ASME Y14.5 2018

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ASME Y14.5 – 2018: Dimensioning and Tolerancing

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ASME	2018	347

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
5	CONTENTS
16	FOREWORD
17	ASME Y14 COMMITTEE ROSTER
18	CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE Y14 COMMITTEE
19	Section 1 Scope 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 GENERAL 1.3 REFERENCE TO THIS STANDARD 1.4 ASME Y14 SERIES CONVENTIONS 1.4.1 Mandatory, Recommended, Guidance, and Optional Words 1.4.2 Cross-Reference of Standards 1.4.3 Invocation of Referenced Standards
20	1.4.4 Parentheses Following a Definition 1.4.5 Notes 1.4.6 Acronyms and Abbreviations 1.4.7 Units 1.4.8 Figures 1.4.9 Precedence of Standards 1.4.10 Use of an ASME Y14 Case 1.5 DRAWINGS WITHOUT REFERENCE TO A STANDARD 1.6 REFERENCE TO GAGING
21	1.7 SYMBOLS
22	Section 2 References 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 CITED STANDARDS 2.3 ADDITIONAL SOURCES (NOT CITED)
23	Section 3 Definitions 3.1 ANGULARITY 3.2 BOUNDARY, INNER (IB) 3.3 BOUNDARY, LEAST MATERIAL (LMB) 3.4 BOUNDARY, MAXIMUM MATERIAL (MMB) 3.5 BOUNDARY, OUTER (OB) 3.6 CIRCULARITY (ROUNDNESS) 3.7 COAXIALITY 3.8 COMPLEX FEATURE 3.9 CONSTRAINT 3.10 CONTINUOUS FEATURE 3.11 CONTINUOUS FEATURE OF SIZE 3.12 COPLANARITY 3.13 CYLINDRICITY 3.14 DATUM 3.15 DATUM AXIS
24	3.16 DATUM CENTER PLANE 3.17 DATUM FEATURE 3.18 DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR 3.19 DATUM REFERENCE FRAME 3.20 DATUM, SIMULATED 3.21 DATUM TARGET 3.22 DERIVED MEDIAN LINE 3.23 DERIVED MEDIAN PLANE 3.24 DIAMETER, AVERAGE 3.25 DIMENSION 3.26 DIMENSION, BASIC 3.27 DIMENSION, DIRECTLY TOLERANCED 3.28 DIMENSION, REFERENCE 3.29 ENVELOPE, ACTUAL MATING (AME) 3.30 ENVELOPE, ACTUAL MINIMUM MATERIAL
25	3.31 FEATURE 3.32 FEATURE AXIS 3.33 FEATURE, CENTER PLANE OF 3.34 FEATURE CONTROL FRAME 3.35 FEATURE OF SIZE 3.36 FEATURE-RELATING TOLERANCE ZONE FRAMEWORK (FRTZF) 3.37 FLATNESS 3.38 FREE STATE 3.39 INTERRUPTION 3.40 LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION (LMC) 3.41 MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION (MMC) 3.42 NONUNIFORM TOLERANCE ZONE 3.43 PARALLELISM
26	3.44 PATTERN 3.45 PATTERN-LOCATING TOLERANCE ZONE FRAMEWORK (PLTZF) 3.46 PERPENDICULARITY 3.47 PLANE, TANGENT 3.48 POSITION 3.49 PROFILE 3.50 REGARDLESS OF FEATURE SIZE (RFS) 3.51 REGARDLESS OF MATERIAL BOUNDARY (RMB) 3.52 REPRESENTED LINE ELEMENT 3.53 RESTRAINED 3.54 RESULTANT CONDITION 3.55 RUNOUT 3.56 SIMULTANEOUS REQUIREMENT 3.57 SIZE, ACTUAL LOCAL 3.58 SIZE, LIMITS OF 3.59 SIZE, NOMINAL
27	3.60 STATISTICAL TOLERANCING 3.61 STRAIGHTNESS 3.62 TOLERANCE 3.63 TOLERANCE, BILATERAL 3.64 TOLERANCE, GEOMETRIC 3.65 TOLERANCE, UNILATERAL 3.66 TRUE GEOMETRIC COUNTERPART 3.67 TRUE POSITION 3.68 TRUE PROFILE 3.69 UNIFORM TOLERANCE ZONE 3.70 VIRTUAL CONDITION (VC)
28	Figures Figure 3-1 Related and Unrelated AME
29	Figure 3-2 Related and Unrelated Actual Minimum Material Envelope From Figure 3-1
30	Section 4 Fundamental Rules, Tolerancing Defaults, and Dimensioning Practices 4.1 FUNDAMENTAL RULES
31	4.2 UNITS OF MEASURE 4.2.1 SI (Metric) Linear Units 4.2.2 U.S. Customary Linear Units 4.2.3 Identification of Linear Units 4.2.4 Combination SI (Metric) and U.S. Customary Linear Units 4.2.5 Angular Units 4.3 TYPES OF DIMENSIONING 4.3.1 Millimeter Dimensioning 4.3.2 Decimal Inch Dimensioning 4.3.3 Decimal Points 4.3.4 Default for Conversion and Rounding of Linear Units
32	4.4 APPLICATION OF DIMENSIONS 4.4.1 Dimension Lines 4.4.2 Extension (Projection) Lines 4.4.3 Limited Length or Area Indication
33	4.4.4 Leaders (Leader Lines) 4.4.5 Reading Direction 4.4.6 Reference Dimensions 4.4.7 Overall Dimensions 4.4.8 Dimensioning Within the Outline of a View 4.4.9 Dimensions Not to Scale 4.5 DIMENSIONING FEATURES 4.5.1 Diameters 4.5.2 Radii
34	4.5.3 Chords and Arcs 4.5.4 Rounded Ends and Slotted Holes 4.5.5 Rounded Corners 4.5.6 Outlines Consisting of Arcs 4.5.7 Irregular Outlines 4.5.8 Grid System 4.5.9 Symmetrical Outlines 4.5.10 Round Holes 4.5.11 Counterbored Holes
35	4.5.12 Countersunk and Counterdrilled Holes 4.5.13 Chamfered and Countersunk Holes on Curved Surfaces 4.5.14 Spotfaces 4.5.15 Machining Centers 4.5.16 Chamfers 4.5.17 Keyseats 4.5.18 Knurling 4.5.19 Rod and Tubing Details 4.5.20 Screw Threads 4.5.21 Surface Texture 4.5.22 Involute Splines
36	4.5.23 Castings, Forgings, and Molded Parts 4.6 LOCATION OF FEATURES 4.6.1 Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning 4.6.2 Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning Without Dimension Lines 4.6.3 Tabular Dimensioning 4.6.4 Polar Coordinate Dimensioning 4.6.5 Repetitive Features or Dimensions 4.6.6 Use of “X” to Indicate “By”
37	Figure 4-1 Angular Units Figure 4-2 Millimeter Dimensions Figure 4-3 Decimal Inch Dimensions Figure 4-4 Application of Dimensions Figure 4-5 Grouping of Dimensions
