ASME BPVC VIII 2 2013

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ASME BPVC – VIII – 2 -2013 BPVC Section VIII, Division 2: Alternative Rules

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASME	2013	834

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Description

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	Cover
4	Copyright
18	List of Sections
20	Foreword
22	Statement of Policy on the Use of the Certification Mark and Code Authorization in Advertising Statement of Policy on the Use of ASME Marking to Identify Manufactured Items
23	Submittal of Technical Inquiries to the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Standards Committees
25	Personnel
40	Summary of Changes
48	List of Changes in Record Number Order
52	Cross-Referencing and Stylistic Changes in the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
53	Part 1 General Requirements 1.1 General 1.2 Scope
56	1.3 Standards Referenced by This Division 1.4 Units of Measurement
57	1.5 Tolerances 1.6 Technical Inquiries 1.7 Tables TABLES 1.1 Year Of Acceptable Edition Of Referenced Standards In This Division
59	Annex 1-A
60	Annex 1-B Definitions
62	Annex 1-C Guidance For The Use Of U.S. Customary And SI Units In The ASME Boiler And Pressure Vessel Codes
63	1-C.1 Typical Size or Thickness Conversions for Fractions 1-C.2 Typical Size or Thickness Conversions
64	1-C.3 Typical Size or Length Conversions 1-C.4 Typical Nominal Pipe Size Conversions
65	1-C.5 Typical Area Conversions 1-C.6 Typical Volume Conversions 1-C.7 Typical Pressure Conversions
66	1-C.8 Typical Strength Conversions 1-C.9 Typical Temperature Conversions
67	1-C.10 Conversion Factors
68	Part 2 Responsibilities and Duties 2.1 General 2.2 User Responsibilities
70	2.3 Manufacturer’s Responsibilities
72	2.4 The Inspector
73	Annex 2-A Guide For Certifying A User’s Design Specification
74	2-A.1 Typical Certification Of Compliance Of The User’s Design Specification
75	Annex 2-B Guide For Certifying A Manufacturer’s Design Report
76	2-B.1 Typical Certification Of Compliance Of The Manufacturer’s Design Report
77	Annex 2-C Report Forms and Maintenance of Records
79	Annex 2-D Guide For Preparing Manufacturer’s Data Reports 2-D.1 Instructions For The Preparation Of Manufacturer’s Data Reports
81	2-D.2 Supplementary Instructions For The Preparation Of Manufacturer’s Data Reports For Layered Vessels
82	2-D.3 Manufacturer’s Data Report Forms
89	Annex 2-E Quality Control System
92	Annex 2-F Contents and Method of Stamping
95	FIGURES 2-F.1 Form of Stamping
96	Annex 2-G Obtaining And Using Certification Mark Stamps
98	Annex 2-H Guide to Information Appearing on the Certificate of Authorization 2-H.1 Instructions For The Preparation Of A Certificate Of Authorization
100	2-H.1 Sample Certificate of Authorization
101	Annex 2-I Establishing Governing Code Editions and Cases for Pressure Vessels and Parts
102	Part 3 Materials Requirements 3.1 General Requirements 3.2 Materials Permitted For Construction of Vessel Parts
109	3.3 Supplemental Requirements for Ferrous Materials
110	3.4 Supplemental Requirements for Cr–Mo Steels
111	3.5 Supplemental Requirements for Q&T Steels with Enhanced Tensile Properties
112	3.6 Supplemental Requirements for Nonferrous Materials
113	3.7 Supplemental Requirements for Bolting
115	3.8 Supplemental Requirements for Castings
117	3.9 Supplemental Requirements for Hubs Machined From Plate
118	3.10 Material Test Requirements
120	3.11 Material Toughness Requirements
132	3.12 Allowable Design Stresses 3.13 Strength Parameters 3.14 Physical Properties 3.15 Design Fatigue Curves 3.16 Design Values for Temperatures Colder Than -30°C (-20°F) 3.17 Nomenclature
133	3.18 Definitions 3.19 Tables 3.1 Material Specifications 3.2 Composition Requirements For 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Weld Metal
134	3.3 Toughness Requirements for 2.25Cr-1Mo Materials 3.4 Low Alloy Bolting Materials For Use With Flanges Designed To Part 4, Paragraph 4.16
135	3.5 High Alloy Bolting Materials For Use With Flanges Designed To Part 4, Paragraph 4.16 3.6 Aluminum Alloy, Copper, and Copper Alloy Bolting Materials For Use With Flanges Designed To Part 4, Paragraph 4.16
136	3.7 Nickel and Nickel Alloy Bolting Materials For Use With Flanges Designed To Part 4, Paragraph 4.16 3.8 Bolting Materials For Use With Flanges Designed To Part 5 3.9 Maximum Severity Levels For Castings With A Thickness Of Less Than 50 mm (2 in.)
