ASME PTC 18 2020

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ASME PTC 18 – 2020 (R2016) Hydraulic Turbines and Pump-Turbines

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ASME	2020

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Description

This Code defines procedures for field performance and acceptance testing of hydraulic turbines and pump turbines operating with water in either the turbine or pump mode. This Code applies to all sizes and types of hydraulic turbines or pump-turbines. It defines methods for ascertaining performance by measuring flow rate (discharge), head, and power, from which efficiency may be determined. Requirements are included for pretest arrangements, types of instrumentation, methods of measurement, testing procedures, methods of calculation, and contents of test reports. This Code also contains recommended procedures for index testing and describes the purposes for which index tests may be used.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
4	CONTENTS
8	NOTICE
9	FOREWORD
11	ASME PTC COMMITTEE ROSTER
12	CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE PTC COMMITTEE
14	Section 1 Object and Scope 1-1 OBJECT 1-2 SCOPE 1-3 UNCERTAINTIES
15	Section 2 Definitions and Descriptions of Terms 2-1 DEFINITIONS 2-2 INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) 2-3 TABLES AND FIGURES
16	2-4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 2-5 REFERENCE ELEVATION, Zc 2-6 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS 2-7 SUBSCRIPTS USED THROUGHOUT THE CODE
17	Tables Table 2-2-1 Conversion Factors Between SI and U.S. Customary Units of Measure
18	Table 2-3-1 Letter Symbols and Definitions
23	FIGURES Figure 2-3-1 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Vertical Shaft Machine With Spiral Case and Pressure Conduit
24	Figure 2-3-2 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Vertical Shaft Machine With Semi-Spiral Case
25	Figure 2-3-3 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Bulb Machine
26	Figure 2-3-4 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Horizontal Shaft Impulse Turbine (One or Two Jets)
27	Figure 2-3-5 Head Definition, Measurement and Calibration, Vertical Shaft Impulse Turbine
28	Figure 2-5-1 Reference Elevation, Zc, of Turbines and Pump-Turbines
29	Section 3 Guiding Principles 3-1 GENERAL 3-2 PREPARATIONS FOR TESTING 3-2.1 General Precaution 3-2.2 Inspection Before Test
30	3-2.3 Provisions for Testing 3-2.4 Planning a Performance Test 3-2.5 Agreements
31	3-2.6 Chief of Test 3-3 TESTS
32	3-4 INSTRUMENTS 3-5 OPERATING CONDITIONS 3-5.1 Operating Philosophy 3-5.2 Test Run Conditions 3-5.3 Permissible Deviations
33	3-6 DATA RECORDS 3-6.1 True Copies 3-6.2 Original Data 3-6.3 Analysis and Interpretation
34	Figure 3-5.3-1 Limits of Permissible Deviations From Specified Operation Conditions in Turbine Mode
35	Figure 3-5.3-2 Limits of Permissible Deviations From Specified Operating Conditions in Pump Mode
36	Section 4 Instruments and Methods of Measurement 4-1 GENERAL 4-2 DATA ACQUISITION AND DATA PROCESSING 4-2.1 Introduction and Definitions
37	4-2.2 General requirements 4-2.3 Data acquisition 4-2.4 Component requirements
38	4-2.5 Check of the DAS
39	4-3 HEAD AND PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 4-3.1 Bench Marks 4-3.2 Static-Head Conditions Figure 4-2.4.3.1-1 Time Delay Figure 4-2.4.3.1-2 Filtering and Sampling Frequencies
40	4-3.3 Free-Water Elevation 4-3.4 Measuring Wells and Stilling Boxes 4-3.5 Plate Gage 4-3.6 Point or Hook Gage 4-3.7 Float Gage 4-3.8 Staff Gage
41	4-3.9 Electronic Water Level Indicator 4-3.10 Time-of-Flight Techniques 4-3.11 Liquid Manometers 4-3.12 Measurements by Means of Compressed Gas 4-3.13 Number of Devices 4-3.14 Pressure Measurement by Pressure Taps
42	4-3.15 Pressure Measurement Figure 4-3.14-1 Pressure Tap
43	4-3.16 Pressure Measurement With Running Calibration Figure 4-3.14-2 Pressure Plate Tap
44	4-3.17 Determination of Gravity 4-3.18 Determination of Density of Water 4-4 FLOW MEASUREMENT 4-4.1 Introduction Figure 4-3.15-1 Calibration Connections for Pressure Gages or Pressure Transducers
45	4-4.2 Current Meter Method
48	4-4.3 Pressure-Time Method