38	Figure 4-6 Spacing of Dimension Lines Figure 4-7 Staggered Dimensions Figure 4-8 Oblique Extension Lines Figure 4-9 Breaks in Extension Lines Figure 4-10 Point Locations
39	Figure 4-11 Limited Length or Area Indication Figure 4-12 Leaders Figure 4-13 Leader-Directed Dimensions
40	Figure 4-14 Minimizing Leaders Figure 4-15 Leader Directions Figure 4-16 Reading Directions Figure 4-17 Intermediate Reference Dimension Figure 4-18 Overall Reference Dimension
41	Figure 4-19 Diameters Figure 4-20 Radii Figure 4-21 Radius With Located Center Figure 4-22 Radii With Unlocated Centers
42	Figure 4-23 Foreshortened Radii Figure 4-24 True Radius Figure 4-25 Spherical Radius Figure 4-26 Dimensioning Arcs and Chords
43	Figure 4-27 Slotted Holes Figure 4-28 Partially Rounded Ends Figure 4-29 Rounded Corners Figure 4-30 Circular Arc Outline Figure 4-31 Coordinate or Offset Outline Figure 4-32 Tabulated Outline
44	Figure 4-33 Symmetrical Outline Figure 4-34 Round Holes Figure 4-35 Counterbored Holes
45	Figure 4-36 Holes With Multiple Counterbores Figure 4-37 Countersunk and Counterdrilled Holes
46	Figure 4-38 Countersink on a Curved Surface Figure 4-39 Spotfaced Holes Figure 4-40 Chamfers Figure 4-41 45° Chamfer
47	Figure 4-42 Internal Chamfers Figure 4-43 Chamfers Between Surfaces at Other Than 90° Figure 4-44 Keyseats Figure 4-45 Knurls Figure 4-46 Knurls for Press Fits
48	Figure 4-47 Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning Figure 4-48 Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning Without Dimension Lines
49	Figure 4-49 Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning in Tabular Form Figure 4-50 Polar Coordinate Dimensioning Figure 4-51 Repetitive Features
50	Figure 4-52 Repetitive Features and Dimensions
51	Section 5 Tolerancing, Interpretation of Limits, Limits of Size, and Material Condition Modifiers 5.1 GENERAL 5.1.1 Application 5.2 DIRECT TOLERANCING METHODS 5.2.1 Metric Limits and Fits
52	5.3 TOLERANCE EXPRESSION 5.3.1 Millimeter Tolerances 5.3.2 Inch Tolerances 5.3.3 Angle Tolerances 5.4 INTERPRETATION OF LIMITS
53	5.4.1 Plated or Coated Parts 5.5 SINGLE LIMIT TOLERANCED DIMENSIONS 5.6 TOLERANCE ACCUMULATION BETWEEN SURFACES 5.7 DIMENSIONS RELATED TO AN ORIGIN 5.8 LIMITS OF SIZE 5.8.1 Rule #1: The Envelope Principle (Variations of Form) 5.8.2 Form Control Does Not Apply (Exceptions to Rule #1)
54	5.8.3 Relationship Between Individual Features 5.8.4 Limits of Size and Continuous Features of Size 5.9 APPLICABILITY OF MODIFIERS ON GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE VALUES AND DATUM FEATURE REFERENCES 5.9.1 Rule #2: RFS AND RMB DEFAULT 5.9.2 Surface Method Default for Geometric Tolerances Modified at MMC or LMC 5.9.3 Effect of RFS 5.9.4 Effect of MMC
55	5.9.5 Effect of Zero Tolerance at MMC 5.9.6 Effect of LMC
56	5.9.7 Effect of Zero Tolerance at LMC 5.10 SCREW THREADS 5.11 GEARS AND SPLINES 5.12 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 5.13 ANGULAR SURFACES 5.14 CONICAL TAPERS
57	5.15 FLAT TAPERS 5.16 RADIUS 5.16.1 Directly Toleranced Radius 5.16.2 Controlled Radius Tolerance 5.17 TANGENT PLANE 5.18 STATISTICAL TOLERANCING
58	Figure 5-1 Limit Dimensioning Figure 5-2 Plus and Minus Tolerancing Figure 5-3 Indicating Symbols for Metric Limits and Fits
59	Figure 5-4 Tolerance Accumulation: One Datum Reference Frame
60	Figure 5-5 Tolerance Accumulation: Multiple Datum Reference Frames Figure 5-6 Relating Dimensional Limits to an Origin
61	Figure 5-7 Extreme Variations of Form Allowed by a Size Tolerance Figure 5-8 Extreme Variations of Form Allowed by a Geometric Tolerance — Perfect Form at LMC
62	Figure 5-9 Size Meaning Figure 5-10 Independency and Flatness Application
63	Figure 5-11 Continuous Feature, External Cylindrical Figure 5-12 Continuous Feature, Internal Cylindrical
64	Figure 5-13 Continuous Feature, External Width Figure 5-14 Virtual and Resultant Condition Boundaries Using the MMC Concept — Internal Feature
65	Figure 5-15 Virtual and Resultant Condition Boundaries Using the LMC Concept — Internal Feature
66	Figure 5-16 Inner and Outer Boundaries Using the RFS Concept — Internal Feature
67	Figure 5-17 Virtual and Resultant Condition Boundaries Using the MMC Concept — External Feature
68	Figure 5-18 Virtual and Resultant Condition Boundaries Using the LMC Concept — External Feature
69	Figure 5-19 Inner and Outer Condition Boundaries Using the RFS Concept — External Feature Figure 5-20 Tolerancing an Angular Surface Using a Combination of Linear and Angular Dimensions
70	Figure 5-21 Specifying Tapers Figure 5-22 Specifying a Basic Taper and a Basic Diameter Figure 5-23 Specifying a Flat Taper Figure 5-24 Specifying a Radius
71	Figure 5-25 Specifying a Controlled Radius Figure 5-26 Statistical Tolerancing Figure 5-27 Statistical Tolerancing With Arithmetic Limits Figure 5-28 Statistical Tolerancing With Geometric Controls
