ASME B31.8 2022

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ASME B31.8 – 2022 – Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems

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ASME	2022

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Description

ASME B31.8 covers gas transmission and distribution piping systems, including gas pipelines, gas compressor stations, gas metering and regulation stations, gas mains, and service lines up to the outlet of the customer’s meter set assembly. It includes gas transmission and gathering pipelines, including appurtenances that are installed offshore for the purpose of transporting gas from production facilities to onshore locations; gas storage equipment of the closed pipe type that is fabricated or forged from pipe or fabricated from pipe and fittings; and gas storage lines. Key changes to this revision include adding the following: a new section to address fit up requirements for bends and elbows; specific language and/or references to include non-pressurized pipe; guidelines for assembly of flanges; pig trap design safety requirements; the use of Multilayered Reinforced Thermoplastic Piping Systems (MRTPS); and requirements for general monitoring for Abnormal Operating Conditions (AOCs) and decoupling AOCs from covered task qualifications. In addition, the list of approved valve specifications has been expanded. This Code prescribes comprehensive solutions for materials, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, testing and inspection. It also serves as a companion to ASME’s other B31 codes on piping systems. Together, they remain essential references for anyone engaged with piping. Careful application of these B31 codes will help users to comply with applicable regulations within their jurisdictions, while achieving the operational, cost and safety benefits to be gained from the many industry best-practices detailed within these volumes. Intended for manufacturers, users, constructors, designers, pipeline operation and maintenance personnel, and regulatory personnel, plus all potential governing entities.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
4	CONTENTS
9	FOREWORD
11	ASME B31 COMMITTEE ROSTER
15	CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE B31 COMMITTEE
17	INTRODUCTION
19	ASME B31.8-2022 SUMMARY OF CHANGES
22	General Provisions and Definitions 801 GENERAL 801.1 Approved Standards and Specifications 801.2 Use of Standards and Specifications Incorporated by Reference 801.3 Standard Dimensions 801.4 Units of Measure 802 SCOPE AND INTENT 802.1 Scope
23	802.2 Intent 802.2.1 Adequacy for Normal Conditions. 802.2.2 More Complete Analysis. 802.2.3 Safety. 802.2.4 Retroactive Applications. 802.2.5 Application to Existing Facilities. 802.2.6 Qualification of Those Performing Inspections or Examinations. 802.2.7 Further Information. 802.3 Offshore Gas Transmission 803 PIPING SYSTEMS DEFINITIONS 803.1 General Terms and Definitions
24	803.2 Piping Systems 803.3 Distribution Systems
25	803.4 Gathering Systems 803.5 Miscellaneous Systems 803.6 Meters, Regulators, and Pressure-Relieving Stations 803.7 Valves
26	803.8 Gas Storage Equipment 804 PIPING SYSTEMS COMPONENT DEFINITIONS 804.1 Plastic Terms and Definitions 804.2 Iron Terms and Definitions 804.3 General Terms and Definitions 804.4 Pipe Terms and Definitions 804.5 Dimensional Terms and Definitions 804.6 Mechanical Properties
27	804.7 Steel Pipe 804.7.1 Carbon Steel.3From Steel Products Manual, Section 6, American Iron and Steel Institute, August 1952, pp. 5 and 6. 804.7.2 Alloy Steel.4From Steel Products Manual, Section 6, American Iron and Steel Institute, January 1952, pp. 6 and 7. 804.7.3 Pipe Manufacturing Processes.
