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BICSI 002 2024

BICSI 002 2024

$284.38

ANSI/BICSI 002-2024, Data Center Design and Implementation Best Practices

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BICSI 2024 576
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ANSI/BICSI 002-2024 is regarded as the standard for data center design regardless of location or application in the world. Covering all major systems and disciplines found within a data center, this standard not only lists what a data center requires, but also provides ample recommendations on the best methods of implementing a design to fulfill your needs. The 2024 version was reviewed by industry professionals from all major disciplines and verified that the breadth of content is applicable to traditional, hyperscale, and edge concepts including modular, containerized, enclosure-based solutions. In addition to expanding specific edge content, the concepts of immersion (liquid cooling) are expanded and join previously included material on how to support such systems.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
5 Table of Contents
19 Index of Figures
25 Index of Tables
33 1 Introduction
1.1 General
1.2 Purpose
1.2.1 Users Within IT
1.2.2 Users Within Facilities Group
34 1.2.3 Staff Outside IT and Facilities Groups
1.3 Categories of Criteria
2 Scope
35 3 Required Standards and Documents
39 4 Definitions, Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Units of Measurement
4.1 Definitions
57 4.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations
59 4.3 Units of Measurement
61 5 Site Selection
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Site Evaluation
5.2.1 General Requirements
5.2.2 General Recommendations
5.2.3 Risk Assessment
62 5.2.4 Cost Evaluation Recommendations
5.2.5 Existing Facilities Requirements
63 5.3 Natural Hazards
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 General Requirements
5.3.3 Seismic Activity
5.3.4 Volcanic Activity
Figure 5-1 Example of a Global Seismic Hazard Map
64 Figure 5-2 Example of a Global Volcano Hazard Map
Figure 5-3 Example of a Volcano Hazard Map
65 5.3.5 Wildfire
5.3.6 Flood Plains
Figure 5-4 Example of a Global Flooding Hazard Chart
66 5.3.7 Wind
5.4 Natural Environment
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Ground Stability
Figure 5-5 Example of a Global Tornado Risk Area Map
67 5.4.3 Lightning
Figure 5-6 Example of a Lightning Flash Data Map
68 5.4.4 Groundwater
Figure 5-7 Example of a Ground Permeability Chart
5.4.5 Air Quality
69 5.4.6 Noise
5.4.7 Other Topography and Natural Environment Recommendations
5.5 Man-Made Hazards
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Recommended Separation Distances
5.5.3 Other Recommendations
70 Table 5-1 Recommended Distances from Man-Made Elements
71 Figure 5-8 Example of Radial and Flight Path Zones for an Airport
5.6 Site Access and Location
5.6.1 Public Road Access Recommendations
72 5.6.2 Adjacent Property
5.6.3 Proximity to Existing or Redundant Data Center
5.6.4 Security and Emergency Services
5.6.5 Proximity to Skilled Labor
73 5.7 Utility Services
5.7.1 Introduction
5.7.2 Power and Electrical Service
Figure 5-9 AC Electricity Distribution from Generation Stations to Data Centers
75 Table 5-2 Utility Reliability Examples
76 5.7.3 Communications
77 5.7.4 Water Service
78 Table 5-3 Recommended On-Site Supply of Services for Data Center Facility Classes
79 5.7.5 Sanitary Sewer
5.7.6 Natural Gas and Other Fuels
80 5.8 Regulations (Local, Regional, Country)
5.8.1 Air Quality Requirements
5.8.2 Noise Requirements
5.8.3 Towers and Tall Structures Requirements
5.8.4 Fuel Tanks Requirements
5.8.5 Generator Requirements
5.8.6 Site Access and Required Parking
5.8.7 Setbacks and Sight Lines
5.8.8 Environmental Assessment
81 6 Space Planning
6.1 Overall Facility Capacity
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Module and Modular Design
82 6.1.3 Edge Data Centers
6.2 Power Systems
6.2.1 Introduction
83 Figure 6-1 Example Module Size Decision Tree
84 Table 6-1 Example of a Module Size Design Checklist
88 6.2.2 Electric Utility Service Feeds
6.2.3 Generator Power
89 6.3 Cooling Capacity
6.3.1 Introduction
90 Table 6-2 Liquid and Air-Cooled System Options and Primary Design Parameters
6.3.2 Recommendations
91 6.3.3 Additional Information
6.4 Data Center Supporting Spaces
6.4.1 Adjacencies of Functional Spaces
92 Figure 6-2 Space Adjacencies of a Traditional Data Center
93 Figure 6-3 Space Adjacencies of Modular or Containerized Data Centers
6.4.2 Security
94 6.4.3 Telecommunications Entrance Room
95 6.4.4 Command Center
6.4.5 Helpdesk
6.4.6 Print
6.4.7 Loading Dock
96 6.4.8 Storage
6.4.9 Engineering Offices
97 6.4.10 Administrative
6.4.11 Environmental Design
6.4.12 Waste/Recycle
6.5 Placement of Equipment When Using Access Floors
6.5.1 Cooling
98 6.5.2 Power Distribution
