumatic Leak Test 345.5.1 Precautions. 345.5.2 Pressure Relief Device. 345.5.3 Test Fluid. 345.5.4 Test Pressure. 345.5.5 Procedure. 345.6 Hydrostatic-Pneumatic Leak Test 345.7 Initial Service Leak Test 345.7.1 Test Fluid. 345.7.2 Procedure. 345.7.3 Examination for Leaks. 345.8 Sensitive Leak Test 345.9 Alternative Leak Test 345.9.1 Examination of Welds. 345.9.2 Flexibility Analysis. 345.9.3 Test Method. 346 RECORDS 346.2 Responsibility
126	346.3 Retention of Records
127	Chapter VII Nonmetallic Piping and Piping Lined With Nonmetals A300 GENERAL STATEMENTS PART 1 CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA A301 DESIGN CONDITIONS A301.2 Design Pressure A301.3 Design Temperature A301.3.1 Design Minimum Temperature. A301.3.2 Uninsulated Components. A302 DESIGN CRITERIA A302.1 General A302.2 Pressure-Temperature Design Criteria A302.2.1 Listed Components Having Established Ratings. A302.2.2 Listed Components Not Having Specific Ratings. A302.2.3 Unlisted Components. A302.2.4 Allowances for Pressure and Temperature Variations
128	A302.2.5 Rating at Junction of Different Services. A302.3 Allowable Stresses and Other Design Limits A302.3.1 General A302.3.2 Bases for Allowable Stresses and Pressures A302.3.3 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Sustained Loads A302.3.4 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Occasional Loads
129	A302.4 Allowances PART 2 PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS A303 GENERAL A304 PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS A304.1 Straight Pipe A304.1.1 General A304.1.2 Straight Nonmetallic Pipe Under Internal Pressure. A304.1.3 Straight Pipe Under External Pressure A304.2 Curved and Mitered Segments of Pipe A304.2.1 Pipe Bends. A304.2.2 Elbows. A304.2.3 Miter Bends. A304.3 Branch Connections A304.3.1 General.
130	A304.3.2 Branch Connections Using Fittings. A304.3.3 Additional Design Considerations. A304.4 Closures A304.5 Pressure Design of Nonmetallic Flanges A304.5.1 General A304.5.2 Blind Flanges. A304.6 Reducers A304.7 Pressure Design of Other Components A304.7.1 Listed Components. A304.7.2 Unlisted Components. A304.7.3 Nonmetallic Components With Metallic Pressure Parts. PART 3 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS A305 PIPE A306 FITTINGS, BENDS, MITERS, LAPS, AND BRANCH CONNECTIONS A306.1 Pipe Fittings A306.1.1 Listed Fittings.
131	A306.1.2 Unlisted Fittings. A306.2 Pipe Bends A306.2.1 General. A306.2.2 Corrugated and Other Bends. A306.3 Miter Bends A306.4 Fabricated or Flared Laps A306.4.1 Fabricated Laps A306.4.2 Flared Laps. A306.5 Fabricated Branch Connections A306.5.1 General. A306.5.2 Specific Requirements. A307 VALVES AND SPECIALTY COMPONENTS A308 FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, AND GASKETS A308.1 General A308.2 Nonmetallic Flanges A308.2.1 General A308.2.2 Threaded Flanges. A308.3 Flange Facings A308.4 Limitations on Gaskets A308.4.1 Lining Used as Facing or Gasket. A309 BOLTING A309.1 General A309.2 Specific Bolting A309.3 Tapped Holes in Nonmetallic Components PART 4 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPING JOINTS A310 GENERAL A311 BONDED JOINTS IN PLASTICS A311.1 General
132	A311.2 Specific Requirements A311.2.1 Fillet Bonds. A311.2.2 Seal Bonds. A311.2.3 Joints Limited to Category D Fluid Service. A312 FLANGED JOINTS A313 EXPANDED JOINTS A314 THREADED JOINTS A314.1 General A314.2 Specific Requirements A314.2.1 Thermoplastic Piping A314.2.2 Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Piping. A314.2.3 Reinforced Plastic Mortar Piping. A315 TUBING JOINTS A316 CAULKED JOINTS A318 SPECIAL JOINTS A318.1 General A318.2 Specific Requirements A318.3 Piping Lined With Nonmetals A318.3.1 Welding of Metallic Piping A318.3.2 Flared Linings
133	A318.4 Flexible Elastomeric Sealed Joints PART 5 FLEXIBILITY AND SUPPORT A319 FLEXIBILITY OF NONMETALLIC PIPING A319.1 Requirements A319.1.1 Basic Requirements. A319.1.2 Specific Requirements A319.2 Concepts A319.2.1 Displacement Strains. A319.2.2 Displacement Stresses A319.2.3 Cold Spring. A319.3 Properties for Flexibility Analysis A319.3.1 Thermal Expansion Data. A319.3.2 Modulus of Elasticity.
134	A319.3.3 Poisson’s Ratio. A319.3.4 Dimensions. A319.4 Analysis A319.4.1 Formal Analysis Not Required. A319.4.2 Formal Analysis Requirements. A319.5 Reactions A319.6 Movements A319.7 Means of Increasing Flexibility A321 PIPING SUPPORT A321.5 Supports for Nonmetallic Piping A321.5.1 General. A321.5.2 Supports for Thermoplastic, RTR, and RPM Piping. A321.5.3 Supports for Brittle Piping.