137	3.10 Maximum Severity Levels For Castings With A Thickness Of 50 mm to 305 mm (2 in. to 12 in.) 3.11 Charpy Impact Test Temperature Reduction Below The Minimum Design Metal Temperature 3.12 Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels As a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength – Parts Not Subject to PWHT (See Figures 3.3 and 3.3M)
138	3.13 Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels As a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength – Parts Subject to PWHT (See Figures 3.4 and 3.4M)
139	3.14 Impact Test Exemption Curves – Parts Not Subject to PWHT (See Figures 3.7 and 3.7M) 3.15 Impact Test Exemption Curves – Parts Subject to PWHT and Non-welded Parts (see Figures 3.8 and 3.8M)
140	3.16 Reduction in the MDMT (TR) without Impact Testing – Parts Not Subject to PWHT (see Figures 3.12 and 3.12M)
141	3.17 Reduction in the MDMT (TR) without Impact Testing – Parts Subject to PWHT and Non-welded Parts (see Figures 3.13 and 3.13M)
142	3.20 Figures 3.1 Cr-Mo Heat Treatment Criteria
143	3.2 Typical Locations for Tensile Specimens 3.3 Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels As a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength – Parts Not Subject to PWHT
144	3.3M Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels As a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength – Parts Not Subject to PWHT
145	3.4 Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels As a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength – Parts Subject to PWHT
146	3.4M Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels As a Function of the Minimum Specified Yield Strength – Parts Subject to PWHT
147	3.5 Illustration of Lateral Expansion in a Broken Charpy V-Notch Specimen
148	3.6 Lateral Expansion Requirements 3.6M Lateral Expansion Requirements
149	3.7 Impact Test Exemption Curves – Parts Not Subject to PWHT
150	3.7M Impact Test Exemption Curves – Parts Not Subject to PWHT
151	3.8 Impact Test Exemption Curves – Parts Subject to PWHT and Non-welded Parts
152	3.8M Impact Test Exemption Curves – Parts Subject to PWHT and Non-welded Parts
154	3.9 Typical Vessel Details Illustrating The Governing Thickness
155	3.10 Typical Vessel Details Illustrating the Governing Thickness
156	3.11 Typical Vessel Details Illustrating the Governing Thickness
157	3.12 Reduction in the MDMT without Impact Testing – Parts Not Subject to PWHT
158	3.12M Reduction in the MDMT without Impact Testing – Parts Not Subject to PWHT
159	3.13 Reduction in the MDMT without Impact Testing – Parts Subject to PWHT and Non-welded Parts
160	3.13M Reduction in the MDMT without Impact Testing – Parts Subject to PWHT and Non-welded Parts for Figures 3.12, 3.12M, 3.13, and 3.13M
161	3.14 Orientation and Location of Transverse Charpy V-Notch Specimens
162	3.15 Weld Metal Delta Ferrite Content
163	Annex 3-A Allowable Design Stresses
164	3-A.1 Carbon Steel and Low Alloy Materials
169	3-A.2 Quenched and Tempered High Strength Steels
170	3-A.3 High Alloy Steel
175	3-A.4 Aluminum Alloys
176	3-A.5 Copper Alloys
177	3-A.6 Nickel and Nickel Alloys
179	3-A.7 Titanium and Titanium Alloys
180	3-A.8 Ferrous Bolting Materials for Design in Accordance With Part 4
182	3-A.9 Aluminum Alloy and Copper Alloy Bolting Materials for Design in Accordance With Part 4 3-A.10 Nickel and Nickel Alloy Bolting Materials Bolting Materials for Design in Accordance With Part 4
183	3-A.11 Bolting Materials for Design in Accordance With Part 5
185	Annex 3-B Requirements for Material Procurement
186	Annex 3-C ISO Material Group Numbers
187	Annex 3-D Strength Parameters
190	3-D.1 Stress-Strain Curve Parameters 3-D.2 Cyclic Stress-Strain Curve Data
192	3-D.2M Cyclic Stress-Strain Curve Data
194	Annex 3-E Physical Properties
195	Annex 3-F Design Fatigue Curves
197	3-F.1 Coefficients for Fatigue Curve 110.1 – Carbon, Low Alloy, Series 4XX, High Alloy Steels, And High Tensile Strength Steels For Temperatures not Exceeding 371°C (700°F) – 3-F.2 Coefficients for Fatigue Curve 110.1 – Carbon, Low Alloy, Series 4XX, High Alloy Steels, And High Tensile Strength Steels For Temperatures not Exceeding 371°C (700°F) –
198	3-F.3 Coefficients For Fatigue Curve 110.2.1 – Series 3XX High Alloy Steels, Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloy, Nickel-Iron-Chromium Alloy, And Nickel-Copper Alloy For Temperatures Not Exceeding 427°C (800°F) Where 3-F.4 Coefficients for Fatigue Curve 110.3 – Wrought 70 Copper-Nickel For Temperatures Not Exceeding 371°C (700°F) –
199	3-F.5 Coefficients for Fatigue Curve 110.3 – Wrought 70 Copper-Nickel For Temperatures Not Exceeding 370°C (700°F) – 3-F.6 Coefficients for Fatigue Curve 110.3 – Wrought 70 Copper-Nickel For Temperatures Not Exceeding 371°C (700°F) –