99 6.5.3 Fire Protection Systems
6.6 Computer Room
6.6.1 Introduction
100 6.6.2 Telecommunications Spaces and Areas
6.6.3 Equipment Racks and Frames
102 Figure 6-4 Examples of an OCP Open Rack (Top View & Oblique)
103 6.6.4 Computer Room Layout
105 Figure 6-5 Example of Aisle Width with Different Cabinet Sizes
107 6.6.5 Adjacencies and Other Space Considerations
109 6.7 Design for Performance
6.7.1 Introduction
110 6.7.2 Data Center Metrics
111 6.7.3 Scalability
6.7.4 Instrumentation and Control
112 6.7.5 Data Center Energy Saving Design Opportunities
Table 6-3 Data Center Energy Saving Opportunities
113 7 Architectural
7.1 Facilities Planning
7.1.1 General Overview
7.1.2 Site Selection
114 7.1.3 Data Center Location Relative to Ground Level
7.2 General Design Concepts
7.2.1 Levels of Reliability
7.2.2 Facility Purpose
115 7.2.3 Multiuser Versus Single User Groups
7.2.4 Equipment Change Cycle
7.2.5 Occupied Versus Unoccupied Data Centers
7.2.6 Data Center Location Within Building
116 7.2.7 Type of Building
7.2.8 Multitenant Buildings
7.2.9 24/7 Operation of Data Center
7.2.10 Temperature and Humidity Control
7.2.11 Materials
117 7.3 General Paths of Access
7.3.1 General Access
7.3.2 Data Center Access
7.3.3 Equipment Access
118 7.3.4 Telecommunications Access Provider Entry into Computer Rooms
7.3.5 Vendor Access
7.3.6 Support Equipment Service Access
7.4 Planning Detail
7.4.1 Entry
7.4.2 Command Center and Personnel Areas
119 7.4.3 Printer Room
7.4.4 Media Storage Room
7.4.5 Restrooms and Break Rooms
7.4.6 Computer Room
7.4.7 Entrance Rooms
120 7.4.8 Mechanical Equipment Space
7.4.9 Electrical Room and UPS Room
7.4.10 Battery Room
121 7.4.11 Fire Suppression Room
7.4.12 Circulation
7.4.13 Equipment Staging and Storage
7.4.14 Equipment Repair Room
7.5 Construction Considerations
7.5.1 Structure Preparation
7.5.2 Floor Slab
122 7.5.3 Computer Room Envelope Wall Construction
7.5.4 Nonrated Partitions
7.5.5 Vapor/Moisture Seal
7.5.6 Door and Glazed Openings
123 7.5.7 Fire-Rated Construction
7.5.8 Access Control Systems
Table 7-1 Minimum Fire Rating of Spaces
124 7.5.9 Airborne Particles
7.5.10 Access Flooring Systems
125 Table 7-2 Computer Room Access Floor Performance Specifications
127 7.5.11 Ceilings
Table 7-3 Suspended Ceiling Infrastructure Mounting Recommendations
128 7.5.12 Equipment Bracing Systems
7.5.13 Computer Room Finishes
7.5.14 Roof Systems
129 8 Structural
8.1 Building Code Compliance and Coordination
8.1.1 Requirements
8.1.2 Additional Information
8.2 Impact of Site Location on Structural Loading
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Recommendations
8.3 Structural Concerns Specific to Data Center Design
8.3.1 Floor Load
130 8.3.2 Raised Access Floors
8.3.3 Mission Critical Equipment in Seismically Active Areas
131 8.3.4 Wind
8.3.5 Earthquake
132 8.3.6 Blast and Terrorist Attack
8.3.7 Ice Shard Impact
133 9 Electrical Systems
9.1 Overview
9.1.1 Introduction
9.1.2 Requirements
9.1.3 Availability and Uptime
134 9.1.4 Redundancy
135 9.1.5 Capacity Versus Utilization Efficiency
136 Table 9-1 Design Efficiency Ratios
9.1.6 Electrical Class Ratings
137 Table 9-2 Class F0 Electrical System Overview
138 Figure 9-1 Class F0 Electrical Concept Diagram (Configuration Without Backup/Alternate Power)
Table 9-3 Class F1 Electrical System Overview
139 Figure 9-2 Class F1 Electrical Concept Diagram
Table 9-4 Class F2 Electrical System Overview
140 Figure 9-3 Class F2 Concept Diagram
Table 9-5 Class F3 Electrical System Overview
141 Figure 9-4 Class F3 Single Utility Source with Two Utility Inputs
142 Figure 9-5 Class F3 Single Utility Source with Single Utility Input
143 Figure 9-6 Class F3 Electrical Topology (xN Or Distributed Redundant)
144 Table 9-6 Class F4 Electrical System Overview
145 Figure 9-7 Class F4 Electrical Topology (System-Plus-System)
146 Figure 9-8 Class F4 Electrical Topology (xN Or Distributed Redundant)
148 Figure 9-9 Class F3 Single Utility Source with Two Utility Inputs “Catcher” System
149 Figure 9-10 Class F4 2(N+1) Electrical Topology with Dual Utility Inputs
150 9.2 Utility Service
9.2.1 Utility Service Planning
151 9.2.2 Low-Voltage Utility Services
Table 9-7 Low-Voltage Distribution Voltages in Some Major Data Center Locations
152 9.2.3 Medium-Voltage and High-Voltage Utility Services
9.2.4 Protective Relaying
9.3 Distribution
9.3.1 Requirements
153 9.3.2 UPS Rectifier or Motor Inputs
9.3.3 Static Switch Bypass Inputs
9.3.4 UPS System Bypass
9.3.5 Input Source Transfer
154 Figure 9-11 Example ATS Sizes
155 9.3.6 Generator Controls and Paralleling
156 9.3.7 Unit Substations
9.3.8 UPS Systems
157 Figure 9-12 Single-Module UPS with Internal Static Bypass and Maintenance Bypass from the Same Source
158 Figure 9-13 Single-Module UPS with Inputs to Rectifier, Static Bypass, and Maintenance Bypass from the Same Source
