ASME PTC 19.3 2024

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ASME PTC 19.3-2024 Temperature Measurement

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASME	2024	129

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Description

The methods for temperature measurement and the protocols used for data transmission are provided in this Code. Guidance is given for setting up the instrumentation and determining measurement uncertainties. Information regarding the instrument type, design, applicable temperature range, accuracy, output, and relative cost is provided. Information on temperature-measuring devices that are not normally used in field environments is given in Mandatory Appendices I, II, and III.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
4	CONTENTS
8	NOTICE
9	FOREWORD
10	ASME PTC COMMITTEE ROSTER
11	CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE PTC COMMITTEE
14	Section 1 General 1-1 OBJECT 1-2 SCOPE 1-3 DEFINITIONS 1-4 TEMPERATURE SCALES 1-4.1 Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
15	1-4.2 Units of Measurement for Temperature 1-5 SENSOR AND GAUGE TYPES
16	1-6 THERMOWELLS AND PROTECTION TUBES Tables Table 1-5-1 Typical Temperature Ranges
17	1-7 OTHER ACCESSORIES Table 1-6-1 Factors That Influence Strength and Measurement
18	1-8 INSTALLATION AND PROCESS EFFECTS 1-8.1 Placement Recommendations 1-8.2 Conduction Error
19	1-8.3 Radiation Error 1-8.4 Aerodynamic Heating Effect
20	1-8.5 Heat Transfer at Low Velocity 1-8.6 Heat Transfer at High Velocity
21	1-8.7 Gradients and Stratifications 1-8.8 Speed of Response Contributing to Dynamic Error
22	1-9 UNCERTAINTY 1-9.1 Uncertainty Due to Random Error
23	1-9.2 Uncertainty Due to Systematic Error 1-10 CONCLUSIONS 1-11 REFERENCES 1-11.1 Cited References
27	1-11.2 Additional References
28	Section 2 Thermocouple Temperature Measurements 2-1 THERMOCOUPLES 2-1.1 Scope 2-1.2 Definition Figures Figure 2-1.2-1 Thermocouple Thermometer Systems
29	2-1.3 Principles of Operation 2-1.4 Thermocouple Construction and Terminology Figure 2-1.4-1 Typical Industrial Sheathed Thermocouple With Transition to Lead Wires
30	Figure 2-1.4-2 Hollow Tube Construction Thermocouple With Continuous Leads and Ground Wire
31	Figure 2-1.4-3 Ungrounded Thermocouple With No Housing or Transition
32	Table 2-1.4-1 Specification Information by Thermocouple Calibration Type
33	Figure 2-1.4.2-1 Laboratory Thermocouple With “T” Stem Reference Junction Table 2-1.4-2 Recommended Upper Temperature Limits for Protected Thermocouples by Wire Size
35	2-1.5 Thermocouple Element Materials
37	2-1.6 Thermocouple Characteristics
38	Table 2-1.6.1-1 Temperature emf Relationship for Base Metal and Noble Metal Thermocouples
39	2-2 THERMOCOUPLE ACCESSORIES 2-3 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION 2-3.1 Sources of Error
40	2-3.2 Essential Considerations
41	2-3.3 Treatment of Data Figure 2-3.2-1 Thermocouples Connected in Series Figure 2-3.2-2 Thermocouples Connected in Parallel
43	2-4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 2-4.1 Advantages 2-4.2 Disadvantages 2-5 THERMOCOUPLE INSTRUMENTATION 2-5.1 General
44	2-5.2 emf-Measuring Devices 2-5.3 Scanners/Multiplexers
45	2-5.4 Accuracy of the emf Measurement and Noise Table 2-5.2-1 Typical Thermocouple Card Accuracy and Drift
46	2-5.5 Reference Junction Apparatus
48	Figure 2-5.5.8-1 A Zone-Box Circuit Involving Only One Reference Junction
49	Section 3 Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) 3-1 SCOPE 3-2 DEFINITIONS
50	Figure 3-2-1 Pad-Style RTD Element Figure 3-2-2 Averaging RTD in a Duct
51	Figure 3-2-3 Thin-Film Element Figure 3-2-4 Wire-Wound Element
52	3-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION AND SPECIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS 3-3.1 RTD Accuracy Specifications Figure 3-3-1 Typical Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometer
53	Table 3-3.1-1 Industrial RTD Tolerance Specification Table (U.S. Customary) Table 3-3.1-1M Industrial RTD Tolerance Specification Table (SI)
54	3-3.2 Specification of RTD Lead Wires Table 3-3.1-2 Thin Film Versus Wire Wound Elements
55	3-3.3 Temperature Coefficient of Resistance or Alpha, α Figure 3-3.2-1 RTD Wire Color Code by Standard
56	3-3.4 Platinum Resistance Element Temperature-Resistance Relationships 3-3.5 Measurement Considerations Particular to RTDs
57	3-4 LESS COMMONLY USED RESISTANCE ELEMENTS Table 3-3.5.1-1 Maximum Applied Current for RTDs by Nominal Resistance
58	3-4.1 Copper Resistance Thermometer 3-4.2 Nickel Resistance Thermometer 3-4.3 Nickel–Iron Resistance Thermometer
59	Section 4 Principles of Operation for Filled-System Thermometers 4-1 SCOPE 4-2 DEFINITIONS 4-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION Figure 4-2-1 Filled-System Thermometer
60	4-4 CLASSIFICATION 4-4.1 General Classification 4-4.2 Subclassification
61	Figure 4-4.2.1-1 Fully Compensated Liquid, Mercury, or Gas-Filled Thermal System — Class IA, Class IIIA, or Class VA Figure 4-4.2.1-2 Fully Compensated Liquid, Mercury, or Gas-Filled Thermal System — Class IB, Class IIIB, or Class VB
62	Figure 4-4.2.2-1 Vapor Pressure Thermal System — Class IIA Figure 4-4.2.2-2 Vapor Pressure Thermal System — Class IIB
63	Figure 4-4.2.2-3 Vapor Pressure Thermal System — Class IIC
64	4-5 DESCRIPTION 4-5.1 Bulb Size Figure 4-4.2.2-4 Vapor Pressure Thermal System — Class IID
65	Table 4-5.1-1 Approximate Bulb-Sensitive Dimensions
66	Table 4-5.1-2 Comparison of Thermal Systems
67	Figure 4-5.1-1 Vapor Pressure–Temperature Curves
68	4-6 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 4-6.1 Bulb Materials 4-6.2 Thermowell Materials 4-6.3 Capillary Materials 4-7 CHARACTERISTICS 4-7.1 Maximum and Minimum Temperatures 4-7.2 Range
69	4-7.3 Sensitivity 4-7.4 Accuracy 4-7.5 Temperature Compensation
70	4-7.6 Response Figure 4-7.6-1 Bulb Response Versus Bulb O.D. in Water (Velocity of 2.5 fps)
71	4-8 ACCESSORIES Figure 4-7.6-2 Bulb Response Rate in Air at Various Velocities
72	4-9 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION 4-9.1 Sources of Error Figure 4-7.6-3 Preformed Capillary Bulb
73	4-10 ESSENTIAL CONSIDERATIONS
74	4-11 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 4-11.1 Advantages 4-11.2 Disadvantages Figure 4-10.1-1 Attachment of Thermal Systems to Vessels
75	Section 5 Thermistor Thermometry 5-1 SCOPE 5-2 DEFINITIONS 5-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 5-4 CLASSIFICATION 5-4.1 Description
76	5-5 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 5-6 CHARACTERISTICS 5-6.1 Temperature-Resistance Relationship Figure 5-3-1 Resistance Versus Temperature for 10-kΩ NTC Thermistor
77	5-6.2 Interchangeability 5-6.3 Range and Accuracy 5-6.4 Precision and Sensitivity 5-6.5 Response 5-7 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION 5-7.1 Sources of Error
78	5-8 INTEGRATION INTO AUTOMATED MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS 5-9 TREATMENT OF DATA 5-10 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 5-10.1 Advantages 5-10.2 Disadvantages
79	Section 6 Calibration of Temperature Sensors 6-1 SCOPE 6-2 SELECTION OF CALIBRATION VENDORS 6-3 TEMPERATURE SCALES 6-4 THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE SCALE
80	6-5 IDEAL GAS SCALE 6-6 INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE 6-7 PLATINUM RESISTANCE THERMOMETRY 6-7.1 General Table 6-6-1 Relations for Realizing the ITS-90
81	6-7.2 ITS-90 SPRT Specifications 6-8 METHODS OF CALIBRATION 6-8.1 Calibration by Fixed Points Table 6-7.1-1 Subranges of ITS-90 for Platinum Resistance Thermometers
82	6-8.2 Calibration by Comparison to Primary and Working Standards Table 6-8.1-1 Fixed Points of ITS-90 Table 6-8.2.1-1 Comparison of SPRTs Secondary Reference PRTs and Industrial RTDs