51	Figure 4-4.3.9-1 Example of Digital Pressure–Time Signal in a Short Conduit Figure 4-4.3.9-2 Example of Digital Pressure–Time Signal in a Long Conduit
53	4-4.4 Ultrasonic Transit Time Method
54	Figure 4-4.4.1-1 Ultrasonic Method: Diagram to Illustrate Principle Figure 4-4.4.1-2 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers for an Eight-Path Flowmeter in a Circular Conduit
55	Table 4-4.4.2-1 Integration Parameters for Ultrasonic Method: Four Paths in One Plane or Eight Paths in Two Planes
56	Figure 4-4.4.3-1 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers
57	Figure 4-4.4.4-1 Distortion of the Velocity Profile Caused by Protruding Transducers
60	Figure 4-4.4.6-1 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers for an 18-Path Flowmeter in a Circular Conduit
61	Figure 4-4.4.6-2 Ultrasonic Method: Typical Arrangement of Transducers for an 18-Path Flowmeter in a Rectangular Conduit
62	Table 4-4.4.6-1 Integration Parameters for Ultrasonic Method: Nine Paths in One Plane or 18 Paths in Two Planes
63	Figure 4-4.4.11-1 Locations for Measurements of D
64	4-4.5 Dye Dilution Method
65	Figure 4-4.5.1-1 Schematic Representation of Dye Dilution Technique
66	Figure 4-4.5.2.1-1 Experimental Results: Allowable Variation in Tracer Concentration
69	Figure 4-4.5.2.4-1 Typical Chart Recording During Sampling
70	4-5 THERMODYNAMIC METHOD FOR MEASURING EFFICIENCY 4-5.1 Principle of the Method 4-5.2 Specific Mechanical Energy, Em
71	4-5.3 Correction of Specific Mechanical Energy Figure 4-5.2-1 General Schematic Diagram of Measuring Vessels and Balance of Energy for a Measurement With theThermodynamic Method
72	4-5.4 Conditions and Limitations 4-5.5 Measurement of Specific Mechanical Energy
73	4-5.6 Measuring Sections and Sampling Conditions 4-5.7 Instrumentation
74	Figure 4-5.7.2-1 Example of a Sampling Probe Table 4-5.6-1 Recommendations for the High Pressure Side Measuring Section Table 4-5.6-2 Recommendations for the Low Pressure Side Measuring Section
75	4-5.8 Repetition of Measurements 4-5.9 Particular Flow Arrangements Figure 4-5.7.2-2 Determination of the Correction in Em for Heat Transfer in the Water-Sampling Circuit
76	4-5.10 Limit of Corrections 4-5.11 Uncertainty of Measurement 4-6 POWER MEASUREMENT 4-6.1 Indirect Method
78	Figure 4-6.1-1 Three-Wattmeter Connection Diagram Figure 4-6.1-2 Two-Wattmeter Connection Diagram
79	Figure 4-6.1-3 Measuring Instrument Burden (a) Typical Each Voltage Phase
80	4-6.2 Windage and Friction 4-6.3 Speed Increaser Losses
81	4-7 SPEED MEASUREMENT 4-7.1 General 4-7.2 A-C Interconnected Power Grid 4-7.3 Isolated Alternating Current Systems, Variable Speed Machines or Short-Term Measurements 4-7.4 Induction Generators and Motors or Direct Current System 4-8 TIME MEASUREMENT
82	Section 5 Computation of Results 5-1 MEASURED VALUES: DATA REDUCTION 5-2 CONVERSION OF TEST RESULTS TO SPECIFIED CONDITIONS 5-2.1 Turbine Mode — Conversion to Specified Head
83	5-2.2 Pump Mode — Conversion to Specified Speed 5-2.3 Conversion to Specified Temperature
84	5-3 EVALUATION OF UNCERTAINTY 5-4 COMPARISON WITH GUARANTEES
85	Section 6 Final Report 6-1 Components of the Final Report
86	Section 7 Uncertainty 7-1 BASIS FOR UNCERTAINTY CALCULATION 7-2 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY 7-3 GENERAL APPROACH WITH TURBINE EFFICIENCY EXAMPLE
88	7-3.1 Correlated Uncertainties 7-3.2 Sensitivity Coefficients Table 7-3-1 Two-Tailed Student’s t Table for the 95% Confidence Level
89	7-3.3 Uncertainty of a Result 7-3.4 Combining Uncertainties for Common Mathematical Operations
90	7-3.5 Application Over a Range of Operating Conditions
91	7-3.6 Outliers 7-3.7 Typical Values of Uncertainty Table 7-3.6-1 Modified Thompson τ (at the 5% Significance Level)
93	Table I-1-1 Acceleration of Gravity as a Function of Latitude and Elevation, SI Units (m/s2) MANDATORY APPENDIX I TABLES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES I-1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
94	Table I-1-1C Acceleration of Gravity as a Function of Latitude and Elevation, U.S. Customary Units (ft/sec2)
95	Table I-1-2 Vapor Pressure of Distilled Water as a Function of Temperature, SI Units (kPa) Table I-1-2C Vapor Pressure of Distilled Water as a Function of Temperature, U.S. Customary Units (lbf/in.2)