72	Section 6 Symbology 6.1 GENERAL 6.2 USE OF NOTES TO SUPPLEMENT SYMBOLS 6.3 SYMBOL CONSTRUCTION 6.3.1 Geometric Characteristic Symbols 6.3.2 Datum Feature Symbol
73	6.3.3 Symbology for Datum Targets 6.3.4 Basic Dimension Symbol 6.3.5 Material Condition/Boundary Symbols 6.3.6 Projected Tolerance Zone Symbol 6.3.7 Diameter and Radius Symbols 6.3.8 Reference Symbol
74	6.3.9 Arc Length Symbol 6.3.10 Statistical Tolerancing Symbol 6.3.11 “Between” Symbol 6.3.12 Counterbore Symbol 6.3.13 Spotface Symbol 6.3.14 Countersink Symbol 6.3.15 Depth Symbol 6.3.16 Square Symbol 6.3.17 Dimension Origin Symbol 6.3.18 Taper and Slope Symbols 6.3.19 “All Around” Symbol 6.3.20 “Free State” Symbol 6.3.21 Tangent Plane Symbol
75	6.3.22 “Unequally Disposed” Profile Symbol 6.3.23 “Continuous Feature” Symbol 6.3.24 “Independency” Symbol 6.3.25 “All Over” Symbol 6.3.26 Datum Translation Symbol 6.3.27 “Movable Datum Target” Symbol 6.3.28 Surface Texture Symbols 6.3.29 Symbols for Limits and Fits 6.3.30 Datum Reference Frame Symbol 6.3.31 Dynamic Profile Tolerance Zone Modifier 6.3.32 “From–To” Symbol 6.4 FEATURE CONTROL FRAME SYMBOLS 6.4.1 Feature Control Frame 6.4.2 Feature Control Frame Incorporating One Datum Feature Reference
76	6.4.3 Feature Control Frame Incorporating Two or Three Datum Feature References 6.4.4 Composite Feature Control Frame 6.4.5 Multiple Single-Segment Feature Control Frames 6.4.6 Combined Feature Control Frame and Datum Feature Symbol 6.4.7 Feature Control Frame With a Projected Tolerance Zone 6.5 FEATURE CONTROL FRAME PLACEMENT 6.6 TOLERANCE ZONE SHAPE 6.7 TABULATED TOLERANCES
77	Figure 6-1 Geometric Characteristic Symbols Figure 6-2 Datum Feature Symbol Figure 6-3 Datum Feature Symbols on a Feature Surface and an Extension Line
78	Figure 6-4 Placement of Datum Feature Symbols on Features of Size Figure 6-5 Placement of Datum Feature Symbol in Conjunction With a Feature Control Frame
79	Figure 6-6 Two Datum Features Establishing a Single Datum Plane Figure 6-7 Datum Target Symbol Examples Figure 6-8 Datum Target Point
80	Figure 6-9 Datum Target Line Figure 6-10 Datum Target Area
81	Figure 6-11 Basic Dimension Symbol Application Figure 6-12 Modifying Symbols Figure 6-13 Indicating That the Specified Tolerance Is a Statistical Geometric Tolerance Figure 6-14 Statistical Tolerance Symbol Figure 6-15 “Between” Symbol
82	Figure 6-16 Counterbore and Spotface Symbols Figure 6-17 Countersink Symbol Figure 6-18 Depth Symbol
83	Figure 6-19 Square Symbol Figure 6-20 Dimension Origin Symbol Figure 6-21 Application of “All Over” and “All Around” Symbols Figure 6-22 Feature Control Frame With “Free State” Symbol Figure 6-23 Application of “Movable Datum Target” Symbol Figure 6-24 Feature Control Frame Figure 6-25 Feature Control Frame Incorporating a Datum Feature Reference
84	Figure 6-26 Order of Precedence of Datum Feature Reference Figure 6-27 Multiple Feature Control Frames Figure 6-28 Combined Feature Control Frame and Datum Feature Symbol Figure 6-29 Feature Control Frame With a Projected Tolerance Zone Symbol
85	Figure 6-30 Feature Control Frame Placement
87	Figure 6-31 Tabulated Tolerances
88	Section 7 Datum Reference Frames 7.1 GENERAL 7.2 DEGREES OF FREEDOM 7.3 DEGREES OF FREEDOM CONSTRAINED BY PRIMARY DATUM FEATURES RMB 7.4 CONSTRAINING DEGREES OF FREEDOM OF A PART
89	7.5 TRUE GEOMETRIC COUNTERPART 7.5.1 Types of True Geometric Counterparts 7.5.2 Requirements of True Geometric Counterparts 7.6 TRUE GEOMETRIC COUNTERPARTS AND PHYSICAL DATUM FEATURE SIMULATORS 7.7 DATUM REFERENCE FRAME 7.7.1 Mutually Perpendicular Planes 7.7.2 Number of Datum Reference Frames
90	7.8 DATUM FEATURES 7.8.1 Temporary and Permanent Datum Features 7.8.2 Datum Feature Identification 7.9 DATUM FEATURE CONTROLS 7.10 SPECIFYING DATUM FEATURES IN AN ORDER OF PRECEDENCE 7.10.1 Development of a Datum Reference Frame for Parts With Planar Surface Datum Features
91	7.10.2 Parts With Inclined Datum Features 7.10.3 Parts With Cylindrical Datum Features 7.10.4 Constraining Rotational Degrees of Freedom 7.11 ESTABLISHING DATUMS 7.11.1 Plane Surfaces as Datum Features 7.11.2 Irregularities on Datum Features Applicable RMB 7.11.3 Effect of Specified Material Boundary on Datum Feature References
92	7.11.4 Datum Features Applicable RMB 7.11.5 Specifying Datum Features at MMB 7.11.6 Determining the Size of True Geometric Counterparts at MMB
93	7.11.7 Specifying Datum Features at LMB 7.11.8 Determining the Size of True Geometric Counterparts at LMB
94	7.11.9 Specifying Datum Features RMB 7.11.10 Explicit Specification of True Geometric Counterpart Boundaries 7.11.11 Datum Feature Shift/Displacement 7.11.12 Translation Modifier
95	7.11.13 Effects of Datum Precedence and Datum Feature Material Boundary Conditions 7.11.14 Cylindrical Feature RMB Primary 7.11.15 Surface Primary, Cylindrical Feature RMB Secondary 7.11.16 Surface Primary, Cylindrical Feature at MMB Secondary 7.11.17 Cylindrical Feature at MMB Primary 7.12 COMMON DATUM FEATURES 7.12.1 Simulation of a Single Datum Plane 7.12.2 Single Axis of Two Coaxial Features of Size
