ASME PTB 15 2023

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ASME PTB-15-2023 Full Matrix Capture Training Manual

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ASME	2023

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Description

Full Matrix Capture Training Manual

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
4	TABLE OF CONTENTS
23	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
24	FOREWORD
25	1 HISTORY 1.1 ASME History
27	1.2 ASME and FMC
29	1.3 History of FMC and TFM
30	1.4 Equivalence of Early Developments
31	2 FMC-TFM 2.1 Full Matrix Capture (FMC) 2.1.1 Principle for Firing and Data Collection 2.1.2 FMC Signal Characteristics
32	2.1.3 Typical FMC Signal Explained
34	2.1.4 Alternative Firing and Data Collection Methods
36	2.1.5 FMC Processes Using Different TR Methods
38	2.1.6 FMC Data Size and Storage
39	2.1.7 FMC Data Storage 2.2 Total Focusing Method (TFM) 2.2.1 TFM General
40	2.2.2 Principle for Data Reconstruction
44	2.3 Wave Type, Reconstruction Mode 2.3.1 Naming Conventions 2.3.2 TFM Modes
46	2.3.3 Some Flaw Strategies 2.3.4 Beam Spread Considerations
49	2.3.5 Self-Tandem Modes
50	2.3.6 Effects of Thickness
52	2.4 Amplitude Fidelity 2.4.1 Amplitude Fidelity in Signal Processing
54	2.4.2 Grid Construction
55	2.4.3 TFM Grid Resolution
58	2.5 Scan Plan
60	2.5.1 Defining the Specimen and the Probe 2.5.2 Scan Plan for Specific Flaws
61	2.5.3 Locating the TFM Grid 2.5.4 Scan Plan Design
64	2.6 Fourier and Hilbert Transforms 2.6.1 Time vs. Frequency Representation of Signals (Fourier Transform)
69	2.6.2 Hilbert Transform
80	3 TFMS 3.1 Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique 3.1.1 Data Collection
81	3.1.2 Post Processing
82	3.1.3 Resolution
83	3.2 Virtual Source Aperture
84	3.3 Migration and Inverse Wave Extrapolation (IWEX), crossover between NDT and Geophysics 3.3.1 History of Migration in Geophysics
85	3.3.2 Examples of crossover between geophysics and NDT
86	3.3.3 Difference Between Basic FMC-TFM and IWEX 3.3.4 Data Displays Used for IWEX
89	3.3.5 Electronics Hardware 3.4 Iterative TFM
92	3.5 Adaptive TFM–A Framework 3.5.1 Basic Process
93	3.5.2 Metallurgical Study 3.5.3 Material Anisotropy Distribution Model
94	3.5.4 Material Properties and Wave Propagation in an Elastic Media
95	3.5.5 Cauchy Tensor, Christoffel Matrix, and Key Velocity Parameters 3.5.6 The Slowness Surface, Slowness Curves
96	3.5.7 Group velocity and Phase velocity
97	3.5.8 Detection of Anisotropic Characteristics
98	3.5.9 Path Dependent Adaptation Process
99	3.5.10 Model Evolution 3.5.11 Degrees of Freedom
100	3.5.12 TFM Process 3.6 PWI-ML 3.6.1 Plane Wave Imaging
102	3.7 Sectorial Total Focusing 3.7.1 STF, LTF, CTF Processes (Techniques but not Methods)
104	3.8 TFMi 3.8.1 Terminology
105	3.8.2 FMC Acquisition Characteristics
108	3.8.3 Propagation Modes 3.8.4 Region of Interest
110	3.8.5 Image Sensitivity 3.8.6 TFMi
112	3.8.7 Advantages of TFMi 3.9 Phase Coherence Imaging
113	3.9.1 What is PCI?
115	3.9.2 Interpreting PCI data
116	3.9.3 Conclusion
117	4 INSTRUMENTS 4.1 Hardware Challenges 4.1.1 The Challenge Posed by FMC 4.1.2 TFM Image Data Rate 4.1.3 The TFM Calculation Challenge
118	4.1.4 FPGA Performance 4.1.5 GPU Performance
119	4.1.6 FPGA/GPU Comparison
120	4.1.7 Adaptive and Iterative TFM
121	4.2 Deployment Schemes/Scanning Equipment 4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 Manual Scanning 4.2.3 Nonautomated Scanner
122	4.2.4 Semi-automated Scanner
123	4.2.5 Fully Automated Scanner
124	4.2.6 Application Specific
125	4.2.7 Conclusion
126	5 ARRAYS 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Basic Overview of Ultrasonic Transducers and Their Construction 5.2.1 What is a Transducer? 5.2.2 The Piezoelectric Effect
127	5.2.3 Types of Transducers
128	5.2.4 Basic Construction
130	5.2.5 Piezocomposite
131	5.3 Transducer Arrays 5.3.1 Linear Arrays
132	5.3.2 Construction of Transducer Arrays
133	5.3.3 Matrix Arrays
135	5.3.4 Common Configurations of Arrays Used in NDE
137	5.4 Transducer Sound Fields 5.4.1 Basic Beam Modeling
