ASME PTC 10 2022

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ASME PTC-10-2022 Axial and Centrifugal Compressors

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ASME	2022

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Description

The object of this Code is to provide a test procedure to determine the thermodynamic performance of an axial or centrifugal compressor doing work on a gas of known or measurable properties under specified conditions. This Code is written to provide a test procedure, which will yield the highest level of accuracy consistent with the best engineering knowledge and practice currently available. Nonetheless, no single universal value of the uncertainty is, or should be, expected to apply to every test. The uncertainty associated with any individual ASME PTC 10 test will depend on practical choices made in terms of instrumentation and methodology. Rules are provided to estimate the uncertainty for individual tests.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
4	CONTENTS
8	NOTICE
9	FOREWORD
11	ASME PTC COMMITTEE ROSTER
12	CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE PTC COMMITTEE
14	Section 1 Object and Scope 1-1 OBJECT 1-2 SCOPE 1-2.1 General 1-2.2 Compressor Arrangements
15	1-2.3 Compressor Performance and Polytropic Assumption 1-3 EQUIPMENT NOT COVERED BY THIS CODE 1-4 TYPES OF TESTS 1-5 PERFORMANCE RELATION TO GUARANTEE 1-6 ALTERNATE PROCEDURES 1-7 INSTRUCTIONS 1-8 REFERENCES
16	Section 2 Definitions and Description of Terms 2-1 BASIC SYMBOLS AND UNITS 2-2 PRESSURE DEFINITIONS 2-3 TEMPERATURE DEFINITIONS
17	Tables Table 2-1-1 Symbols and Units
19	Table 2-1-2 Subscripts
20	2-4 OTHER GAS (FLUID) PROPERTIES DEFINITIONS
21	2-5 OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS DEFINITIONS
22	2-6 WORK, POWER, AND EFFICIENCY DEFINITIONS 2-7 MISCELLANEOUS DEFINITIONS
23	2-8 INTERPRETATION OF SUBSCRIPTS
24	Section 3 Guiding Principles 3-1 PLANNING THE TEST 3-1.1 Specified Conditions 3-1.2 Test Objectives 3-1.3 Test Facility 3-1.4 Test Personnel 3-1.5 Responsible Individual 3-2 TYPES OF TESTS 3-2.1 Type 1 Tests
25	3-2.2 Type 2 Tests 3-2.3 Test Type Selection Table 3-2.1-1 Permissible Deviation From Specified Operating Conditions for Type 1 Tests Table 3-2.1-2 Permissible Deviation From Specified Operating Parameters for Type 1 and Type 2 Tests
26	3-2.4 Calculation Procedures 3-3 LIMITATIONS 3-3.1 Section Boundaries 3-3.2 Sidestreams Figures Figure 3-2.1-1 Allowable Test Machine Mach Numbers for Centrifugal Compressors
27	3-3.3 Leakage Ratio Figure 3-2.1-2 Allowable Test Machine Mach Numbers for Axial Compressors
28	3-3.4 Mechanical Losses 3-3.5 Components Between Sections 3-3.6 Heat Losses 3-3.7 Inlet Gas Superheat Requirement Figure 3-2.1-3 Allowable Test Machine Reynolds Numbers Departure for Centrifugal Compressors
29	3-4 TEST GAS AND SPEED 3-4.1 Test Gas Properties 3-4.2 Test Speed Figure 3-3.1-1 Section Control Volume
30	3-5 INTERMEDIATE FLOW STREAMS 3-5.1 Section Treatment 3-5.2 Compressors With Sidestreams Figure 3-5.2-1 Typical Sidestream Sections
31	3-5.3 Inward Sidestreams 3-5.4 Extraction Sidestreams 3-5.5 Multisection Compressors
32	3-6 SAFETY 3-6.1 Compliance 3-6.2 Test Gas Compliance 3-6.3 Closed-Loop Testing 3-6.4 System Protection 3-7 PIPING 3-7.1 Piping Arrangements 3-7.2 Straight Lengths of Piping 3-7.3 Intercooler Performance and Pressure Drop 3-8 INSTRUMENTATION
33	3-9 PRELIMINARY TEST 3-9.1 Pretest Inspection 3-10 TEST OPERATION 3-10.1 Stabilization Time 3-10.2 Test Readings 3-10.3 Test Point Duration 3-10.4 Two-Point Test 3-10.5 Multipoint Test
34	3-10.6 Determination of Surge 3-10.7 Maximum Capacity Determination 3-11 TEST STABILIZATION 3-11.1 Test Readings 3-11.2 Calculated Values 3-12 INCONSISTENCIES 3-12.1 Outliers 3-12.2 Fluctuation Tolerances 3-13 ERRORS AND UNCERTAINTIES 3-13.1 Uncertainty Analysis 3-13.2 Test Quality