200	3-F.7 Coefficients for Fatigue Curve 110.4 – Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Iron, Alloys X, G, C-4, And C-276 For Temperatures Not Exceeding 427°C (800°F) 3-F.8 Coefficients for Fatigue Curve 120.1 – High Strength Bolting For Temperatures Not Exceeding 371°C (700°F)
201	3-F.9 Data for Fatigue Curves in Tables 3-F.1 Through 3-F.8 3-F.10 Coefficients for the Welded Joint Fatigue Curves
202	3-F.10M Coefficients for the Welded Joint Fatigue Curves
203	Part 4 Design by Rule Requirements 4.1 General Requirements
208	4.1.1 Design Loads
209	4.2 Design Rules for Welded Joints 4.1.2 Design Load Combinations
215	4.2.1 Definition Of Weld Categories
216	4.2.2 Definition Of Weld Joint Types 4.2.3 Definition Of Material Types For Welding And Fabrication Requirements
217	4.2.4 Some Acceptable Weld Joints For Shell Seams
219	4.2.5 Some Acceptable Weld Joints For Formed Heads
221	4.2.6 Some Acceptable Weld Joints For Unstayed Flat Heads, Tubesheets Without A Bolting Flange, And Side Plates of Rectangular Pressure Vessels
222	4.2.7 Some Acceptable Weld Joints With Butt Weld Hubs
223	4.2.8 Some Acceptable Weld Joints For Attachment Of Tubesheets With A Bolting Flange
224	4.2.9 Some Acceptable Weld Joints For Flange Attachments
227	4.2.10 Some Acceptable Full Penetration Welded Nozzle Attachments Not Readily Radiographable
229	4.2.11 Some Acceptable Pad Welded Nozzle Attachments And Other Connections To Shells
231	4.2.12 Some Acceptable Fitting Type Welded Nozzle Attachments And Other Connections To Shells
232	4.2.13 Some Acceptable Welded Nozzle Attachments That Are Readily Radiographable
234	4.2.14 Some Acceptable Partial Penetration Nozzle Attachments
235	4.2.1 Weld Joint Locations Typical Of categories A, B, C, D, and E 4.2.2 Some Bracket, Lug and Stiffener Attachment Weld Details
237	4.2.3 Some Acceptable Methods of Attaching Stiffening Rings
238	4.2.4 Some Acceptable Skirt Weld Details
239	4.3 Design Rules for Shells Under Internal Pressure
252	4.3.1 Large End Junction
253	4.3.2 Small End Junction 4.3.3 Pressure Applied To Large End Junction
254	4.3.4 Equivalent Line Load Applied To Large End Junction
255	4.3.5 Pressure Applied To Small End Junction
256	4.3.6 Equivalent Line Load Applied To Small End Junction
257	4.3.7 Stress Calculations – Knuckle – Large End Cylinder
258	4.3.8 Stress Calculations – Flare – Small End Cylinder
260	4.3.1 Conical Shell 4.3.2 Offset Transition Detail
261	4.3.3 Torispherical Head of Uniform Thickness 4.3.4 Torispherical Head of Different Thickness of Dome and Knuckle 4.3.5 Ellipsoidal Head
262	4.3.6 Local Thin Band in a Cylindrical Shell
263	4.3.7 Shells Subjected to Supplemental Loadings
264	4.3.8 Conical Transition Details
265	4.3.9 Reinforcement Requirements for Conical Transition Junction
266	4.3.10 Parameters for Knuckle and Flare Design
267	4.4 Design of Shells Under External Pressure and Allowable Compressive Stresses
284	4.4.1 Maximum Metal Temperature For Compressive Stress Rules
285	4.4.1 Lines of Support or Unsupported Length for Typical Vessel Configurations
286	4.4.2 Lines of Support or Unsupported Length for Unstiffened and Stiffened Cylindrical Shells
287	4.4.3 Stiffener Ring Parameters
288	4.4.4 Various Arrangements of Stiffening Rings for Cylindrical Vessels Subjected to External Pressure
289	4.4.5 Maximum Arc of Shell Left Unsupported Because of a Gap in the Stiffening Ring of a Cylindrical Shell Under External Pressure
290	4.4.6 Lines of Support or Unsupported Length for Unstiffened and Stiffened Conical Shells
291	4.4.7 Lines of Support or Unsupported Length for Unstiffened and Stiffened Conical Shell Transitions with or without a Knuckle
292	4.5 Design Rules for Openings in Shells and Heads
312	4.5.1 Minimum Number of Pipe Threads for Connections 4.5.2 Nozzle Minimum Thickness Requirements
314	4.5.1 Nomenclature for Reinforced Openings
315	4.5.2 Nomenclature for Variable Thickness Openings
316	4.5.3 Radial Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell
317	4.5.4 Hillside Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell
318	4.5.5 Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell Oriented at an Angle from the Longitudinal Axis
319	4.5.6 Radial Nozzle in a Conical Shell
320	4.5.7 Nozzle in a Conical Shell Oriented Perpendicular to the Longitudinal Axis
321	4.5.8 Nozzle in a Conical Shell Oriented Parallel to the Longitudinal Axis
322	4.5.9 Radial Nozzle in a Formed Head 4.5.10 Hillside or Perpendicular Nozzle in a Formed Head
323	4.5.11 Example of Two Adjacent Nozzle Openings 4.5.12 Example of Three Adjacent Nozzle Openings
324	4.5.13 Metal Area Definition for A2 with Variable Thickness of Set-in Nozzles
325	4.6 Design Rules for Flat Heads 4.5.14 Metal Area Definition for A2 with Variable Thickness of Set-on Nozzles
