ASME has ben defining piping safety since 1922. ASME’s B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution covers the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, testing, and other safety aspects of operation and maintenance of gas transmission and distribution systems, including gas pipelines, gas compressor stations, gas metering and regulation stations, gas mains, and service lines up to the outlet of the customer’s meter set assembly. The scope of this Code includes gas transmission and gathering pipelines, including appurtenances, that are installed offshore for the purpose of transporting gas from production facilities to onshore locations; gas storage equipment of the closed pipe type that is fabricated or forged from pipe or fabricated from pipe and fittings, and gas storage lines. Key changes to this version include new sections to cover the use of more rigorous analysis and multiple marking of materials and components. ASTM F2945 was added as reference to the plastic pipe section. Intended for manufacturers, users, constructors, designers, and others concerned with the design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping, plus all potential governing entities.

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4	CONTENTS
9	FOREWORD
11	ASME B31 COMMITTEE ROSTER
15	INTRODUCTION Appendices Interpretations and Revisions
16	Cases Effective Date
17	SUMMARY OF CHANGES
20	General Provisions and Definitions 801 GENERAL 801.1 Approved Standards and Specifications 801.2 Use of Standards and Specifications Incorporated by Reference 801.3 Standard Dimensions 801.4 SI Metric Conversion 802 SCOPE AND INTENT 802.1 Scope
21	802.2 Intent 802.2.1 Adequacy for Normal Conditions. 802.2.2 More Complete Analysis. 802.2.3 Safety. 802.2.4 Retroactive Applications. 802.2.5 Application to Existing Facilities. 802.2.6 Qualification of Those Performing Inspections. 802.2.7 Further Information. 802.3 Offshore Gas Transmission 803 PIPING SYSTEMS DEFINITIONS 803.1 General Terms and Definitions
22	803.2 Piping Systems 803.3 Distribution Systems 803.4 Gathering Systems
23	803.5 Miscellaneous Systems 803.6 Meters, Regulators, and Pressure Relief Stations 803.7 Valves 803.8 Gas Storage Equipment 804 PIPING SYSTEMS COMPONENT DEFINITIONS 804.1 Plastic Terms and Definitions
24	804.2 Iron Terms and Definitions 804.3 General Terms and Definitions 804.4 Pipe Terms and Definitions 804.5 Dimensional Terms and Definitions 804.6 Mechanical Properties 804.7 Steel Pipe 804.7.1 Carbon Steel.3
25	804.7.2 Alloy Steel. 4 804.7.3 Pipe Manufacturing Processes.
26	804.8 805 DESIGN, FABRICATION, OPERATION, AND TESTING TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 805.1 General 805.1.1 Area 805.1.2 Leakage Investigative Terms and Definitions. 805.1.3 Plastic Terms and Definitions 805.1.4 Fabrication Terms and Definitions
27	805.2 Design 805.2.1 Pressure Terms and Definitions 805.2.2 Temperature Terms and Definitions 805.2.3 Stress Terms and Definitions
28	805.2.4 Construction, Operation, and Maintenance Terms and Definitions
29	805.2.5 Corrosion Control Terms and Definitions
31	805.2.6 Engineering Terms and Definitions 805.2.7 Miscellaneous Terms and Definitions 806 QUALITY ASSURANCE 807 TRAINING AND QUALIFICATION OF PERSONNEL 807.1 Program
32	807.2 Operating and Maintenance Functions 807.3 Reference
33	Chapter I Materials and Equipment 810 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT 811 QUALIFICATION OF MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT 811.1 Categories 811.2 Procedures for Qualification 811.2.1 Conformance. 811.2.2 Nonconformance Important Items. 811.2.3 Nonconformance Unimportant Items. 811.2.4 No Standards or Specifications Referenced. 811.3 Unidentified or Used Pipe 812 MATERIALS FOR USE IN LOW-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS
34	813 MARKING 813.1 Scope 813.2 Die Stamping 813.3 Multiple Marking of Materials or Components 814 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS 814.1 Pipe Conforming to Referenced Standards and Specifications 814.1.1 Steel Pipe
35	814.1.2 Ductile Iron Pipe. 814.1.3 Plastic Pipe and Components 814.1.4 Qualification of Plastic Piping Materials 814.2 Steel, Cast Iron, and Ductile Iron Piping Components 815 EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS 816 TRANSPORTATION OF LINE PIPE 817 CONDITIONS FOR THE REUSE OF PIPE 817.1 Reuse of Steel Pipe 817.1.1 Equivalent Service Level. 817.1.2 Low Hoop Stress Service Level Less Than 6,000 psi 41 MPa.