28	804.8 Plastic Pipe 805 DESIGN, FABRICATION, OPERATION, AND TESTING TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 805.1 General 805.1.1 Area 805.1.2 Leakage Investigative Terms and Definitions. 805.1.3 Plastic Terms and Definitions
29	805.1.4 Fabrication Terms and Definitions 805.2 Design 805.2.1 Pressure Terms and Definitions
30	805.2.2 Temperature Terms and Definitions 805.2.3 Stress Terms and Definitions 805.2.4 Construction, Operation, and Maintenance Terms and Definitions
32	805.2.5 Corrosion Control Terms and Definitions
33	805.2.6 Engineering Terms and Definitions
34	805.2.7 Miscellaneous Terms and Definitions 806 QUALITY ASSURANCE 807 TRAINING AND QUALIFICATION OF PERSONNEL 807.1 Program
35	807.2 Operating and Maintenance Functions 807.3 Reference
36	Chapter I Materials and Equipment 810 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT 811 QUALIFICATION OF MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT 811.1 Categories 811.2 Procedures for Qualification 811.3 Unidentified or Used Pipe
37	812 MATERIALS FOR USE IN LOW-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS 813 MARKING 813.1 Scope 813.2 Die Stamping 813.3 Multiple Marking of Materials or Components 814 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS 814.1 Pipe Conforming to Referenced Standards and Specifications
38	814.2 Steel, Cast Iron, and Ductile Iron Piping Components 815 EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS 816 TRANSPORTATION OF LINE PIPE 817 CONDITIONS FOR THE REUSE OF PIPE 817.1 Reuse of Steel Pipe
39	Tables Table 817.1.3-1 Tensile Testing
40	817.2 Reuse of Ductile Iron Pipe 817.3 Reuse of Plastic Piping
41	Chapter II Welding 820 WELDING 821 GENERAL 821.1 Welding Processes 821.2 Welding Procedure 821.3 Weld Acceptance 821.4 Welding Qualifications 821.5 Welding Safety 821.6 Welding Terms 822 PREPARATION FOR WELDING 822.1 Butt Welds
42	822.2 Fillet Welds 822.3 Seal Welds 823 QUALIFICATION OF PROCEDURES AND WELDERS 823.1 Requirements for Qualifying Welders on Piping Systems Operating at Hoop Stresses of Less Than 20% of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength 823.2 Requirements for Qualifying Procedures and Welders on Piping Systems Operating at Hoop Stresses of 20% or More of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength 823.3 Welder Requalification Requirements 823.4 Qualification Records 824 PREHEATING 824.1 Carbon Steels 824.2 Dissimilar Materials 824.3 Suitable Methods
43	824.4 Temporary Monitoring 825 STRESS RELIEVING 825.1 Carbon Steels 825.2 Wall Thickness 825.3 Different Wall Thicknesses 825.4 Dissimilar Materials 825.5 Connections and Attachments 825.6 Stress Relieving Temperature 825.7 Methods of Stress Relieving
44	825.8 Equipment for Local Stress Relieving 826 WELD EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS 826.1 Visual Examination 826.2 Examination of Welds on Piping Systems Intended to Operate at Hoop Stress Levels of Less Than 20% of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength 826.3 Examination for Quality Control of Welds on Piping Systems Intended to Operate at Hoop Stress Levels of 20% or More of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength 827 REPAIR OR REMOVAL OF DEFECTIVE WELDS IN PIPING INTENDED TO OPERATE AT HOOP STRESS LEVELS OF 20% OR MORE OF THE SPECIFIED MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH
45	Chapter III Piping System Components and Fabrication Details 830 GENERAL 831 PIPING SYSTEM COMPONENTS 831.1 Valves and Pressure-Reducing Devices
46	831.2 Flanges
48	831.3 Fittings Other Than Valves and Flanges
49	831.4 Reinforcement of Welded Branch Connections
51	Table 831.4.2-1 Reinforcement of Welded Branch Connections, Special Requirements
52	831.5 Reinforcement of Multiple Openings 831.6 Extruded Outlets 832 EXPANSION AND FLEXIBILITY 832.1 Application 832.2 Amount of Expansion or Contraction 832.3 Flexibility Requirements