135	PART 6 SYSTEMS A322 SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS A322.3 Instrument Piping A322.6 Pressure-Relieving Systems A322.6.3 Overpressure Protection. PART 7 MATERIALS A323 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS A323.1 Materials and Specifications A323.1.4 Reclaimed Materials. A323.2 Temperature Limitations A323.2.1 Upper Temperature Limits, Listed Materials A323.2.2 Lower Temperature Limits, Listed Materials A323.2.3 Temperature Limits, Unlisted Materials. A323.2.4 Verification of Serviceability. A323.4 Fluid Service Requirements for Nonmetallic Materials A323.4.1 General A323.4.2 Specific Requirements
136	A323.4.3 Piping Lined With Nonmetals A323.5 Deterioration of Materials in Service A325 MATERIALS — MISCELLANEOUS PART 8 STANDARDS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS A326 DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS OF COMPONENTS A326.1 Requirements Table A323.2.2 Requirements for Low Temperature Toughness Tests for Nonmetals Table A323.4.2C Recommended Temperature Limits for Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe
137	A326.4 Abbreviations in Table A326.1 and Appendix B PART 9 FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY, AND ERECTION A327 GENERAL A328 BONDING OF PLASTICS A328.1 Bonding Responsibility A328.2 Bonding Qualifications A328.2.1 Qualification Requirements Table A323.4.3 Recommended Temperature Limits for Thermoplastics Used as Linings
138	Table A326.1 Component Standards
140	A328.2.2 Procedure Qualification by Others. A328.2.3 Performance Qualification by Others. A328.2.4 Qualification Records. A328.2.5 Qualification Tests. A328.2.6 Performance Requalification.
141	A328.3 Bonding Materials and Equipment A328.3.1 Materials. A328.3.2 Equipment. A328.4 Preparation for Bonding A328.5 Bonding Requirements A328.5.1 General A328.5.2 Hot Gas Welded Joints in Thermoplastic Piping A328.5.3 Solvent Cemented Joints in Thermoplastic Piping A328.5.4 Heat Fusion Joints in Thermoplastic Piping A328.5.5 Electrofusion Joints in Thermoplastic Piping
142	Fig. A328.5 Typical Plastic Piping Joints
143	A328.5.6 Adhesive Joints in RTR and RPM Piping A328.5.7 Butt-and-Wrapped Joints in RTR and RPM Piping A328.6 Bonding Repair A328.7 Seal Bonds A329 FABRICATION OF PIPING LINED WITH NONMETALS A329.1 Welding of Metallic Piping A329.1.1 General A329.1.2 Specific Welding Requirements. A329.2 Flaring of Nonmetallic Linings A329.2.1 General A332 BENDING AND FORMING A332.1 General A332.2 Bending A332.3 Forming A334 JOINING NONPLASTIC PIPING A334.1 Borosilicate Glass Piping A334.2 Repair of Defects
144	A335 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION A335.1 Alignment A335.2 Flanged and Mechanical Joints A335.2.5 Nonmetallic Bolted Joints A335.2.6 Metallic Piping Lined With Nonmetals. A335.3 Threaded Joints A335.3.2 Joints for Seal Bonding. A335.3.4 Tools, Nonmetallic Piping. A335.3.5 RTR and RPM Piping. A335.4 Tubing Joints A335.4.1 Flared Joints in Thermoplastic Tubing. A335.4.2 Flareless and Compression Tubing Joints. A335.5 Caulked Joints A335.6 Special Joints A335.6.3 Flexible Elastomeric Sealed Joints. A335.8 Assembly of Brittle Piping A335.8.1 General. A335.8.2 Borosilicate Glass Piping. A335.9 Cleaning of Piping PART 10 INSPECTION, EXAMINATION, AND TESTING A340 INSPECTION
145	A341 EXAMINATION A341.1 General A341.2 Responsibility for Examination A341.3 Examination Requirements A341.3.1 Responsibility for Examination. A341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria. A341.3.3 Defective Components and Workmanship. A341.3.4 Progressive Sampling for Examination. A341.4 Extent of Required Examination A341.4.1 Examination Normally Required. A341.4.2 Examination — Category D Fluid Service. A341.5 Supplementary Examination A341.5.1 General. A341.5.2 Examinations to Resolve Uncertainty. A342 EXAMINATION PERSONNEL Table A341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria for Bonds
146	A343 EXAMINATION PROCEDURES A344 TYPES OF EXAMINATION A344.1 General A344.2 Visual Examination A344.5 Radiographic Examination A344.6 Ultrasonic Examination A344.7 In-Process Examination A345 TESTING A345.1 Required Leak Test A345.2 General Requirements for Leak Test A345.2.1 Limitations on Pressure. A345.2.2 Other Test Requirements A345.3 Preparation for Leak Test A345.4 Hydrostatic Leak Test A345.4.1 Test Fluid. A345.4.2 Test Pressure A345.4.3 Hydrostatic Test of Piping With Vessels as a System. A345.5 Pneumatic Leak Test A345.5.1 Precautions. A345.5.2 Other Requirements A345.6 Hydrostatic-Pneumatic Leak Test A345.7 Initial Service Leak Test A345.8 Sensitive Leak Test A346 RECORDS
147	Chapter VIII Piping for Category M Fluid Service M300 GENERAL STATEMENTS PART 1 CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA M301 DESIGN CONDITIONS M301.3 Design Temperature, Metallic Piping M301.5 Dynamic Effects M301.5.1 Impact. M301.5.4 Vibration. M302 DESIGN CRITERIA M302.1 General M302.2.4 Allowance for Pressure and Temperature Variations, Metallic Piping. PART 2 PRESSURE DESIGN OF METALLIC PIPING COMPONENTS M303 GENERAL M304 PRESSURE DESIGN OF METALLIC COMPONENTS PART 3 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR METALLIC PIPING COMPONENTS M305 PIPE M305.1 General M305.2 Specific Requirements for Metallic Pipe M306 METALLIC FITTINGS, BENDS, MITERS, LAPS, AND BRANCH CONNECTIONS
148	M306.1 Pipe Fittings M306.1.3 Specific Fittings M306.2 Pipe Bends M306.3 Miter Bends M306.4 Fabricated or Flared Laps M306.4.1 General. M306.4.2 Flared Laps. M306.5 Fabricated Branch Connections M306.6 Closures M307 METALLIC VALVES AND SPECIALTY COMPONENTS M307.1 General M307.2 Specific Requirements M308 FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, AND GASKETS M308.2 Specific Requirements for Metallic Flanges M308.3 Flange Facings M308.4 Gaskets