36	817.1.3 Midrange Hoop Stress Service Level Greater Than 6,000 psi 41 MPa but Less Than 24,000 psi 165 MPa. Tables Table 817.1.3-1 Tensile Testing
37	817.2 Reuse of Ductile Iron Pipe 817.2.1 Equivalent Service Level. 817.2.2 Known Specifications. 817.3 Reuse of Plastic Piping
38	Chapter II Welding 820 WELDING 821 GENERAL 821.1 General Requirements 821.2 Welding Processes 821.3 Welding Procedure 821.4 Weld Acceptance 821.5 Welding Qualifications 821.6 Welding Safety 821.7 Welding Terms 822 PREPARATION FOR WELDING 822.1 Butt Welds 822.2 Fillet Welds 822.3 Seal Welds 823 QUALIFICATION OF PROCEDURES AND WELDERS 823.1 Requirements for Qualifying Welders on Piping Systems Operating at Hoop Stresses of Less Than 20% of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength
39	823.2 Requirements for Qualifying Procedures and Welders on Piping Systems Operating at Hoop Stresses of 20% or More of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength 823.2.1 Qualifying Standards. 823.2.2 Compressor Station Piping. 823.2.3 Variables for the Separate Qualification of Welders. 823.3 Welder Requalification Requirements 823.4 Qualification Records 824 PREHEATING 824.1 Carbon Steels 824.2 Dissimilar Materials 824.3 Suitable Methods 824.4 Temporary Monitoring 825 STRESS RELIEVING 825.1 Carbon Steels 825.2 Wall Thickness 825.3 Different Wall Thicknesses
40	825.4 Dissimilar Materials 825.5 Connections and Attachments 825.6 Stress Relieving Temperature 825.7 Methods of Stress Relieving 825.8 Equipment for Local Stress Relieving 826 WELD INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS 826.1 Visual Inspection 826.2 Inspection of Welds on Piping Systems Intended to Operate at Hoop Stress Levels of Less Than 20% of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength 826.3 Inspection and Tests for Quality Control of Welds on Piping Systems Intended to Operate at Hoop Stress Levels of 20% or More of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength
41	827 REPAIR OR REMOVAL OF DEFECTIVE WELDS IN PIPING INTENDED TO OPERATE AT HOOP STRESS LEVELS OF 20% OR MORE OF THE SPECIFIED MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH
42	Chapter III Piping System Components and Fabrication Details 830 PIPING SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND FABRICATION DETAILS 830.1 General 831 PIPING SYSTEM COMPONENTS 831.1 Valves and Pressure-Reducing Devices 831.1.1 Valves Without Threads. 831.1.2 Threaded Valves. 831.1.3 Pressure-Reducing Devices. 831.2 Flanges 831.2.1 Flange Types and Facings
43	831.2.2 Bolting
44	831.2.3 Gaskets 831.3 Fittings Other Than Valves and Flanges 831.3.1 Standard Fittings
45	831.3.2 Special Fittings. 831.3.3 Branch Connections 831.3.4 Openings for Gas Control Equipment in Cast Iron Pipe. 831.3.5 Special Components Fabricated by Welding 831.3.6 Pressure Design of Other PressureÃContaining Components. 831.3.7 Closures
46	831.4 Reinforcement of Welded Branch Connections 831.4.1 General Requirements.
47	831.4.2 Special Requirements. Table 831.4.2-1 Reinforcement of Welded Branch Connections, Special Requirements
48	831.5 Reinforcement of Multiple Openings 831.6 Extruded Outlets
49	832 EXPANSION AND FLEXIBILITY 832.1 Application 832.2 Amount of Expansion or Contraction 832.3 Flexibility Requirements 832.4 Reactions Table 832.2-1 Thermal Expansion or Contraction of Piping Materials Carbon and Low Alloy High Tensile Steel and Wrought Iron
50	832.5 Modulus of Elasticity 833 DESIGN FOR LONGITUDINAL STRESS 833.1 Restraint 833.2 Calculation of Longitudinal Stress Components Table 832.5-1 Modulus of Elasticity for Carbon and Low Alloy Steel
51	833.3 Summation of Longitudinal Stress in Restrained Pipe 833.4 Combined Stress for Restrained Pipe 833.5 Design for Stress Greater Than Yield 833.6 Summation of Longitudinal Stresses in Unrestrained Pipe 833.7 Flexibility Analysis for Unrestrained Piping
52	833.8 Flexibility Stresses and Stresses Due to Periodic or Cyclic Fatigue Loading 833.9 Local Stresses 833.10 Buckling and Lateral Instability 834 SUPPORTS AND ANCHORAGE FOR EXPOSED PIPING 834.1 General 834.2 Provision for Expansion 834.3 Materials, Design, and Installation 834.4 Forces on Pipe Joints
53	834.5 Attachment of Supports or Anchors 835 ANCHORAGE FOR BURIED PIPING 835.1 General 835.2 Anchorage at Bends 835.3 Restraint Due to Soil Friction 835.4 Forces on Pipe Joints 835.5 Supports for Buried Piping 835.6 Interconnection of Underground Lines
54	Chapter IV Design, Installation, and Testing 840 DESIGN, INSTALLATION, AND TESTING 840.1 General Provisions
55	840.2 Buildings Intended for Human Occupancy 840.2.1 General 840.2.2 Location Classes for Design and Construction 840.3 Considerations Necessary for Concentrations of People in Location Class 1 or 2 840.4 Intent
56	841 STEEL PIPE 841.1 Steel Piping Systems Design Requirements 841.1.1 Steel Pipe Design Formula 841.1.2 Fracture Control and Arrest
57	841.1.3 Limitations on Design Pressure, P, in Para. 841.1.1. 841.1.4 Limitations on Specified Minimum Yield Strength, S, in Para. 841.1.1
58	841.1.5 Additional Requirements for Nominal Wall Thickness, t, in Para. 841.1.1 841.1.6 Design Factors, F, and Location Classes. 841.1.7 Longitudinal Joint Factor. 841.1.8 Temperature Derating Factor. 841.1.9 Additional Design Information or Instructions Table 841.1.6-1 Basic Design Factor, F
59	Table 841.1.6-2 Design Factors for Steel Pipe Construction
60	Table 841.1.7-1 Longitudinal Joint Factor, E Table 841.1.8-1 Temperature Derating Factor,T, for Steel Pipe
62	841.1.10 Protection of Pipelines and Mains From Hazards 841.1.11 Cover, Clearance, and Casing Requirements for Buried Steel Pipelines and Mains Table 841.1.11-1 Pipeline Cover Requirements
63	841.1.12 Design Factors Summary. 841.2 Installation of Steel Pipelines and Mains 841.2.1 Construction Specifications. 841.2.2 Inspection Provisions 841.2.3 Bends, Miters, and Elbows in Steel Pipelines and Mains.