53	832.4 Reactions 832.5 Modulus of Elasticity Table 832.2-1 Thermal Expansion or Contraction of Piping Materials — Carbon and Low Alloy High Tensile Steel and Wrought Iron Table 832.5-1 Modulus of Elasticity for Carbon and Low Alloy Steel
54	833 DESIGN FOR LONGITUDINAL STRESS 833.1 Restraint 833.2 Calculation of Longitudinal Stress Components 833.3 Summation of Longitudinal Stress in Restrained Pipe
55	833.4 Combined Stress for Restrained Pipe 833.5 Design for Stress Greater Than Yield 833.6 Summation of Longitudinal Stresses in Unrestrained Pipe 833.7 Flexibility Analysis for Unrestrained Piping 833.8 Flexibility Stresses and Stresses Due to Periodic or Cyclic Fatigue Loading
56	833.9 Local Stresses 833.10 Buckling and Lateral Instability 834 SUPPORTS AND ANCHORAGE FOR EXPOSED PIPING 834.1 General
57	834.2 Provision for Expansion 834.3 Materials, Design, and Installation 834.4 Forces on Pipe Joints 834.5 Attachment of Supports or Anchors 835 ANCHORAGE FOR BURIED PIPING 835.1 General 835.2 Anchorage at Bends 835.3 Restraint Due to Soil Friction 835.4 Forces on Pipe Joints 835.5 Supports for Buried Piping 835.6 Interconnection of Underground Lines
58	836 LIQUID REMOVAL EQUIPMENT
59	Chapter IV Design, Installation, and Testing 840 DESIGN, INSTALLATION, AND TESTING 840.1 General Provisions
60	840.2 Buildings Intended for Human Occupancy 840.3 Considerations Necessary for Concentrations of People in Location Class 1 or 2
61	840.4 Intent 841 STEEL PIPE 841.1 Steel Piping Systems Design Requirements
64	Table 841.1.6-1 Basic Design Factor, F Table 841.1.6-2 Design Factors for Steel Pipe Construction
65	Table 841.1.7-1 Longitudinal Weld Joint Quality Factor, E Table 841.1.8-1 Temperature Derating Factor, T, for Steel Pipe
68	Table 841.1.11-1 Pipeline Cover Requirements
69	841.2 Installation of Steel Pipelines and Mains
70	Table 841.2.3-1 Pipeline Field Cold Bend Requirements
72	841.3 Testing After Construction
74	Table 841.3.2-1 Test Requirements for Steel Pipelines and Mains to Operate at Hoop Stresses of 30% or More of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength of the Pipe
75	841.4 Commissioning of Facilities Table 841.3.3-1 Maximum Hoop Stress Permissible During an Air or Gas Test
76	842 OTHER MATERIALS 842.1 Ductile Iron Piping Systems Requirements 842.2 Design of Plastic Piping
77	Table 842.1.1-1 Standard Thickness Selection Table for Ductile Iron Pipe
80	842.3 Installation of Plastic Piping
81	Table 842.2.9-1 Nominal Values for Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Thermoplastic Pipe Materials
82	842.4 Testing Plastic Piping After Construction
83	842.5 Multilayered Reinforced Thermoplastic Piping Systems (MRTPS)
84	842.6 Copper Mains 843 COMPRESSOR STATIONS 843.1 Compressor Station Design
85	843.2 Electrical Facilities 843.3 Compressor Station Equipment
87	843.4 Compressor Station Piping 844 PIPE-TYPE AND BOTTLE-TYPE HOLDERS 844.1 Pipe-Type Holders in Rights-of-Way Not Under Exclusive Use and Control of the Operating Company
88	844.2 Bottle-Type Holders 844.3 Pipe-Type and Bottle-Type Holders on Property Under the Exclusive Use and Control of the Operating Company 844.4 Special Provisions Applicable to Bottle-Type Holders Only Table 844.3-1 Design Factors, F Table 844.3-2 Minimum Clearance Between Containers and Fenced Boundaries
89	844.5 General Provisions Applicable to Both Pipe-Type and Bottle-Type Holders 845 CONTROL AND LIMITING OF GAS PRESSURE 845.1 Basic Requirement for Protection Against Accidental Overpressuring 845.2 Control and Limiting of Gas Pressure
90	able 845.2.2-1 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure for Steel or Plastic Pipelines or Mains Table 845.2.3-1 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure for Pipelines Operating at 100 psig (690 kPa) or More Table 845.2.3-2 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure for Pipelines Operating at Less Than 100 psig (690 kPa)