149	M308.5 Blanks M309 BOLTING PART 4 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR METALLIC PIPING JOINTS M310 METALLIC PIPING, GENERAL M311 WELDED JOINTS IN METALLIC PIPING M311.1 General M311.2 Specific Requirements M312 FLANGED JOINTS IN METALLIC PIPING M313 EXPANDED JOINTS IN METALLIC PIPING M314 THREADED JOINTS IN METALLIC PIPING M314.1 General M314.2 Specific Requirements M314.2.1 Taper-Threaded Joints. M314.2.2 Straight-Threaded Joints. M315 TUBING JOINTS IN METALLIC PIPING M316 CAULKED JOINTS M317 SOLDERED AND BRAZED JOINTS M318 SPECIAL JOINTS IN METALLIC PIPING PART 5 FLEXIBILITY AND SUPPORT OF METALLIC PIPING M319 FLEXIBILITY OF METALLIC PIPING M320 ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINED LOADS M321 PIPING SUPPORT PART 6 SYSTEMS M322 SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS M322.3 Instrument Piping M322.6 Pressure-Relieving Systems
150	M322.6.3 Overpressure Protection PART 7 METALLIC MATERIALS M323 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS M323.1 Materials and Specifications M323.1.2 Unlisted Materials. M323.1.3 Unknown Materials. M323.1.4 Reclaimed Metallic Materials. M323.2 Temperature Limitations M323.3 Impact Testing Methods and Acceptance Criteria M323.4 Fluid Service Requirements for Metallic Materials M323.4.2 Specific Requirements. M323.4.3 Metallic Cladding and Lining Materials. M323.5 Deterioration of Materials in Service M325 MATERIALS — MISCELLANEOUS M325.1 Joining and Auxiliary Materials PART 8 STANDARDS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS M326 DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS OF COMPONENTS M326.1 Dimensional Requirements M326.1.1 Listed Piping Components. M326.1.2 Unlisted Piping Components. M326.2 Ratings of Components M326.3 Reference Documents PART 9 FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY, AND ERECTION OF METALLIC PIPING M327 GENERAL M328 WELDING OF METALS M328.3 Welding Materials
151	M330 PREHEATING OF METALS M331 HEAT TREATMENT OF METALS M332 BENDING AND FORMING OF METALS M335 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION OF METALLIC PIPING M335.1 General M335.1.1 Alignment. M335.2 Flanged Joints M335.3 Threaded Joints M335.3.3 Straight-Threaded Joints. M335.3.4 Condition of Threads. M335.4 Tubing Joints M335.4.1 Flared Tubing Joints. M335.4.2 Flareless and Compression Tubing Joints. M335.6 Special Joints M335.9 Cleaning of Piping M335.10 Identification of Piping PART 10 INSPECTION, EXAMINATION, TESTING, AND RECORDS OF METALLIC PIPING M340 INSPECTION M341 EXAMINATION M341.4 Extent of Required Examination M342 EXAMINATION PERSONNEL M343 EXAMINATION PROCEDURES M344 TYPES OF EXAMINATION M345 TESTING M346 RECORDS
152	MA300 GENERAL STATEMENTS PART 11 CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA MA301 DESIGN CONDITIONS MA302 DESIGN CRITERIA MA302.2 Pressure-Temperature Design Criteria MA302.2.4 Allowances for Pressure and Temperature Variation. MA302.3 Allowable Stresses and Other Design Limits MA302.4 Allowances PART 12 PRESSURE DESIGN OF NONMETALLIC PIPING COMPONENTS MA303 GENERAL MA304 PRESSURE DESIGN OF NONMETALLIC COMPONENTS PART 13 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR NONMETALLIC PIPING COMPONENTS MA305 PIPE MA306 NONMETALLIC FITTINGS, BENDS, MITERS, LAPS, AND BRANCH CONNECTIONS MA306.3 Miter Bends MA306.4 Fabricated Laps MA306.5 Fabricated Branch Connections MA307 VALVES AND SPECIALTY COMPONENTS MA308 FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, AND GASKETS MA308.2 Nonmetallic Flanges MA309 BOLTING PART 14 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR NONMETALLIC PIPING JOINTS MA310 GENERAL MA311 BONDED JOINTS MA311.1 General MA311.2 Specific Requirements MA312 FLANGED JOINTS MA313 EXPANDED JOINTS
153	MA314 THREADED JOINTS MA314.1 General MA315 TUBING JOINTS IN NONMETALLIC PIPING MA316 CAULKED JOINTS MA318 SPECIAL JOINTS PART 15 FLEXIBILITY AND SUPPORT OF NONMETALLIC PIPING MA319 PIPING FLEXIBILITY MA321 PIPING SUPPORT PART 16 NONMETALLIC AND NONMETALLIC LINED SYSTEMS MA322 SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS PART 17 NONMETALLIC MATERIALS MA323 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS MA323.1.2 Unlisted Materials. MA323.4 Fluid Service Requirements for Nonmetallic Materials MA323.4.2 Specific Requirements. MA323.4.3 Nonmetallic Lining Materials. PART 18 STANDARDS FOR NONMETALLIC AND NONMETALLIC LINED PIPING COMPONENTS MA326 DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS OF COMPONENTS PART 19 FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY, AND ERECTION OF NONMETALLIC AND NONMETALLIC LINED PIPING MA327 GENERAL MA328 BONDING OF PLASTICS MA329 FABRICATION OF PIPING LINED WITH NONMETALS MA332 BENDING AND FORMING MA334 JOINING NONPLASTIC PIPING MA335 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION PART 20 INSPECTION, EXAMINATION, TESTING, AND RECORDS OF NONMETALLIC AND NONMETALLIC LINED PIPING MA340 INSPECTION MA341 EXAMINATION
154	MA341.1 General MA341.4 Extent of Required Examination MA342 EXAMINATION PERSONNEL MA343 EXAMINATION PROCEDURES MA344 TYPES OF EXAMINATION MA345 TESTING MA346 RECORDS
155	Chapter IX High Pressure Piping K300 GENERAL STATEMENTS K300.1 Scope K300.1.1 Content and Coverage. K300.1.2 Packaged Equipment Piping. K300.1.3 Exclusions. K300.1.4 Category M Fluid Service. K300.2 Definitions K300.3 Nomenclature K300.4 Status of Appendices PART 1 CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA K301 DESIGN CONDITIONS K301.1 General K301.2 Design Pressure K301.2.1 General. K301.2.2 Required Pressure Containment or Relief. K301.3 Design Temperature K301.3.1 Design Minimum Temperature.
