BS 6164:2019 – TC
$280.87
Tracked Changes. Health and safety in tunnelling in the construction industry. Code of practice
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| BSI | 2019 | 492 |
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 1 | compares BS 6164:2019 |
| 2 | TRACKED CHANGES Text example 1 — indicates added text (in green) |
| 9 | Summary of pages |
| 10 | Publishing information Supersession Information about this document Use of this document |
| 11 | Presentational conventions Contractual and legal considerations Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. |
| 12 | 1 Scope 2 Normative references Standards publications Standards publications |
| 16 | Other publications |
| 17 | 3 Terms and definitions 4 The control of risk 4.1 From hazard identification to safe systems of work 4.1.1 General |
| 18 | 4.1.2 Devising safe systems of work 4.2 Planning for contingencies and emergencies (see Clause 14) |
| 19 | 4.3 Types of accidents |
| 20 | 4.4 Occupational health and welfare 4.4.1 Health surveillance 4.4.2 Control of residual occupational health risks |
| 21 | 4.4.3 Provision of information |
| 25 | 4.4.4 Record keeping 4.4.5 Washing facilities and potable water 4.4.6 Mitigation measures 4.4.6.1 Noise 4.4.6.2 Manual handling 4.4.6.3 Work-related upper limb disorders 4.4.6.4 Hand–arm vibration syndrome |
| 30 | 4.4.6.5 Heat stress and exhaustion 4.4.6.6 Skin problems 4.4.6.7 Dust (including respirable crystalline silica) 4.4.6.8 Diesel engine exhaust emissions (DEEEs) 4.4.6.9 Fatigue |
| 32 | 4.4.6.10 Shift length 5 Investigation and information gathering 5.1 General 5.2 Preliminary studies 5.2.1 Topography |
| 33 | 5.2.2 Geology and hydrogeology 5.2.3 Hydrology 5.2.4 Existing structures, services, old workings and unexploded ordnanceordinance |
| 34 | 5.2.5 Weather 5.3 Project-specific studies 5.3.1 General 5.3.2 Boreholes |
| 35 | 5.3.3 Information logging |
| 36 | 5.3.4 Geophysical investigation 5.3.5 Surface survey 5.3.6 Subsurface survey 5.3.7 Structural survey |
| 37 | 5.3.8 Groundwater tests 5.3.9 Gas 5.3.10 Blasting trials |
| 38 | 5.4 Ground investigation during construction 5.4.1 General 5.4.2 Probing ahead 5.4.3 Pilot tunnel |
| 39 | 6 Detailed planning for health and safety 6.1 Integral nature of design and construction 6.2 Pre-construction stage organization 6.3 Construction stage 6.3.1 Organization |
| 40 | 6.3.2 Statutory controls 6.3.3 Supervision and, inspection and RESS meetings 6.3.4 Temporary works |
| 41 | 6.3.5 Records and reports 6.3.6 Recruitment of project personnel 6.3.7 Competence and training 6.3.7.1 Competence |
| 42 | 6.3.7.2 Information and training 6.3.8 Personal protective equipment 6.3.8.1 General 6.3.8.2 Head protection |
| 43 | 6.3.8.3 Foot protection 6.3.8.4 Hand protection 6.3.8.5 Eye protection 6.3.8.6 Whole-body protection 6.3.8.7 Respiratory protection 6.3.8.8 Hearing protection 6.3.8.9 Self-rescuers 6.3.9 First aid provision and procedures 6.3.9.1 General |
| 44 | 6.3.9.2 First aid facilities 6.3.9.3 First aid rooms 6.3.9.4 First aid training 6.3.9.5 Stretchers 6.3.9.6 Ambulances 6.3.9.7 Transport underground |