93	845.3 Requirements for Design of Pressure-Relieving and Pressure-Limiting Installations 845.4 Capacity of Pressure-Relieving and Pressure-Limiting Station and Devices
94	845.5 Instrument, Control, and Sample Piping
95	846 VALVES4See paras. 849.1.2 and 849.1.3 for provisions covering valves in service lines. 846.1 Required Spacing of Valves 846.2 Location of Valves 847 VAULTS 847.1 Structural Design Requirements
96	847.2 Accessibility 847.3 Vault Sealing, Venting, and Ventilation 847.4 Drainage and Waterproofing 848 CUSTOMERS’ METERS AND REGULATORS 848.1 Location for Customers’ Meter and Regulator Installations
97	848.2 Operating Pressures for Customers’ Meter Installations 848.3 Protection of Customers’ Meter and Regulator Installations From Damage 848.4 Installation of Meters and Regulators 849 GAS SERVICE LINES 849.1 General Provisions Applicable to Steel, Copper, and Plastic Service Lines
99	849.2 Steel Service Lines 849.3 Ductile Iron Service Lines 849.4 Plastic Service Lines
100	849.5 Copper Service Lines
101	849.6 Service Line Connections to Mains
102	Chapter V Operating and Maintenance Procedures 850 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES AFFECTING THE SAFETY OF GAS TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES 850.1 General 850.2 Basic Requirements 850.3 Essential Features of the Operating and Maintenance Plan 850.4 Essential Features of the Emergency Plan
103	850.5 Pipeline Failure Investigation 850.6 Prevention of Accidental Ignition
104	850.7 Blasting Effects 850.8 Damage Prevention Program 850.9 Communication Plan
105	851 PIPELINE MAINTENANCE 851.1 Periodic Surveillance of Pipelines 851.2 Pipeline Patrolling 851.3 Leakage Surveys 851.4 Repair Procedures for Steel Pipelines
108	Figures Figure 851.4.1-1 Allowable Ripple Heights
109	851.5 Testing Repairs to Steel Pipelines or Mains Table 851.4.4-1 Wall Thickness for Unlikely Occurrence of Burn-Through
110	851.6 Pipeline Leak Records 851.7 Pipeline Markers 851.8 Abandoning of Transmission Facilities 851.9 Decommissioning of Transmission Facilities 851.10 Recommissioning of Transmission Facilities 851.11 Repositioning a Pipeline in Service
111	851.12 Pressure Testing for Integrity Assessment of In-Service Pipelines 851.13 Depressurization
112	852 DISTRIBUTION PIPING MAINTENANCE 852.1 Patrolling 852.2 Leakage Surveys 852.3 Leakage Investigation and Action
113	852.4 Requirements for Abandoning, Disconnecting, and Reinstating Distribution Facilities 852.5 Plastic Pipe Maintenance
114	852.6 Piping Maintenance Records 852.7 Cast Iron Pipe Maintenance 853 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES MAINTENANCE 853.1 Compressor Station Maintenance
115	853.2 Procedures for Maintaining Pipe-Type and Bottle-Type Holders in Safe Operating Condition 853.3 Maintenance of Pressure-Limiting and Pressure-Regulating Stations
116	853.4 Valve Maintenance
117	853.5 Vault Maintenance 854 LOCATION CLASS AND CHANGES IN NUMBER OF BUILDINGS INTENDED FOR HUMAN OCCUPANCY 854.1 Monitoring 854.2 Confirmation or Revision of MAOP
118	854.3 Pressure-Relieving or Pressure-Limiting Devices 854.4 Review of Valve Spacing 854.5 Concentrations of People in Location Classes 1 and 2 Table 854.1-1 Location Class
119	855 PIPELINE SERVICE CONVERSIONS 855.1 General 855.2 Historical Records Study 855.3 Requirements for Conversion to Gas Service 855.4 Conversion Procedure 855.5 Records of the Conversion
120	856 ODORIZATION 856.1 General 856.2 Odorization Equipment 856.3 Odorant Requirements 856.4 Records 856.5 Odorant Concentration Tests 857 UPRATING 857.1 General
121	857.2 Uprating Steel Pipelines or Mains to a Pressure That Will Produce a Hoop Stress of 30% or More of SMYS 857.3 Uprating Steel or Plastic Pipelines to a Pressure That Will Produce a Hoop Stress Less Than 30% of SMYS 857.4 Uprating a Ductile Iron High-Pressure Main or System to a New and Higher Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure
122	857.5 Uprating a Distribution System That Has Been Operating at Inches (Millimeters) of Water (Low Pressure) to a Higher Pressure Table 857.4-1 Wall Thickness Allowance for Uprating a Ductile Iron High-Pressure Main or System
123	Chapter VI Corrosion Control 860 GENERAL 860.1 Scope 860.2 Evaluation of Existing Installations
124	860.3 Corrective Measures 861 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL FOR STEEL PIPELINES 861.1 Buried/Submerged Installations
125	861.2 Aboveground Piping Atmospheric Protection
126	861.3 Harsh Environments 862 CATHODIC PROTECTION CRITERIA 862.1 Standard Criteria 862.2 Alternative Criteria 863 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS 863.1 Inspection of Equipment 863.2 Measurement of Cathodic Protection 863.3 Frequency of Testing 863.4 Appropriate Correction Measure 864 INTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL 864.1 General
127	864.2 Design of New Installations
128	865 STEEL PIPELINES IN ARCTIC ENVIRONMENTS 865.1 Special Considerations for Arctic Environments 866 STEEL PIPELINES IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE SERVICE 866.1 Special Considerations for High-Temperature Service
129	867 STRESS CORROSION AND OTHER PHENOMENA 868 CAST IRON, WROUGHT IRON, DUCTILE IRON, AND OTHER METALLIC PIPELINES 868.1 Requirements for Cast Iron and Ductile Iron Piping Facilities Exposed to Atmosphere 868.2 Other Metallic Materials 868.3 Installation of Electrical Connections
130	Chapter VII Intentionally Left Blank
131	Chapter VIII Offshore Gas Transmission A800 OFFSHORE GAS TRANSMISSION A801 GENERAL A802 SCOPE AND INTENT A802.1 Scope A802.2 Intent A803 OFFSHORE GAS TRANSMISSION TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
133	A811 QUALIFICATION OF MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT A814 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS A814.1 Pipe Conforming to Referenced Standards and Specifications A814.3 Weight Coating A814.4 Flexible Pipe A814.5 Other Requirements A817 CONDITIONS FOR THE REUSE AND REQUALIFICATION OF PIPE A817.1 Reuse of Steel Pipe A817.4 Requalification of Pipeline Systems A820 WELDING OFFSHORE PIPELINES A821 GENERAL A821.1 General Requirements A821.2 Welding Processes A821.3 Welding Procedure
134	A823 QUALIFICATION OF PROCEDURES AND WELDERS A826 WELD EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS A826.3 Examination for Quality Control of Welds on Piping Systems A830 PIPING SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND FABRICATION DETAILS A830.1 General A831 PIPING SYSTEM COMPONENTS A831.1 Valves and Pressure-Reducing Devices A832 EXPANSION AND FLEXIBILITY A834 SUPPORTS AND ANCHORAGE FOR EXPOSED PIPING
135	A835 ANCHORAGE FOR BURIED PIPING A840 DESIGN, INSTALLATION, AND TESTING A840.1 General Provisions A840.2 Shoreline Approaches A841 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS A841.1 Design Conditions A841.2 Installation Design Considerations
136	A841.3 Operational Design Considerations A842 STRENGTH CONSIDERATIONS A842.1 Strength Consideration During Installation
137	A842.2 Strength Considerations During Operations Table A842.2.2-1 Design Factors for Offshore Pipelines, Platform Piping, and Pipeline Risers
140	A843 COMPRESSOR STATIONS A843.1 Compressor Station Design A843.2 Electrical Facilities A843.3 Compressor Station Equipment
141	A844 ON-BOTTOM STABILITY A844.1 Design Storm Conditions A844.2 Stability Against Waves and Currents A844.3 Shore Approaches A844.4 Slope Failure
142	A844.5 Soil Liquefaction A846 VALVES A847 TESTING A847.1 General Provisions A847.2 Test Pressure A847.3 Test Medium A847.4 Test Procedure A847.5 Records A847.6 Tie-Ins