64	841.2.4 Pipe Surface Requirements Applicable to Pipelines and Mains to Operate at a Hoop Stress of 20% or More of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength. Table 841.2.3-1 Pipeline Field Cold BendRequirements
65	841.2.5 Miscellaneous Operations Involved in the Installation of Steel Pipelines and Mains 841.2.6 Hot Taps. 841.2.7 Precautions to Avoid Explosions of Gas-Air Mixtures or Uncontrolled Fires During Construction Operations
66	841.3 Testing After Construction 841.3.1 General Provisions.
67	841.3.2 Pressure Test Requirements to Prove Strength of Pipelines and Mains to Operate at Hoop Stresses of 30% or More of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength of the Pipe.
68	Table 841.3.2-1 Test Requirements for Steel Pipelines and Mains to Operate at Hoop Stresses of 30% or More of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength of the Pipe
69	841.3.3 Tests Required to Prove Strength for Pipelines and Mains to Operate at Hoop Stress Levels of Less Than 30% of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength of the Pipe, but in Excess of 100 psig 690 kPa. 841.3.4 Leak Tests for Pipelines or Mains to Operate at 100 psig 690 kPa or More 841.3.5 Leak Tests for Pipelines and Mains to Operate at Less Than 100 psig 690 kPa 841.3.6 Safety During Tests. 841.4 Commissioning of Facilities 841.4.1 General. 841.4.2 Cleaning and Drying Procedures. Table 841.3.3-1 Maximum Hoop Stress Permissible During an Air or Gas Test
70	841.4.3 Functional Testing of Equipment and Systems. 841.4.4 Start-Up Procedures and Introduction of Transported Gas. 841.4.5 Documentation and Records. 842 OTHER MATERIALS 842.1 Ductile Iron Piping Systems Requirements 842.1.1 Ductile Iron Pipe Design 842.1.2 Installation of Ductile Iron Pipe 842.1.3 Testing Ductile Iron Field Joints. 842.2 Design of Plastic Piping
71	Table 842.1.1-1 Standard Thickness Selection Table for Ductile Iron Pipe
72	842.2.1 Plastic Pipe and Tubing Design Formula. 842.2.2 Thermoplastic Design Limitations
73	842.2.3 Reinforced Thermosetting Plastic RTP Design Limitations 842.2.4 Design Pressure of Plastic Fittings. 842.2.5 Valves in Plastic Piping 842.2.6 Protection From Hazards. 842.2.7 Cover and Casing Requirements Under Railroads, Roads, Streets, or Highways. 842.2.8 Clearance Between Mains and Other Underground Structures. 842.2.9 Plastic Pipe and Tubing Joints and Connections
74	842.3 Installation of Plastic Piping 842.3.1 Construction Specifications. 842.3.2 Inspection and Handling Provisions.
75	842.3.3 Installation Provisions Table 842.2.9-1 Nominal Values for Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Thermoplastic Pipe Materials
76	842.3.4 Bends and Branches. 842.3.5 Field Repairs of Gouges and Punctures. 842.3.6 Hot Taps. 842.3.7 Purging. 842.4 Testing Plastic Piping After Construction 842.4.1 General Provisions
77	842.4.2 Test Requirements 842.4.3 Safety During Tests. 842.5 Copper Mains 842.5.1 Design of Copper Mains 842.5.2 Testing of Copper Mains After Construction. 843 COMPRESSOR STATIONS 843.1 Compressor Station Design 843.1.1 Location of Compressor Building. 843.1.2 Building Construction. 843.1.3 Exits.
78	843.1.4 Fenced Areas. 843.2 Electrical Facilities 843.3 Compressor Station Equipment 843.3.1 Gas Treating Facilities 843.3.2 Fire Protection. 843.3.3 Safety Devices
79	843.3.4 Pressure-Limiting Requirements in Compressor Stations 843.3.5 Fuel Gas Control. 843.3.6 Cooling and Lubrication Failures. 843.3.7 Explosion Prevention 843.3.8 Gas Detection and Alarm Systems 843.4 Compressor Station Piping 843.4.1 Gas Piping.