96	7.12.3 Pattern of Features of Size at MMB 7.12.4 Pattern of Features of Size RMB 7.12.5 Partial Surfaces as Datum Features 7.13 MATHEMATICALLY DEFINED SURFACE 7.14 MULTIPLE DATUM REFERENCE FRAMES 7.15 FUNCTIONAL DATUM FEATURES 7.16 ROTATIONAL CONSTRAINT ABOUT A DATUM AXIS OR POINT
97	7.16.1 Contoured Datum Feature RMB Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom 7.16.2 Contoured Datum Feature at MMB Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom 7.16.3 Planar Datum Feature RMB Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom 7.16.4 Planar Datum Feature at MMB Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom 7.16.5 Offset Planar Datum Feature RMB Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom 7.16.6 Offset Planar Datum Feature Set at Basic, Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom 7.16.7 Offset Planar Datum Feature at MMB Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom
98	7.16.8 Offset Planar Datum Features at LMB Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom 7.16.9 Datum Feature of Size RMB Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom 7.16.10 Datum Feature of Size RMB With Translation Modifier Constraining Rotational Degrees of Freedom 7.17 APPLICATION OF MMB, LMB, AND RMB TO IRREGULAR FEATURES OF SIZE 7.18 DATUM FEATURE SELECTION PRACTICAL APPLICATION 7.19 SIMULTANEOUS REQUIREMENTS
99	7.20 RESTRAINED CONDITION 7.20.1 Specification of Restraint Magnitude 7.20.2 Location, Direction, Sequence, and Area of Restraint 7.20.3 Gravity 7.20.4 Application of “Free State” Symbol
100	7.21 DATUM REFERENCE FRAME IDENTIFICATION 7.22 CUSTOMIZED DATUM REFERENCE FRAME CONSTRUCTION 7.23 APPLICATION OF A CUSTOMIZED DATUM REFERENCE FRAME
101	7.24 DATUM TARGETS 7.24.1 Establishing a Center Plane From Datum Targets 7.24.2 “Movable Datum Target” Symbol 7.24.3 Datum Target Dimensions 7.24.4 Datum Planes Established by Datum Targets
102	7.24.5 Stepped Surfaces 7.24.6 Primary Datum Axis 7.24.7 Circular and Cylindrical Targets 7.24.8 Secondary Datum Axis 7.24.9 Datums Established From Complex or Irregular Surfaces 7.24.10 Datum Features Established From Datum Targets With Fewer Than Three Mutually Perpendicular Planes
103	Figure 7-1 Datum Reference Frame
104	Figure 7-2 Sequence of Datum Features Relates Part to Datum Reference Frame
105	Figure 7-3 Constrained Degrees of Freedom for Primary Datum Features
106	Figure 7-4 Part Where Rotational Constraint Is Important
107	Figure 7-5 Development of a Datum Reference Frame for the Part in Figure 7-4
108	Figure 7-6 Development of a Datum Reference Frame
110	Figure 7-7 Datum Plane Establishment Figure 7-8 Establishment of Datums for Primary External Cylindrical Datum Feature RMB
111	Figure 7-9 Establishment of Datums for Primary Internal Cylindrical Datum Feature RMB
112	Figure 7-10 Establishment of Datums for Primary External Datum Width Feature RMB
113	Figure 7-11 Establishment of Datums for Primary Internal Datum Width Feature RMB
114	Figure 7-12 Development of a Datum Reference Frame With Translation Modifier
116	Figure 7-13 Inclined Datum Feature
117	Figure 7-14 Part With Cylindrical Datum Feature
118	Figure 7-15 Multiple Datum Reference Frames and Their Interrelationships
119	Figure 7-16 Two Coaxial Datum Features, Single Datum Axis
120	Figure 7-17 Two Datum Features RMB, Single Datum Axis
121	Figure 7-18 Hole Pattern Identified as Datum Feature
122	Figure 7-19 Effect of Secondary Datum Feature Reference Applicable RMB and at MMB
123	Figure 7-20 Effect of Primary Datum Feature Reference Applicable RMB and at MMB
124	Figure 7-21 Secondary and Tertiary Datum Features RMB
125	Figure 7-22 Example Calculations of MMB
126	Figure 7-23 Example Calculations of LMB
127	Figure 7-24 Example Calculations of Maximum External Boundary for RMB Applications
128	Figure 7-25 Secondary and Tertiary Datum Features at LMB
129	Figure 7-26 Secondary and Tertiary Datum Features at MMB
130	Figure 7-27 Planar Common Datum Features
131	Figure 7-28 Partial Surface as a Datum Feature
132	Figure 7-29 Contoured Surface as a Datum Feature
133	Figure 7-30 Contoured Datum Feature Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom: Secondary Datum Feature RMB Figure 7-31 Contoured Datum Feature Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom: Secondary Datum Feature at MMB
134	Figure 7-32 Planar Datum Feature Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom: Secondary Datum Feature RMB Figure 7-33 Planar Datum Feature Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom: Secondary Datum Feature at MMB
135	Figure 7-34 Planar Datum Feature Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom: Secondary Datum Feature RMB Figure 7-35 Planar Datum Feature Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom: Secondary Datum Feature at BSC