159 Figure 9-14 Multiple-Module UPS with Inputs to Rectifier and Maintenance Bypass from Same Source – Centralized Static Bypass
160 Figure 9-15 Multiple-Module UPS with Inputs to Rectifier and Maintenance Bypass from Same Source – Paralleled Installation
161 Figure 9-16 Single-Module UPS Bypass – Alternate Bypass Source – Input to Rectifier from Primary Source; Inputs to Static Bypass and Maintenance Bypass from a Second Source
Figure 9-17 Multiple-Module UPS Bypass – Alternate Bypass Sources – Inputs to Rectifiers from Primary Source; Inputs to Static Bypass and Maintenance Bypass from a Second Source
162 Figure 9-18 Single-Module UPS Bypass – Multiple Bypass Sources – Inputs to Rectifier and Static Bypass from Primary Source and Input to Maintenance Bypass from a Second Source
163 Figure 9-19 Multiple-Module UPS Bypass – Multiple Bypass Sources – Inputs to Rectifiers and Static Bypass from Primary Source, and Input to Maintenance Bypass from a Second Source
Figure 9-20 Topology Inside an UPS Unit
164 Table 9-8 Static Bypass Switch Input, By Availability Class
165 9.3.9 UPS Output Distribution
Table 9-9 Summary of UPS Output Switchboard Counts for Classes
166 9.3.10 Power Distribution Units (PDUs)
167 Figure 9-21 An Example of an Approach to UPS Output Switchboard Load Management
168 Table 9-10 Transformer Wirings and Output Voltages Commonly Used in Data Centers
Figure 9-22 PDU Configuration: Single-Corded and PolyCorded Devices
169 9.3.11 Automatic Static Transfer Switches
9.3.12 Power Strips
Figure 9-23 Example of a Power Strip for Mounting in ITE Cabinets
170 9.3.13 Direct Current (DC) Power Systems
Figure 9-24 Automatic Static Transfer Switches
173 9.3.14 Busway Power Distribution
174 9.3.15 Computer Room Equipment Power Distribution
176 Table 9-11 Multipliers for Electrical Distribution System Components
177 Figure 9-25 System Capacities at Various Stages of the Electrical Distribution System
178 Figure 9-26 Class F0 and F1 Circuit Mapping
179 Figure 9-27 Class F2 Circuit Mapping
181 Figure 9-28 Class F3 Circuit Mapping (Manual Operations)
182 Figure 9-29 Class F3 Circuit Mapping (Automated Operations)
183 Figure 9-30 Class F4 Circuit Mapping
184 Figure 9-31 Class F3 50 to 600 VDC Circuit Mapping
Figure 9-32 Class F4 50 to 600 VDC Circuit Mapping
185 9.3.16 Emergency Power Off (EPO) Systems
186 Figure 9-33 Example Organization of an EPO System
187 9.3.17 Fault Current Protection and Fault Discrimination
9.4 Mechanical Equipment Support
9.4.1 Introduction
188 Figure 9-34 Sample Power Circuits for a Class F3 Mechanical System
Figure 9-35 Sample Power Circuits for a Class F4 Mechanical System
189 9.4.2 Requirements
9.4.3 Recommendations
190 9.5 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems
9.5.1 Introduction
191 9.5.2 Sizing and Application
193 9.5.3 Technologies
195 9.5.4 Paralleling and Controls
196 9.5.5 Batteries and Stored Energy Systems
200 Table 9-12 Types and Applications of Li-ion Batteries
201 Table 9-13 Battery Standards Cross-Reference Table (IEEE Standard Number)
202 9.6 Standby and Emergency Power Systems
9.6.1 Sizing and Application
204 9.6.2 Starting Systems
9.6.3 Fuel Systems
205 9.6.4 Fuel Tank and Piping
9.6.5 Exhaust Systems
9.6.6 Cooling Systems
206 9.6.7 Mounting
9.7 Automation and Control
9.7.1 Introduction
9.7.2 Monitoring
Table 9-14 Class Requirements for Temperature Sensors
207 9.7.3 Power Control
9.7.4 System Integration
208 9.8 Lighting
9.8.1 Introduction
9.8.2 General Recommendations
9.8.3 Computer Rooms
209 9.8.4 Support Areas
9.9 Bonding, Grounding, Lightning Protection, and Surge Suppression
9.9.1 Introduction
211 Figure 9-36 Example Critical Facility Bonding and Grounding Diagram for Class F2 and Lower
212 Figure 9-37 Example of Critical Facility Bonding and Grounding Diagram for Class F3
213 Figure 9-38 Example Class F4 Bonding and Grounding Diagram (Two MGB and Two Entrance Facilities)
214 9.9.2 General Recommendations
215 9.9.3 Lightning Protection
9.9.4 Surge Suppression/Surge Protective Devices (SPDs)
216 Table 9-15 SPD Locations as per Class
217 9.9.5 Telecommunications Surge Protection
218 9.9.6 Building Ground (Electrode) Ring
9.9.7 Supplementary Bonding and Grounding
219 Figure 9-39 Typical Data Center Grounding Schema (shown with raised floor)
221 Figure 9-40 Typical Configuration of Flat Strip-Type SBG Within a Mesh-BN
Figure 9-41 Adjacent Rolls Of Flat-Strip-Type SBG Being Exothermically-Welded Together
222 Table 9-16 Grounding and Bonding Connection Schedule
Figure 9-42 Data Center Grounding Infrastructure (Room Level) Example
223 Figure 9-43 Example of Equipment Rack Bonding to a Mesh-BN
224 Figure 9-44 Examples of Inappropriate Equipment Rack Bonding to a Mesh-BN
9.9.8 Information Technology Equipment Interconnections
225 Figure 9-45 Examples of a Rack Bonding Conductor and Rack Grounding Busbar Mounting
226 Figure 9-46 Example of Bonding of Cabinet Side Panel and Door