| 45 | 6.4 Safety of permanent and temporary works 6.4.1 General 6.4.2 Design checks 6.4.3 Ground support works |
| 46 | 6.4.4 Organization 6.4.5 Management of temporary works |
| 47 | 6.4.6 Technical considerations 6.4.7 Category 0 and 1 checks 6.4.8 Category 2 and 3 checking 6.4.8.1 Competence of the checker |
| 48 | 6.4.8.2 Scope of the independent check 6.4.8.3 Information to be supplied to the checker 6.4.8.4 Checking process 6.4.8.5 Output from the check 6.4.8.6 Resolution of disagreements 6.4.9 Records and reports |
| 49 | 6.4.10 Peer review 6.5 Recruitment of project personnel 6.6 Competence 6.6.1 Skills, knowledge, experience and training 6.6.2 Information and training |
| 50 | 6.7 Personal protective equipment 6.7.1 General 6.7.2 Head protection 6.7.3 Foot protection 6.7.4 Hand protection |
| 51 | 6.7.5 Eye protection 6.7.6 Whole-body protection 6.7.7 Respiratory protection 6.7.8 Hearing protection 6.7.9 Self-rescuers 6.8 First aid provision and procedures 6.8.1 General |
| 52 | 6.8.1.1 First aid facilities 6.8.2 First aid rooms 6.8.3 First aid training 6.8.4 Stretchers 6.8.5 Ambulances 6.8.6 Transport underground |
| 53 | 7 Excavation and control of ground supportmovement 7.1 General 7.1 Management of risk in the tunnel construction process 7.2 Basic principles |
| 54 | 7.3 Ground movement control 7.3.1 General |
| 55 | 7.3.2 Settlement control – Mechanized tunnelling 7.3.3 Compensation grouting |
| 56 | 7.4 Ground characteristics 7.4.1 General 7.4.2 Granular soil 7.4.2.1 General 7.4.2.2 Sand and gravel 7.4.3 Cohesive soil 7.4.3.1 General |
| 57 | 7.4.3.2 Clay 7.4.3.3 Silt 7.4.3.4 Chalk |
| 58 | 7.4.3.5 Rock 7.4.4 Made ground and contaminated ground |
| 59 | 7.5 Indicative methods of tunnelling 7.5 Tunnel excavation 7.5.1 General 7.5.2 Machinery used in tunnelling 7.6 Methods of excavation and spoil removal 7.6.1 General 7.6.2 Mechanized tunnelling, including machines for pipe jacking and microtunnelling |
| 60 | 7.6.3 Conventional tunnelling 7.6.4 Hand excavation 7.6 Tunnelling machines 7.6.1 Open-faced shields |
| 61 | 7.6.2 Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) 7.6.2.1 General 7.6.2.2 Slurry machines NOTE On most machines, head access is through an airlock. 7.6.2.3 Earth-pressure balance machines 7.6.2.4 Rock TBMs |
| 62 | 7.6.2.5 Ground support for mechanised tunnelling 7.6.3 Non-shield tunnelling 7.7 Control of ground movement when tunnelling in soft ground without a segmental lining 7.7.1 Construction risks |
| 63 | 7.7.2 Initial support and profile control of SCL tunnels 7.7.3 Sprayed concrete 7.7.3.1 General 7.7.3.2 Safety precautions |
| 64 | 7.7.3.3 Health precautions 7.7.3.4 Water proofing 7.8 Tunnelling machines 7.8.1 Open-faced shields 7.8.1.1 General |
| 65 | 7.8.2 Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) 7.8.2.1 General 7.8.2.2 Slurry machines 7.8.2.3 Earth-pressure balance machines (EPBs) |
| 66 | 7.8.2.4 Hard-rock TBMs 7.8.2.5 Segment-erection equipment 7.8 Tunnelling in rock 7.8.1 Excavation techniques 7.8.1.1 Rock TBM 7.8.1.2 Drill-and-blast |