330	4.6.1 C Parameter for Flat Head Designs
333	4.6.2 Junction Stress Equations for an Integral Flat Head With Opening 4.6.3 Stress Acceptance Criteria for an Integral Flat Head With Opening
334	4.7 Design Rules for Spherically Dished Bolted Covers 4.6.1 Integral Flat head With a Large Central Opening
341	4.7.1 Junction Stress Equations and Acceptance Criteria for a Type D Head
342	4.7.1 Type A Dished Cover with a Bolting Flange 4.7.2 Type B Spherically Dished Cover with a Bolting Flange
343	4.7.3 Type C Spherically Dished Cover with a Bolting Flange 4.7.4 Type D Spherically Dished Cover with a Bolting Flange
344	4.8 Design Rules for Quick-Actuating (Quick Opening) Closures 4.7.5 Type D Head Geometry for Alternative Design Procedure
345	4.9 Design Rules for Braced and Stayed Surfaces
346	4.9.1 Stress Factor For Braced And Stayed Surfaces
347	4.9.1 Typical Forms of Welded Staybolts
348	4.10 Design Rules for Ligaments
349	4.10.1 Example of Tube Spacing With the Pitch of Holes Equal in Every Row
350	4.10.2 Example of Tube Spacing With the Pitch of Holes Unequal in Every Second Row 4.10.3 Example of Tube Spacing With the Pitch of Holes Varying in Every Second and Third Row
351	4.10.4 Example of Tube Spacing With the Tube Holes on Diagonal Lines
352	4.10.5 Diagram for Determining the Efficiency of Longitudinal and Diagonal Ligaments Between Openings in Cylindrical Shells
353	4.10.6 Diagram for Determining the Equivalent Efficiency of Diagonal Ligaments Between Openings in Cylindrical Shells
354	4.11 Design Rules for Jacketed Vessels
357	4.11.1 Design Of Closure Member Of Jacket To Shell
362	4.11.2 Design Of Jacket Penetration Details
364	4.11.3 Coefficients For Equation (4.11.5)
366	4.11.1 Types of Jacketed Vessels
367	4.11.2 Types of Partial Jackets
368	4.12 Design Rules for Noncircular Vessels 4.11.3 Half Pipe Jackets
378	4.12.1 Noncircular Vessel Configurations And Types
379	4.12.2 Stress Calculations And Acceptance Criteria For Type 1 Noncircular Vessels (Rectangular Cross Section)
381	4.12.3 Stress Calculations And Acceptance Criteria For Type 2 Noncircular Vessels (Rectangular Cross Section With Unequal Side Plate Thicknesses)
382	4.12.4 Stress Calculations And Acceptance Criteria For Type 3 Noncircular Vessels (Chamfered Rectangular Cross Section)
384	4.12.5 Stress Calculations And Acceptance Criteria For Type 4 Noncircular Vessels (Reinforced Rectangular Cross Section)
385	4.12.6 Stress Calculations And Acceptance Criteria For Type 5 Noncircular Vessels (Reinforced Rectangular Cross Section With Chamfered Corners)
388	4.12.7 Stress Calculations And Acceptance Criteria For Type 6 Noncircular Vessels (Reinforced Octagonal Cross Section With Chamfered Corners)
392	4.12.8 Stress Calculations And Acceptance Criteria For Type 7 Noncircular Vessels (Rectangular Cross Section With Single Stay Plate Or Multiple Bars)
393	4.12.9 Stress Calculations And Acceptance Criteria For Type 8 Noncircular Vessels (Rectangular Cross Section With Double Stay Plate Or Multiple Bars)
394	4.12.10 Stress Calculations And Acceptance Criteria For Type 9 Noncircular Vessels (Obround Cross Section)
395	4.12.11 Stress Calculations And Acceptance Criteria For Type 10 Noncircular Vessels (Reinforced Obround Cross Section)
397	4.12.12 Stress Calculations And Acceptance Criteria For Type 11 Noncircular Vessels (Obround Cross Section With Single Stay Plate Or Multiple Bars)
398	4.12.13 Stress Calculations And Acceptance Criteria For Type 12 Noncircular Vessels (Circular Cross Section With Single Stay Plate)
399	4.12.14 Effective Width Coefficient
400	4.12.15 Compressive Stress Calculations
401	4.12.1 Type 1 Noncircular Vessels
402	4.12.2 Type 2 Noncircular Vessels
403	4.12.3 Type 3 Noncircular Vessels
404	4.12.4 Type 4 Noncircular Vessels
405	4.12.5 Type 5 Noncircular Vessels
406	4.12.6 Type 6 Noncircular Vessels
407	4.12.7 Type 6 Noncircular Vessels
408	4.12.8 Type 7 Noncircular Vessels
409	4.12.9 Type 8 Noncircular Vessels
410	4.12.10 Type 9 Noncircular Vessels
411	4.12.11 Type 10 Noncircular Vessels
412	4.12.12 Type 11 Noncircular Vessels
413	4.12.13 Type 12 Noncircular Vessels 4.12.14 Multi-Diameter Holes
414	4.12.15 Rectangular Vessels With Multiple Compartments
415	4.13 Design Rules for Layered Vessels
421	4.13.1 Some Acceptable Layered Shell Types
422	4.13.2 Some Acceptable Layered Head Types
423	4.13.3 Transitions of Layered Shell Sections
424	4.13.4 Some Acceptable Welded Joints of Layered-To-Layered and Layered-To-Solid Sections
425	4.13.5 Some Acceptable Solid Head Attachments to Layered Shell Sections
427	4.13.6 Some Acceptable Flat Heads and Tubesheets With Hubs Joining Layered Shell Sections
428	4.13.7 Some Acceptable Flanges for Layered Shells