35	3-14 TEST LOG SHEETS Table 3-12.2-1 Permissible Fluctuations of Test Readings
36	Section 4 Instruments and Methods of Measurement 4-1 METHODS 4-2 INSTRUMENTATION 4-3 PIPING 4-3.1 Pressure- and Temperature-Measuring Stations 4-3.2 Inlet Piping
37	Figure 4-3.2-1 Inlet and Discharge Configuration
38	Figure 4-3.2-2 Open Inlet Figure 4-3.2-3 Vortex-Producing Axial Inlet
39	4-3.3 Discharge Piping Figure 4-3.3-1 Diffusing Volute Discharge With Nonsymmetric Flow Figure 4-3.3-2 Open Discharge
40	4-3.4 Typical Piping Arrangement Figure 4-3.4-1 Typical Closed Loop
41	Figure 4-3.4-2 Typical Closed Loop With Sidestream
42	4-4 PROTECTIVE SCREENS 4-5 FLOW CONDITIONERS 4-6 PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS 4-6.1 Pressure Instrumentation 4-6.2 Gauge Lines 4-6.3 Transducers 4-6.4 Operational Stability 4-6.5 Dynamic Pressure 4-6.6 Raw Data Observations 4-6.7 Inlet Pressure Measurement 4-6.8 Discharge Pressure Measurement
43	4-6.9 Total Pressure Measurement 4-6.10 Ambient Pressure and Temperature 4-6.11 Internal Pressure Measurements 4-7 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS 4-7.1 Temperature Instrumentation 4-7.2 Thermocouples
44	4-7.3 Total Temperature Measurement 4-7.4 Inlet Temperature Measurement 4-7.5 Discharge Temperature Measurement 4-7.6 Internal Temperature Measurements 4-8 CAPACITY MEASUREMENTS 4-8.1 Flow Measurement Instrumentation 4-8.2 Flow-Measuring Device for Flow Sections 4-8.3 Open Inlet Flow Nozzle
45	4-8.4 Open Discharge Flow Nozzle 4-9 GAS COMPOSITION 4-9.1 Gas Composition Evaluation 4-9.2 Gas Composition Evaluation for Performance Curve 4-9.3 Gas Chromatographs Figure 4-7.6-1 Typical Inward Sidestream Cross Section
46	4-9.4 Test Loop Design 4-9.5 Test Loop Condensation 4-10 SPEED MEASUREMENT 4-10.1 Continuous Speed Measurement 4-10.2 Speed Measurement Instrumentation 4-11 TIME MEASUREMENT 4-12 METHODS OF SHAFT POWER MEASUREMENT 4-12.1 Shaft Power Input 4-12.2 Power Measurement Methods 4-13 SHAFT POWER BY TORQUE MEASUREMENTS
47	4-14 SHAFT POWER BY ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS 4-14.1 Motor Shaft Power 4-14.2 Motor Efficiency Determination 4-14.3 Motor Power Input Measurement 4-14.4 Transformers 4-15 SHAFT POWER BY HEAT BALANCE MEASUREMENTS 4-15.1 Shaft Power Computation 4-15.2 Mechanical Losses 4-15.3 Precautions and Limitations
48	4-16 HEAT LOSS 4-16.1 Heat Loss Minimization 4-16.2 Cooling Fluid Measurements 4-17 MECHANICAL LOSSES 4-17.1 Heat Produced by Mechanical Losses 4-17.2 Gear Losses 4-18 INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION AND UNCERTAINTY 4-18.1 Calibration
49	4-18.2 Measurement Uncertainty 4-18.3 Temperature Instrumentation Calibration 4-18.4 Electrical Power Instrumentation Calibration 4-18.5 Torque Meter Calibration 4-19 HUMIDITY MEASUREMENT 4-20 TORQUE MEASUREMENT Table 4-18.2-1 Typical End-to-End Measurement Uncertainty
50	4-21 DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM 4-21.1 Collection 4-21.2 Processing 4-21.3 Calibration
51	Section 5 Computation of Results 5-1 CALCULATION PROCEDURE 5-2 COMPUTATIONAL METHODS: CHOICE OF METHODS 5-2.1 Method Selection 5-2.2 Sandberg–Colby Method Table 5-2.2-1 Sandberg–Colby Method Polytropic Relations
52	5-2.3 Huntington Method 5-2.4 Sandberg–Colby Multistep Method 5-2.5 Tabulated Properties and Equations of State Methods 5-3 TYPE 2 TEST GAS AND TEST SPEED SELECTION 5-3.1 Test Gas Selection 5-3.2 Test Speed Selection
53	Table 5-2.3-1 Huntington Method Polytropic Relations
54	Figure 5-2.4-1 Sandberg–Colby Multistep Numerical Integration Method
58	5-3.3 Test Speed Validation 5-4 CALCULATIONS FOR TEST CONDITIONS 5-4.1 Test Data Acquisition