136	Figure 7-36 Planar Datum Feature Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom: Secondary Datum Feature at MMB Figure 7-37 Planar Datum Feature Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom: Secondary Datum Feature at LMB
137	Figure 7-38 Size Datum Feature Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom: Secondary Datum Feature RMB Figure 7-39 Size Datum Feature Constraining a Rotational Degree of Freedom: Secondary Datum Feature RMB, Translate
138	Figure 7-40 Irregular and Regular Features of Size as Datum Features
140	Figure 7-41 Coaxial Irregular Datum Feature of Size
142	Figure 7-42 Possible Datum Feature and True Geometric Counterparts From Three Pins Used as an Irregular Feature of Size
143	Figure 7-43 Mating Parts for Functional Datum Section
144	Figure 7-44 Functional Datum Application: Pulley
145	Figure 7-45 Functional Datum Application: Adapter
146	Figure 7-46 Simultaneous Position and Profile Tolerances
147	Figure 7-47 Part With Nominally Aligned Features: Simultaneous Requirement
148	Figure 7-48 Part With Nominally Aligned Features: Separate Requirements
149	Figure 7-49 Restrained Condition Application
150	Figure 7-50 Indication of Unrestrained Datum Targets for a Primary Multiple Datum Feature Reference
151	Figure 7-51 Indication of Unrestrained Datum Targets for a Secondary Datum Feature Reference
152	Figure 7-52 Planar Combined Datum Features
153	Figure 7-53 Datum Targets Used to Establish Datum Reference Frame for Complex Part
154	Figure 7-54 Datum Reference Frame Identification
155	Figure 7-55 Conical Datum Feature Referenced to Constrain Five Degrees of Freedom
156	Figure 7-56 Conical Datum Feature Reference Customized to Constrain Four Degrees of Freedom
157	Figure 7-57 Customized Datum Reference Frame
158	Figure 7-58 Application of Movable Datum Targets
160	Figure 7-59 Datum Target Spheres
161	Figure 7-60 Application of Datum Targets to Establish a Datum Reference Frame
162	Figure 7-61 Primary Datum Axis Established by Datum Target Points on a Single Cylindrical Feature
163	Figure 7-62 Primary and Secondary Datums Established by Datum Target Lines on Two Cylindrical Features and a Surface
164	Figure 7-63 Datum Target Line and Area
165	Figure 7-64 Secondary Datum Axis
166	Section 8 Tolerances of Form 8.1 GENERAL 8.2 FORM CONTROL 8.3 SPECIFYING FORM TOLERANCES 8.4 FORM TOLERANCES 8.4.1 Straightness
167	8.4.2 Flatness 8.4.3 Circularity (Roundness) 8.4.4 Cylindricity
168	8.5 AVERAGE DIAMETER
169	Figure 8-1 Specifying Straightness of a Flat Surface
170	Figure 8-2 Specifying Straightness of Surface Elements
171	Figure 8-3 Specifying Straightness RFS
172	Figure 8-4 Specifying Straightness at MMC
173	Figure 8-5 Specifying Straightness per Unit Length With Specified Total Straightness, Both RFS
174	Figure 8-6 Possible Results of Specifying Straightness per Unit Length RFS, With No Specified Total Figure 8-7 Specifying Flatness of a Surface
175	Figure 8-8 Specifying Flatness of a Derived Median Plane RFS
176	Figure 8-9 Specifying Flatness of a Derived Median Plane at MMC
177	Figure 8-10 Specifying Circularity for a Cylinder or Cone
178	Figure 8-11 Specifying Circularity of a Sphere Figure 8-12 Specifying Cylindricity
179	Figure 8-13 Specifying Circularity With Average Diameter
180	Figure 8-14 Specifying Restraint for Nonrigid Parts
181	Section 9 Tolerances of Orientation 9.1 GENERAL 9.2 ORIENTATION CONTROL 9.3 SPECIFYING ORIENTATION TOLERANCES 9.3.1 Orientation Tolerance Zone 9.3.2 Orientation Tolerance 9.3.3 Application of Each Element’s Tolerance Zones 9.3.4 Application of Zero Tolerance at MMC
182	9.3.5 Explanation of Orientation Tolerance at MMC 9.4 TANGENT PLANE 9.5 ALTERNATIVE PRACTICE
183	Figure 9-1 Specifying Angularity for a Plane Surface Figure 9-2 Specifying Parallelism for a Plane Surface
184	Figure 9-3 Specifying Perpendicularity for a Plane Surface Figure 9-4 Specifying Orientation for a Plane Surface Relative to Two Datums
185	Figure 9-5 Specifying Perpendicularity for a Center Plane (Feature RFS) Figure 9-6 Specifying Angularity for an Axis (Feature RFS)
186	Figure 9-7 Specifying Parallelism for an Axis (Feature RFS)
187	Figure 9-8 Specifying Angularity for an Axis With Two Datum Feature References (Feature RFS)
188	Figure 9-9 Specifying Parallelism for an Axis (Both Feature and Datum Feature RFS)
189	Figure 9-10 Specifying Parallelism for an Axis (Feature at MMC and Datum Feature RFS)
190	Figure 9-11 Specifying Perpendicularity for an Axis at a Projected Height (Threaded Hole or Insert at MMC)
191	Figure 9-12 Specifying Perpendicularity for an Axis (Pin or Boss RFS)
192	Figure 9-13 Specifying Perpendicularity for an Axis Showing Acceptance Boundary (Pin or Boss at MMC)
193	Figure 9-14 Specifying Perpendicularity for an Axis (Zero Tolerance at MMC)