156	K301.3.2 Uninsulated Components. K301.5 Dynamic Effects K301.5.4 Vibration. K302 DESIGN CRITERIA K302.1 General K302.2 Pressure-Temperature Design Criteria K302.2.1 Listed Components Having Established Ratings. K302.2.2 Listed Components Not Having Specific Ratings K302.2.3 Unlisted Components K302.2.4 Allowance for Pressure and Temperature Variations. K302.2.5 Ratings at Junction of Different Services. K302.3 Allowable Stresses and Other Design Limits K302.3.1 General.
157	K302.3.2 Bases for Allowable Stresses. K302.3.3 Casting Quality Factor. K302.3.4 Weld Joint Quality Factor. K302.3.5 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Sustained Loads and Displacement Strains
158	K302.3.6 Limits of Calculated Stresses Due to Occasional Loads K302.4 Allowances K302.5 Mechanical Strength PART 2 PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS K303 GENERAL K304 PRESSURE DESIGN OF HIGH PRESSURE COMPONENTS K304.1 Straight Pipe K304.1.1 General Table K302.3.3D Acceptable Severity Levels for Steel Castings
159	K304.1.2 Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure K304.1.3 Straight Pipe Under External Pressure. K304.2 Curved and Mitered Segments of Pipe K304.2.1 Pipe Bends. K304.2.2 Elbows.
160	K304.2.3 Miter Bends. K304.2.4 Curved Segments of Pipe Under External Pressure. K304.3 Branch Connections K304.3.1 General. K304.3.2 Strength of Branch Connections K304.3.3 Reinforcement of Welded Branch Connections. K304.4 Closures K304.5 Pressure Design of Flanges and Blanks K304.5.1 Flanges — General K304.5.2 Blind Flanges K304.5.3 Blanks. K304.6 Reducers K304.7 Pressure Design of Other Components K304.7.1 Listed Components. K304.7.2 Unlisted Components.
161	K304.7.3 Components With Nonmetallic Parts. K304.7.4 Bellows Type Expansion Joints. K304.8 Fatigue Analysis K304.8.1 General. K304.8.2 Amplitude of Alternating Stress K304.8.3 Pressure Stress Evaluation for Fatigue Analysis K304.8.4 Fatigue Evaluation by Test. K304.8.5 Extended Fatigue Life.
162	PART 3 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS K305 PIPE K305.1 Requirements K305.1.1 General. K305.1.2 Additional Examination. K305.1.3 Heat Treatment. K305.1.4 Unlisted Pipe and Tubing. K306 FITTINGS, BENDS, AND BRANCH CONNECTIONS K306.1 Pipe Fittings K306.1.1 General. K306.1.2 Specific Fittings K306.2 Pipe Bends K306.2.1 General. K306.2.2 Corrugated and Other Bends. K306.3 Miter Bends K306.4 Fabricated or Flared Laps K306.5 Fabricated Branch Connections K307 VALVES AND SPECIALTY COMPONENTS K307.1 General K308 FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, AND GASKETS K308.1 General Table K305.1.2 Required Ultrasonic or Eddy Current Examination of Pipe and Tubing for Longitudinal Defects
163	K308.2 Specific Flanges K308.2.1 Threaded Flanges. K308.2.2 Other Flange Types. K308.3 Flange Facings K308.4 Gaskets K308.5 Blanks K309 BOLTING PART 4 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPING JOINTS K310 GENERAL K311 WELDED JOINTS K311.1 General K311.2 Specific Requirements K311.2.1 Backing Rings and Consumable Inserts. K311.2.2 Fillet Welds. K311.2.3 Other Weld Types. K312 FLANGED JOINTS K312.1 Joints Using Flanges of Different Ratings K313 EXPANDED JOINTS K314 THREADED JOINTS K314.1 General K314.2 Taper-Threaded Joints K314.3 Straight-Threaded Joints K314.3.1 Joints With Seal Formed by Projecting Pipe.