138	5.4.2 Near Field Distance
139	5.4.3 Focusing Flat and Curved Oscillators, Spot Size and Depth of Field
141	5.4.4 Beam Divergence/Array Element Performance
143	5.5 Array Design for FMC 5.5.1 Goal of FMC/TFM Imaging
144	5.5.2 Near Field Imaging
145	5.5.3 Angle Limitation/Constant Focal Ratio (F/D)
148	5.5.4 Selection of Array Parameters (Active Plane)
152	5.5.5 Strategy for Setting Passive Plane Parameters
154	5.5.6 Flat or Focused?
155	5.6 Transducer Standards 5.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
156	6 MODELING 6.1 General benefits of weld simulation 6.1.1 Effects of Material on Inspection Results
158	6.1.2 Better Understanding of Results via Simulation
160	6.2 Inspection Simulation
164	6.3 Using Modeling for TFM Inspection 6.3.1 Probe Selection
165	6.3.2 Mode of Propagation Selection
167	6.3.3 Modeling as TFM Scan Plan Assistance Tool 6.3.4 Example of Modeling as TFM Scan Plan Assistance Tool on ERW pipe
171	7 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF FMC/TFM VERSUS PAUT 7.1 Advantages 7.1.1 Accurate Visualization
173	7.1.2 Improved Resolution
174	7.1.3 Sound Propagation (dead zone)
176	7.1.4 Near Surface Resolution 7.2 Limitations 7.2.1 Selection of the Correct Mode of Propagation for the Type of Flaws
177	7.2.2 Part Geometry and Material Definition 7.2.3 Attenuation and Penetration in Thick or Difficult to Penetrate Materials
178	7.2.4 Productivity
179	8 SIZING TECHNIQUES 8.1 Length and Height Sizing
180	8.1.1 Length Sizing
183	8.1.2 dB Drop Through-Wall Height Sizing of Embedded Flaws
185	8.1.3 Tip Diffraction for Embedded Indications 8.1.4 Sizing Cluster Indications Such as Porosity
186	8.1.5 Tip Diffraction for Through-Wall Sizing of ID/OD-connected Cracks
188	8.1.6 Length and Height Sizing Comparisons with Various Methods–TFM, TOFD, PAUT
195	9 FRACTURE MECHANICS FLAW CHARACTERIZATION 9.1 Introduction to Fracture Behavior
196	9.2 Overview of Fracture Mechanics
197	9.3 History of Fracture Mechanics
198	9.4 Two Main Categories of Fracture Mechanics
200	9.4.1 Summary 9.5 Application of Fracture Mechanics
201	9.5.1 Damage Tolerant Design
202	9.5.2 Planning for Inspection Using These Damage Tolerance Principles
204	9.6 ASME Code Margins and Safety 9.7 Flaw Evaluation Procedures Using Fracture Mechanics
205	9.7.1 Steps in the ASME BPVC Section XI Flaw Evaluation Procedure
207	9.8 Acceptance Criteria Examples
211	9.9 Applying the Acceptance Criteria Tables and Using Interpolation
213	9.9.1 Linear Interpolation
217	10 APPLICATIONS 10.1 In-service Inspections: FMC Techniques for High Temperature Hydrogen Attack Assessment 10.1.1 Problem Definition
218	10.1.2 Solution 10.1.3 Array Probes Design and Optimization
223	10.1.4 FMC Capabilities Validation
250	10.1.5 Conclusions 10.2 FMC/TFM Based Inspection of Small-Diameter Components for FAC Damage 10.2.1 Summary 10.2.2 Background
251	10.2.3 Feeder Pipes 10.2.4 Degradation Mechanism
252	10.2.5 Component Description
253	10.2.6 Inspection Specification Requirements
254	10.2.7 Complicating Factors
256	10.2.8 Overview 10.2.9 Separation of Tasks 10.2.10 Training
257	10.2.11 Equipment
258	10.2.12 Software 10.2.13 Calibration
259	10.2.14 Data Acquisition Process
260	10.2.15 Recording 10.2.16 Data Acquisition Procedure
262	10.2.17 Data Analysis Process
265	10.2.18 Data Analysis Procedure 10.2.19 Results
267	10.2.20 Discussion
270	10.2.21 Further Developments 10.2.22 Conclusions
271	10.3 Crack Growth Monitoring with PAUT and TFM 10.3.1 Introduction 10.3.2 Approach
273	10.3.3 Description of the UT Setup
274	10.3.4 Results 10.3.5 Analysis
280	10.3.6 Conclusions and Next Steps
281	10.4 Weld Examination-Introduction 11.4.1 General Requirements
282	10.4.2 Equipment 10.4.3 Getting Started
283	10.4.4 Scan Plan
285	10.4.5 Equipment Set-Up
287	10.4.6 Scanning/Data Collection
290	10.4.7 Evaluation
293	10.4.8 Examples
299	REFERENCES
302	APPENDIX A: FMC-TFM DATA OF INTERNAL SURFACE (ID), EXTERNAL SURFACE (OD) AND MID-WALL TYPES OF DEFECTS REPRESENTED BY NOTCHES
327	APPENDIX B: TFM DATA PRESENTATION AND FLAWS SIZING