227 9.9.9 Power System Bonding and Grounding
228 Figure 9-47 Telecommunications Bonding and Grounding Infrastructure
229 Figure 9-48 Similarity of Recommended Grounding for AC and DC Power Systems and Load Equipment
230 Figure 9-49 DC Power System Showing a Single-Point Grounded Return
Figure 9-50 Information Technology Equipment Showing Grounding of DC Power Input (Return Is Insulated)
231 Figure 9-51 Common Bonding Network
Figure 9-52 Isolated (Insulated) Bonding Network
232 9.10 Labeling and Signage
9.10.1 Introduction
9.10.2 Requirements
233 9.10.3 Recommendations
Figure 9-53 Sample Equipment Nameplate
Figure 9-54 Example Arc Flash Warning Label (United States)
234 9.11 Testing and Quality Assurance
9.11.1 Requirements
9.11.2 Recommendations
9.12 Ongoing Operations
9.12.1 Recommendations
9.13 Electrical Systems Matrix
235 Table 9-17 Electrical Systems Availability Classes
253 10 Mechanical Systems
10.1 Codes, References and Terminology
10.1.1 Code Compliance and Coordination
10.1.2 References
10.1.3 Terminology Differences Between Codes and Telecommunications Standards
Section 10 Text References
254 10.2 Selection of Heat Rejection Systems
10.2.1 Temperature and Humidity Requirements
10.2.2 Equipment Heat Release and Airflow Specifications
255 10.2.3 Control of Airborne Contaminants (Gases and Particles)
256 10.3 Heat Rejection and Computer Room Cooling Technologies
10.3.1 Introduction
10.3.2 Requirements for All Heat Rejection and Cooling Systems
10.3.3 Recommendations for All Heat Rejection and Cooling Systems
10.3.4 Fluid Based Heat Rejection and Cooling Systems
257 Figure 10-1 Chiller with Evaporative Condenser Heat Rejection System
258 Figure 10-2 Air-Cooled Condenser Heat Rejection System
259 Figure 10-3 Air-Cooled Chiller Heat Rejection System
260 Figure 10-4 Evaporative Condenser Heat Rejection System
261 Figure 10-5 Natural Water Heat Rejection System
262 Figure 10-6 Computer Room Air Handler Cooling System
263 Figure 10-7 Close Coupled Cooling System
264 Figure 10-8 Liquid Cooling ITE Cooling System
265 Figure 10-9 Row Integrated Cooling Systems
266 10.3.5 Direct Expansion Cooling Systems
267 Figure 10-10 Direct Expansion Computer Room Air Handler Cooling System
268 Figure 10-11 Direct Expansion Integrated Cooling System
269 Figure 10-12 Direct Expansion Closed Cabinet Cooling System
270 10.3.6 Air-Side Economizer Systems
271 Figure 10-13 Direct Air-Side Economizer
272 Figure 10-14 Indirect Air-Side Economizer
273 10.3.7 Dual Coil Cooling Solution
10.4 Mechanical Class Ratings
10.4.1 Introduction
10.4.2 Class F0 and F1 Description
Table 10-2 Class F0 and F1 Mechanical System Overview
274 Figure 10-15 Class F0 and F1 Chiller System Example
275 Figure 10-16 Class F0 and F1 Direct Expansion System Example
10.4.3 Class F2 Description
Table 10-3 Class F2 Mechanical System Overview
276 Figure 10-17 Class F2 Chiller System Example
277 Figure 10-18 Class F2 Direct Expansion System Example
10.4.4 Class F3 Description
Table 10-4 Class F3 Mechanical System Overview
278 Figure 10-19 Class F3 Chiller System Example
279 Figure 10-20 Class F3 Direct Expansion System Example
10.4.5 Class F4 Description
Table 10-5 Class F4 Mechanical System Overview
280 Figure 10-21 Class F4 Chiller System Example
281 Figure 10-22 Class F4 Direct Expansion System Example
Figure 10-23 Valve Configuration Example for Pumps in Class F4 System (Shown in Figure 10-21)
282 10.4.6 Chiller Piping and Valve Redundancy
Figure 10-24 Class F3 Piping and Valve Redundancy Example
283 Figure 10-25 Class F4 Piping and Valve Redundancy Example
284 10.5 Air Flow Management
10.5.1 General Considerations
10.5.2 Introduction to Air Flow Management
285 10.5.3 Hot Aisle/Cold Aisle Concept
286 10.5.4 Access Floor Air Distribution
287 10.5.5 Overhead Air Distribution
10.5.6 RowIntegrated Cooling
288 10.5.7 Equipment Layout
10.5.8 Supply Air Layout
10.5.9 Return Air Layout
10.5.10 Cable Management
10.6 Ventilation (Outside Air)
289 10.6.1 Computer Rooms
10.6.2 Battery Rooms
290 10.7 Other Design Considerations
10.7.1 Humidity Control
10.7.2 Maximum Altitude
10.7.3 Noise Levels
10.7.4 Supplemental Cooling
292 10.8 Mechanical Equipment (Design and Operation) Recommendations
10.8.1 General Recommendations
10.8.2 Computer Room Air Conditioning (CRAC) and Computer Room Air Handling (CRAH) Units
10.8.3 Chilled Water Systems
293 10.8.4 Chillers
10.8.5 Cooling Towers
10.8.6 Adiabatic Cooling and Humidification
10.8.7 Thermal Storage
294 10.8.8 Piping and Pumps
10.8.9 Leak Detection
295 10.8.10 Water Supplies and Drainage
10.8.11 Materials in Air Plenums
10.9 Immersion (Liquid) Cooling
297 11 Fire Protection
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Basic Design Elements
11.3 General Requirements and Recommendations
11.3.1 Requirements
298 11.3.2 Recommendations
11.4 Walls, Floors, and Ceilings
11.4.1 Requirements
11.5 Aisle Containment