80	843.4.2 Fuel Gas Piping. 843.4.3 Air Piping System 843.4.4 Lubricating Oil Piping. 843.4.5 Water Piping. 843.4.6 Steam Piping. 843.4.7 Hydraulic Piping. 844 PIPE-TYPE AND BOTTLE-TYPE HOLDERS 844.1 Pipe-Type Holders in Rights-of-Way Not Under Exclusive Use and Control of the Operating Company 844.2 Bottle-Type Holders 844.3 Pipe-Type and Bottle-Type Holders on Property Under the Exclusive Use and Control of the Operating Company
81	844.4 Special Provisions Applicable to Bottle-Type Holders Only 844.5 General Provisions Applicable to Both Pipe-Type and Bottle-Type Holders 845 CONTROL AND LIMITING OF GAS PRESSURE 845.1 Basic Requirement for Protection Against Accidental Overpressuring Table 844.3-1 Design Factors, F Table 844.3-2 Minimum Clearance Between Containers and Fenced Boundaries
82	845.2 Control and Limiting of Gas Pressure 845.2.1 Control and Limiting of Gas Pressure in Holders, Pipelines, and All Facilities That Might at Times Be Bottle Tight. 845.2.2 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure for Steel or Plastic Pipelines or Mains. 845.2.3 Qualification of a Steel Pipeline or Main to Establish the MAOP Table 845.2.2-1 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure for Steel or Plastic Pipelines or Mains Table 845.2.3-1 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure for Pipelines Operating at 100 psig (690 kPa) or More
83	845.2.4 Control and Limiting of Gas Pressure in HighÃPressure Steel, Ductile Iron, Cast Iron, or Plastic Distribution Systems Table 845.2.3-2 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure for Pipelines Operating at Less Than 100 psig (690 kPa)
84	845.2.5 Control and Limiting of Gas Pressure in LowÃPressure Distribution Systems 845.2.6 Conversion of Low-Pressure Distribution Systems to High-Pressure Distribution Systems 845.2.7 Control and Limiting of the Pressure of Gas Delivered to Domestic, Small Commercial, and Small Industrial Customers From High-Pressure Distribution Systems
85	845.3 Requirements for Design of Pressure Relief and Pressure-Limiting Installations
86	845.4 Capacity of Pressure-Relieving and PressureÃLimiting Station and Devices 845.4.1 Required Capacity of Pressure-Relieving and Pressure-Limiting Stations 845.4.2 Proof of Adequate Capacity and Satisfactory Performance of Pressure-Limiting and Pressure Relief Devices. 845.5 Instrument, Control, and Sample Piping 845.5.1 Scope 845.5.2 Materials and Design
87	846 VALVES4 846.1 Required Spacing of Valves 846.1.1 Transmission Lines. 846.1.2 Distribution Mains. 846.2 Location of Valves 846.2.1 Transmission Valves
88	846.2.2 Distribution System Valves 847 VAULTS 847.1 Structural Design Requirements 847.2 Accessibility 847.3 Vault Sealing, Venting, and Ventilation
89	847.4 Drainage and Waterproofing 848 CUSTOMERSŒ METERS AND REGULATORS 848.1 Location for CustomersŒ Meter and Regulator Installations 848.2 Operating Pressures for CustomersŒ Meter Installations 848.3 Protection of CustomersŒ Meter and Regulator Installations From Damage 848.3.1 Corrosive Area. 848.3.2 Protective Device. 848.3.3 Termination of Vents. 848.3.4 Pit and Vault Design. 848.4 Installation of Meters and Regulators
90	849 GAS SERVICE LINES 849.1 General Provisions Applicable to Steel, Copper, and Plastic Service Lines 849.1.1 Installation of Service Lines 849.1.2 Types of Valves Suitable for Service Line Valves 849.1.3 Location of Service Line Valves 849.1.4 Location of Service Line Connections to Main Piping. 849.1.5 Testing of Service Lines After Construction
91	849.2 Steel Service Lines 849.2.1 Design of Steel Service Lines 849.2.2 Installation of Steel Service Lines 849.3 Ductile Iron Service Lines 849.4 Plastic Service Lines 849.4.1 Design of Plastic Service Lines 849.4.2 Installation of Plastic Service Lines
92	849.5 Copper Service Lines 849.5.1 Design of Copper Service Lines 849.5.2 Installation of Copper Service Lines. 849.6 Service Line Connections to Mains 849.6.1 Service Line Connections to Steel Mains. 849.6.2 Service Line Connection to Cast Iron and Ductile Iron Mains 849.6.3 Service Line Connections to Plastic Mains 849.6.4 Service Line Connections to Copper Mains
93	849.6.5 Plastic Service Line Connections to Metal Mains
94	Chapter V Operating and Maintenance Procedures 850 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES AFFECTING THE SAFETY OF GAS TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES 850.1 General 850.2 Basic Requirements 850.3 Essential Features of the Operating and Maintenance Plan 850.4 Essential Features of the Emergency Plan 850.4.1 Written Emergency Procedures.
95	850.4.2 Training Program. 850.4.3 Liaison 850.4.4 Educational Program. 850.5 Pipeline Failure Investigation 850.6 Prevention of Accidental Ignition
96	850.7 Blasting Effects 850.8 Damage Prevention Program 851 PIPELINE MAINTENANCE 851.1 Periodic Surveillance of Pipelines 851.2 Pipeline Patrolling 851.2.1 Maintenance of Cover at Road Crossings and Drainage Ditches.
97	851.2.2 Maintenance of Cover in Cross-Country Terrain. 851.3 Leakage Surveys 851.4 Repair Procedures for Steel Pipelines 851.4.1 Definition of Injurious Dents and Mechanical Damage
98	851.4.2 Permanent Field Repairs of Injurious Dents and Mechanical Damage
99	851.4.3 Permanent Field Repair of Welds Having Injurious Defects Figures Fig. 851.4.1-1 Allowable Ripple Heights
100	851.4.4 Permanent Field Repair of Leaks and Nonleaking Corroded Areas 851.4.5 Permanent Field Repair of Hydrogen Stress Cracking in Hard Spots and Stress Corrosion Cracking 851.5 Testing Repairs to Steel Pipelines or Mains 851.5.1 Testing of Replacement Pipe Sections. 851.5.2 Nondestructive Testing of Repairs, Gouges, Grooves, Dents, and Welds. 851.6 Pipeline Leak Records Table 851.4.4-1 Wall Thickness for Unlikely Occurrence of Burn-Through
101	851.7 Pipeline Markers 851.8 Abandoning of Transmission Facilities 851.9 Decommissioning of Transmission Facilities 851.10 Recommissioning of Transmission Facilities 851.11 Repositioning a Pipeline in Service 851.12 Pressure Testing for Integrity Assessment of In-Service Pipelines
102	851.12.1 Pressure Test Levels. 851.12.2 Pressure Hold Period 851.12.3 Time Interval Between Tests. 852 DISTRIBUTION PIPING MAINTENANCE 852.1 Patrolling 852.2 Leakage Surveys 852.2.1 Types of Surveys.
103	852.2.2 Frequency of Surveys. 852.3 Leakage Investigation and Action 852.3.1 Leakage Classification and Repair. 852.3.2 Investigation of Reports From Outside Sources. 852.3.3 Odor or Indications From Foreign Sources. 852.3.4 Follow-Up Inspections. 852.4 Requirements for Abandoning, Disconnecting, and Reinstating Distribution Facilities 852.4.1 Abandoning of Distribution Facilities.