194	Figure 9-15 Specifying Perpendicularity for an Axis (Zero Tolerance at MMC With a Maximum Specified)
195	Figure 9-16 Specifying Orientation for a Curved Surface Relative to a Planar Datum Feature
196	Figure 9-17 Specifying Parallelism With a Tangent Plane and Profile of a Surface Figure 9-18 Specifying Parallelism With a Tangent Plane
197	Section 10 Tolerances of Position 10.1 GENERAL 10.2 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING 10.2.1 Components of Positional Tolerancing 10.3 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING FUNDAMENTALS — I 10.3.1 Material Condition Basis 10.3.2 RFS as Related to Positional Tolerancing 10.3.3 MMC as Related to Positional Tolerancing
198	10.3.4 Zero Positional Tolerance at MMC 10.3.5 LMC as Related to Positional Tolerancing
199	10.3.6 Datum Feature Modifiers in Positional Tolerances
200	10.4 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING FUNDAMENTALS — II 10.4.1 Projected Tolerance Zone 10.4.2 Coaxial Features 10.4.3 Closer Control at One End of a Feature of Size
201	10.4.4 Bidirectional Positional Tolerancing of Features of Size 10.4.5 Noncircular Features of Size 10.4.6 Spherical Features
202	10.4.7 Nonparallel Axis Hole Patterns 10.4.8 Repetitive Pattern of Features of Size Related to a Repeated Datum Reference Frame 10.5 PATTERN LOCATION 10.5.1 Composite Positional Tolerancing
203	10.5.2 Multiple Single-Segment Positional Tolerancing
204	10.5.3 Coaxial Positional Tolerances
205	10.5.4 Simultaneous Requirements 10.5.5 Multiple Positional Tolerances for a Pattern of Features of Size 10.6 COAXIAL FEATURE CONTROLS 10.6.1 Selection of Coaxial Feature Controls 10.6.2 Positional Tolerance Control
206	10.6.3 Runout Tolerance Control 10.6.4 Controlling Features With Positional Tolerances 10.6.5 Profile of a Surface Tolerance Control 10.7 TOLERANCING FOR SYMMETRICAL RELATIONSHIPS 10.7.1 Positional Tolerancing at MMC
207	Figure 10-1 Identifying Basic Dimensions
208	Figure 10-2 Positional Tolerancing With Datum References
209	Figure 10-3 Positional Tolerancing Relative to Planar Datum Feature Surfaces
210	Figure 10-4 Positional Tolerancing at MMC Relative to Datum Feature Center Planes Figure 10-5 RFS Applicable to a Feature Tolerance and RMB Applied to a Datum Feature Reference
211	Figure 10-6 Possible Axis Interpretation Error Figure 10-7 Boundary for Surface of a Hole at MMC
212	Figure 10-8 Surface Interpretation for Position Tolerance at MMC Figure 10-9 Axis Interpretation for Position Tolerance at MMC
213	Figure 10-10 Increase in Positional Tolerance Where Hole Is Not at MMC Figure 10-11 Positional Tolerancing at MMC
214	Figure 10-12 Zero Positional Tolerancing at MMC Figure 10-13 Increase in Positional Tolerance Where Hole Is Not at LMC
215	Figure 10-14 LMC Applied to Boss and Hole
216	Figure 10-15 Zero Tolerance at LMC Applied to Boss and Hole
217	Figure 10-16 LMC Applied to a Single Feature
218	Figure 10-17 LMC Applied to Pattern of Slots Figure 10-18 Datum Feature at LMB
219	Figure 10-19 Datum Feature Referenced at MMB
220	Figure 10-20 Interference Diagram, Fastener and Hole Figure 10-21 Basis for Projected Tolerance Zone Figure 10-22 Projected Tolerance Zone Specified
221	Figure 10-23 Projected Tolerance Zone Indicated With Chain Line Figure 10-24 Projected Tolerance Zone Applied for Studs or Dowel Pins Figure 10-25 Same Positional Tolerance for Holes and Counterbores, Same Datum References
222	Figure 10-26 Different Positional Tolerances for Holes and Counterbores, Same Datum References Figure 10-27 Positional Tolerances for Holes and Counterbores, Different Datum References
223	Figure 10-28 Different Positional Tolerance at Each End of a Long Hole Figure 10-29 Bidirectional Positional Tolerancing, Rectangular Coordinate Method
224	Figure 10-30 Bidirectional Positional Tolerancing, Polar Coordinate Method Figure 10-31 Positional Tolerancing of Tabs
225	Figure 10-32 Positional Tolerancing of Slots Figure 10-33 Virtual Condition for Surfaces of Slot at MMC Figure 10-34 Tolerance Zone for Center Plane of Slot at MMC
226	Figure 10-35 Positional Tolerancing, Boundary Concept
228	Figure 10-36 Spherical Feature Located by Positional Tolerancing
229	Figure 10-37 Nonparallel Holes Including Those Not Normal to the Surface
230	Figure 10-38 Multiple Patterns of Features
232	Figure 10-39 Hole Patterns Located by Composite Positional Tolerancing
236	Figure 10-40 Hole Patterns of Figure 10-38 With Secondary Datums in Feature-Relating Segments of Composite Feature Control Frames
237	Figure 10-41 Composite Positional Tolerancing of a Circular Pattern of Features
238	Figure 10-42 Radial Hole Pattern Located by Composite Positional Tolerancing — Repeated Primary Datum Reference
240	Figure 10-43 Radial Hole Pattern Located by Composite Positional Tolerancing — Repeated All Datum References
241	Figure 10-44 Orientation Relative to Three Datum Planes