143	A847.7 Testing for Buckles A850 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES AFFECTING THE SAFETY OF GAS TRANSMISSION FACILITIES A850.1 General A850.3 Essential Features of the Operating and Maintenance Plan A850.4 Essential Features of the Emergency Plan A850.7 Blasting Effects A851 PIPELINE MAINTENANCE A851.2 Pipeline Patrolling A851.4 Above-Water and Hyperbaric Repair Procedures for Steel Pipelines
144	A851.7 Pipeline Markers and Signs A854 LOCATION CLASS A860 CORROSION CONTROL OF OFFSHORE PIPELINES A860.1 Scope A860.2 Evaluation of Existing Installations A861 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL A861.1 Submerged Installations
146	A861.2 Above-Water Atmospheric Protection A861.4 Atmospheric Corrosion Inspection A862 CATHODIC PROTECTION CRITERIA A862.1 Criteria A862.3 Electrical Checks A864 INTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL A864.1 General
147	Chapter IX Sour Gas Service B800 SOUR GAS SERVICE B801 GENERAL B802 SCOPE AND INTENT B802.1 Scope B802.2 Intent B803 SOUR GAS TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
148	B813 MARKING B814 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS B814.1 Pipe Conforming to Referenced Standards and Specifications B820 WELDING SOUR GAS PIPELINES B821 GENERAL B821.1 General Requirements B821.2 Welding Processes B821.4 Weld Acceptance B822 PREPARATION FOR WELDING B822.3 Seal Welds B822.4 Cleaning B823 QUALIFICATION OF PROCEDURES AND WELDERS B823.2 Requirements for Qualification of Procedures and Welders on Sour Gas Piping Systems
149	B824 PREHEATING B824.5 Hydrogen Bake Out of Used Pipe B825 STRESS RELIEVING B825.1 Carbon Steels B825.6 Stress Relieving Temperature B826 WELD EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS B826.3 Examination for Quality Control of Welds on Sour Gas Piping Systems B830 PIPING SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND FABRICATION DETAILS B831 PIPING SYSTEM COMPONENTS B831.1 Valves and Pressure-Reducing Devices B831.2 Flanges B840 DESIGN, INSTALLATION, AND TESTING B841 STEEL PIPE B841.1 Steel Piping Systems Design Requirements
150	B841.2 Installation of Steel Pipelines and Mains B841.3 Testing After Construction B842 OTHER MATERIALS B842.2 Design of Plastic Piping B842.2.2 Thermoplastic Design Limitations B842.2.9 Plastic Pipe and Tubing Joints and Connections B842.4 Testing Plastic Piping After Construction B842.4.2 Test Requirements B843 COMPRESSOR STATIONS B843.3 Compressor Station Equipment B843.3.1 Gas Treating Facilities B844 PIPE-TYPE AND BOTTLE-TYPE HOLDERS
151	B850 ADDITIONAL OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING THE SAFETY OF SOUR GAS PIPELINES B850.1 General B850.4 Essential Features of the Emergency Plan B851 PIPELINE MAINTENANCE B851.7 Pipeline Markers B851.10 Sour Gas Pipeline Blowdown B854 LOCATION CLASS AND CHANGES IN NUMBER OF BUILDINGS INTENDED FOR HUMAN OCCUPANCY B854.5 Concentrations of People in Location Classes 1 and 2
152	Table B850.1-1 100 ppm ROE Table B850.1-2 500 ppm ROE Table B850.1-3 Metric Example for 100 ppm ROE Table B850.1-4 Metric Example for 500 ppm ROE
153	B860 CORROSION CONTROL OF SOUR GAS PIPELINES B860.1 Scope B860.4 Special Considerations B861 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL FOR STEEL PIPELINES B861.1 Buried/Submerged Installations B864 INTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL B864.1 General B864.2 Design of New Installations B867 STRESS CORROSION AND OTHER PHENOMENA
155	MANDATORY APPENDICES MANDATORY APPENDIX A REFERENCES
160	MANDATORY APPENDIX B NUMBERS AND SUBJECTS OF STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS THAT APPEAR IN MANDATORY APPENDIX A
161	NONMANDATORY APPENDICES NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C PUBLICATIONS THAT DO NOT APPEAR IN THE CODE OR MANDATORY APPENDIX A C-1 AGA C-2 API C-3 ASCE C-4 ASME C-5 ASTM
162	C-6 AWWA C-7 GTI
163	C-8 MSS C-9 OTHER PUBLICATIONS
164	MANDATORY APPENDIX D SPECIFIED MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH FOR STEEL PIPE COMMONLY USED IN PIPING SYSTEMS1See para. 841.1.
