ASME PTC 34 2017 R2022

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ASME PTC 34 – 2017(R2022) – Waste Combustors with Energy Recovery

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASME	2017

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Description

The object of this Code is to provide a test procedure for evaluating the performance of waste fuel combustors with energy recovery using the boiler as a calorimeter. These procedures apply when the variability and waste fuel composition results in a lack of confidence in obtaining representative samples for laboratory analysis. This Code is used to determine (a) the thermal efficiency of system combusting waste fuels (b) the thermal capacity (heat input per unit time) of systems combusting waste fuels (c) the higher heating value (HHV) of waste fuels. The rules and instructions given in this Code apply to all waste combustor systems with energy recovery. Test methods of this code apply to solid, liquid, or gaseous waste fuels. Instructions are given to determine the thermal capacity and thermal efficiency of waste combustor systems by applying the concept of using the boiler as a calorimeter. In addition, the HHV of the waste fuel can be determined by weighing the waste fuel that has been consumed during the test.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
4	CONTENTS
6	NOTICE
7	FOREWORD
8	ASME PTC COMMITTEE ROSTER
9	CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE PTC COMMITTEE
11	INTRODUCTION
12	Section 1 Object and Scope 1-1 OBJECT 1-1.1 Introduction 1-1.2 Other Applications 1-2 SCOPE 1-3 UNCERTAINTY
13	Section 2 Definitions and Description of Terms 2-1 DEFINITIONS
15	2-2 DESCRIPTION OF TERMS 2-3 UNITS AND CONVERSIONS 2-4 STEAM GENERATOR ENVELOPE 2-4.1 Fuel 2-4.2 Air 2-4.3 Flue Gas 2-4.4 Steam/Waters
16	2-4.5 Miscellaneous
17	Tables Table 2-3-1 Units and Conversions
19	Figures Fig. 2-4-1 Typical System Boundary
20	Section 3 Guiding Principles 3-1 INTRODUCTION 3-2 PLANNING FOR THE TEST 3-2.1 General Preparations 3-2.2 Pretest Uncertainty Analysis 3-3 TEST PERSONNEL AND RESPONSIBILITIES
21	3-4 TEST PREPARATION, TEST APPARATUS, AND PLANT EQUIPMENT 3-4.1 General Preparations 3-4.2 Preliminary Testing 3-5 CONDUCT OF TEST 3-5.1 Starting and Stopping Test Runs
22	3-5.2 Methods of Operation During Tests 3-5.3 Adjustments During Tests 3-5.4 Duration and Number of Test Runs
23	3-5.5 Constancy of Test Conditions 3-6 DATA EVALUATION AND REPORTING 3-6.1 Causes for Rejection of Specific Data or Test Runs Fig. 3-5.4-1 Repeatability of Runs Table 3-5.5-1 Operating Parameter Deviations
24	3-6.2 Uncertainty 3-6.3 Data Storage and Retrieval 3-6.4 Test Report 3-7 PRIOR AGREEMENTS 3-7.1 Test Planning 3-7.2 Test Personnel 3-7.3 Test Preparation and Test Apparatus/Plant Equipment
25	3-7.4 Conduct of Test 3-7.5 Data Analysis, Calculations, and Reporting
26	Section 4 Instruments and Methods of Measurement 4-1 INTRODUCTION 4-2 DATA REQUIRED 4-3 GENERAL MEASUREMENT REQUIREMENTS 4-3.1 Calibration
27	Table 4-2-1 Parameters Required for Input, Efficiency, and HHV Determinations
30	4-3.1.1 Temperature. Table 4-2-2 Parameters Required for Wet Flue Gas Flow Using Economizer Heat Balance Table 4-2-3 Parameters Required to Determine Corrected Flue Gas Exit Temperature
31	4-3.1.2 Pressure or Differential Pressure. 4-3.1.3 Flue Gas Composition. 4-3.2 Flue Gas Analysis 4-3.2.1 Dry Flue Gases. 4-3.2.2 Water Vapor. 4-3.3 Flow Weighting 4-3.4 Frequency of Measurements 4-3.5 Estimating Measurement Systematic Error
32	Table 4-3.5-1 Potential Instrumentation Systematic Uncertainties
33	4-4 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 4-4.1 General
34	4-4.2 Measurement Systematic Errors for Temperature 4-4.3 Air and Gas Temperature 4-4.3.1 Method of Measurement. 4-4.3.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors. 4-4.4 Steam and Water Temperatures 4-4.4.1 Method of Measurement. 4-4.4.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors. 4-4.5 Waste Fuel Temperature 4-4.6 Residue Temperature 4-5 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 4-5.1 General
35	Fig. 4-4.3.1-1 Sampling Grids — Rectangular Ducts
36	Fig. 4-4.3.1-2 Sampling Grids — Circular Ducts
37	4-5.2 Measurement Systematic Errors for Pressure 4-5.3 Steam and Water Static Pressure 4-5.3.1 Method of Measurement. 4-5.3.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors. 4-5.4 Barometric Pressure 4-5.4.1 Method of Measurement. 4-5.4.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors. 4-6 FLOW MEASUREMENT 4-6.1 General 4-6.2 Systematic Errors for Flow
38	4-6.3 Steam and Water Flow 4-6.3.1 Method of Measurement. 4-6.3.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors. 4-6.4 Wet Flue Gas Flow 4-6.4.1 Economizer Heat Balance Method of Flow Measurement. 4-6.4.2 Estimating Systematic Errors for Economizer Heat Balance. 4-6.4.3 Velocity Traverse Method of Measurement.