242	Figure 10-45 Positional Tolerancing for Coaxial Holes of Same Size, Partial (Parallelism) Refinement of Feature-Relating Axis Relative to Datums A and B With Further Refinement of Parallelism to Datum A
244	Figure 10-46 Three-Segment Composite Tolerance
245	Figure 10-47 Multiple Single-Segment Feature Control Frames With Secondary Datum in Lower Feature Control Frame
247	Figure 10-48 Positional Tolerancing With Multiple Single-Segment Feature Control Frames
248	Figure 10-49 Radial Hole Pattern Located by Multiple Single-Segment Feature Control Frames
249	Figure 10-50 Positional Tolerancing for Coaxial Holes of Same Size
250	Figure 10-51 Positional Tolerancing for Coaxial Holes of Same Size, Partial (Parallelism) Refinement of Feature of Feature-Relating Axis Figure 10-52 Positional Tolerancing for Multiple Features of More Than One Size
251	Figure 10-53 Multiple Patterns of Features, Simultaneous Requirement
253	Figure 10-54 Multiple Patterns of Features, Separate Requirements
254	Figure 10-55 Multiple Positional Tolerancing for a Pattern of Features
255	Figure 10-56 Positional Tolerancing for Coaxiality
256	Figure 10-57 Feature Controlled With Positional Tolerance RFS and Datum Referenced RMB for Coaxiality Figure 10-58 Two Datum Features, Single Datum Axis
257	Figure 10-59 Positional Tolerancing at MMC for Symmetrical Features Figure 10-60 Positional Tolerancing RFS for Symmetrical Features
258	Section 11 Tolerances of Profile 11.1 GENERAL 11.2 PROFILE 11.2.1 Types of Profile Tolerances 11.2.2 Profile Specification 11.2.3 Profile Tolerances as General Requirements 11.3 TOLERANCE ZONE BOUNDARIES 11.3.1 Uniform Tolerance Zone
259	11.3.2 Nonuniform Tolerance Zone 11.4 PROFILE APPLICATIONS 11.4.1 Profile Tolerance for Plane Surfaces
260	11.4.2 Conical Surfaces 11.4.3 Profile on Nonsize Datum Features 11.4.4 Application on Continuous Features 11.5 MATERIAL CONDITION AND BOUNDARY CONDITION MODIFIERS AS RELATED TO PROFILE CONTROLS 11.6 COMPOSITE PROFILE 11.6.1 Composite Profile Tolerancing for a Single Feature
261	11.6.2 Composite Profile With Independent Size/Form Control
262	11.7 MULTIPLE SINGLE-SEGMENT PROFILE TOLERANCING 11.8 COMBINED CONTROLS 11.9 PROFILE OF A LINE AS A REFINEMENT 11.10 DYNAMIC PROFILE TOLERANCE MODIFIER 11.10.1 Dynamic Profile Tolerance Controlling Form
263	11.10.2 Dynamic Profile Tolerance Controlling Form and Orientation 11.10.3 Dynamic Profile Tolerance Applied to the Lower Segment of Multiple Single-Segment Feature Control Frames 11.10.4 Dynamic Profile Tolerance Applied to a Surface of Revolution
264	Figure 11-1 Profile of a Surface Application (Bilateral)
265	Figure 11-2 Profile of a Surface Application (Unilaterally Inside)
266	Figure 11-3 Profile of a Surface Application (Unilaterally Outside)
267	Figure 11-4 Profile of a Surface Application (Unequally Disposed)
268	Figure 11-5 Specifying the Profile of a Surface for Sharp Corners
269	Figure 11-6 Specifying Profile of a Surface All Around
270	Figure 11-7 Application of Profile of a Surface Tolerance to a Basic Contour
271	Figure 11-8 Specifying Different Profile Tolerances on Segments of a Profile
272	Figure 11-9 Specifying Profile of a Surface Between Points
273	Figure 11-10 Specifying Profile of a Surface All Over Figure 11-11 Nonuniform Profile Tolerance Zone
274	Figure 11-12 Nonuniform Profile Tolerance Zone With Multiple Segments
275	Figure 11-13 Nonuniform Profile Tolerance Zone With Zones to Smooth Transitions
276	Figure 11-14 Nonuniform Profile Tolerance Zone Alternative Practice
277	Figure 11-15 Specifying the Profile of a Surface for a Plane Surface
278	Figure 11-16 Specifying the Profile of a Surface for Coplanar Surfaces
279	Figure 11-17 Specifying the Profile of a Surface for Coplanar Surfaces to a Datum Established by Two Surfaces
280	Figure 11-18 Specifying the Profile of a Surface for Stepped Surfaces Figure 11-19 Specifying the Profile of a Conical Feature
281	Figure 11-20 Profile Tolerancing of a Conical Feature, Datum Related
282	Figure 11-21 The Toleranced Feature Is a Referenced Datum Feature
283	Figure 11-22 The Toleranced Feature Includes Referenced Datum Targets
284	Figure 11-23 “Continuous Feature” Symbol Application in a Profile Tolerance
285	Figure 11-24 Composite Profile Tolerancing of an Irregular Feature
286	Figure 11-25 Composite Profile Tolerancing of a Feature
287	Figure 11-26 Pattern Located by Composite Profile Tolerancing — Repeated Primary Datum Feature Reference
290	Figure 11-27 Pattern Located by Composite Profile Tolerancing — Repeated Primary and Secondary Datum Feature References
293	Figure 11-28 Irregular Shaped Feature With a Profile Size/Form Control and the Pattern Located by Composite Profile Tolerance
294	Figure 11-29 MMC Principle Used With Profile Controls
295	Figure 11-30 Profile of a Surface of Revolution
296	Figure 11-31 Specifying the Combined Profile of a Surface and a Line Tolerance