429	4.13.8 Some Acceptable Layered Head Attachments to Layered Shells
430	4.13.9 Some Acceptable Nozzle Attachments to Layered Shell Sections
432	4.13.10 Some Acceptable Supports for Layered Vessels
433	4.14 Evaluation of Vessels Outside of Tolerance 4.13.11 Gap Between Vessel Layers 4.14.1 LTA Blend Radius Requirements
434	4.15 Design Rules for Supports and Attachments
442	4.15.1 Stress Coefficients For Horizontal Vessels on Saddle Supports
443	4.15.1 Horizontal Vessel on Saddle Supports
444	4.15.2 Cylindrical Shell Without Stiffening Rings
445	4.15.3 Cylindrical Shell With Stiffening Rings in the Plane of the Saddle
446	4.15.4 Cylindrical Shell With Stiffening Rings on Both Sides of the Saddle
447	4.15.5 Locations of Maximum Longitudinal Normal Stress and Shear Stress in the Cylinder
448	4.15.6 Locations of Maximum Circumferential Normal Stresses in the Cylinder
449	4.15.7 Skirt Attachment Location on Vertical Vessels
450	4.15.8 A Typical Hot-Box Arrangement for Skirt Supported Vertical Vessels
451	4.16 Design Rules for Flanged Joints
457	4.16.1 Gasket Factors For Determining The Bolt Loads
458	4.16.2 Recommended Minimum Gasket Contact Width
459	4.16.3 Effective Gasket Width For Determining The Bolt Loads
460	4.16.4 Flange Stress Factors Equations Involving Diameter
462	4.16.5 Flange Stress Factor Equations
463	4.16.6 Moment Arms For Flange Loads For The Operating Condition
464	4.16.7 Flange Moments Of Inertia
465	4.16.8 Flange Stress Equations 4.16.9 Flange Stress Acceptance Criteria
466	4.16.10 Flange Rigidity Criterion 4.16.11 Bolt Spacing Equations
467	4.16.1 Integral Type Flanges
468	4.16.2 Integral Type Flanges with a Hub
469	4.16.3 Integral Type Flanges With Nut Stops – Diameter Less Than or Equal to 450 mm (18 in.)
470	4.16.4 Integral Type Flanges With Nut Stops – Diameter Greater Than 450 mm (18 in.)
471	4.16.5 Loose Type Flanges
472	4.16.6 Loose Type Lap Joint Type Flanges
473	4.16.7 Reverse Flanges
474	4.16.8 Location of Gasket Reaction Load Diameter
475	4.17 Design Rules for Clamped Connections
481	4.17.1 Flange Stress Equations 4.17.2 Flange Stress Acceptance Criteria
482	4.17.1 Typical Hub and Clamp Configuration
483	4.18 Design Rules for Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 4.17.2 Typical Clamp Lugs Configurations
519	4.18.1 Effective Elastic Modulus And Poisson’s Ratio For A Perforated Plate With An Equilateral Triangular Hole Pattern 4.18.2 Effective Elastic Modulus And Poisson’s Ratio For A Perforated Plate With A Square Hole Pattern
520	4.18.3 Evaluation Of Za , Zd , Zv , Zw, Zm, And Fm
521	4.18.4 Evaluation Of Ft,min and Ft,max
522	4.18.5 Flanged-and-Flued or Flanged-Only Expansion Joint Load Cases and Stress Limits 4.18.6 Tubesheet Effective Bolt Load, W* 4.18.7 Load Combinations Required to Evaluate the Heat Exchanger For the Design Condition
523	4.18.8 Load Combinations Required to Evaluate the Heat Exchanger For Each Operating Condition x 4.18.9 Load Combinations Required to Evaluate the Heat Exchanger For Each Operating Condition x
524	4.18.1 Terminology of Heat Exchanger Components
525	4.18.2 Tubesheet Geometry
526	4.18.3 Typical Untubed Lane Configurations
527	4.18.4 U-Tube Tubesheet Configurations
528	4.18.5 Fixed Tubesheet Configurations
529	4.18.6 Zd , Zv , Zw, and Zm Versus Xa
530	4.18.7 Fm Versus Xa
531	4.18.8 Fm Versus Xa
532	4.18.9 Shell With Increased Thickness Adjacent to the Tubesheets
533	4.18.10 Floating Tubesheet Heat Exchangers
534	4.18.11 Stationary Tubesheet Configurations
535	4.18.12 Floating Tubesheet Configurations
536	4.18.13 Some Acceptable Types of Tube-To-Tubesheet Strength Welds
537	4.18.14 Tube Layout Perimeter
538	4.18.15 Integral Channels 4.18.16 Some Representative Configurations Describing the Minimum Required Thickness of the Tubesheet Flanged Extension, hr
539	4.19 Design Rules for Bellows Expansion Joints
549	4.19.1 Stress Calculations And Acceptability Criteria For U-Shaped Unreinforced Bellows Subject to Internal Pressure
550	4.19.2 Method To Determine Coefficient Cp
551	4.19.3 Method To Determine Coefficient Cf 4.19.4 Method To Determine Coefficient Cd
552	4.19.5 Allowable Number Of Cycles For U-Shaped Unreinforced Bellows
553	4.19.6 Stress Calculations And Acceptability Criteria For U-Shaped Reinforced Bellows Subject To Internal Pressure 4.19.7 Allowable Number Of Cycles For U-Shaped Reinforced Bellows
554	4.19.8 Stress Calculations And Acceptability Criteria For Toroidal Bellows Subject To Internal Pressure
555	4.19.9 Stress And Axial Stiffness Coefficients For Toroidal Bellows
556	4.19.10 Allowable Number Of Cycles For Toroidal Bellows
557	4.19.1-1 Typical Bellows Expansion Joints
558	4.19.1-2 Starting Points for the Measurement of the Length of Shell on Each Side of Bellows
559	4.19.2 Possible Convolution Profile in Neutral Position 4.19.3 Dimensions to Determine Ixx
560	4.19.4 Bellows Subject to an Axial Displacement x 4.19.5 Bellows Subject to a Lateral Displacement y
561	4.19.6 Bellows Subjected to an Angular Rotation
562	4.19.7 Cyclic Displacements 4.19.8 Cyclic Displacements
563	4.19.9 Cyclic Displacements
564	4.19.10 Some Typical Expansion Bellows Attachment Welds
565	4.19.11 Cp Versus C1 and C2
566	4.19.12 Cf Versus C1 and C2
567	4.19.13 Cd Versus C1 and C2
568	FORMS 4.19.1 Metric Form Specification Sheet For ASME Section VIII, Division 2 Bellows Expansion Joints, Metric Units
569	4.19.2 U.S. Customary Form Specification Sheet For ASME Section VIII, Division 2 Bellows Expansion Joints, U.S. Customary Units
570	4.20 Design Rules for Flanged-and-Flued or Flanged-Only Expansion Joints
571	4.20.1 Typical Flanged-and-Flued or Flanged-Only Flexible Elements
572	4.20.2 Typical Nozzle Attachment Details Showing Minimum Length of Straight Flange
573	Annex 4-A
574	Annex 4-B Guide for the Design and Operation of Quick-Actuating (Quick-Opening) Closures
577	Annex 4-C Basis For Establishing Allowable Loads For Tube-To-Tubesheet Joints
582	4-C.1 Efficiencies for Welded and/or Expanded Tube-To-Tubesheet Joints
583	4-C.1 Some Acceptable Types of Tube-To-Tubesheet Joints
584	4-C.2 Typical Test Fixtures for Expanded or Welded Tube-To-Tubesheet Joints
585	Annex 4-D Guidance to Accommodate Loadings Produced by Deflagration
587	Part 5 Design by Analysis Requirements 5.1 General Requirements
588	5.2 Protection Against Plastic Collapse
593	5.3 Protection Against Local Failure
594	5.4 Protection Against Collapse From Buckling
595	5.5 Protection Against Failure From Cyclic Loading
607	5.6 Supplemental Requirements for Stress Classification in Nozzle Necks
608	5.7 Supplemental Requirements for Bolts 5.8 Supplemental Requirements for Perforated Plates 5.9 Supplemental Requirements for Layered Vessels
609	5.10 Experimental Stress Analysis 5.11 Fracture Mechanic Evaluations 5.12 Definitions
611	5.13 Nomenclature
615	5.14 Tables 5.1 Loads And Load Cases To Be Considered In A Design 5.2 Load Descriptions
616	5.3 Load Case Combinations and Allowable Stresses for an Elastic Analysis 5.4 Load Case Combinations and Load Factors for a Limit Load Analysis
617	5.5 Load Case Combinations and Load Factors for an Elastic-Plastic Analysis
618	5.6 Examples of Stress Classification
620	5.7 Uniaxial Strain Limit for use in Multiaxial Strain Limit Criterion 5.8 Temperature Factors For Fatigue Screening Criteria
621	5.9 Fatigue Screening Criteria For Method A 5.10 Fatigue Screening Criteria Factors For Method B 5.11 Weld Surface Fatigue-Strength-Reduction Factors 5.12 Weld Surface Fatigue-Strength-Reduction Factors
622	5.13 Fatigue Penalty Factors For Fatigue Analysis
623	5.15 Figures 5.1 Stress Categories and Limits of Equivalent Stress
624	5.2 Example of Girth Weld Used to Tie Layers for Solid Wall Equivalence 5.3 Example of Circumferential Butt Weld Attachment Between Layered Sections in Zone of Discontinuity
625	5.4 An Example of Circle Weld Used to Tie Layers for Solid Wall Equivalence
626	Annex 5-A Linearization Of Stress Results For Stress Classification
630	5-A.1 Structural Stress Definitions For Continuum Finite Elements
631	5-A.2 Structural Stress Definitions For Shell Or Plate Finite Elements
632	5-A.1 Stress Classification Line (SCL) and Stress Classification Plane (SCP)
633	5-A.2 Stress Classification Lines (SCLs)
634	5-A.3 Stress Classification Line Orientation and Validity Guidelines
635	5-A.4 Computation of Membrane and Bending Equivalent Stresses by the Stress Integration Method Using the Results from a Finite Element Model with Continuum Elements
636	5-A.5 Continuum Finite Element Model Stress Classification Line for the Structural Stress Method
637	5-A.6 Computation of Membrane and Bending Equivalent Stresses by the Structural Stress Method Using Nodal Force Results from a Finite Element Model with Continuum Elements
638	5-A.7 Processing Nodal Force Results with the Structural Stress Method Using the Results from a Finite Element Model with Three Dimensional Second Order Continuum Elements
639	5-A.8 Processing Structural Stress Method Results for a Symmetric Structural Stress Range
640	5-A.9 Computation of Membrane and Bending Equivalent Stresses by the Structural Stress Method Using the Results from a Finite Element Model with Shell Elements
641	5-A.10 Processing Nodal Force Results with the Structural Stress Method Using the Results from a Finite Element Model With Three Dimensional Second Order Shell Elements
642	5-A.11 Element Sets for Processing Finite Element Nodal Stress Results with the Structural Stress Method Based on Stress Integration