| 67 | 7.8.1.3 Roadheaders and other part face machines 7.8.2 Control of ground movement 7.8.2.1 Steel arches and packing |
| 68 | 7.8.2.2 Sprayed concrete 7.8.3 Rock bolting 7.9 Conventional tunnelling in rock 7.9.1 Excavation techniques 7.9.1.1 Drill-and-blast |
| 69 | 7.9.1.2 Roadheaders and other part face machines 7.9.2 Steel arches and packing 7.9.2.1 General 7.9.2.2 Two-part arches |
| 70 | 7.9.2.3 Large or multi-part arches and frames 7.9.2.4 Steel lattice ribs 7.9.2.5 Support between arches 7.9.3 Rock bolting 7.9 Hand excavation, headings and small tunnels 7.9.1 General |
| 71 | 7.9.2 Hand excavation 7.9.3 Hand-driven segmentally lined tunnel without a shield 7.9.4 Timber headings 7.9.5 Back filling |
| 72 | 7.9.6 Escape and rescue 7.9.7 Ventilation of small tunnels 7.10 Compressed air 7.10 Pipe and box jacking 7.10.1 Pipe jacking 7.10.2 Control of ground movement 7.10.3 Box jacking |
| 73 | 7.11 Geotechnical processes for ground improvement and water management 7.11.1 Freezing 7.11.1.1 General 7.11.1.2 Brine 7.11.1.3 Liquid nitrogen |
| 74 | 7.11.2 Ground injection |
| 75 | 7.11.3 Dewatering 7.11.4 Depressurization 7.11 Soil conditioners |
| 76 | 7.12 Small headings and small tunnels 7.12.1 General |
| 77 | 7.12.2 Hand-driven segmental lined tunnel without a shield 7.12.3 Timber headings 7.12.4 Back filling 7.12.5 Rescue and escape 7.12.6 Ventilation |
| 78 | 7.13 Pilot tunnels 7.14 Pipe and box jacking 7.14.1 Pipe jacking 7.14.2 Box jacking |
| 79 | 7.15 Soil conditioners and lubricants 7.16 Settlement control – Mechanized tunnelling |
| 80 | 7.17 Compensation grouting |
| 81 | 7.18 Pipe arches and spiles 8 Permanent support 8.1 General 8.2 In-situ linings 8.2.1 Primary lining 8.2.2 Secondary lining |
| 82 | 8.3 Prefabricated linings 8.3.1 General 8.3.2 Segments |
| 83 | 8.3.3 Transportation and erection |
| 84 | 8.3.4 Jacking pipes and boxes 8.3.4.1 Jacking pipes 8.3.4.2 Jacking boxes 8.3.5 Grouting behind the lining |
| 85 | 8.4 Construction of openings 8.5 Monitoring of loads and deformation 8.5.1 General |
| 86 | 8.5.2 Inclined shafts and escalator shafts 9 Management of groundwater 9.1 Control of groundwater 9.1.1 General |
| 87 | 9.1.2 External dewatering 9.1.3 Impermeable cover 9.1.4 Ground freezing 9.1.5 Ground treatment 9.1.6 Slurry and earth-pressure balance machines 9.1.7 Compressed air 9.1.8 Controlled inflow 9.2 Handling of groundwater 9.2.1 Tunnel gradient |
| 88 | 9.2.2 Sumps 9.2.3 Pumping capacity 9.2.4 Subdrains 9.2.5 Handling water under compressed air 9.2.6 Watertightness of lining 9.1.1 General |
| 90 | 9.1.2 Dewatering, depressurization and control of groundwater |
| 91 | 9.1.3 Impermeable cover 9.2 Geotechnical processes for water management and ground improvement 9.2.1 Ground freezing 9.2.1.1 General |
| 92 | 9.2.1.2 Liquid nitrogen 9.2.2 Ground injection |
| 93 | 9.3 Compressed air 9.4 Drilling through the tunnel lining for dewatering, ground treatment or freezing |
| 94 | 9.5 Risk from groundwater on entry to cutterhead 9.5.1 General 9.5.2 Controlled inflow 9.6 Handling of groundwater 9.6.1 Tunnel gradient 9.6.2 Sumps 9.6.3 Pumps 9.6.4 Pumping capacity |