164	K314.3.2 Other Straight-Threaded Joints K315 TUBING JOINTS K315.1 Flared Type Joints K315.2 Flareless Joints Using Components Conforming to Listed Standards K315.3 Flareless Joints Using Components Not Conforming to Listed Standards K316 CAULKED JOINTS K317 SOLDERED AND BRAZED JOINTS K317.1 Soldered Joints K317.2 Brazed Joints K318 SPECIAL JOINTS K318.1 General K318.2 Specific Requirements K318.2.1 Prototype Tests. K318.2.2 Prohibited Joints. PART 5 FLEXIBILITY AND SUPPORT K319 FLEXIBILITY K321 PIPING SUPPORT K321.1 General K321.1.1 Objectives.
165	K321.1.4 Materials. K321.3 Structural Attachments K321.3.2 Integral Attachments. PART 6 SYSTEMS K322 SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS K322.3 Instrument Piping K322.3.1 Definition. K322.3.2 Requirements. K322.6 Pressure-Relieving Systems K322.6.3 Overpressure Protection. PART 7 MATERIALS K323 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS K323.1 Materials and Specifications K323.1.1 Listed Materials K323.1.2 Unlisted Materials. K323.1.3 Unknown Materials. K323.1.4 Reclaimed Materials.
166	K323.1.5 Product Analysis. K323.1.6 Repair of Materials by Welding. K323.2 Temperature Limitations K323.2.1 Upper Temperature Limits, Listed Materials. K323.2.2 Lower Temperature Limits, Listed Materials K323.2.3 Temperature Limits, Unlisted Materials. K323.2.4 Verification of Serviceability K323.3 Impact Testing Methods and Acceptance Criteria K323.3.1 General. K323.3.2 Procedure. K323.3.3 Test Specimens K323.3.4 Test Temperatures.
167	Table K323.3.1 Impact Testing Requirements
168	Fig. K323.3.3 Example of an Acceptable Impact Test Specimen
169	K323.3.5 Acceptance Criteria K323.4 Requirements for Materials K323.4.1 General. K323.4.2 Specific Requirements Table K323.3.5 Minimum Required Charpy V-Notch Impact Values
170	K323.4.3 Metallic Clad and Lined Materials. K323.5 Deterioration of Materials in Service K325 MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS PART 8 STANDARDS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS K326 REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPONENTS K326.1 Dimensional Requirements K326.1.1 Listed Piping Components. K326.1.2 Unlisted Piping Components. K326.1.3 Threads. K326.2 Ratings of Components K326.2.1 Listed Components. K326.2.2 Unlisted Components. K326.3 Reference Documents K326.4 Repair of Piping Components by Welding PART 9 FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY, AND ERECTION K327 GENERAL K328 WELDING K328.1 Welding Responsibility
171	K328.2 Welding Qualifications K328.2.1 Qualification Requirements. Table K326.1 Component Standards
172	K328.2.2 Procedure Qualification by Others. K328.2.3 Performance Qualification by Others. K328.2.4 Qualification Records. K328.3 Materials K328.3.1 Filler Metal. K328.3.2 Weld Backing Material. K328.3.3 Consumable Inserts. K328.4 Preparation for Welding K328.4.1 Cleaning. K328.4.2 End Preparation K328.4.3 Alignment K328.5 Welding Requirements K328.5.1 General. K328.5.2 Fillet Welds. K328.5.3 Seal Welds. K328.5.4 Welded Branch Connections. K328.5.5 Fabricated Laps. K328.6 Weld Repair
173	Fig. K328.4.3 Pipe Bored for Alignment: Trimming and Permitted Misalignment Fig. K328.5.4 Some Acceptable Welded Branch Connections Suitable for 100% Radiography
174	K330 PREHEATING K330.1 General K330.1.1 Requirements. K330.1.2 Unlisted Materials. K330.1.3 Temperature Verification. K330.1.4 Preheat Zone. K330.2 Specific Requirements K331 HEAT TREATMENT K331.1 General K331.1.1 Heat Treatment Requirements. K331.1.3 Governing Thickness. K331.1.4 Heating and Cooling. K331.1.6 Temperature Verification. K331.2 Specific Requirements K332 BENDING AND FORMING K332.1 General K332.2 Bending K332.2.1 Bend Flattening. K332.2.2 Bending Temperature.
175	K332.3 Forming K332.4 Required Heat Treatment K332.4.1 Hot Bending and Forming. K332.4.2 Cold Bending and Forming K333 BRAZING AND SOLDERING K335 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION K335.1 General K335.2 Flanged Joints K335.3 Threaded Joints K335.4 Special Joints K335.5 Cleaning of Piping PART 10 INSPECTION, EXAMINATION, AND TESTING K340 INSPECTION K341 EXAMINATION K341.3 Examination Requirements K341.3.1 General. K341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria. K341.3.3 Defective Components and Workmanship.