59	5-4.2 Raw Data Acceptability 5-4.3 Processing Raw Data 5-4.4 Test Pressure and Temperature
60	Figure 5-4.4.1-1 Rigorous Method to Calculate the Test Total Pressure and Temperature
62	Figure 5-4.4.2-1 Alternative Mach Number Method to Calculate the Test Total Pressure and Temperature
64	5-4.5 Test Density and Specific Volume 5-4.6 Test Flow Rate 5-4.7 Test Power
66	5-5 NONDIMENSIONAL PARAMETERS 5-5.1 Machine Mach Number 5-5.2 Machine Reynolds Number 5-5.3 Specific Volume Ratio 5-5.4 Volume Flow Ratio
67	5-5.5 Flow Coefficient 5-6 CALCULATIONS FOR SPECIFIED OPERATING CONDITIONS 5-6.1 Single-Section Compressor
68	Table 5-6.1.2-1 Real Gas Nondimensional Parameters Table 5-6.1.2-2 Conversion of Nondimensional Parameters
70	5-6.2 The Multisection Compressor Figure 5-6.1.2-1 Interpolation for the Specified Condition Flow Coefficient
71	5-6.3 Machine Reynolds Number Correction
72	5-6.4 Mechanical Losses
73	Figure 5-6.3.2-1 Machine Reynolds Number Correction for Centrifugal Compressors
75	Section 6 Report of Test 6-1 CONTENTS 6-2 TYPICAL REPORT INFORMATION 6-2.1 General Information 6-2.2 Description of Test Calculations 6-2.3 Description of Test Installation
76	6-2.4 Specified Conditions and Test Conditions 6-2.5 Performance at Specified Conditions 6-2.6 Setup of Instruments and Methods of Measurement 6-2.7 Test Points Data (See Subsection 2-7)
77	6-2.8 Computed Results for Each Test Point (See Paras. 3-10.4 and 3-10.5)
78	6-2.9 Computed Test Performance Parameters
79	6-2.10 Machine Reynolds Number Correction 6-2.11 Computed Results for Specified Operating Conditions 6-2.12 Uncertainty Analysis 6-2.13 Summary of Results
80	Section 7 Test Uncertainty 7-1 GENERAL 7-2 SCOPE OF UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS 7-3 METHODS OF ASME PTC 19.1 7-4 TEST METHOD UNCERTAINTY Table 7-4-1 Maximum Expected Uncertainty
81	NONMANDATORY APPENDICES NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A USE OF TOTAL PRESSURE AND TOTAL TEMPERATURE TO DEFINE COMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE A-1 GENERAL A-2 ENERGY EQUATION A-3 TOTAL CONDITIONS
82	Figure A-4-1 Compressor State Points, Static and Total A-4 COMPRESSION PROCESS A-5 SYSTEM BOUNDARIES
83	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B TYPE 2 PERFORMANCE TESTING OF BACK-TO-BACK COMPRESSORS B-1 OBJECTIVE B-2 FUNCTIONAL OPERATION OF TYPE 2 PERFORMANCE TEST
84	Figure B-2.1-1 Typical Back-to-Back Compressor Type 2 Test Setup
86	Table B-2.4-1 Sample Post-Test Leakage Evaluation for Division Wall Table B-2.4-2 Sample Post-Test Leakage Evaluation for Balance Seal
87	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C SAMPLE CASE CALCULATIONS C-1 INTRODUCTION
88	Table C-1.3.1-1 Historical Gas Models and Labels C-2 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS ELEMENTS C-3 HIGH-PRESSURE NATURAL GAS COMPRESSOR SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
90	Figure C-3.2-1 Typical Straight-Through Centrifugal Compressor Section
91	Table C-3.2-1 Specified Design for High-Pressure Natural Gas Compressor
92	Figure C-3.2-2 Phase Diagram for Specified Gas Composition
94	Table C-3.3-1 Specified Performance Calculations for High-Pressure Natural Gas Compressor
95	Table C-3.3-2 Calculation of Total Conditions for Specified Performance: Inlet — U.S. Customary Units
96	Table C-3.3-2M Calculation of Total Conditions for Specified Performance: Inlet — SI Units
97	Table C-3.3-3 Calculation of Total Conditions for Specified Performance: Discharge — U.S. Customary Units
98	Table C-3.3-3M Calculation of Total Conditions for Specified Performance: Discharge — SI Units
100	Table C-3.4-1 Type 2 Preliminary Test Design
101	Table C-3.4-2 Screening Criteria Comparison for Potential Test Gas Compositions