| 95 | 9.6.5 Subdrains 9.6.6 Handling water under compressed air 9.6.7 Waterproofing of the lining 10 Inundation 10.1 General 10.2 Inundation at the tunnel face 10.2.1 Identification of risk |
| 96 | 10.2.2 Precautions 10.2.3 Shaft protection 10.2.4 Precautions when flooding threatens |
| 97 | 10.3 Remedial action 10.4 Flooding of the tunnel from a shaft or adjoining tunnel 10.4.1 Identification of flood risk |
| 98 | 10.4.2 Shaft protection 10.4.3 Precautions when flooding threatens 10.4.4 Remedial action 10.5 Precautions when drilling |
| 99 | 10.2 Reliance on geological information 10.3 Other potential sources of flooding 10.4 Precautions for probe drilling 10.5 Inundation during shaft and portal construction |
| 100 | 10.6 Inundation of a tunnel constructed with open faces (including backshunts and foreshunts) 10.7 Inundation during Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) launch 10.8 Inundation via the TBM during operation 10.9 Inundation during face inspections of closed face TBMs 10.10 Dealing with inundation |
| 101 | 11 Compressed-air working 11.1 Structural considerations 11.1.1 General 11.1.2 Maximum working pressure 11.1.3 Ground strength 11.1.4 Bulkheads for airlocks in tunnel linings |
| 102 | 11.2 Physical effects of compressed air 11.2.1 Hydrostatic balance 11.2.2 Supporting pressure 11.2.3 Ground loading 11.2.4 Consequence of a blow-out |
| 103 | 11.2.5 Behaviour in permeable non-cohesive ground 11.2.6 Air losses 11.2.7 Depressurizing of working chamber |
| 104 | 11.1 Physical effects of compressed air 11.1.1 Hydrostatic balance 11.1.2 Supporting pressure |
| 105 | 11.1.3 Ground loading 11.1.4 Consequence of a blow-out 11.1.5 Behaviour in permeable non-cohesive ground |
| 106 | 11.1.6 Minimizing air losses 11.1.7 Depressurizing of working chamber 11.2 Structural considerations 11.2.1 General 11.2.2 Maximum working pressure |
| 107 | 11.2.3 Check on ability of ground to withstand air pressure 11.2.4 Bulkheads for airlocks in shaft or tunnel linings 11.3 Shaft sinkingconstruction under compressed air (see also Clause 20) 11.3.1 General |
| 108 | 11.3.2 UnderpinningShaft sinking 11.3.2.1 General 11.3.2.2 Caisson construction 11.3.2.3 Access |
| 109 | 11.4 TBMs and compressed air 11.4.1 General 11.4.2 TBM with pressurized plenumexcavation chamber 11.4.3 Entire TBM in pressurized atmosphere |
| 110 | 11.4.4 Repairs to the front face of a TBM cutterhead 11.5 Air supply 11.5.1 Quality 11.5.2 Quantity 11.5.3 Compressed-air plant |
| 111 | 11.5.4 Deoxygenated air 11.6 Bulkheads, airlocks and associated compressed-air equipment 11.6.1 Design and construction 11.6.2 Testing of the installation |
| 112 | 11.7 Fires and rescue in compressed air 11.7.1 Special hazards |
| 113 | 11.7.2 Fire at timbered face 11.7.3 Fire-fighting equipment 11.7.4 Special training |
| 114 | 11.7.5 Methane 11.7.6 Rescue when shaft sinking with using vertical airlocks 11.7.7 Rescue in tunnel and from machines 11.7.8 Self-rescuers 11.8 Inundation 11.8.1 Precautions |
| 115 | 11.8.2 Escape 11.9 High pressure compressed air 12 MethaneExplosive atmospheres 12.1 General |