39	4-6.4.4 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors. 4-6.5 Waste Fuel Flow 4-6.5.1 Method of Measurement
40	4-6.5.2 Estimating Random Errors 4-6.6 Residue Flow 4-6.6.1 Method of Measurement. 4-6.6.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors. 4-6.7 Supplementary Fuel Flow 4-6.7.1 Method of Measurement. 4-6.7.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors.
41	4-6.8 Airflow 4-6.8.1 Method of Measurement. 4-6.8.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors. 4-6.9 Minor Water Flow 4-6.9.1 Method of Measurement. 4-6.9.2 Estimating Measurement Systematic Errors. 4-7 SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS 4-7.1 General 4-7.2 Flue Gas Sampling
42	4-7.2.1 Methods of Flue Gas Sampling. 4-7.2.2 Measurement Systematic Error for Flue Gas Sampling. 4-7.3 Flue Gas Analysis 4-7.3.1 Methods of Flue Gas Analysis.
43	4-7.3.2 Measurement Systematic Error for Flue Gas Analysis. 4-7.4 Ash Residue Sampling 4-7.4.1 Mixing and Reduction.
44	4-7.4.2 Compositing. 4-7.4.3 Measurement Systematic Error for Residue Sampling. 4-7.5 Ash Residue Analysis 4-7.5.1 Moisture in the Ash Residue 4-7.5.2 Dry Weight of the Analysis Sample 4-7.5.3 Unburned Combustibles in the Ash Residue 4-7.6 Supplementary Fuels 4-7.6.1 Liquid Fuel. 4-7.6.2 Gaseous Fuel. 4-7.7 Humidity 4-7.7.1 Method of Measurement.
45	4-7.7.2 Measurement Systematic Error for Humidity.
46	Section 5 Computation of Results 5-1 INTRODUCTION 5-2 MEASUREMENT DATA REDUCTION 5-2.1 Calibration Corrections 5-2.2 Outliers 5-2.3 Averaging Test Measurement Data
47	5-3 OUTPUT QrO, Btu/hr W
48	5-3.1 Output in Main Steam 5-3.2 Auxiliary Steam 5-3.3 Blowdown 5-4 INPUT 5-5 ENERGY BALANCE
49	5-6 EFFICIENCY 5-6.1 Efficiency — Energy Balance Using the Boiler as a Calorimeter 5-6.2 Efficiency Calculation Convergence Tolerance 5-7 RESIDUE PROPERTIES 5-7.1 Mass Flow Rates of Residue
50	5-7.2 Wet Bottom Ash Removal Systems 5-8 FLUE GAS PRODUCTS 5-8.1 Wet Gas From Fuel 5-8.2 Dry Gas From Fuel 5-8.3 Simplifications — N2 and SOx From Fuel 5-8.4 Molecular Weight of Dry Flue Gas 5-8.5 Dry Air Weight
51	5-8.6 Water From Air 5-8.7 Additional Moisture 5-8.8 Water From Fuel 5-8.9 Determination of Performance Parameters at Alternate Locations 5-8.10 Density of Flue Gas 5-9 COMBUSTION AIR PROPERTIES 5-9.1 Physical Properties
52	5-9.2 Moisture in Air, lbm/lbm kg/kg Dry Air 5-9.3 Excess Air 5-9.4 Theoretical Air, lbm/Btu kg/J
53	5-9.5 Density of Air, lbm/ft3 kg/m3 5-10 AIR AND FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE 5-10.1 Reference Temperature, deg. F (deg. C) 5-10.2 Average Entering Air Temperature, deg. F (deg. C) 5-10.3 Corrected Gas Outlet Temperature (Excluding AH Leakage), deg. F (deg. C)
54	5-10.4 Average Exit Gas Temperature, deg. F (deg. C) 5-11 LOSSES 5-11.1 Dry Gas Loss, Btu/hr 5-11.2 Water From Fuel Loss
55	5-11.3 QrLAp — Wet Ash Pit Loss 5-11.4 Loss Due to Moisture in Air 5-11.5 Loss Due to Unburned Combustibles in Residue 5-11.6 Loss Due to Carbon Monoxide in Flue Gas, Btu/hr 5-11.7 Loss Due to Sensible Heat of Residue 5-11.8 Loss Due to Surface Radiation and Convection 5-11.9 Loss Due to Additional Moisture
56	5-11.10 Loss From Recycled Streams 5-11.11 Loss Due to Steam Coil Air Heater When Steam Source Is From Boiler 5-11.12 Loss From Cooling Water 5-11.13 Conversion of Losses to Percent Input From Fuel Basis 5-12 CREDITS 5-12.1 Credit Due to Entering Dry Air 5-12.2 Credit Due to Moisture in Entering Dry Air 5-12.3 Credit Due to Sensible Heat in As-Fired Fuel