165	Table D-1 Specified Minimum Yield Strength for Steel Pipe Commonly Used in Piping Systems Table D-1 Specified Minimum Yield Strength for Steel Pipe Commonly Used in Piping Systems
166	Table D-2 HDB Values for Thermoplastic Materials Table D-2 HDB Values for Thermoplastic Materials
167	MANDATORY APPENDIX E FLEXIBILITY AND STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTORS
168	Table E-1 Flexibility Factor, k, and Stress Intensification Factor, i Table E-1 Flexibility Factor, k, and Stress Intensification Factor, i
173	MANDATORY APPENDIX F EXTRUDED HEADERS AND WELDED BRANCH CONNECTIONS1See para. 831.6. F-1 EXTRUDED HEADERS F-2 EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING THE APPLICATION OF THE RULES FOR REINFORCEMENT OF WELDED BRANCH CONNECTIONS F-2.1 Example 1 F-2.1.1 Header. F-2.1.2 Outlet.
174	Figure F-1 Limits of Reinforcement Zone Figure F-2 Method of Establishing To When the Taper Encroaches on the Crotch Radius F-2.1.3 Reinforcement Required F-2.1.4 Reinforcement Provided by Header F-2.1.5 Effective Area in Outlet F-2.1M Example 1M F-2.1.1M Header. F-2.1.2M Outlet. F-2.1.3M Reinforcement Required F-2.1.4M Reinforcement Provided by Header Figure F-1 Limits of Reinforcement Zone Figure F-2 Method of Establishing To When the Taper Encroaches on the Crotch Radius
175	Figure F-3 Example Showing Constant Inside Diameter of Outlet Figure F-4 Example Showing Tapered Inside Diameter of Outlet Figure F-3 Example Showing Constant Inside Diameter of Outlet Figure F-4 Example Showing Tapered Inside Diameter of Outlet
176	Figure F-5 Rules for Reinforcement of Welded Branch Connections Figure F-5 Rules for Reinforcement of Welded Branch Connections
177	Figure F-6 Figure for Examples 1 and 1M F-2.1.5M Effective Area in Outlet F-2.2 Example 2 F-2.2.1 Header. F-2.2.2 Outlet. Figure F-6 Figure for Examples 1 and 1M
178	F-2.2.3 Reinforcement Required F-2.2.4 Reinforcement Provided F-2.2.5 Effective Area in Outlet F-2.2M Example 2M F-2.2.1M Header. F-2.2.2M Outlet. F-2.2.3M Reinforcement Required F-2.2.4M Reinforcement Provided F-2.2.5M Effective Area in Outlet
179	Figure F-7 Figure for Examples 2 and 2M Figure F-7 Figure for Examples 2 and 2M
180	MANDATORY APPENDIX G TESTING OF WELDERS LIMITED TO WORK ON LINES OPERATING AT HOOP STRESSES OF LESS THAN 20% OF THE SPECIFIED MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH1See para. 823.1. G-1 TEST PROCEDURES
181	MANDATORY APPENDIX H FLATTENING TEST FOR PIPE1See para. 817.1.3(b). H-1 TEST PROCEDURES
182	MANDATORY APPENDIX I END PREPARATIONS FOR BUTTWELDING I-1 EXPLANATORY NOTES I-1.1 General I-1.2 Unequal Internal Diameters I-1.3 Unequal External Diameters I-1.4 Unequal Internal and External Diameters
183	Figure I-1 Welding Details for Openings Without Reinforcement Other Than That in Header and Branch Walls Figure I-2 Welding Details for Openings With Localized-Type Reinforcement Figure I-1 Welding Details for Openings Without Reinforcement Other Than That in Header and Branch Walls Figure I-2 Welding Details for Openings With Localized-Type Reinforcement
184	Figure I-3 Welding Details for Openings With Complete Encirclement Types of Reinforcement Figure I-3 Welding Details for Openings With Complete Encirclement Types of Reinforcement