104	852.4.2 Temporarily Disconnected Service. 852.4.3 Test Requirements for Reinstating Abandoned Facilities and Temporarily Disconnected Service Lines. 852.5 Plastic Pipe Maintenance 852.5.1 Squeezing-Off and Reopening of Thermoplastic Pipe or Tubing for Pressure Control 852.5.2 Repair of Plastic Pipe or Tubing.
105	852.6 Piping Maintenance Records 852.6.1 Inspection of Underground Piping. 852.6.2 Cause of Cast Iron Breakage. 852.6.3 Analysis of Condition Records. 852.7 Cast Iron Pipe Maintenance 852.7.1 Sealing Joints of 25 psig 170 kPa or More. 852.7.2 Sealing Joints Under 25 psig 170 kPa. 852.7.3 Inspection for Graphitization. 852.7.4 Disturbed Pipeline Support. 853 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES MAINTENANCE 853.1 Compressor Station Maintenance 853.1.1 Compressors and Prime Movers. 853.1.2 Inspection and Testing of Relief Valves. 853.1.3 Repairs to Compressor Station Piping. 853.1.4 Isolation of Equipment for Maintenance or Alterations. 853.1.5 Storage of Combustible Materials.
106	853.1.6 Maintenance and Testing of Gas Detection and Alarm Systems. 853.1.7 Monitoring Effects of Pulsation and Vibration. 853.2 Procedures for Maintaining Pipe-Type and Bottle-Type Holders in Safe Operating Condition 853.3 Maintenance of Pressure-Limiting and Pressure-Regulating Stations 853.3.1 Condition and Adequacy. 853.3.2 Abnormal Conditions. 853.3.3 Stop Valves
107	853.3.4 Pressure-Regulating Stations 853.4 Valve Maintenance 853.4.1 Pipeline Valves. 853.4.2 Distribution System Valves. 853.4.3 Service Line Valves. 853.4.4 Valve Records. 853.4.5 Prevention of Accidental Operation. 853.5 Vault Maintenance
108	854 LOCATION CLASS AND CHANGES IN NUMBER OF BUILDINGS INTENDED FOR HUMAN OCCUPANCY 854.1 Monitoring 854.2 Confirmation or Revision of MAOP Table 854.1-1 Location Class
109	854.3 Pressure-Relieving or Pressure-Limiting Devices 854.4 Review of Valve Spacing 854.5 Concentrations of People in Location Classes 1 and 2
110	855 PIPELINE SERVICE CONVERSIONS 855.1 General 855.2 Historical Records Study 855.3 Requirements for Conversion to Gas Service 855.4 Conversion Procedure 855.5 Records of the Conversion 856 ODORIZATION 856.1 General
111	856.2 Odorization Equipment 856.3 Odorant Requirements 856.4 Records 856.5 Odorant Concentration Tests 857 UPRATING 857.1 General 857.2 Uprating Steel Pipelines or Mains to a Pressure That Will Produce a Hoop Stress of 30% or More of SMYS
112	857.3 Uprating Steel or Plastic Pipelines to a Pressure That Will Produce a Hoop Stress Less Than 30% of SMYS 857.4 Uprating a Ductile Iron High-Pressure Main or System to a New and Higher Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure
113	857.5 Uprating a Distribution System That Has Been Operating at Inches Millimeters of Water Low Pressure to a Higher Pressure Table 857.4-1 Wall Thickness Allowance for Uprating a Ductile Iron High-Pressure Main or System
114	Chapter VI Corrosion Control 860 CORROSION CONTROL — GENERAL 860.1 Scope 860.2 Evaluation of Existing Installations 860.3 Corrective Measures
115	861 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL FOR STEEL PIPELINES 861.1 Buried/Submerged Installations 861.1.1 Coatings 861.1.2 Cathodic Protection Requirements. 861.1.3 Electrical Isolation
116	861.1.4 Electrical Connections and Monitoring Points 861.1.5 Electrical Interference 861.1.6 Isolation From Casings. 861.1.7 Electrical Interference 861.2 Aboveground Piping Atmospheric Protection 861.2.1 Coatings. 861.2.2 Surface Preparation. 861.2.3 Coating Characteristics.
117	861.2.4 Air/Electrolyte Interface. 861.3 Harsh Environments 862 CATHODIC PROTECTION CRITERIA 862.1 Standard Criteria 862.2 Alternative Criteria 863 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS 863.1 Inspection of Equipment 863.2 Measurement of Cathodic Protection 863.3 Frequency of Testing 863.4 Appropriate Correction Measure 864 INTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL 864.1 General 864.2 Design of New Installations 864.2.1 Use of Internal Protective Coating.
118	864.2.2 Use of Corrosion Inhibitor. 864.2.3 Use of Pigging Equipment. 864.2.4 Use of Corrosion Coupons. 864.2.5 Sweetening or Refining of Gas. 864.2.6 Use of Corrosion-Resistant Materials. 864.2.7 High-Temperature Considerations. 864.2.8 Low-Temperature Considerations. 865 STEEL PIPELINES IN ARCTIC ENVIRONMENTS 865.1 Special Considerations for Arctic Environments
119	865.1.1 External Coating Requirements. 865.1.2 Impressed Current Considerations. 865.1.3 Galvanic Anode Considerations. 865.1.4 Monitoring Considerations. 866 STEEL PIPELINES IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE SERVICE 866.1 Special Considerations for High-Temperature Service 866.1.1 External Coating Considerations. 866.1.2 Impressed Current Considerations. 866.1.3 Galvanic Anode Considerations.