643	Annex 5-B Histogram Development And Cycle Counting For Fatigue Analysis
646	Annex 5-C Alternative Plasticity Adjustment Factors And Effective Alternating Stress For Elastic Fatigue Analysis
651	Annex 5-D Stress Indices
653	5-D.1 Stress Indices For Nozzles In Spherical Shells And Portions Of Formed Heads 5-D.2 Stress Indices For Nozzles In Cylindrical Shells
654	5-D.3 Stress Indices For Laterals
655	5-D.1 Direction of Stress Components
656	5-D.2 Nozzle Nomenclature and Dimensions
657	5-D.3 Nomenclature and Loading for Laterals
658	Annex 5-E Design Methods For Perforated Plates Based On Elastic Stress Analysis
666	5-E.1 Values of E* For Perforated Tubesheets With An Equilateral Triangular Pattern 5-E.2 Values of v* For Perforated Tubesheets With An Equilateral Triangular Pattern
667	5-E.3 Values of E* For Perforated Tubesheets With A Square Pattern 5-E.4 Values of v* For Perforated Tubesheets With A Square Pattern
668	5-E.5 Effective Elastic Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio, And Shear Modulus For A Perforated Plate With A Triangular Hole Pattern 5-E.6 Effective Elastic Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio, And Shear Modulus For A Perforated Plate With A Square Hole Pattern – Pitch Direction
669	5-E.7 Effective Elastic Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio, And Shear Modulus For A Perforated Plate With A Square Hole Pattern – Diagonal Direction
670	5-E.8 Orthotropic Effective Elasticity Matrix For A Perforated Plate With An Equilateral Triangular Hole Pattern 5-E.9 Orthotropic Effective Elasticity Matrix For A Perforated Plate With A Square Hole Pattern
671	5-E.10 Equations For Determining Stress Components Based On The Results From An Equivalent Plate Analysis For An Equilateral Rectangular Hole Pattern 5-E.11 Stress Factor Kx Coefficients – Triangular Hole Pattern
673	5-E.12 Stress Factor Ky Coefficients – Triangular Hole Pattern
674	5-E.13 Stress Factor Kxy Coefficients – Triangular Hole Pattern
676	5-E.14 Stress Factor Kxz Coefficients – Triangular Hole Pattern
677	5-E.15 Stress Factor Kyz Coefficients – Triangular Hole Pattern
679	5-E.16 Stress Factors Kx And Ky Coefficients – Rectangular Hole Pattern
680	5-E.17 Stress Factor Kxy – Square Hole Pattern
681	5-E.18 Stress Factor Kxz And Kyz – Square Hole Pattern
683	5-E.19 Boundary Conditions for the Numerical Analysis (see Figure 5-E.3)
684	5-E.1 Perforated Plate Geometry Details
685	5-E.2 Perforated Plate Geometry Details
686	5-E.3 Boundary Conditions for Numerical Analysis
687	5-E.4 Stress Orientations For Perforated Plate With Triangular Pattern Holes
688	5-E.5 Stress Orientations For Perforated Plate With Square Pattern Holes
689	Annex 5-F Experimental Stress and Fatigue Analysis
694	5-F.1 Construction Of The Testing Parameter Ratio Diagram
695	5-F.2 Construction Of The Testing Parameter Ratio Diagram For Accelerated Tests
696	Part 6 Fabrication Requirements 6.1 General Fabrication Requirements
701	6.2 Welding Fabrication Requirements
706	6.3 Special Requirements for Tube-To-Tubesheet Welds 6.4 Preheating and Heat Treatment of Weldments
711	6.5 Special Requirements For Clad or Weld Overlay Linings, and Lined Parts
712	6.6 Special Requirements for Tensile Property Enhanced Q and T Ferritic Steels
716	6.7 Special Requirements for Forged Fabrication
720	6.8 Special Fabrication Requirements for Layered Vessels
722	6.9 Special Fabrication Requirements for Expansion Joints
723	6.10 Nomenclature
724	6.11 Tables 6.1 Equations For Calculating Forming Strains 6.2.A Post Cold-Forming Strain Limits and Heat-Treatment Requirements for P-No. 15E Materials
725	6.2.B Post Fabrication Strain Limits And Required Heat Treatment For High Alloy Materials
726	6.3 Post Fabrication Strain Limits And Required Heat Treatment For Nonferrous Materials 6.4 Maximum Allowable Offset In Welded Joints 6.5 Acceptable Welding Process And Limitations
727	6.6 Maximum Reinforcement For Welded Joints 6.7 Minimum Preheat Temperatures for Welding
728	6.8 Requirements For Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) Of Pressure Parts And Attachments For Material: P-No. 1, Group 1, 2, 3
729	6.9 Requirements For Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) Of Pressure Parts And Attachments For Material: P-No. 3, Group 1, 2, 3
730	6.10 Requirements for Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of Pressure Parts and Attachments For Materials: P-No. 4, Group 1, 2
731	6.11 Requirements For Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) Of Pressure Parts And Attachments For Materials: P-No. 5A, P-No. 5B Group 1, and P-No. 5C Group 1
732	6.11.A Requirements For Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) Of Pressure Parts And Attachments For Materials: P-No. 15E Group 1