11.5.1 Introduction
299 11.5.2 Aisle Containment Construction and Materials
11.5.3 Detection Systems in Contained Spaces
11.5.4 Suppression Systems in Contained Spaces
300 11.5.5 Additional Information
Figure 11-1 Variations of Air Flow in a Data Center with Aisle Containment
301 11.6 Handheld Fire Extinguishers
11.6.1 Requirements
11.6.2 Recommendations
11.7 Fire Detection
11.7.1 Area Requirements
Recommended Detection Systems for Data Center Spaces
302 11.7.2 Detector Technology
303 11.7.3 Early Warning Detection Systems
11.8 Fire Suppression
11.8.1 Water Sprinkler Systems
304 Table 11-2 Recommended Sprinkler Systems for Data Center Spaces
305 11.8.2 Gaseous Fire Suppression
306 11.8.3 Oxygen Depletion Systems
307 11.9 Fire Alarm Systems
11.9.1 Introduction
Figure 11-2 Basic Fire Alarm System
308 11.9.2 Requirements
11.9.3 Additional Information
11.10 Labeling and Signage
11.10.1 Requirements
11.10.2 Recommendations
11.11 Testing and Quality Assurance
11.11.1 Requirements
11.11.2 Recommendations
11.12 Ongoing Operations
11.12.1 Requirements
11.12.2 Recommendations
309 12 Security
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Definitions
Figure 12-1 Security Measures
310 Figure 12-2 Security Layers
12.3 Data Center Security Plan
12.3.1 Introduction
311 12.3.2 Recommendations
312 12.3.3 Physical Security Plan
12.3.4 IT/Cyber Security Plan
12.3.5 Disaster Recovery Plan
12.3.6 Emergency and Other Required Plans
313 12.4 Design and the Data Center Security Plan
12.4.1 Introduction
12.4.2 General
12.4.3 Access Control
314 12.4.4 Signage and Display Policy and Procedures
12.4.5 Fire Prevention, Detection, and Suppression
12.4.6 Monitoring and Alarms Policy and Procedures
12.4.7 Material Control and Loss Prevention
315 12.4.8 Surveillance Policy and Procedure
12.5 Building Site Considerations
12.5.1 Introduction
12.5.2 General Recommendations
12.5.3 Lighting
316 Table 12-1 Minimum Lighting Levels
12.5.4 Perimeter Fencing and Barriers
317 12.5.5 Automotive Threats and Concerns
12.5.6 Threat History
318 12.5.7 Natural Threats and Concerns
12.5.8 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives
12.5.9 Medical Disasters and Epidemics
12.5.10 Crime Prevention Through Environment Design
320 12.6 Data Center Elements
12.6.1 Barriers
Table 12-2 Thickness of Concrete Wall for Projectile Protection
321 Table 12-3 Vehicle Barrier Comparison
322 Table 12-4 Speed Of Concrete Wall Penetration
323 Table 12-5 Time to Penetrate Industrial Pedestrian Doors
325 Table 12-6 Time to Penetrate Windows
329 12.6.2 Lighting
12.6.3 Access Control
330 Figure 12-3 Levels of Access Control
335 Figure 12-4 Example of an Access Control System Topology
338 12.6.4 Alarms
339 12.6.5 Surveillance
341 12.6.6 Time Synchronization
342 12.7 Building Shell
12.7.1 General Recommendations
343 12.7.2 Doorways and Windows
12.7.3 Signage and Displays
12.7.4 Construction
12.7.5 Elevators
344 12.7.6 Emergency Exits
12.7.7 Utilities
12.7.8 Hazardous Material Storage
12.8 Computer Room and Critical Facility Areas Special Considerations
12.8.1 General
345 12.8.2 Construction
12.8.3 Eavesdropping
12.8.4 Media
12.8.5 Fire Prevention
12.8.6 Dust
346 12.9 Disaster Recovery Plan
12.9.1 Introduction
12.9.2 Requirements
12.9.3 Recommendations
347 12.9.4 Security Plan and Disaster Recovery
349 13 Facility, Ancillary and IP-enabled Systems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 General Requirements
13.2.1 Spaces
13.2.2 Cabling and Cabling Infrastructure
13.2.3 Enclosures
13.3 General Recommendations
13.4 Data Center Infrastructure Management
13.4.1 Introduction
350 13.4.2 Architecture
Figure 13-1 Example DCIM Architecture
351 13.4.3 Monitoring and Management
13.5 Facility Systems
13.5.1 Introduction
13.5.2 General Requirements
13.5.3 Building Automation and Management Systems
353 13.5.4 Lighting
13.6 Electronic Safety and Security Systems
13.6.1 Introduction
13.6.2 Cabling Infrastructure
13.7 Wireless Systems
355 14 Telecommunications Cabling, Infrastructure, Pathways and Spaces
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Telecommunications Cabling Infrastructure Classes
14.2.1 Introduction
356 14.2.2 Class C0 and C1 Telecommunications Infrastructure
Table 14-1 Class C0 and C1 Overview
14.2.3 Class C2 Telecommunications Infrastructure
Table 14-2 Class C2 Overview
357 Figure 14-1 Class C0 and C1 Concept Diagram
358 Figure 14-2 Class C2 Concept Diagram
359 14.2.4 Class C3 Telecommunications Infrastructure
Table 14-3 Class C3 Overview
360 Figure 14-3 Class C3 Concept Diagram
361 14.2.5 Class C4 Telecommunications Infrastructure
Table 14-4 Class C4 Overview
362 Figure 14-4 Class C4 Concept Diagram
363 14.3 Cabling Topology
14.3.1 Introduction
14.3.2 Horizontal Cabling Topology
14.3.3 Backbone Cabling Topology
14.3.4 Accommodation of Non-Star Configurations
14.3.5 Redundant Cabling Topologies