| 116 | 12.2 Occurrence |
| 117 | 12.3 Explosion characteristics |
| 118 | 12.4 Detection and monitoring |
| 119 | 12.5 Danger levels 12.6 Sources of ignition |
| 120 | 12.7 Explosion protection (see also 12.5) 12.8 Work in potentially explosive atmospheres |
| 121 | 12.5 Action levels 12.6 Re-entry procedures 12.7 Sources of ignition |
| 122 | 12.8 Explosion protection (see also 12.5) |
| 123 | 12.9 Work in potentially explosive atmospheres 12.10 Other explosive gases 12.11 Methane occurrence on TBMs 12.12 Methane occurrence in slurry plant 12.13 Flammable dust |
| 124 | 13 Fire and smoke 13.1 Storage of materials 13.1.1 General 13.1.2 Combustible materials Table 4 Provision of fire extinguishing equipment |
| 125 | Table 5 Portable fire extinguishing equipment 13.1.3 Flammable liquids 13.1.4 Compressed gases 13.1.5 Handheld blowpipes |
| 126 | 13.1.6 Lighting fixtures 13.1.7 Accumulation of refuse 13.1.8 Low flammability hydraulic fluid 13.2 Welding and cutting (burning) 13.2.1 General 13.2.2 Electric arc welding and cutting |
| 127 | 13.3 Fires involving electrical equipment 13.4 Fire precautions 13.4.1 General 13.4.2 Fire mains and hose connections 13.4.3 Fire extinguishing systems |
| 128 | 13.4.4 Routine testing and maintenance of fire protection equipment 13.5 Vulnerable items and locations 13.6 Escape routes 13.1 Sources of fuel and ignition 13.1.1 General requirements |
| 129 | 13.1.2 Smoking 13.1.3 Combustible materials |
| 130 | 13.1.4 Flammable liquids |
| 131 | 13.1.5 Compressed gas cylinders 13.1.6 Lighting fixtures 13.1.7 Accumulation of refuse 13.1.8 Plant and equipment |
| 132 | 13.1.9 Resins, waterproofing materials and other chemicals 13.1.10 Explosives 13.1.11 Other fuel sources |
| 133 | 13.2 Welding and cutting (burning) 13.2.1 General 13.2.2 Handheld blowpipes 13.2.3 Electric arc welding and cutting |
| 134 | 13.3 Fire precautions 13.3.1 General 13.3.2 Fire mains and hose connections 13.3.3 Fire suppression and smoke control systems 13.3.4 Routine testing and maintenance of fire protection equipment 13.4 Fires involving electrical equipment |
| 135 | 13.5 Water spray curtain 14 Response to emergencies 14.1 Escape routes 14.114.2 Emergency services and operational capacity |
| 136 | 14.214.3 Emergency control facilities 14.2.114.3.1 Control rooms |
| 137 | 14.2.214.3.2 Bridgeheads 14.314.4 Raising the alarm 14.414.5 Alarm procedures 14.4.114.5.1 Consultation and planning |
| 138 | 14.4.214.5.2 Action at point of discovery of an incident 14.4.314.5.3 Action on receiving the alarm 14.514.6 Site training |
| 139 | 14.614.7 Access 14.714.8 Lighting 14.814.9 Smoke control 14.914.10 Rescue facilities 14.1014.11 Self-rescuers |
| 140 | 14.1114.12 Accounting for personnel |
| 141 | 14.1214.13 Refuge chamber |
| 142 | 14.14 Escape and rescue in small tunnels 14.15 Response to inundation risk |
| 143 | 14.16 Recovery of the situation following inundation 15 Ventilation 15.1 General |
| 145 | 15.2 Guidelines for fresh air supply quantities |
| 146 | 15.3 Quality of air |
| 147 | 15.4 Dangerous gases 15.4.1 General 15.4.2 Simple asphyxiants |
| 148 | 15.4.3 Atmospheric contaminants most commonly encountered in tunnelling 15.4.3.1 Carbon monoxide (CO) 15.4.3.2 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 15.4.3.3 Nitrogen oxides |
| 149 | Table 6 Summary of most commonly encountered atmospheric contaminants |
| 150 | 15.4.3.4 Methane (CH4) and other hydrocarbon gases 15.4.3.5 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) 15.4.3.6 Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 15.4.3.7 Cutting and welding gases |
| 151 | 15.4.3.8 Fumes from cutting and welding 15.4.3.9 Petrol/diesel vapours 15.4.3.10 Ammonia 15.4.3.11 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 15.4.3.12 Other toxic gases 15.4.3.13 Alarm settings for atmospheric monitoring equipment |
| 152 | 15.4.4 Limits for potentially explosive gases where no specific guidance is given 15.4.5 Radon |
| 153 | 15.4 Atmospheric monitoring 15.4.1 Monitoring equipment 15.4.2 Alarm settings for atmospheric monitoring equipment |
| 154 | 15.4.3 Limits for potentially explosive gases where no specific guidance is given 15.5 Unoccupied tunnels and stagnant areas |
| 155 | 15.6 Cooling 15.6 Hazardous gases 15.6.1 General 15.6.2 Simple asphyxiant |
| 156 | 15.6.3 Atmospheric contaminants commonly encountered in tunnelling 15.6.3.1 Carbon monoxide (CO) 15.6.3.2 Carbon dioxide (CO ) 15.6.3.3 Nitrogen oxides |
| 160 | 15.6.3.4 Methane (CH ) and other hydrocarbon gases 15.6.3.5 Hydrogen sulfide (H S) 15.6.3.6 Sulfur dioxide (SO ) |
| 161 | 15.6.3.7 Cutting and welding gases 15.6.3.8 Petrol and diesel in tunnels 15.6.3.9 Ammonia 15.6.3.10 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 15.6.3.11 Other toxic gases |
| 162 | 15.6.4 Radon 15.7 Ventilation systems and plant 15.7.1 General |
| 163 | 15.7.2 Supply ventilation 15.7.3 Extraction ventilation |
| 164 | 15.7.4 Alternating ventilation 15.7.5 Overlap systems 15.7.6 Controlled recirculation techniques 15.7.7 Other systems 15.7.8 Siting of fans 15.7.9 Earthing 15.7.10 Methane in duct |
| 165 | 15.7 Ventilation systems and plant 15.7.1 General 15.7.2 Characteristics of ventilation systems 15.7.3 Supply or forced ventilation |
| 166 | 15.7.4 Extraction ventilation 15.7.5 Overlap systems 15.7.6 Methane in the extraction airflow |
| 167 | 15.7.7 Controlled recirculation techniques 15.7.8 Alternating ventilation 15.7.9 Other systems 15.7.10 Siting of fans 15.7.11 Earthing and static electrical charge |
| 168 | 15.7.12 Material properties of ducts 15.8 Ventilation in drill and blast tunnelling 15.9 Cooling through ventilation 15.10 Ventilation of shafts 16 Dust 16.1 General |
| 169 | 16.2 Sources of dust 16.2.1 General 16.2.2 Asbestos 16.3 Effects of dust 16.3.1 Physical effects 16.3.2 Physiological effects of mineral dusts |
| 170 | 16.3.3 Occupational exposure standards 16.4 Sampling 16.5 Control and removal of dust 16.6 Respiratory protective equipment |
| 171 | 16 Dust, particulates and other contaminants 16.1 Importance of dust control 16.2 Effects of dust 16.2.1 Control of primary and secondary exposure |