298	Figure 11-32 Profile of a Line and Size Control
299	Figure 11-33 Specifying Perpendicularity for a Radial Element of a Surface
300	Figure 11-34 Constrained Degree of Freedom Used With Profile of a Line
301	Figure 11-35 Composite Profile With Dynamic Profile to Control Form
302	Figure 11-36 Composite Profile With Dynamic Profile to Control Form and Constrain Rotational Degrees of Freedom
303	Figure 11-37 Use of Dynamic Profile in a Two-Single-Segment Profile Tolerance
304	Figure 11-38 Dynamic Profile of a Surface of Revolution
305	Section 12 Tolerances of Runout 12.1 GENERAL 12.2 RUNOUT 12.3 RUNOUT TOLERANCE 12.3.1 Datum Features for Runout Tolerances 12.3.2 Degrees of Freedom Constrained 12.4 TYPES OF RUNOUT TOLERANCES 12.4.1 Control of Circular Elements
306	12.4.2 Total Runout for Control of Surfaces 12.4.3 Runout Applied to a Portion of a Surface 12.5 RUNOUT TOLERANCE AND SIZE 12.5.1 Small Circular Runout Tolerance and Large Size Tolerance 12.5.2 Small Total Runout Tolerance and Large Size Tolerance 12.5.3 Large Runout Tolerance and Small Size Tolerance 12.6 APPLICATION 12.6.1 Control of Diameters to Datum Axis
307	12.6.2 Common Cylindrical Datum Features 12.6.3 Cylindrical and Planar Datum Features 12.6.4 Control of Individual Datum Feature Surfaces 12.6.5 Control of Runout to a Datum Feature(s) 12.6.6 Relationship of Features Based on Referenced Datums 12.6.7 Runout Tolerance Applied to a Tangent Plane 12.6.8 Runout Tolerance Application on an Assembly 12.7 SPECIFICATION
308	Figure 12-1 Features Applicable to Runout Tolerancing
309	Figure 12-2 Specifying Circular Runout — Small Size Tolerance and Large Runout Tolerance
310	Figure 12-3 Specifying Circular Runout Relative to a Datum Axis
311	Figure 12-4 Total Runout Applied on a Cylinder and Referenced to a Datum Axis
312	Figure 12-5 Total Runout Applied on a Face Surface and Referenced to a Datum Axis
313	Figure 12-6 Size and Runout Tolerance Effects
314	Figure 12-7 Specifying Circular Runout Using a Large Size Tolerance and a Small Runout Tolerance
315	Figure 12-8 Specifying Total Runout Using a Large Size Tolerance and a Small Runout Tolerance
316	Figure 12-9 Specifying Runout Relative to Two Cylindrical Datum Features
317	Figure 12-10 Specifying Runout to a Surface and Diameter
318	Figure 12-11 Specifying Runout Relative to Two Datum Diameters With Form Control Specified
319	Figure 12-12 Specifying Runout Relative to a Surface and Diameter With Form Control Specified
320	Figure 12-13 Total Runout Tolerance Applied to a Tangent Plane
321	Figure 12-14 Total Runout Tolerance Applied to a Tangent Plane With Alternative Method to Establish Datum Axis
322	Figure 12-15 Surface Profile Tolerance Applied to a Tangent Plane
323	Figure 12-16 Runout Tolerance Applied on an Assembly
324	MANDATORY APPENDIX I ALTERNATIVE PRACTICES I-1 GENERAL I-2 DIRECTLY APPLIED LOCATION TOLERANCES
325	I-3 ANGULAR RELATIONSHIPS I-4 FILLETS, CORNERS, CHAMFERS, AND CONES
326	Figure I-1 Tolerance Accumulation
327	Figure I-2 Tolerance Accumulation Ambiguity
328	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A PRINCIPAL CHANGES AND IMPROVEMENTS A-1 GENERAL A-2 STANDARD Y14 FORMAT A-3 SECTION 1, SCOPE A-4 SECTION 2, REFERENCES A-5 SECTION 3, DEFINITIONS A-6 SECTION 4, FUNDAMENTAL RULES AND GENERAL DIMENSIONING PRACTICES
329	A-7 SECTION 5, GENERAL TOLERANCING AND RELATED PRINCIPLES A-8 SECTION 6, SYMBOLOGY A-9 SECTION 7, DATUM REFERENCE FRAMES
330	A-10 SECTION 8, TOLERANCES OF FORM A-11 SECTION 9, TOLERANCES OF ORIENTATION A-12 SECTION 10, POSITION TOLERANCES
331	A-13 SECTION 11, TOLERANCES OF PROFILE A-14 SECTION 12, TOLERANCES OF RUNOUT
332	Figure A-1 Specifying Total Runout Relative to a Datum Diameter
333	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B FORMULAS FOR POSITIONAL TOLERANCING B-1 GENERAL B-2 FORMULA SYMBOLS B-3 FLOATING FASTENER CASE B-4 FIXED FASTENER CASE WHEN PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS USED
334	B-5 PROVISION FOR TILTING OF THE AXIS OR CENTER PLANE B-6 COAXIAL FEATURES B-7 LIMITS AND FITS
335	Figure B-1 Floating Fasteners Figure B-2 Fixed Fasteners Figure B-3 Coaxial Features
336	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C FORM, PROPORTION, AND COMPARISON OF SYMBOLS C-1 GENERAL C-2 FORM AND PROPORTION C-3 COMPARISON
337	Figure C-1 Form and Proportion of Datum Symbols
338	Figure C-2 Form and Proportion of Geometric Characteristic Symbols
339	Figure C-3 Form and Proportion of Geometric Dimensioning Symbols
340	Figure C-4 Form and Proportion of Modifying Symbols
341	Figure C-5 Form and Proportion of Dimensioning Symbols and Letters
342	Figure C-6 Comparison of Symbols
343	Figure C-7 Comparison of Other Symbols
344	NONMANDATORY APPENDIX D FORMER PRACTICES D-1 GENERAL D-2 CONCENTRICITY DEFINITION REMOVED D-3 SYMMETRY DEFINITION REMOVED D-4 CONCENTRICITY AND SYMMETRY SYMBOLS REMOVED D-5 DECISION DIAGRAM APPENDIX REMOVED