83	6-9 CALIBRATION EQUIPMENT 6-9.1 Comparators (Heat and Cold Sources Such as Dry Wells) Table 6-8.2.2-1 Typical Reference Working Standards
84	6-9.2 Meters 6-9.3 Computer Automation Programs 6-10 CALIBRATION OUTPUTS
85	6-11 CALIBRATION INTERVALS 6-12 CALIBRATION CONSIDERATIONS SPECIFIC TO SENSOR TYPE 6-12.1 Thermocouples Table 6-11-1 NIST’s GMP 11 Calibration Intervals for Temperature Sensors
86	Table 6-12.1.1-1 Accuracies Attainable Using Fixed Point Techniques Table 6-12.1.1-2 Accuracies Attainable Using Comparison Techniques in Laboratory Furnaces (Type R or Type S Standard) Table 6-12.1.1-3 Accuracies Attainable Using Comparison Techniques in Stirred Liquid Baths Table 6-12.1.1-4 Tungsten–Rhenium-Type Thermocouples
87	6-12.2 RTD Calibrations and Temperature Coefficients Table 6-12.1.1-5 Accuracies Attainable Using Comparison Techniques in Special Furnaces (Optical Pyrometer Standard)
88	Table 6-12.1.2-1 Secondary Reference Points
89	MANDATORY APPENDIX I NONCONTACT THERMOMETERS I-1 SCOPE I-2 DEFINITIONS
90	I-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
91	Figure I-3.2-1 Planck’s Blackbody Radiation Distribution Function, Showing Spectral Band Used by an Automatic Optical Pyrometer at 0.65 µm
92	Figure I-4.1-1 Schematic Diagram of an Optical Pyrometer I-4 CLASSIFICATION
93	Figure I-4.3-1 Schematic Optical System of Automatic Optical Pyrometers — Variable Radiance Comparison-Lamp Type
94	Figure I-4.3-2 Electronic System Block Diagram for Automatic Optical Pyrometer — Variable Radiance Comparison-Lamp Type
95	Figure I-4.4-1 Single Mirror Radiation Thermometer Figure I-4.5-1 Double Mirror Radiation Thermometer I-5 CHARACTERISTICS
96	Figure I-4.6-1 Lens-Type Radiation Thermometer
97	Figure I-6-1 Potentiometer Circuit I-6 ACCESSORIES I-7 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION
100	Table I-7.4-1 Spectral Emissivity of Materials, Smooth Surface, Unoxidized
101	Table I-7.4-2 Spectral Emissivity of Oxides With Smooth Surfaces
104	Table I-7.5.2-1 Window Corrections
105	Table I-7.5.4-1 Emissivity and Transmittance Corrections
106	I-8 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
107	Figure II-2-1 Bimetallic Thermometer MANDATORY APPENDIX II BIMETALLIC THERMOMETERS II-1 SCOPE II-2 DEFINITIONS
108	II-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
109	Figure II-3.1-1 Bimetallic Thermometer Bulb Figure II-3.1-2 Nomenclature
110	Figure II-3.2-1 Industrial Bimetallic Thermometer: Straight Form Figure II-3.2-2 Industrial Bimetallic Thermometer: Sectional View of Angle Form
111	II-4 CHARACTERISTICS II-5 ACCESSORIES II-6 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION
112	II-7 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
113	MANDATORY APPENDIX III LIQUID-IN-GLASS THERMOMETERS III-1 SCOPE III-2 LIQUID-IN-GLASS THERMOMETER TYPES AND TERMS III-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION III-4 CLASSIFICATION
114	Figure III-2-1 Partial, Total, and Complete Immersion Thermometer Types
115	Figure III-4.2-1 Straight Industrial Thermometer With Swivel Nut, Mounted in a Well Figure III-4.2-2 90-deg Back Angle Industrial Thermometer With Swivel Nut and Union Bushing Connection
116	Table III-5.1-1 Temperature Exposure Limits for Various Thermometer Glasses III-5 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
117	Table III-5.2-1 Working Temperature Range for Liquids Commonly Used III-6 CHARACTERISTICS
118	III-7 ACCESSORIES III-8 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION
119	Figure III-8.1-1 Thermometer Calibrated for Total Immersion and Used for Partial Immersion
120	Figure III-8.1-2 Emergent Stem Corrections for Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
123	III-9 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES