This Code provides rules and instructions for conducting performance tests of fuel fired steam generators. These include coal, oil, and gas fired steam generators as well as steam generators fired by other hydrocarbon fuels. The scope also includes steam generators with integral fuel-sulfur capture utilizing chemical sorbents. Steam generators which are not fired by coal, oil, or gas may be tested using the concepts of this Code, but it should be noted that the uncertainty caused by variability of the fuel may be difficult to determine and is likely to be greater than the uncertainties in sampling and analysis of coal, oil, or gas. For example, gas turbine heat recovery and other heat recovery steam generators designed to operate with supplemental firing should be tested in accordance with PTC 4.4. Testing of auxiliary equipment is not addressed in this Code, but are covered PTC 4.2, PTC 4.3 and PTC 11. This Code does not prescribe procedures for testing to determine chemical and physical properties of fuels. This Code specifically addresses equipment used for the generation of steam; however, the basic principles presented are also applicable to other working fluids. Certain types and sizes of equipment used for the recovery of heat released by combustion are not addressed in any specific Performance Test Code. This Code can be used as a general guide in developing performance tests for such equipment; however, such specifically developed performance tests shall not be considered ASME Code tests. This Code provides general procedures for conducting combustible fuel fired steam generator performance tests; however, it cannot possibly provide detailed procedures applicable to every steam generator design variation. Design variations considered in developing this Code include subcritical and supercritical once-through steam generators and oil, gas, stoker, cyclone, pulverized, and fluidized bed firing. For each performance test, a competent engineer must study the actual steam generator and its relation to the remainder of the steam cycle, and develop test procedures which are consistent with this Code. A test report shall be prepared. Many references, which are listed in this Code, provide useful supplemental information in planning for a performance test in accordance with this Code.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
5	CONTENTS
8	NOTICE
9	FOREWORD
11	COMMITTEE ROSTER
12	CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE PTC COMMITTEE
13	Section 1 Object and Scope 1-1 OBJECT 1-2 SCOPE
14	1-3 TYPICAL UNCERTAINTY FOR EFFICIENCY
15	1-4 STEAM GENERATOR BOUNDARIES
17	Figures Fig. 1-4-1 Typical Oil- and Gas-Fired Steam Generator
18	Fig. 1-4-2 Typical Pulverized-Coal-Fired Steam Generator, Alternative 1: Single Air Heater
19	Fig. 1-4-3 Typical Pulverized-Coal-Fired Steam Generator, Alternative 2: Bisector Air Heater
20	Fig. 1-4-4 Typical Pulverized-Coal-Fired Steam Generator, Alternative 3: Trisector Air Heater
21	Fig. 1-4-5 Typical Circulation Bed Steam Generator
22	Fig. 1-4-6 Typical Stoker-Coal-Fired Steam Generator
23	Fig. 1-4-7 Typical Bubbling Bed Steam Generator
24	Section 2 Definitions and Description of Terms 2-1 DEFINITIONS
27	2-2 ABBREVIATIONS 2-3 UNITS AND CONVERSIONS
28	Tables Table 2-3-1 Units and Conversions
29	Section 3 Guiding Principles 3-1 INTRODUCTION
30	Fig. 3-1.1-1 Steam Generator Energy Balance
32	3-2 PERFORMANCE TEST PROCEDURES Table 3-1.3-1 Comparison of Efficiency Determination
33	Fig. 3-2.2.1-1 Repeatability of Runs
35	Table 3-2.3-1 Operating Parameter Deviations
37	Fig. 3-2.6.1-1 Illustration of Short-Term (Peak to Valley )Fluctuation and Deviation From Long-Term (Run) Average
38	Table 3-2.6.2-1 Minimum Test-Run Duration
39	3-3 REFERENCES TO OTHER CODES AND STANDARDS
40	3-4 TOLERANCES AND TEST UNCERTAINTIES
41	Section 4 Instruments and Methods of Measurement 4-1 GUIDING PRINCIPLES 4-2 DATA REQUIRED
42	Table 4-2-1(a) Parameters Required for Efficiency Determination by Energy Balance Method: Energy Losses
44	4-3 GENERAL MEASUREMENT REQUIREMENTS
45	Table 4-2-1(b) Parameters Required for Efficiency Determination by Energy Balance Method: Energy Credits
46	Table 4-2-2 Parameters Required for Efficiency Determination by Input–Output Method
47	Table 4-2-3 Parameters Required for Capacity Determination
48	Table 4-2-4 Parameters Required for Steam Temperature/Control Range Determination
49	Table 4-2-5 Parameters Required for Exit Flue Gas and Air Entering Temperature Determinations
50	Table 4-2-6 Parameters Required for Excess Air Determination
51	Table 4-2-7 Parameters Required for Water/Steam Pressure Drop Determinations
52	Table 4-2-8 Parameters Required for Air/Flue Gas Pressure Drop Determinations
53	Table 4-2-9 Parameters Required for Air Infiltration Determination
54	Table 4-2-10 Parameters Required for Sulfur Capture/Retention Determination Table 4-2-11 Parameters Required for Calcium-to-Sulfur Molar Ratio Determination
55	Table 4-2-12 Parameters Required for Fuel, Air, and Flue Gas Flow Rate Determinations
57	Table 4-3.6-1 Potential Instrumentation Systematic Uncertainty
59	Table 4-3.6-2 Potential Systematic Uncertainty for Coal Properties Table 4-3.6-3 Potential Systematic Uncertainty for Limestone Properties
60	Table 4-3.6-4 Potential Systematic Uncertainty for Fuel Oil Properties Table 4-3.6-5 Potential Systematic Uncertainty for Natural Gas Properties
61	4-4 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
63	Fig. 4-4.3.1-1 Sampling Grids: Rectangular Ducts
64	Fig. 4-4.3.1-2 Sampling Grids: Circular Ducts
65	4-5 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
66	4-6 VELOCITY TRAVERSE 4-7 FLOW MEASUREMENT
69	4-8 SOLID FUEL AND SORBENT SAMPLING
70	Fig. 4-8.2.1-1 Full Stream Cut Solid Sampling Process
71	Fig. 4-8.2.1-2 Typical “Thief” Probe for Solids Sampling in a Solids Stream
73	Table 4-8.4.2-1 F Distribution
74	4-9 LIQUID AND GASEOUS FUEL SAMPLING 4-10 SAMPLING OF FLUE GAS
75	4-11 RESIDUE SAMPLING
76	4-12 FUEL, SORBENT, AND RESIDUE ANALYSIS 4-13 FLUE GAS ANALYSIS
77	4-14 ELECTRIC POWER
78	4-15 HUMIDITY 4-16 MEASUREMENTS FOR SURFACE RADIATIONAND CONVECTION LOSS
80	Section 5 Computation of Results 5-1 INTRODUCTION 5-2 MEASUREMENT DATA REDUCTION
83	5-3 CAPACITY 5-4 OUTPUT (QrO), Btu/hr (W)
84	5-5 INPUT 5-6 ENERGY BALANCE
85	5-7 EFFICIENCY
86	5-8 FUEL PROPERTIES
88	5-9 SORBENT AND OTHER ADDITIVE PROPERTIES
90	5-10 RESIDUE PROPERTIES
92	5-11 COMBUSTION AIR PROPERTIES
96	5-12 FLUE GAS PRODUCTS
98	5-13 AIR AND FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE
100	5-14 LOSSES
107	5-15 CREDITS
108	5-16 UNCERTAINTY
111	5-17 OTHER OPERATING PARAMETERS Table 5-16.5-1 Two-Tailed Student’s t Table for the 95% Confidence Level
112	5-18 CORRECTIONS TO STANDARD OR DESIGN CONDITIONS
123	5-19 ENTHALPY OF AIR, FLUE GAS, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES COMMONLY REQUIRED FOR ENERGY BALANCE CALCULATIONS
129	Fig. 5-19.12-1 Mean Specific Heat of Dry Air Versus Temperature
130	Fig. 5-19.12-2 Mean Specific Heat of Water Vapor Versus Temperature
132	Fig. 5-19.12-3 Mean Specific Heat of Dry Flue Gas Versus Temperature
133	Fig. 5-19.12-4 Mean Specific Heat of Dry Residue Versus Temperature
134	5-20 CALCULATION ACRONYMS
136	Table 5-20.2-1 Acronyms
143	Table 5-20.2-2 Measurement and Uncertainty Acronyms
144	Section 6 Report of Test Results 6-1 INTRODUCTION 6-2 REPORT CONTENTS
146	Section 7 Uncertainty Analysis 7-1 INTRODUCTION 7-2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
148	Fig. 7-2.2-1 Types of Errors in Measurements Fig. 7-2.2-2 Time Dependence of Errors
150	Fig. 7-2.3-1 Constant Value and Continuous Variable Models
152	7-3 PRETEST UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS AND TEST PLANNING
153	7-4 EQUATIONS AND PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING THE STANDARD DEVIATION FOR THE ESTIMATE OF RANDOM ERROR
157	7-5 EQUATIONS AND GUIDANCE FOR DETERMINING SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTY
159	Fig. 7-5.2.1-1 Generic Calibration Curve
162	7-6 UNCERTAINTY OF TEST RESULTS
163	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A CALCULATION FORMS
197	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
266	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C DERIVATIONS
270	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX D GROSS EFFICIENCY: ENERGY BALANCE AND INPUT–OUTPUT METHOD; LHV EFFICIENCY: ENERGY BALANCE METHOD
273	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX E THE PROBABLE EFFECTS OF COAL AND SORBENT PROPERTIES
284	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX F REFERENCES

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASME	2013	288


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Standard Title	ASME PTC-4 Fired Steam Generators
Published Code	ASME
Publication Date	2013
Pages Count	288

ASME PTC 4 2013

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