120	867 STRESS CORROSION AND OTHER PHENOMENA 868 CAST IRON, WROUGHT IRON, DUCTILE IRON, AND OTHER METALLIC PIPELINES 868.1 Requirements for Cast Iron and Ductile Iron Piping Facilities Exposed to Atmosphere 868.2 Other Metallic Materials 868.3 Installation of Electrical Connections
121	Chapter VII Intentionally Left Blank
122	Chapter VIII Offshore Gas Transmission A800 OFFSHORE GAS TRANSMISSION A801 GENERAL A802 SCOPE AND INTENT A802.1 Scope A802.2 Intent A803 OFFSHORE GAS TRANSMISSION TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
123	A811 QUALIFICATION OF MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
124	A814 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS A814.1 Pipe Conforming to Referenced Standards and Specifications A814.1.1 Steel Pipe. A814.3 Weight Coating A814.4 Flexible Pipe A814.5 Other Requirements A817 CONDITIONS FOR THE REUSE AND REQUALIFICATION OF PIPE A817.1 Reuse of Steel Pipe A817.4 Requalification of Pipeline Systems A820 WELDING OFFSHORE PIPELINES A821 GENERAL A821.1 General Requirements A821.2 Welding Processes A821.3 Welding Procedure A823 QUALIFICATION OF PROCEDURES AND WELDERS
125	A825 STRESS RELIEVING A826 INSPECTION OF WELDS A826.2 Inspection and Tests for Quality Control of Welds on Piping Systems A826.2.1 Extent of Examination. A826.2.2 Standard of Acceptability. A826.2.3 Alternative Flaw Acceptance Limits. A830 PIPING SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND FABRICATION DETAILS A830.1 General A831 PIPING SYSTEM COMPONENTS A831.1 Valves and Pressure-Reducing Devices A831.1.1 Valves. A832 EXPANSION AND FLEXIBILITY
126	A834 SUPPORTS AND ANCHORAGE FOR EXPOSED PIPING A835 ANCHORAGE FOR BURIED PIPING A840 DESIGN, INSTALLATION, AND TESTING A840.1 General Provisions A840.2 Shoreline Approaches A841 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS A841.1 Design Conditions A841.2 Installation Design Considerations A841.2.1 Weight. A841.2.2 Profile. A841.2.3 Environmental Loads. A841.2.4 Loads Imposed by Construction Equipment and Vessel Motions.
127	A841.2.5 Bottom Soils. A841.3 Operational Design Considerations A841.3.1 Loading Classifications. A841.3.2 Operational Loads. A841.3.3 Design Environmental Loads. A842 STRENGTH CONSIDERATIONS A842.1 Strength Consideration During Installation A842.1.1 Buckling. A842.1.2 Collapse. A842.1.3 Allowable Longitudinal Stress. A842.1.4 Allowable Strains. A842.1.5 Installation Fatigue.
128	A842.1.6 Special Assemblies. A842.1.7 Residual Stresses. A842.1.8 Flexible Pipe. A842.2 Strength Considerations During Operations A842.2.1 Operational and Design Criteria A842.2.2 Design Against Yielding. Table A842.2.2-1 Design Factors for Offshore Pipelines, Platform Piping, and Pipeline Risers
130	A842.2.3 Alternate Design for Strain. A842.2.4 Design Against Buckling and Ovalization. A842.2.5 Design Against Fatigue. A842.2.6 Design Against Fracture. A842.2.7 Design of Clamps and Supports. A842.2.8 Design of Connectors and Flanges. A842.2.9 Design of Structural Pipeline Riser Protectors. A842.2.10 Design and Protection of Special Assemblies. A842.2.11 Design of Flexible Pipe. A843 COMPRESSOR STATIONS A843.1 Compressor Station Design
131	A843.1.1 Location of Compressor Facilities. A843.1.2 Enclosures. A843.1.3 Exits. A843.1.5 Hazard Analysis for Offshore Compressor Stations. A843.2 Electrical Facilities A843.3 Compressor Station Equipment A843.3.3 Safety Devices A843.3.4 Pressure-Limiting Requirements for Offshore Compression Facilities A844 ON-BOTTOM STABILITY A844.1 Design Storm Conditions
132	A844.2 Stability Against Waves and Currents A844.2.1 Submerged Weight. A844.2.2 Bottom Soils. A844.2.3 Trenching. A844.2.4 Backfilling. A844.2.5 Anchoring. A844.3 Shore Approaches A844.4 Slope Failure A844.5 Soil Liquefaction A846 VALVES A847 TESTING A847.1 General Provisions A847.2 Test Pressure
133	A847.3 Test Medium A847.4 Test Procedure A847.5 Records A847.6 Tie-Ins A847.7 Testing for Buckles A850 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES AFFECTING THE SAFETY OF GAS TRANSMISSION FACILITIES A850.1 General A850.3 Essential Features of the Operating and Maintenance Plan A850.4 Essential Features of the Emergency Plan A850.4.3 Liaison. A850.4.4 Educational Program.
134	A850.7 Blasting Effects A851 PIPELINE MAINTENANCE A851.2 Pipeline Patrolling A851.4 Above-Water and Hyperbaric Repair Procedures for Steel Pipelines A851.4.5 Offshore Below-Water Repair Procedures for Steel Pipelines. A851.4.6 Offshore Repair of Flexible Pipe. A851.7 Pipeline Markers and Signs A854 LOCATION CLASS A860 CORROSION CONTROL OF OFFSHORE PIPELINES A860.1 Scope
135	A860.2 Evaluation of Existing Installations A861 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL A861.1 Submerged Installations A861.1.1 Coatings A861.1.2 Cathodic Protection Requirements A861.1.3 Electrical Isolation.