185	Figure I-3.1 Pressurized Hot Tap Tee Reinforcing Sleeve End Fillet Weld Design Figure I-3.1 Pressurized Hot Tap Tee Reinforcing Sleeve End Fillet Weld Design
186	Figure I-4 Acceptable Combinations of Pipe End Preparations Figure I-4 Acceptable Combinations of Pipe End Preparations
187	Figure I-5 Acceptable Design for Unequal Wall Thickness Figure I-5 Acceptable Design for Unequal Wall Thickness
189	Figure I-6 Offset Limits Due to Misalignment at Unequal Thickness Joints Figure I-6 Offset Limits Due to Misalignment at Unequal Thickness Joints
190	Figure I-7 Recommended Attachment Details of Flanges Figure I-7 Recommended Attachment Details of Flanges
191	Table I-1 Lightweight Flanges Table I-1 Lightweight Flanges
192	Table I-1M Lightweight Flanges (Metric Dimensions) Table I-1M Lightweight Flanges (Metric Dimensions)
193	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX J COMMONLY USED CONVERSION FACTORS1Extracted partially from ASME SI-1.
194	Table J-1 Commonly Used Conversion Factors Table J-1 Commonly Used Conversion Factors
196	Table J-2 List of SI Units for Use With ASME B31.8 Code Table J-2 List of SI Units for Use With ASME B31.8 Code
198	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX L DETERMINATION OF REMAINING STRENGTH OF CORRODED PIPE
199	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX M GAS LEAKAGE CONTROL CRITERIA1See para. 852.2. M-1 SCOPE M-2 DEFINITIONS (APPLICABLE TO THIS APPENDIX ONLY) M-3 LEAKAGE SURVEY AND TEST METHODS
201	Table M-4-1 Leak Detection Instruments: Type and General Usage M-4 TYPICALLY AVAILABLE INSTRUMENTS FOR THE DETECTION OF GAS Table M-4-1 Leak Detection Instruments: Type and General Usage
202	M-5 LEAKAGE CLASSIFICATION AND ACTION CRITERIA M-5.1 General M-5.2 Leak Grades M-5.3 Leak Classification and Action Criteria M-5.4 Reevaluation of a Leak M-6 PINPOINTING M-6.1 Scope M-6.2 Procedure
203	Table M-5.3-1 Leak Classification and Action Criteria: Grade 1 M-6.3 Precautions Table M-5.3-1 Leak Classification and Action Criteria: Grade 1
204	Table M-5.3-2 Leak Classification and Action Criteria: Grade 2 Table M-5.3-3 Leak Classification and Action Criteria: Grade 3 Table M-5.3-2 Leak Classification and Action Criteria: Grade 2 Table M-5.3-3 Leak Classification and Action Criteria: Grade 3
205	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX N RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR HYDROSTATIC TESTING OF PIPELINES IN PLACE N-1 INTRODUCTION N-2 PLANNING N-3 FILLING N-4 TESTING
206	N-5 DETERMINATION OF PRESSURE REQUIRED TO PRODUCE YIELDING N-6 LEAK TESTING N-7 RECORDS
207	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX P NOMENCLATURE FOR FIGURES
208	MANDATORY APPENDIX Q SCOPE DIAGRAMS
209	Figure Q-1 Scope of ASME B31.8 Transmission Piping Offshore Figure Q-1 Scope of ASME B31.8 Transmission Piping Offshore
210	Figure Q-2 Scope of ASME B31.8 Transmission Piping Onshore Figure Q-2 Scope of ASME B31.8 Transmission Piping Onshore
211	Figure Q-3 Scope of ASME B31.8 Distribution Piping Figure Q-3 Scope of ASME B31.8 Distribution Piping
212	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX R ESTIMATING STRAIN IN DENTS R-1 STRAIN R-2 ESTIMATING STRAIN
213	Figure R-1-1 Method for Estimating Strain in Dents Figure R-1-1 Method for Estimating Strain in Dents
214	INDEX