364 Figure 14-5 Data Center Cabling Topology Example
365 14.3.6 Low Latency Topology
Figure 14-6 Example of a Fabric Architecture with Redundancy
14.4 Data Center Spaces for Telecommunications
14.4.1 Introduction
366 14.4.2 Design and Structural Requirements
14.4.3 Entrance Rooms
367 14.4.4 Main Distribution Area (MDA)
368 14.4.5 Intermediate Distribution Area (IDA)
14.4.6 Horizontal Distribution Area (HDA)
14.4.7 Zone Distribution Area (ZDA)
14.4.8 Equipment Distribution Area (EDA)
369 14.5 Outside Plant Cabling Infrastructure
14.5.1 Underground Service Pathways
14.5.2 Aerial Service Pathways
370 14.6 Access Providers
14.6.1 Access Provider Coordination
371 14.6.2 Redundancy
14.6.3 Access Provider Demarcation
372 Figure 14-7 Cross-Connection Circuits to IDC Connecting Hardware Cabled to Modular Jacks in the T568A 8Pin Sequence
Figure 14-8 Cross-Connection Circuits to IDC Connecting Hardware Cabled to Modular Jacks in the T568B 8Pin Sequence
374 14.7 Telecommunications Cabling Pathways
14.7.1 General
375 Table 14-5 Maximum Cable Stacking Height in Cabling Pathways
376 14.7.2 Security
14.7.3 Separation of Power and Telecommunications Cabling
377 14.7.4 Cable Tray Support Systems
379 14.8 Backbone Cabling
14.8.1 Introduction
14.8.2 General Requirements
14.8.3 General Recommendations
14.8.4 Cabling Types
380 14.8.5 Redundant Backbone Cabling
14.8.6 Backbone Cabling Length Limitations
381 14.8.7 Centralized Cabling
Figure 14-9 Example of Centralized Cabling Topology
382 14.9 Horizontal Cabling
14.9.1 Introduction
14.9.2 Zone Outlets, Consolidation Points, and Local Distribution Points
383 14.9.3 Redundant Horizontal Cabling
14.9.4 Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling
14.9.5 Optical Fiber Cabling
384 Table 14-6 Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Channel Performance
Table 14-7 Optical Fiber Cable Performance by Type
386 14.9.6 Horizontal Cabling Length Limitations
14.9.7 Shared Sheath Guidelines
387 14.10 Cabling Installation
14.10.1 General Requirements
14.10.2 Cable Management
389 14.10.3 Bend Radius and Pulling Tension Guidelines
Table 14-8 Balanced Twisted-Pair Cable Bend Radius and Pulling Tension
390 Table 14-9 Optical Fiber Cable Bend Radius and Pulling Tension
14.10.4 Abandoned Cable
14.10.5 Cleaning of Optical Fiber Connectors
393 14.11 Field Testing Data Center Telecommunications Cabling
14.11.1 Introduction
394 14.11.2 Installation Conformance
14.11.3 100ohm Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling Field Testing
395 Figure 14-10 Permanent Link Example
Figure 14-11 Channel Model Example
396 Table 14-10 Balanced Twisted-Pair Field Testing
397 14.11.4 Optical Fiber Cabling Field Testing
399 Table 14-11 Reference Jumper Repeatability Allowance
400 Table 14-12 Common IEEE Applications Using Multimode Optical Fiber Cabling
401 Table 14-13 Common IEEE Applications Using Singlemode Optical Fiber Cabling
402 Table 14-14 Common Fibre Channel Applications Using Optical Fiber Cabling
403 14.12 Telecommunications and Computer Cabinets and Racks
14.12.1 Introduction
14.12.2 Requirements and Recommendations
Table 14-15 Alternative Cabinet and Rack Specifications
404 14.12.3 Cabinet and Rack Configurations
406 14.12.4 Cabinet Airflow and Cabling Capacity
Figure 14-12 Blanking Panels Installed in Empty RUs
Table 14-16 Example of Cabinet Depth Guidelines
407 Figure 14-13 Cabinet Aperture Opening
409 Figure 14-14 Illustration of Components for Cable Capacity Formulae
413 Table 14-17 Available Space for Calculating Cabinet Vertical Cable Capacity
414 14.12.5 Cabinet and Rack Installations
Figure 14-15 Cabinets Are Identified and Labeled
Figure 14-16 Example of Labeled Termination Ports and Equipment Cords
415 Figure 14-17 Effect Of Internal Hot Air Recirculation
Figure 14-18 How Reducing Internal Hot Air Recirculation Reduces Input Air Temperature
416 Figure 14-19 Gasket Seals Off Access Floor Tile Cutout In Vertical Cable Manager
Figure 14-20 Brush Grommet Seals Access Floor Tile Cutout
417 Figure 14-21 Illustration of Securing Cabinets and Racks on an Access Floor to a Concrete Slab Using Threaded Rod and Steel Channel
418 14.12.6 Thermal Management in Cabinets
Figure 14-22 Hot Aisle/Cold Aisle Cabinet Layout
419 Figure 14-23 Illustration of Short Depth ITE Intaking Heated Air from Exhaust
421 14.13 Telecommunications Cabling, Pathways, and Spaces Administration
14.13.1 General
422 14.13.2 Identification Conventions for Data Center Components
423 Figure 14-25 Room Grid Coordinate System Example
425 14.13.3 Records
426 14.13.4 Automated Infrastructure Management
Figure 14-26 Automated Infrastructure Management Interconnection Configuration Example
427 Figure 14-27 Automated Infrastructure Management Cross-Connection Configuration Example
429 15 Information Technology
15.1 Network Infrastructure Reliability
15.1.1 Overview
15.1.2 Network Infrastructure Availability Classes
430 Table 15-1 Tactics for Class N0 and N1
431 Table 15-2 Tactics for Class N2
432 Table 15-3 Tactics for Class N3
Table 15-4 Tactics for Class N4
435 15.2 Computer Room Layout
15.2.1 Introduction
15.2.2 Equipment Configuration for Efficiency
15.2.3 Connectivity Panel Distribution
436 Figure 15-5 Simple Connection Topology
437 Figure 15-6 Sample Zone Distribution Topology
438 15.2.4 Switch Placement
Figure 15-8 Centralized Switch Schematic
439 Figure 15-9 End-of-Row Switch Schematic
440 Figure 15-10 Top-of-Rack Switch Schematic
15.2.5 Material Storage
15.3 Operations Center
15.3.1 Monitoring of Building Systems
15.3.2 Location
441 15.3.3 Channel and Console Cabling
443 15.3.4 KVM Switches
15.4 Communications for Network Personnel
15.4.1 Wired/Wireless/Hands-Free Voice Communications
444 Figure 15-11 No Radio Zone Around Suppression Tank Room
445 15.4.2 Wireless Network for Portable Maintenance Equipment
15.4.3 Zone Paging
15.5 Network Security for Facility and IT Networks
15.5.1 Overview
446 Figure 15-12 Example of Facility & IT Network Topology
15.5.2 Requirements
447 15.5.3 Recommendations
15.6 Disaster Recovery
15.6.1 Introduction
15.6.2 Onsite Data Center Redundancy
15.6.3 Offsite Data Storage
448 15.6.4 Colocation Facility
15.6.5 Mirroring and Latency
449 15.6.6 Data Center System Failures
451 16 Commissioning
16.1 General
16.1.1 Introduction
16.2 Terminology
452 16.3 Types of Commissioning
16.3.1 New Building
453 16.3.2 Existing Building
16.4 Personnel and Responsibilities
16.4.1 Project Owner
454 16.4.2 Design Team
16.4.3 Commissioning Agent (CxA)
455 16.4.4 Contractor and Subcontractor
16.4.5 Operation and Maintenance Staff (O&M)
456 16.5 Phases of the Commissioning Process
16.5.1 Overview
16.5.2 Program Phase
Figure 16-1 General Commissioning Phases Flow Chart
457 Figure 16-2 Pre-Design Commissioning Phase Flow Chart
16.5.3 Design Phase
458 Figure 16-3 Design Commissioning Phase Flow Chart
16.5.4 Construction & Acceptance Phase
459 Figure 16-4 Construction Commissioning Phase Flow Chart
16.5.5 Occupancy and Operations Phase
460 Figure 16-5 Occupancy and Operations Commissioning Phase Flow Chart
16.6 Commissioning Documents
16.6.1 Introduction
461 Table 16-1 Commissioning Documentation Matrix
462 16.6.2 Project Requirements
463 16.6.3 Commissioning Feasibility Study
16.6.4 Project Schedule
16.6.5 Commissioning Plan
464 16.6.6 Incident Log
16.6.7 Basis of Design
16.6.8 Design Reviews
465 16.6.9 Construction Specifications for Commissioning
16.6.10 Building Operations Manual
16.6.11 Guidelines for O&M Training According to Specifications
16.6.12 List of Test Equipment and Functional Checklist
16.6.13 Compliance Data Sheets (Submittals)
466 16.6.14 System Operation and Maintenance Manuals
16.6.15 List of Equipment
16.6.16 Coordination of Systems Building Plans
16.6.17 Test Procedures
467 16.6.18 Agendas and Minutes of CxT Meetings
16.6.19 Training Plan
16.6.20 Maintenance Plan
16.6.21 Seasonal Testing Procedures
16.6.22 Commissioning Process Report
468 16.6.23 Continuous Commissioning Plan
16.7 Testing
16.7.1 Introduction
16.7.2 Functional Testing Components
16.7.3 Functional Testing Procedures
16.7.4 Testing Equipment
469 16.7.5 System Testing
16.7.6 Acceptance Testing
470 16.7.7 Electrical System Testing Example
16.8 System User Training
16.8.1 Overview
471 16.8.2 Training Schedules
16.8.3 Position or Task Training
473 17 Data Center Maintenance
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Maintenance Plans
17.2.1 Introduction
17.2.2 Maintenance Philosophies
474 17.2.3 Recommendations
475 17.2.4 Additional Information
17.3 System Maintenance
17.3.1 General Requirements and Recommendations
17.3.2 Electrical Systems Maintenance
476 17.3.3 HVAC and Mechanical Systems Maintenance
477 17.3.4 Telecommunication Cabling and Infrastructure Maintenance
17.3.5 IT Equipment and Systems Maintenance
478 17.3.6 Data Center and Building System Maintenance
17.4 Maintenance Recordkeeping
17.4.1 Recommendations
479 17.5 Service Contracts
17.5.1 Recommendations
17.5.2 Example ESS Service Contract Provisions
481 Appendix A Design Process (Informative)
A.1 Introduction
Figure A-1 Traditional A/E Design Process
482 Figure A-2 Data Center A/E Design Process
483 A.2 Project Delivery Methods
484 A.3 Facility Design Phases
486 A.4 Technology Design Phases
487 A.5 Commissioning
A.6 Data Center Documentation
488 A.7 Existing Facility Assessments
489 Appendix B Reliability and Availability (Informative)
B.1 Introduction
490 B.2 Creating MissionCritical Data Centers Overview
Figure B-1 Planning Process for a MissionCritical Facility
491 B.3 Risk Analysis
B.4 Availability
492 B.5 Determining the Data Center Availability Class
493 Figure B-2 Relationship of Factors in Data Center Services Availability Class
Table B-1 Identifying Operational Requirements: Time Available for Planned Maintenance Shutdown
494 Table B-2 Identifying Operational Availability Rating: Maximum Annual Downtime (Availability %)
495 Table B-3 Classifying the Impact of Downtime on the Mission
Table B-4 Determining Data Center Services Availability Class
B.6 Data Center Availability Classes
496 Table B-5 Tactics for Class 0
Table B-6 Tactics for Class 1
497 Table B-7 Tactics for Class 2
Table B-8 Tactics for Class 3
498 Table B-9 Tactics for Class 4
B.7 Availability Class Sub Groups
499 B.8 Reliability Aspects of Availability Planning
Figure B-3 Sample Reliability Calculation
500 Table B-10 Relationship Between Availability Percentage and Allowable Downtime
B.9 Other Factors
Figure B-4 Continuous Improvement Cycle
501 B.10 Other Reliability Alternatives
B.11 Reliability Planning Worksheet
505 Appendix C Alignment of Data Center Services Reliability with Application and System Architecture (Informative)
C.1 Overview
C.2 Application Reliability
506 Table C-1 Tactics for Class A0 and A1
Figure C-1 Class A0 and A1 Application Architecture
507 Table C-2 Tactics for Class A2
Figure C-2 Class A2 Application Architecture
508 Table C-3 Tactics for Class A3 and A4
Figure C-3 Class A3 and A4 Application Architecture
509 C.3 Data Processing and Storage Systems Reliability
Table C-4 Tactics for Class S0 and S1
510 Figure C-4 Class S0 and S1 Systems Architecture
Table C-5 Tactics for Class S2
Figure C-5 Class S2 Systems Architecture
511 Table C-6 Tactics for Class S3
Figure C-6 Class S3 Systems Architecture
512 Table C-7 Tactics for Class S4
Figure C-7 Class S4 Systems Architecture
513 Appendix D Data Center Services Outsourcing Models (Informative)
D.1 Introduction
D.2 Data Center Services Outsourcing Models
514 D.3 Data Center Services Outsourcing Model Comparison
Figure D-1 Outsourcing Model Matrix
515 D.4 Public Cloud Services
517 Appendix E Multi-Data Center Architecture (Informative)
E.1 Overview
Figure E-1 Reliability Framework Across All Service Layers
518 E.2 High Availability In-House Multi-Data Center Architecture Example
Figure E-2 Multi-Data Center Class 3 Example
519 E.3 Private Cloud Multi-Data Center Architecture Examples
Figure E-3 Multi-Data Center Class 3 Example With Three Class 2 Facilities
520 Figure E-4 Multi-Data Center Class 4 Example with Four Class 2 Facilities
521 Appendix F Examples of Testing Documentation (Informative)
F.1 Introduction
F.2 Example of PDU Testing
525 F.3 Example of UPS and Diesel Generator Testing
539 Appendix G Design for Energy Efficiency (Informative)
G.1 Introduction
Figure G-1 Example of Data Center Electricity Utilization
540 G.2 Regulatory Trends
541 G.3 Design for Efficiency
542 G.4 Efficiency Content of ANSI/BICSI 002-2019
543 Appendix H Colocation Technical Planning (Informative)
H.1 Introduction
H.2 Administrative
H.3 Floor Plan
H.4 Ceiling Height
544 H.5 Movement of Equipment
H.6 Floor Loading
H.7 Cabinets
545 H.8 Meet-Me Rooms (MMRs) / Point-of-Presence Rooms (POPs)
H.9 Cabling Between Customer Space and MMRs/POPs
546 H.10 Cabling within Cage/Suite
H.11 Power Within Computer Rooms
547 H.12 Physical Security
H.13 Storage and Staging
H.14 Loading Dock
H.15 Work Rules and Procedures
549 Appendix I Edge Data Centers (Informative)
I.1 Introduction
Figure I-1 Example of an Edge Data Center
550 Radio and Access Edge Data Centers
Figure I-3 Establishment Based EDCs
552 I.2 Planning for the Edge Data Center (EDC) Facility
I.3 Edge Data Center Power
554 I.4 Cooling Edge Data Centers
555 I.5 Communication Cabling
I.6 Security, Fire Protection and Building Automation.
557 Appendix J Alternate Means of Disconnect for EPOs (Informative)
J.1 Introduction
J.2 NEC Article 645
J.3 Compliant Alternate Means
558 Figure J-1 Example of an Alternate Means of Disconnect Control Panel
Figure J-2 Example of an Alternate Means of Disconnect Deactivation Switch with Status Lamp
559 Appendix K Liquid Cooling Systems (Informative)
K.1 Overview
K.2 Liquid Cooling System Types
560 Figure K-1 Diagram of Single Phase Direct-To-Chip Liquid Cooling
Figure K-2 Diagram of Two-Phase Direct-To-Chip Liquid Cooling
561 Figure K-3 Diagram of Single Phase Immersion Liquid Cooling
562 Figure K-4 Diagram of Two-Phase Immersion Liquid Cooling
563 Figure K-5 Diagram of a Single Phase Immersion Liquid Cooling Chassis
Figure K-6 Diagram of a Single Phase Spray Liquid Cooling
564 Figure K-7 Diagram of a Two- Phase Spray Liquid Cooling
K.3 Recommendations of Liquid Cooling Systems
566 K.4 Monitoring & Control Systems
K.5 Heat Rejection Systems
567 Figure K-8 Diagram of Liquid Cooling Heat Rejection Types and Location of Elements
568 K.6 Recommendations for Heat Rejection Types
K.7 Maintenance of Liquid Cooling Systems
569 K.8 Benefits of Liquid Cooling Systems
570 K.9 Applications of Liquid Cooling Systems
K.10 Additional Information
571 Appendix L Related Documents (Informative)

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