136	A861.1.4 Electrical Connections and Monitoring Points. A861.1.7 Electrical Interference. A861.2 Above-Water Atmospheric Protection A861.2.1 Coatings. A861.2.2 Surface Preparation. A861.4 Atmospheric Corrosion Inspection A862 CATHODIC PROTECTION CRITERIA A862.1 Criteria A862.3 Electrical Checks A864 INTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL A864.1 General
137	Chapter IX Sour Gas Service B800 SOUR GAS SERVICE B801 GENERAL B802 SCOPE AND INTENT B802.1 Scope B802.2 Intent B803 SOUR GAS TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
138	B813 MARKING B814 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS B814.1 Pipe Conforming to Referenced Standards and Specifications B820 WELDING SOUR GAS PIPELINES B821 GENERAL B821.1 General Requirements B821.2 Welding Processes B821.4 Weld Acceptance B822 PREPARATION FOR WELDING B822.3 Seal Welds B822.4 Cleaning B823 QUALIFICATION OF PROCEDURES AND WELDERS B823.2 Requirements for Qualification of Procedures and Welders on Sour Gas Piping Systems B823.2.1 Qualifying Standard. B823.2.4 Hardness Control. B824 PREHEATING B824.5 Hydrogen Bake Out of Used Pipe
139	B825 STRESS RELIEVING B825.1 Carbon Steels B825.6 Stress Relieving Temperature B826 WELDING AND INSPECTION TESTS B826.2 Inspection and Tests for Quality Control of Welds on Sour Gas Piping Systems B830 PIPING SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND FABRICATION DETAILS B831 PIPING SYSTEM COMPONENTS B831.1 Valves and Pressure-Reducing Devices B831.1.3 Pressure-Reducing Devices B831.2 Flanges B831.2.2 Bolting B840 DESIGN, INSTALLATION, AND TESTING B841 STEEL PIPE B841.1 Steel Piping Systems Design Requirements B841.1.2 Fracture Control and Arrest B841.1.6 Design Factors, F, and Location Classes. B841.2 Installation of Steel Pipelines and Mains B841.2.3 Bends, Miters, and Elbows in Steel Pipelines B841.2.4 Pipe Surfaces Requirements Applicable to Pipelines and Mains to Operate at a Hoop Stress of 20% or More of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength
140	B841.2.6 Hot Taps. B841.2.7 Precautions to Avoid Explosions of Gas-Air Mixtures or Uncontrolled Fires During Construction Operations B841.3 Testing After Construction B841.3.1 General Provisions. B842 OTHER MATERIALS B842.2 Design of Plastic Piping B842.2.2 Thermoplastic Design Limitations B842.2.9 Plastic Pipe and Tubing Joints and Connections B842.4 Testing Plastic Piping After Construction B842.4.2 Testing Requirements B843 COMPRESSOR STATIONS B843.3 Compressor Station Equipment B843.3.1 Gas Treating Facilities B844 PIPE-TYPE AND BOTTLE-TYPE HOLDERS B850 ADDITIONAL OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING THE SAFETY OF SOUR GAS PIPELINES B850.1 General
141	B850.4 Essential Features of the Emergency Plan B850.4.2 Training Program. B851 PIPELINE MAINTENANCE B851.7 Pipeline Markers B851.10 Sour Gas Pipeline Blowdown B854 LOCATION CLASS AND CHANGES IN NUMBER OF BUILDINGS INTENDED FOR HUMAN OCCUPANCY B854.5 Concentrations of People in Location Classes 1 and 2 B860 CORROSION CONTROL OF SOUR GAS PIPELINES B860.1 Scope B860.4 Special Considerations
142	Table B850.1-1 100-ppm ROE Table B850.1-2 500-ppm ROE Table B850.1-3 Metric Example for 100-ppm ROE Table B850.1-4 Metric Example for 500-ppm ROE
143	B861 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL FOR STEEL PIPELINES B861.1 Buried/Submerged Installations B861.1.2 Cathodic Protection Requirements. B864 INTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL B864.1 General B864.2 Design of New Installations B867 STRESS CORROSION AND OTHER PHENOMENA
144	MANDATORY APPENDIX A REFERENCES A-1 AGA A-2 API
145	A-3 ASME A-4 ASTM
146	A-5 AWS A-6 AWWA
147	A-7 CGA A-8 EPRI A-9 GPA A-10 GTI A-11 IEEE A-12 MSS A-13 NACE A-14 NFPA
148	A-15 PPI A-16 PRCI
149	MANDATORY APPENDIX B NUMBERS AND SUBJECTS OF STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS THAT APPEAR IN MANDATORY APPENDIX A
150	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C PUBLICATIONS THAT DO NOT APPEAR IN THE CODE OR MANDATORY APPENDIX A C-1 AGA C-2 API C-3 ASCE C-4 ASME C-5 ASTM
151	C-6 AWWA C-7 GTI
152	C-8 MSS C-9 OTHER PUBLICATIONS
153	Table D-1 Specified Minimum Yield Strength for Steel Pipe Commonly Used in Piping Systems MANDATORY APPENDIX D SPECIFIED MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH FOR STEEL PIPE COMMONLY USED IN PIPING SYSTEMS1
155	Table D-2 HDB Values for Thermoplastic Materials
156	MANDATORY APPENDIX E FLEXIBILITY AND STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTORS
157	Table E-1 Flexibility Factor, k, and Stress Intensification Factor, i