57	5-12.4 Credit Due to Auxiliary Equipment Power 5-12.5 Credit Due to Energy in Additional Moisture 5-12.6 Conversion of Credits to Percent Input From Fuel Basis 5-13 SUPPLEMENTARY FUEL INPUT 5-14 HHV OF WASTE FUEL 5-15 SORBENT AND OTHER ADDITIVES 5-16 UNCERTAINTY
58	5-16.1 Sensitivity Coefficients 5-16.2 Standard Deviation of the Mean
59	5-16.3 Random Error Component of Uncertainty 5-16.4 Systematic Uncertainty Table 5-16.3-1 Two-Tailed Student’s t Table for the 95% Confidence Level
60	5-16.5 Total Overall Uncertainty 5-17 OTHER OPERATING PARAMETERS 5-17.1 Steam Temperature 5-17.2 Pressure Loss 5-17.3 Static Pressures 5-17.4 Exit Gas Temperature 5-17.5 Air Leakage or Infiltration 5-18 CORRECTIONS TO STANDARD OR GUARANTEE CONDITIONS
61	5-18.1 Entering Air Temperature 5-18.2 Exit Gas Temperature 5-18.3 Units Without Recuperative Air Heater(s) 5-18.4 Units With Recuperative Air Heater(s)
62	5-18.5 Fuel Analysis 5-18.6 Throughput 5-18.7 Output 5-18.8 Residue 5-18.9 Excess Air 5-18.10 Other Entering Streams 5-18.11 Miscellaneous Efficiency Corrections
63	5-18.12 Air and Gas Resistance 5-18.13 Steam or Water Pressure Loss 5-18.14 Uncertainty of Corrected Results 5-19 ENTHALPY OF AIR, FLUE GAS, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES COMMONLY REQUIRED FOR ENERGY BALANCE CALCULATIONS 5-19.1 Enthalpy of Air, Btu/lbm (J/kg) 5-19.2 Enthalpy of Flue Gas, Btu/lbm (J/kg) 5-19.3 Enthalpy of Dry Residue, Btu/lbm
64	5-19.4 Enthalpy of Water Vapor at 77 deg. F (25 deg. C) Reference, Btu/lbm 5-19.5 Enthalpy of Steam/Water at 1 psia, 32 deg. F (0 deg. C) Reference, Btu/lbm 5-19.6 Enthalpy of Fuel Oil, Btu/lbm 5-19.7 Enthalpy of Natural Gas, Btu/lbm 5-19.8 Enthalpy Coefficients for Abbreviated JANAF/NASA Correlation
65	5-19.9 Curves for Calculating Enthalpy 5-20 ACRONYMS 5-20.1 Basis for Acronyms
67	5-20.2 List of Acronyms Used
68	Fig. 5-19.9-1 Mean Specific Heat of Dry Air vs. Temperature
69	Fig. 5-19.9-2 Mean Specific Heat of Water Vapor vs. Temperature
71	Fig. 5-19.9-3 Mean Specific Heat of Dry Flue Gas vs. Temperature
72	Fig. 5-19.9-4 Mean Specific Heat of Dry Residue vs. Temperature
74	Table 5-20.2-1 List of Acronyms Used
77	Table 5-20.2-2 Measurement and Uncertainty Acronyms
78	Section 6 Report of Results 6-1 INTRODUCTION 6-2 CONTENTS OF REPORT 6-2.1 Title Page 6-2.2 Table of Contents 6-2.3 General Information 6-2.4 Summary 6-2.5 Introduction 6-2.6 Objectives and Agreements 6-2.7 Test Descriptions and Procedures 6-2.8 Results
79	6-2.9 Uncertainty Analysis 6-2.10 Conclusions and Recommendations 6-2.11 Appendices
80	Section 7 Uncertainty Analysis 7-1 INTRODUCTION 7-1.1 General List of Symbols for Section 7 7-1.2 Subscripts 7-1.3 Superscript 7-2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 7-2.1 Benefits of Uncertainty Analysis
81	7-2.2 Uncertainty Analysis Principles 7-2.3 Averaging and Models for Variability
82	Fig. 7-2.2-1 Types of Errors in Measurements Fig. 7-2.2-2 Time Dependence of Errors
83	7-2.4 Overview of Procedures for Determining Random and Systematic Uncertainty and Their Propagation
84	Fig. 7-2.3-1 Constant-Value and Continuous-Variable Models