| 172 | 16.2.2 Occupational health outcomes from mineral dust exposure 16.2.3 Silica as a carcinogen 16.2.4 Effects of mineral dust exposure on safety |
| 173 | 16.3 Exposure limits for dust 16.4 Sampling 16.5 Control and removal of dust 16.5.1 Control by water 16.5.2 Control by ventilation |
| 174 | 16.6 Respiratory protective equipment (RPE) 16.7 Asbestos 16.8 Diesel particulate matter (DPM) |
| 175 | 16.9 Fumes from cutting and welding 16.10 Spray-applied membranes 16.11 Other ground contaminants 16.11.1 General 16.11.2 Desk studies and ground investigation |
| 176 | 16.11.3 Total petroleum hydrocarbon residues 16.11.4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 16.11.5 Polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs) 16.11.6 Volatile organic compounds 16.11.7 Heavy metals 16.11.8 Respiratory protection equipment |
| 177 | 16.12 Heat strain 17 Quality of illumination 17.1 General 17.2 Level of lighting |
| 178 | 17.3 Type of lighting 17.4 Siting of luminaires 17.5 Emergency lighting |
| 179 | NOTE 2 As flames, smoke and hot gases tend to build up in 17.6 Fire hardening of wiring Where shown necessary by the tunnel crown inrisk assessment, the event of a fire, damage to wiring for the main and/or emergency lighting installation can be minimized by locating it below crown level. 17.617. 7 Hand lamps and cap lamps |
| 180 | 17.8 High visibility clothing 18 Operating communications 18.1 General 18.2 Communication systems 18.2.1 General 18.2.2 Communications with locomotive and other vehicle drivers |
| 181 | 18.2.3 Requirements for communications systems 18.2.218.2.4 Precautions where explosives are in use 18.2.318.2.5 Use of mobile phones underground |
| 182 | 18.3 Signals 18.3.1 General 18.3.2 Audible signals 18.3.3 Visual signals 18.4 Closed-circuit television (CCTV) |
| 183 | 18.5 Emergency response 19 Noise and vibration 19.1 General |
| 184 | 19.2 Noise emission and exposure 19.2.1 General 19.2.2 Tunnel face 19.2.3 Access routes 19.2.4 Noise sources |
| 185 | 19.2.5 Noise reduction 19.2.6 Communication 19.3 Vibration 19.3.1 General |
| 186 | 19.3.2 Vibration emission and vibration exposure 19.3.2.1 Level of vibration 19.3.2.2 Whole-body vibration exposure 19.3.2.3 Level of hand–arm vibration exposure 20 Shafts, pits and piles 20.1 General |
| 187 | 20.2 Design |
| 188 | 20.3 Shaft sinking 20.3.1 Construction techniques 20.3.1.1 General 20.3.1.2 Underpinning 20.3.1.3 Caisson construction |
| 189 | 20.3.1.4 Shafts with pre-installed linings 20.3.1.5 Drill-and-blast 20.3.1.6 Raise bored shafts 20.3.2 Shafts under construction |
| 190 | 20.3.3 Inclined shafts and escalator shafts 20.3.4 Transport systems for downhill drives 20.3.4.1 Monorail 20.3.4.2 Invert rail mounted system |
| 191 | 20.3 Locating shafts 20.4 Disused shafts 20.4.1 Permanently disused 20.4.2 Temporarily disused 20.4 Safety considerations relating to shaft construction 20.4.1 Working and storage space |
| 192 | 20.4.2 Mechanical excavation of shafts 20.4.3 Shafts as confined spaces 20.4.4 Ground stabilization techniques 20.4.5 Deep shafts 20.4.6 Minimum shaft diameter 20.5 Tunnel eye |