176	Table K341.3.2 Acceptance Criteria for Welds
177	K341.4 Extent of Required Examination K341.4.1 Visual Examination K341.4.2 Radiographic and Ultrasonic Examination K341.4.3 Certifications and Records. K341.5 Supplementary Examination K341.5.1 Hardness Tests. K341.5.2 Examinations to Resolve Uncertainty. K342 EXAMINATION PERSONNEL K343 EXAMINATION PROCEDURES K344 TYPES OF EXAMINATION K344.1 General K344.2 Visual Examination
178	K344.3 Magnetic Particle Examination K344.4 Liquid Penetrant Examination K344.5 Radiographic Examination K344.6 Ultrasonic Examination K344.6.1 Castings. K344.6.2 Pipe and Tubing K344.6.3 Welds K344.7 In-Process Examination K344.8 Eddy Current Examination K344.8.1 Method. K344.8.2 Acceptance Criteria. K344.8.3 Records. K345 LEAK TESTING K345.1 Required Leak Test
179	K345.2 General Requirements for Leak Tests K345.2.1 Limitations on Pressure K345.2.2 Other Test Requirements. K345.2.3 Special Provisions for Leak Testing. K345.3 Preparation for Leak Test K345.4 Hydrostatic Leak Test K345.4.2 Test Pressure for Components and Welds. K345.4.3 Hydrostatic Test of Piping With Vessels as a System. K345.5 Pneumatic Leak Test
180	K345.5.4 Test Pressure. K345.6 Hydrostatic-Pneumatic Leak Test for Components and Welds K346 RECORDS K346.1 Responsibility K346.2 Required Records K346.3 Retention of Records
181	Chapter X High Purity Piping U300 GENERAL STATEMENTS PART 1 CONDITIONS AND CRITERIA U301 DESIGN CONDITIONS U301.3 Design Temperature U301.3.2 Uninsulated Components PART 2 PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS PART 3 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS U306 FITTINGS, BENDS, MITERS, LAPS, AND BRANCH CONNECTIONS U306.6 Tube Fittings U307 VALVES AND SPECIALTY COMPONENTS U307.3 High Purity Fluid Service Valves U308 FLANGES, BLANKS, FLANGE FACINGS, AND GASKETS
182	PART 4 FLUID SERVICE REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPING JOINTS U311 WELDED JOINTS U311.1 General U314 THREADED JOINTS U315 TUBING JOINTS U315.1 General U315.2 Joints Conforming to Listed Standards U315.3 Joints Not Conforming to Listed Standards PART 5 FLEXIBILITY AND SUPPORT U319 PIPING FLEXIBILITY U319.3 Properties for Flexibility Analysis U319.3.6 Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors. PART 6 SYSTEMS PART 7 METALLIC MATERIALS Fig. U304.5.3 Blanks
183	PART 8 STANDARDS FOR PIPING COMPONENTS PART 9 FABRICATION, ASSEMBLY, AND ERECTION U327 GENERAL U328 WELDING U328.2 Welding and Brazing Qualification U328.2.1 Qualification Requirements U328.4 Preparation for Welding U328.4.4 Preparation of Weld Coupons U328.5 Welding Requirements U328.5.1 General U330 PREHEATING U331 HEAT TREATMENT U332 BENDING AND FORMING U333 BRAZING AND SOLDERING U335 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION U335.7 Face Seal Joints U335.7.1 Metal Face Seal. U335.7.2 Nonmetallic Face Seal. U335.8 Hygienic Clamp Joint Assembly
184	Fig. U335.7.1 Face Seal Joints Fig. U335.8A Hygienic Clamp Joint Assembly
186	U342 EXAMINATION PERSONNEL U342.2 Specific Requirement U343 EXAMINATION PROCEDURES U344 TYPES OF EXAMINATION U344.2 Visual Examination U344.8 Weld Coupon Examination U344.8.1 Requirements. U344.8.2 Method. U345 TESTING U345.1 Required Leak Test U345.8 Sensitive Leak Test U345.8.1 Helium Mass Spectrometer Test. U345.9 Alternative Leak Test
187	U346 RECORDS U346.2 Responsibility U346.3 Retention of Records PART 11 HIGH PURITY PIPING IN CATEGORY M FLUID SERVICE UM300 GENERAL STATEMENTS UM307 METALLIC VALVES AND SPECIALTY COMPONENTS UM307.2 Specific Requirements UM322 SPECIFIC PIPING SYSTEMS UM322.3 Instrument Piping UM328 WELDING OF MATERIALS UM335 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION OF METALLIC PIPING UM335.3.3 Straight-Threaded Joints. UM341 EXAMINATION UM341.4 Extent of Required Examination UM345 TESTING
188	APPENDIX A ALLOWABLE STRESSES AND QUALITY FACTORS FOR METALLIC PIPING AND BOLTING MATERIALS
192	NOTES FOR TABLES A-1, A-1M, A-1A, A-1B, A-2, AND A-2M
196	Table A-1 Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals
249	Table A-1M Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (Metric)
367	Table A-1A Basic Casting Quality Factors, Ec
368	Table A-1B Basic Quality Factors for Longitudinal Weld Joints in Pipes and Tubes, Ej
371	Table A-2 Design Stress Values for Bolting Materials
379	Table A-2M Design Stress Values for Bolting Materials (Metric)
395	APPENDIX B STRESS TABLES AND ALLOWABLE PRESSURE TABLES FOR NONMETALS
397	Table B-1 Hydrostatic Design Stresses (HDS) and Recommended Temperature Limits for Thermoplastic Pipe
399	Table B-1M Hydrostatic Design Stresses (HDS) and Recommended Temperature Limits for Thermoplastic Pipe (SI Units)
400	Table B-2 Listed Specifications for Laminated Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe Table B-3 Listed Specifications for Filament Wound and Centrifugally Cast Reinforced Thermosetting Resin and Reinforced Plastic Mortar Pipe
401	Table B-4 Allowable Pressures and Recommended Temperature Limits for Concrete Pipe Table B-5 Allowable Pressures and Recommended Temperature Limits for Borosilicate Glass Pipe
402	Table B-6 Allowable Pressures and Recommended Temperature Limits for PEX-AL-PEX and PE-AL-PE Pipe
403	APPENDIX C PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PIPING MATERIALS
404	Table C-1 Thermal Expansion Data
407	Table C-2 Thermal Expansion Data (SI Units)
411	Table C-5 Thermal Expansion Coefficients, Nonmetals
413	Table C-6 Modulus of Elasticity, U.S. Units, for Metals
416	Table C-8 Modulus of Elasticity, Nonmetals
417	Table D300 Flexibility Factor, k, and Stress Intensification Factor, i APPENDIX D FLEXIBILITY AND STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTORS
421	APPENDIX E REFERENCE STANDARDS
427	APPENDIX F GUIDANCE AND PRECAUTIONARY CONSIDERATIONS F300 GENERAL F300.1 Piping That Has Been Placed in Service F301 DESIGN CONDITIONS F301.4 Ambient Effects F301.5 Dynamic Effects F301.7 Thermal Expansion and Contraction Effects F301.10 Cyclic Effects F301.10.1 Pressure Cycling. F301.10.2 Thermal Fatigue at Mixing Points. F301.10.3 Severe Cyclic Conditions.
428	F301.11 Condensation Effects F304 PRESSURE DESIGN F304.7 Pressure Design of Other Metallic Components F304.7.4 Expansion Joints. F307 VALVES F308 FLANGES AND GASKETS F308.2 Specific Flanges F308.4 Gaskets F309 BOLTING F309.1 General F312 FLANGED JOINTS F312.1 General
429	F321 PIPING SUPPORT F321.4 Wear of Piping at Support Points F322 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPECIFIC SYSTEMS F322.6 Pressure Relief Piping F323 MATERIALS F323.1 General Considerations F323.2 Temperature Limitations F323.2.2 Lower Temperature Limits.
430	F323.4 Specific Material Considerations — Metals
431	F331 HEAT TREATMENT F331.1 Heat Treatment Considerations F335 ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION F335.9 Cleaning of Piping F335.10 Identification of Piping F345 TESTING F345.2.3 Special Provisions for Testing.
432	F345.4 Hydrostatic Leak Test F345.4.1 Test Fluid. F345.5 Pneumatic Leak Test F345.5.1 Precautions. FA323 MATERIALS FA323.4 Material Considerations — Nonmetals FU315 HYGIENIC CLAMP JOINTS
433	APPENDIX G SAFEGUARDING G300 SCOPE G300.1 General Considerations G300.2 Safeguarding by Plant Layout and Operation G300.3 Engineered Safeguards
434	APPENDIX H SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR BRANCH REINFORCEMENT H300 INTRODUCTION (METRIC) H301 EXAMPLE 1 Solution H302 EXAMPLE 2 Solution
435	Fig. H301 Illustrations for Metric Examples in Appendix H
436	H303 EXAMPLE 3 Solution
437	H304 EXAMPLE 4 Solution H305 EXAMPLE 5 (Not Illustrated)
438	Solution H310 INTRODUCTION (U.S. CUSTOMARY) H311 EXAMPLE 1 Solution H312 EXAMPLE 2 Solution
439	Fig. H311 Illustrations for U.S. Customary Examples in Appendix H
440	H313 EXAMPLE 3 Solution
441	H314 EXAMPLE 4 Solution H315 EXAMPLE 5 (Not Illustrated)
442	Solution
443	APPENDIX J NOMENCLATURE
457	APPENDIX K ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR HIGH PRESSURE PIPING
458	NOTES FOR TABLE K-1
459	Table K-1 Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals for Chapter IX
469	APPENDIX L ALUMINUM ALLOY PIPE FLANGES L300 GENERAL L301 PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE RATINGS L301.1 Ratings Basis L301.2 Ratings of Flanged Joints L301.3 Temperature Considerations L301.3.1 Flange Attachment. L301.3.2 Differential Thermal Expansion and Conductivity. L301.4 Hydrostatic Test L302 MARKING L302.1 Name L302.2 Material L302.3 Rating L302.4 Designation L302.5 Size L303 MATERIALS L303.1 Flange Material L303.1.1 Repair Welding of Flanges.
470	Table L301.2M Pressure–Temperature Ratings (Metric Units) Table L301.2U Pressure–Temperature Ratings (U.S. Customary Units) L303.2 Bolting Materials L303.2.1 High Strength Bolting. L303.2.2 Intermediate Strength Bolting. L303.2.3 Low Strength Bolting. L303.3 Gaskets L303.3.1 Gaskets for Low-Strength Bolting. L303.3.2 Gaskets for Class 150 Flanged Joints. L303.3.3 Gaskets for Class 300 and Higher Flanged Joints.
471	L304 DIMENSIONS AND FACINGS L305 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
472	APPENDIX M GUIDE TO CLASSIFYING FLUID SERVICES
473	Fig. M300 Guide to Classifying Fluid Services
474	APPENDIX N APPLICATION OF ASME B31.3 INTERNATIONALLY N100 INTRODUCTION N200 COMPLIANCE WITH THE EUROPEAN PRESSURE EQUIPMENT DIRECTIVE (PED)
475	APPENDIX Q QUALITY SYSTEM PROGRAM
476	APPENDIX R USE OF ALTERNATIVE ULTRASONIC ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA R300 GENERAL R301 SCOPE R302 EQUIPMENT R303 PERSONNEL R304 EXAMINATION R305 DATA RECORDING AND CAPTURE R306 DATA ANALYSIS
477	Fig. R307 Surface and Subsurface Flaws R307 FLAW EVALUATION R308 FLAW ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
478	Table R308.1 Acceptance Criteria for Surface Flaws Table R308.2 Acceptance Criteria for Subsurface Flaws
479	Fig. S301.1 Simple Code Compliant Model Table S301.1 Temperature/Pressure Combinations APPENDIX S PIPING SYSTEM STRESS ANALYSIS EXAMPLES S300 INTRODUCTION S300.1 Definitions and Nomenclature S301 EXAMPLE 1: CODE COMPLIANT PIPING SYSTEM S301.1 Example Description S301.2 Design Conditions
480	Table S301.3.1 Generic Pipe Stress Model Input S301.3 Computer Model Input S301.4 Pressure Effects S301.5 The Operating Load Case
481	Table S301.3.2 Element Connectivity, Type, and Lengths Table S301.5.1 Operating Load Case Results: Internal Loads and Deflections Table S301.5.2 Operating Load Case Results: Reaction Loads on Supports and Anchors
482	Table S301.6 Sustained Forces and Stresses [Allowable, Sh = 130 MPa (18,900 psi)] S301.6 The Sustained Load Case S301.7 The Displacement Stress Range Load Case