87	7-3 PRETEST UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS AND TEST PLANNING 7-4 EQUATIONS AND PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING THE STANDARD DEVIATION FOR THE ESTIMATE OF RANDOM ERROR 7-4.1 Standard Deviation of Individual Parameters
90	7-4.2 Standard Deviation and Degrees of Freedom for Intermediate Results
91	7-4.3 Standard Deviation and Degrees of Freedom of Test Results 7-5 EQUATIONS AND GUIDANCE FOR DETERMINING SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTY
92	7-5.1 General Rules 7-5.2 Systematic Uncertainties in Measured Parameters Due to Instrumentation
93	7-5.3 Systematic Uncertainty in Spatially Nonuniform Parameters Fig. 7-5.2.1-1 Generic Calibration Curve
95	7-5.4 Systematic Uncertainty Due to Assumed Values for Unmeasured Parameters 7-5.5 Degrees of Freedom for Systematic Uncertainty Estimates
96	7-5.6 Systematic Uncertainty for Test Results 7-6 UNCERTAINTY OF TEST RESULTS
98	MANDATORY APPENDIX I STANDARD RADIATION AND CONVECTION LOSS CHART
99	Fig. I-1 Standard Radiation and Convection Loss Chart
100	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A SAMPLE CALCULATION PROCEDURES FOR WASTE COMBUSTORS WITH ENERGY RECOVERY A-1 BOILER EFFICIENCY BY THE HEAT BALANCE METHOD HHV OF FUEL USING THE BOILER-AS-A-CALORIMETER METHOD A-2 UNBURNED COMBUSTIBLE AND RESIDUE CALCULATIONS (FORM RESREF)
101	A-2.1 If Residue Mass Flow Rates Not Measured A-2.2 If Residue Mass Flow Rates Measured A-2.3 Sensible Heat Loss From Residue A-3 COMBUSTION CALCULATIONS — WASTE COMBUSTORS USING MEASURED GAS WEIGHT (FORM CMBREF) A-3.1 Introduction
102	A-3.2 Calculations A-4 EFFICIENCY/INPUT/HHV CALCULATIONS — WASTE COMBUSTORS USING MEASURED GAS WEIGHT (FORM EFFREF) A-4.1 Introduction
103	A-4.2 Data Required
110	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B SAMPLE UNCERTAINTY CALCULATIONS B-1 INTRODUCTION B-2 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT B-3 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
111	B-4 FLOW MEASUREMENT
112	B-5 WASTE FUEL FLOW MEASUREMENT B-6 WASTE COMBUSTOR WITH ENERGY RECOVERY OVERALL UNCERTAINTY
113	Fig. B-2-1 Temperature-Measuring System
114	Table B-2-1 Measured Data Reduction Worksheet for Water Temperature
115	Table B-2-2 Systematic Uncertainty Worksheet for Water Temperature
116	Fig. B-3-1 Pressure-Measuring System
117	Table B-3-1 Measured Data Reduction Worksheet for Feedwater Pressure
118	Table B-3-2 Systematic Uncertainty Worksheet for Feedwater Pressure
119	Fig. B-4-1 Flow-Measuring System
120	Table B-4-1 Measured Data Reduction Worksheet for Feedwater Flow
121	Table B-4-2 Systematic Uncertainty Worksheet for Feedwater Flow
122	Table B-5-1 Example Test Data and Data Reduction
123	Table B-6-1 Determination of Test Uncertainty for HHV: Economizer Heat Balance Method
124	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING MOISTURE, COMBUSTIBLE CONTENT, AND HEATING VALUE OF RESIDUE FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COMBUSTORS C-1 SCOPE C-2 SUMMARY OF TEST METHOD C-3 SIGNIFICANCE AND USE C-4 APPARATUS C-4.1 Electric Muffle Furnace C-4.2 Sample Pan C-4.3 Balance C-4.4 Container Tongs C-4.5 Insulated Gloves C-5 PROCEDURE C-5.1 Residue Sample Wet Weight, B
125	C-5.2 Residue Sample Dry Weight, C C-5.3 Residue Sample Dry Ash Weight, D C-6 CALCULATIONS C-6.1 Moisture Percent C-6.2 Combustible Percent C-6.3 Heating Value
126	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX D REFERENCES