102	Table C-3.5-1 Test Design for High-Pressure Natural Gas Compressor Using Carbon Dioxide
103	Figure C-3.5-1 Phase Diagram for Test Gas Composition
104	Table C-3.5-2 Test Design Performance Calculations for High-Pressure Natural Gas Compressor Using Carbon Dioxide
105	Table C-3.6.1-1 Necessary Information Table C-3.6.1.1-1 Recorded Raw Data Observations for Compressor Inlet Static Pressure for a Test Point
106	Table C-3.6.1.1-2 Raw Data Observations Converted to Absolute Values Table C-3.6.1.1-3 Test for and Remove Outliers on a per-Reading Basis
107	Table C-3.6.1.1-4 Raw Data Observations Excluding Outliers Table C-3.6.1.1-5 Verification of Fluctuation Compliance Table C-3.6.1.1-6 Determination of Test Point Value, pi, Excluding Outliers and Rejected Readings Due to Fluctuations
108	Table C-3.6.1.2-1 Recorded Raw Data Observations for Compressor Inlet Measured Temperature for a Test Point Table C-3.6.1.2-2 Converted Raw Data Observations to Absolute Values Table C-3.6.1.2-3 Test for and Remove Outliers on a per-Reading Basis
109	Table C-3.6.1.2-4 Raw Data Observations Excluding Outliers Table C-3.6.1.2-5 Verification of Fluctuation Compliance Table C-3.6.1.2-6 Determination of Test Point Value, Ti, Excluding Outliers and Rejected Readings Due to Fluctuations
110	Table C-3.6.2-1 Type 2 As-Tested Data Point
111	Table C-3.7-1 Comparison of Test Design and As-Tested Inlet and Discharge Conditions
112	Table C-3.7-2 Comparison of Test Design and As-Tested Performance
113	Table C-3.8-1 As-Tested Nondimensional Results Table C-3.9-1 Specified and As-Tested Operating Parameters
114	Figure C-3.9-1 As-Tested Flow Coefficient and Volume Ratio
115	Figure C-3.9-2 As-Tested Machine Mach Number
116	Figure C-3.9-3 As-Tested Machine Reynolds Number
117	Table C-3.10.1-1 As-Tested Reynolds Number Corrections
118	Figure C-3.10.2-1 Reynolds Number Correction Trend — Polytropic Efficiency — Perfect Test Figure C-3.10.2-2 Reynolds Number Correction Trend — Polytropic Work Coefficient — Perfect Test
119	Figure C-3.10.2-3 Reynolds Number Correction Trend — Flow Coefficient — Perfect Test Figure C-3.10.2-4 Reynolds Number Correction Trend — Work Input and Total Work Input Coefficients — Perfect Test
121	Table C-3.11-1 As-Tested Performance at Specified Conditions
122	Table C-3.11-2 Comparison of Specified Performance and Converted Specified Performance
124	Table C-3.12.1-1 Specified and Type 2 Test Design Section Heat Transfer Losses
126	Figure C-3.12.2.1-1 Trends for Natural Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient
127	Figure C-3.12.2.2-1 Trends for Radiative Heat Transfer Rate
128	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX D REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY D-1 CODES AND STANDARDS D-2 OTHER REFERENCES
129	D-3 BIBLIOGRAPHY
132	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX E RATIONALE FOR CALCULATION METHODS E-1 PURPOSE E-2 CALCULATION MODEL
134	E-3 CODE NONDIMENSIONAL PARAMETERS
138	Figure E-3.11-1 Compressor Section Model
139	E-4 SPEED SELECTION E-5 INLET STATE FOR MIXED STREAMS
141	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX F REYNOLDS NUMBER CORRECTION FOR CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS F-1 GENERAL
142	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX G METHODS FOR CALCULATING TOTAL CONDITIONS G-1 INTRODUCTION
143	G-2 RIGOROUS METHOD G-3 ALTERNATIVE MACH NUMBER METHOD
144	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX H TEST UNCERTAINTY SAMPLE CALCULATION H-1 INTRODUCTION H-2 EXAMPLE
146	Table H-2-1 Sample Calculation of the Systematic Uncertainty for Polytropic Efficiency
147	Table H-2-2 Sample Calculation of the Systematic Uncertainty for Polytropic Work