483	Fig. S302.1 Lift-Off Model Table S301.7 Displacement Stress Range [SA = 205 MPa (29,725 psi)] Table S302.1 Temperature/Pressure Combinations S302 EXAMPLE 2: ANTICIPATED SUSTAINED CONDITIONS CONSIDERING PIPE LIFT-OFF S302.1 Example Description S302.2 Design Conditions S302.3 Computer Model Input
484	Table S302.3 Generic Pipe Stress Model Input: Component Connectivity, Type, and Lengths S302.4 Pressure Effects S302.5 The Operating Load Case S302.6 Sustained Conditions S302.6.1 The Stress Due to Sustained Loads, SL, Calculations. S302.6.2 Anticipated Sustained Conditions. S302.6.3 Results for the Evaluated Sustained Condition. S302.7 Displacement Stress Range Load Cases S302.8 Code Compliance — Satisfying the Intent of the Code
485	Table S302.5.1 Results for Operating Case 1: Reaction Loads on Support and Anchors Table S302.6.2.1 Sustained Load Condition Listing Table S302.6.3.1 Sustained Forces and Stresses for Sustained Condition 3 With Node 50 Support Removed [Allowable Sh = 124.5 MPa (18,100 psi): Fails]
486	Fig. S303.1 Moment Reversal Model S303 EXAMPLE 3: MOMENT REVERSAL S303.1 Example Description S303.2 Design Conditions S303.3 Computer Model Input
487	Table S303.1 Pressure/Temperature Combinations Table S303.3 Generic Pipe Stress Model Input: Component Connectivity, Type, and Lengths
488	S303.4 Pressure Effects S303.5 Operating Load Case(s) S303.6 Sustained Load Case S303.7 Displacement Stress Range Load Cases S303.8 Code Compliance — Satisfying the Intent of the Code
489	Table S303.7.1 Case 1: Displacement Stress Range [Eq. (1a) Allowable SA = 248.2 MPa (36 ksi): Passes]
490	Table S303.7.2 Case 2: Displacement Stress Range [Eq. (1a) Allowable SA = 248.2 MPa (36 ksi): Passes]
491	Table S303.7.3 Load Combination Considering Cases 1 and 2, Total Strain Based: Displacement Stress Range [Eq. (1b) Allowable SA = 379.8 MPa (55.1 ksi): Fails]
492	APPENDIX V ALLOWABLE VARIATIONS IN ELEVATED TEMPERATURE SERVICE V300 APPLICATION V300.1 Definitions V301 DESIGN BASIS V302 CRITERIA V303 PROCEDURE V303.1 Calculations for Each Service Condition i V303.1.1 Equivalent Stress for Pressure V303.1.2 Effective Temperature.
493	V303.1.3 Larson-Miller Parameter. V303.1.4 Rupture Life. V303.2 Determine Creep-Rupture Usage Factor V303.3 Evaluation V304 EXAMPLE
495	APPENDIX X METALLIC BELLOWS EXPANSION JOINTS X300 GENERAL X301 PIPING DESIGNER RESPONSIBILITIES X301.1 Expansion Joint Design Conditions X301.1.1 Static Design Conditions. X301.1.2 Cyclic Design Conditions. X301.1.3 Other Loads. X301.1.4 Fluid Properties. X301.1.5 Other Design Conditions. X301.2 Piping Design Requirements X301.2.1 General. X301.2.2 Design of Anchors
496	X302 EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURER RESPONSIBILITIES X302.1 Expansion Joint Design X302.1.1 Factors of Safety. X302.1.2 Design Stress Limits. X302.1.3 Fatigue Analysis
497	X302.1.4 Limitations X302.2 Expansion Joint Manufacture X302.2.1 Fabrication X302.2.2 Examination. X302.2.3 Leak Test
499	APPENDIX Z PREPARATION OF TECHNICAL INQUIRIES Z300 INTRODUCTION Z301 REQUIREMENTS Z302 SUBMITTAL
500	INDEX
513	NOTES FOR INDEX
514	ASME B31.3 INTERPRETATIONS VOLUME 25
517	Interpretation 22-03R Interpretation 22-35R
518	Interpretation 24-21R Interpretation 25-01
519	Interpretation 25-02 Interpretation 25-03 Interpretation 25-04
520	Interpretation 25-05 Interpretation 25-06 Interpretation 25-07 Interpretation 25-08
521	Interpretation 25-09 Interpretation 25-10 Interpretation 25-11
522	Interpretation 25-12 Interpretation 25-13 Interpretation 25-14 Interpretation 25-15
523	Interpretation 25-16 Interpretation 25-17
524	Interpretation 25-18 Interpretation 25-19
525	Interpretation 25-20 Interpretation 25-21
526	Interpretation 25-22 Interpretation 25-23 Interpretation 25-24
527	Interpretation 25-25 Interpretation 25-26
528	Interpretation 25-27 Interpretation 25-28
529	Interpretation 25-29 Interpretation 25-30 Interpretation 25-31
530	Interpretation 25-32 Interpretation 25-33 Interpretation 25-34
531	Interpretation 25-35 Interpretation 25-36 Interpretation 25-37
532	Interpretation 25-38 Interpretation 25-39 Interpretation 25-40
533	Interpretation 25-41 Interpretation 25-42
534	NUMERICAL INDEX
541	SUBJECT INDEX
550	B31.3 Code Cases

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Standard Title	ASME B31.3 Process Piping
Published Code	ASME
Publication Date	2016

ASME B31.3 2016

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