162	Fig. F-1 Fig. F-2 MANDATORY APPENDIX F EXTRUDED HEADERS AND WELDED BRANCH CONNECTIONS1 F-1 EXTRUDED HEADERS F-2 EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING THE APPLICATION OF THE RULES FOR REINFORCEMENT OF WELDED BRANCH CONNECTIONS F-2.1 Example 1
163	Fig. F-3 Fig. F-4
164	F-2.1.1 Header. F-2.1.2 Outlet. F-2.1.3 Reinforcement Required F-2.1.4 Reinforcement Provided by Header F-2.1.5 Effective Area in Outlet F-2.1M Example 1M F-2.1.1M Header. F-2.1.2M Outlet. F-2.1.3M Reinforcement Required F-2.1.4M Reinforcement Provided by Header F-2.1.5M Effective Area in Outlet
165	Fig. F-5 Rules for Reinforcement of Welded Branch Connections
166	Fig. F-6 F-2.2 Example 2 F-2.2.1 Header. F-2.2.2 Outlet. F-2.2.3 Reinforcement Required F-2.2.4 Reinforcement Provided F-2.2.5 Effective Area in Outlet
167	Fig. F-7 F-2.2M Example 2M F-2.2.1M Header. F-2.2.2M Outlet. F-2.2.3M Reinforcement Required
168	F-2.2.4M Reinforcement Provided F-2.2.5M Effective Area in Outlet
169	MANDATORY APPENDIX G TESTING OF WELDERS LIMITED TO WORK ON LINES OPERATING AT HOOP STRESSES OF LESS THAN 20% OF THE SPECIFIED MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH1 G-1 TEST PROCEDURES
170	MANDATORY APPENDIX H FLATTENING TEST FOR PIPE1 H-1 TEST PROCEDURES
171	MANDATORY APPENDIX I END PREPARATIONS FOR BUTTWELDING I-1 EXPLANATORY NOTES I-1.1 General I-1.2 Unequal Internal Diameters I-1.3 Unequal External Diameters I-1.4 Unequal Internal and External Diameters
172	Fig. I-1 Welding Details for Openings Without Reinforcement Other Than That in Header and Branch Walls Fig. I-2 Welding Details for Openings With Localized-Type Reinforcement
173	Fig. I-3 Welding Details for Openings With Complete Encirclement Types of Reinforcement
174	Fig. I-3.1 Pressurized Hot Tap Tee Reinforcing Sleeve End Fillet Weld Design
175	Fig. I-4 Acceptable Combinations of Pipe End Preparations
176	Fig. I-5 Acceptable Design for Unequal Wall Thickness
177	Fig. I-6 Recommended Attachment Details of Flanges
178	Table I-1 Lightweight Flanges
179	Table I-1M Lightweight Flanges (Metric Dimensions)
180	Table J-1 Commonly Used Conversion Factors NONMANDATORY APPENDIX J COMMONLY USED CONVERSION FACTORS1
182	Table J-2 List of SI Units for Use With B31.8 Code
184	MANDATORY APPENDIX K CRITERIA FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION1 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 6.2 General 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.3 Criteria 6.3.1 Steel and Cast Iron Structures 6.3.1.1 6.3.1.2 6.3.1.3 6.3.1.4 6.3.1.5 6.3.2 Aluminum Structures 6.3.2.1 6.3.2.2
185	6.3.2.3 Excessive Voltages. 6.3.2.4 Alkaline Soil Conditions. 6.3.3 Copper Structures 6.3.3.1 6.3.4 Dissimilar Metal Structure 6.3.4.1 6.4 Alternative Reference Electrodes 6.4.1 6.4.1.1 6.4.1.2 6.4.2 6.5 Special Considerations 6.5.1 6.5.2
186	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX L DETERMINATION OF REMAINING STRENGTH OF CORRODED PIPE
187	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX M GAS LEAKAGE CONTROL CRITERIA1 M-1 SCOPE M-2 DEFINITIONS APPLICABLE TO THIS APPENDIX ONLY M-3 LEAKAGE SURVEY AND TEST METHODS
189	Table M-4-1 Leak Detection Instruments: Type and General Usage M-4 TYPICALLY AVAILABLE INSTRUMENTS FOR THE DETECTION OF GAS M-5 LEAKAGE CLASSIFICATION AND ACTION CRITERIA M-5.1 General
190	M-5.2 Leak Grades M-5.3 Leak Classification and Action Criteria M-5.4 Reevaluation of a Leak M-6 PINPOINTING M-6.1 Scope M-6.2 Procedure M-6.3 Precautions
191	Table M-5.3-1 Leak Classification and Action Criteria: Grade 1
192	Table M-5.3-2 Leak Classification and Action Criteria: Grade 2 Table M-5.3-3 Leak Classification and Action Criteria: Grade 3
194	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX N RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR HYDROSTATIC TESTING OF PIPELINES IN PLACE N-1 INTRODUCTION N-2 PLANNING N-3 FILLING N-4 TESTING N-5 DETERMINATION OF PRESSURE REQUIRED TO PRODUCE YIELDING
195	N-6 LEAK TESTING N-7 RECORDS
196	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX O PREPARATION OF TECHNICAL INQUIRIES O-1 INTRODUCTION O-2 REQUIREMENTS O-3 SUBMITTAL
197	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX P NOMENCLATURE FOR FIGURES
198	Fig. Q-1 Scope of ASME B31.8 Transmission Piping Offshore MANDATORY APPENDIX Q SCOPE DIAGRAMS
199	Fig. Q-2 Scope of ASME B31.8 Transmission Piping Onshore
200	Fig. Q-3 Scope of ASME B31.8 Distribution Piping
201	Fig. R-1 Method for Estimating Strain in Dents NONMANDATORY APPENDIX R ESTIMATING STRAIN IN DENTS R-1 STRAIN R-2 ESTIMATING STRAIN
202	INDEX
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Standard Title	ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems
Published Code	ASME
Publication Date	2016
Pages Count	214

ASME B31.8 2016

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