733	6.12 Requirements For Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) Of Pressure Parts And Attachments For Materials: P-No. 6, Group 1, 2, 3 6.13 Requirements For Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) Of Pressure Parts And Attachments For Materials: P-No. 7, Group 1, 2 and P-No. 8
734	6.14 Requirements For Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) Of Pressure Parts And Attachments For Materials: P-No. 9A, Group 1 and P-No. 9B, Group 1
736	6.15 Requirements For Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) Of Pressure Parts And Attachments For Materials: P-No. 10A, Group 1; P-No. 10B, Group 2; P-No. 10C, Group 1, P-No. 10E, Group 1; P-No. 10F, Group 6; P-No. 10G, Group 1; P-No. 10H, Group 1; P-No. 10I, Group 1; and P-No. 10K, Group 1
739	6.16 Alternative Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements (Applicable Only When Permitted by Tables 6.8 through 6.15) 6.17 Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements For Quenched And Tempered Materials In Part 3, Table 3-A.2
740	6.18 Quench And Tempered Steels Conditionally Exempt From Production Impact Tests
741	6.19 High Nickel Alloy Filler For Quench And Tempered Steels 6.20 Mandrel Radius for Guided Bend Tests for Forged Fabrication 6.21 U-Shaped Unreinforced and Reinforced Bellows Manufacturing Tolerances
742	6.12 Figures 6.1 Peaking Height at a Category A Joint
743	6.2 Weld Toe Dressing
744	6.3 Forged Bottle Construction
745	6.4 Solid-To-Layer and Layer-To-Layer Test Plates
746	6.5 Tensile Specimens for Layered Vessel Construction
747	6.6 Toroidal Bellows Manufacturing Tolerances
748	Annex 6-A Positive Material Identification Practice
755	6-A.9.2-1 Technical Data Sheet for PMI
756	Part 7 Inspection and Examination Requirements 7.1 General 7.2 Responsibilities and Duties 7.3 Qualification of Nondestructive Examination Personnel
757	7.4 Examination of Welded Joints
762	7.5 Examination Method and Acceptance Criteria
769	7.6 Final Examination of Vessel 7.7 Leak Testing 7.8 Acoustic Emission
770	7.9 Tables 7.1 Examination Groups For Pressure Vessels
771	7.2 Nondestructive Examination
775	7.3 Selection of Nondestructive Testing Method For Full Penetration Joints 7.4 Nondestructive Examination Of Layered Vessels
776	7.5 NDE Techniques, Method, Characterization, Acceptance Criteria 7.6 Visual Examination Acceptance Criteria
778	7.7 Radiographic Acceptance Standards For Rounded Indications (Examples Only) 7.8 Flaw Acceptance Criteria for Welds Between Thicknesses of 6 mm (1/4 in.) and < 13 mm (1/2 in.)
779	7.9 Flaw Acceptance Criteria For Welds With A Thickness Between 13 mm (1/2 in.) And Less Than 25 mm (1 in.) 7.10 Flaw Acceptance Criteria For Welds With Thickness Between 25 mm (1 in.) And Less Than or Equal to 300 mm (12 in.)
780	7.11 Flaw Acceptance Criteria For Welds With A Thickness Greater Than 300 mm (12 in.)
781	7.10 Figures 7.1 Examination of Layered Vessels
782	7.2 Examination of Layered Vessels
783	7.3 Aligned Rounded Indications 7.4 Groups of Aligned Rounded Indications
784	7.5 Charts for 3 mm (1/8 in.) to 6 mm (1/4 in.) Wall Thickness, Inclusive 7.6 Charts for Over 6 mm (1/4 in.) to 10 mm (3/8 in.) Wall Thickness, Inclusive
785	7.7 Charts for Over 10 mm (3/8 in.) to 19 mm (3/4 in.) Wall Thickness, Inclusive
786	7.8 Charts for Over 19 mm (3/4 in.) to 50 mm (2 in.) Wall Thickness, Inclusive
787	7.9 Charts for Over 50 mm (2 in.) to 100 mm (4 in.) Wall Thickness, Inclusive
788	7.10 Charts for Over 100 mm (4 in.) Wall Thickness
789	7.11 Single Indications
790	7.12 Multiple Planar Flaws Oriented in a Plane Normal to the Pressure Retaining Surface
791	7.13 Surface and Subsurface Flaws
792	7.14 Non-Aligned Coplanar Flaws in a Plane Normal to the Pressure Retaining Surface
793	7.15 Multiple Aligned Planar Flaws
794	7.16 Dimension “a” For Partial Penetration and Fillet Welds
795	7.17 Dimensions “a” and “d” For A Partial Penetration Corner Weld
796	Annex 7-A Responsibilities and Duties for Inspection and Examination Activities
798	7-A.1 Inspection And Examination Activities and Responsibilities/Duties
801	Part 8 Pressure Testing Requirements 8.1 General Requirements
803	8.2 Hydrostatic Testing
804	8.3 Pneumatic Testing
805	8.4 Alternative Pressure Testing 8.5 Documentation
806	8.6 Nomenclature
807	Part 9 Pressure Vessel Overpressure Protection 9.1 General Requirements
808	9.2 Pressure Relief Valves 9.3 Non-Reclosing Pressure Relief Devices 9.4 Calculation of Rated Capacity for Different Relieving Pressures and/or Fluids
809	9.5 Marking and Stamping 9.6 Provisions for Installation of Pressure Relieving Devices 9.7 Overpressure Protection by Design
810	Annex 9-A Best Practices for the Installation and Operation of Pressure Relief Devices