96	Table I-1-3 Density of Dry Air, SI Units (kg/m3) Table I-1-3C Density of Dry Air, U.S. Customary Units (slug/ft3)
97	Table I-1-4 Density of Mercury, SI Units (kg/m3) Table I-1-4C Density of Mercury, U.S. Customary Units (slugs/ft3)
98	Table I-1-5 Atmospheric Pressure, SI Units (kPa) Table I-1-5C Atmospheric Pressure, U.S. Customary Units (lbf/in.2)
99	Table I-1-6 Density of Water as Function of Temperature and Pressure, SI Units (kg/m³)
100	Table I-1-6C Density of Water as Function of Temperature and Pressure, U.S. Customary Units (slug/ft³)
101	Table I-1-6.1 Coefficients Ii, Ji, and ni
102	Table I-1-7 Specific Heat Capacity of Water, cp (J/kg K), SI Units
103	Table I-1-7C Specific Heat Capacity of Water, cp, (Btu/lbm °F), U.S. Customary Units
104	Table I-1-8 Isothermal Throttling Coefficient of Water δT (10−3 m3/kg), SI Units
105	Table I-1-8C Isothermal Throttling Coefficient of Water δT (10−3 ft3/lbm), U.S. Customary Units
106	Table I-1-9 Coefficients Ii, Ji, and ni
107	NONMANDATORY APPENDICES NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A RELATIVE FLOW MEASUREMENT — INDEX TEST A-1 DEFINITIONS A-2 APPLICATION A-3 RELATIVE FLOW RATE
108	Figure A-3.2-1 Location of Winter–Kennedy Pressure Taps in Spiral Case
110	Figure A-3.6-1 Location of Differential Pressure Taps in Bulb Turbine
111	A-4 COMPUTATION OF INDEX TEST RESULTS
112	Figure A-3.9-1 Effect of Variations in Exponent on Relative Flow Rate
113	A-5 ASSESSMENT OF INDEX TEST ERRORS
114	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B NET HEAD AND NPSH DETERMINATION IN SPECIAL CASES B-1 PURPOSE B-2 APPLICATION B-3 VARIABLES B-4 FLOW RATE, Q B-5 TOTAL HEAD OF HIGH PRESSURE SECTION, H1
115	B-6 TOTAL HEAD OF LOW PRESSURE SECTION, H2 B-7 DETERMINATION OF NET HEAD, HN B-8 DETERMINATION OF NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)
116	Figure B-6.1 Low Pressure and Draft Tube Exit Sections
117	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C ACOUSTIC SCINTILLATION METHOD OF DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT C-1 GENERAL C-2 PRINCIPLES OF MEASUREMENT
118	Figure C-2-1 Schematic Representation of ASM Operation
119	Figure C-2.1-1 ASM Typical Arrangement — Fixed Frame in a Three-Bay Application
120	Figure C-2.1-2 Profiling Frame C-3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
121	Figure C-3.1-1 Illustration of the Relation Between Wake Merging and ASM Bias
122	Figure C-3.1-2 Illustration of Adjacent Wakes in a Converging Flow
123	Figure C-3.3-1 Definition of Geometric Parameters
127	Figure D-1-1 Definition Sketch for the Pressure–Time Method NONMANDATORY APPENDIX D DERIVATION OF THE PRESSURE–TIME FLOW INTEGRAL FOR NUMERICAL INTEGRATION D-1 GENERAL
129	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX E RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TESTING AERATING TURBINES FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN IMPROVEMENT E-1 OBJECT AND SCOPE E-2 GENERAL ISSUES
130	Table E-1.1-1 Aeration-Related Terms
131	Figure E-2.2.2-1 Example of Ratio of Oxygen Transferred to the Dissolved State to the Total Oxygen Supplied by theDO Enhancing Turbine E-3 METHODS OF AERATION
132	Figure E-3-1 Representative Distributor Section of a Francis Turbine Showing Distributed (Green), Central Shaft (Blue), Central Vacuum Breaker (Red) and Peripheral (Yellow) Air Injection Locations E-4 GUIDING PRINCIPLES
135	Figure E-4.4-1 Limits of the Existence of the Vortex Core
136	Figure E-5.1-1 Schematic of Field Verification of Aerating Turbine E-5 RECOMMENDATIONS
137	Figure E-5.2.1-1 Typical Flow Characteristics of Common Valve Types
138	Figure E-5.3.1-1 Example of Dissolved Oxygen Measured in Different Locations Downstream of the Power House
139	Figure E-5.4.1-1 Example of Oxygen Mass Balance
140	Figure E-5.4.1-2 Example of Oxygen Exchange Efficiency Figure E-5.4.1-4 Power Loss Due to Central Aeration
141	Figure E-5.4.1-3 Example of Efficiency Change Due to Central Aeration
142	E-6 EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION
143	Table E-6-3 Calculation of Weighted Average Air/Water Ratio Table E-6-4 Calculation of Weighted Average DO Increase Table E-6-5 Results of Field Test of DO Enhancement
144	Table E-6-6 Calculation of Tested Weighted Average DO Increase E-7 REFERENCES