| 193 | 20.5 Shaft construction techniques and operation 20.5.1 Underpinning 20.5.2 Caisson construction |
| 194 | 20.5.3 Piled shafts 20.5.4 Diaphragm walls |
| 195 | 20.5.5 Drill-and-blast shafts 20.5.6 Raise bored shafts 20.5.7 Mechanized shaft sinking 20.5.8 Small diameter shafts as piles |
| 196 | 20.6 Shaft top layout 20.6 Lifting in shafts |
| 197 | 20.7 Personnel access |
| 198 | 20.7 Protective structures in shafts 20.8 Communication 20.8 Pit bottom safety 20.9 Plant safety 20.10 Services in shafts 20.11 Inclined shafts and escalator shafts 20.12 Transport systems for inclined shafts 20.12.1 General |
| 199 | 20.12.2 Monorail 20.12.3 Invert rail-mounted system 20.12.4 Rubber-tyred or tracked vehicles |
| 200 | 20.13 Disused shafts 20.13.1 Permanently disused 20.13.2 Temporarily disused 20.14 Tunnel eye 20.15 Removal of temporary rings and panels of d-walls |
| 201 | 20.16 Shaft top layout 20.17 Personnel access |
| 202 | 20.18 Communication 21 Lifting equipment and operations 21.1 GeneralLift plan 21.2 Cranes 21.2.1 General |
| 203 | 21.2.121.2.2 Cranes at shaftshafts 21.2.221.2.3 Clearances 21.2.321.2.4 Long loads or complex lifting operations |
| 204 | 21.2.421.2.5 Lifting accessories 21.3 Winches 21.4 Materials hoists 21.5 Communication |
| 205 | 21.6 CarriageLifting of persons 21.6.1 General 21.6.2 Use of crane |
| 206 | 21.6.3 Use of hoist 21.6.4 Injured persons 21.6.2 Construction hoists 21.6.3 MEWPs 21.6.4 Personnel riding cage 21.6.5 Alternative personnel egress 21.6.6 Injured persons |
| 207 | 21.6.7 Other lifting plant – forklift or telehandler 21.7 Arch and mesh installation 21.8 Lifting with excavators 21.9 Visual and/or audible alarms 22 Access 22.1 Walkways |
| 208 | 22.2 Stair and ladder towers 22.222.3 Access for maintenance |
| 209 | 22.322.4 Gradients 22.422.5 Temporary tunnels 22.522.6 Working at height in tunnels and shaftsshaft 22.6.1 General |
| 210 | 22.6.2 MEWPs 23 Transport and loading Materials handling systems 23.1 Rail haulage 23.1.1 General |
| 211 | 23.1.2 Track 23.1.2.1 General |
| 212 | 23.1.2.2 Crossings, passing bays and work platforms 23.1.2.3 Track inspection and maintenance |
| 213 | 23.2 Operational considerations 23.2.1 General 23.2.2 Rack and pinion systems |
| 214 | 23.2.3 Roles for personnel 23.1.223.2.4 ClearancesPedestrian separation 23.2.5 Driver containment |
| 215 | 23.1.323.2.6 Propelling 23.1.423.2.7 Locomotives 23.1.4.123.2.7.1 General |
| 216 | 23.1.4.2 Fuelling 23.1.4.3 Battery locomotives 23.1.4.4 Locomotives with external current collection 23.1.4.5 Potentially explosive atmospheres |
| 217 | 23.1.5 Rolling stock 23.1.6 Couplings and buffers 23.1.7 Track |
| 218 | 23.1.8 Winch haulage 23.2 Rubber-tyred vehicles |
| 219 | 23.3 Crawler-tracked vehicles 23.4 Tyred skips or trolleys in pipe jacking 23.5 Conveyors 23.5.1 Belt conveyors |
| 220 | 23.5.2 Belt weighers 23.5.3 Vertical conveyors 23.2.7.2 Diesel locomotives – emissions |
| 221 | 23.2.7.3 Diesel locomotives – fuelling 23.2.7.4 Battery powered vehicles 23.2.7.5 Electric locomotives with external current collection 23.2.7.6 Potentially explosive atmospheres |
| 222 | 23.2.8 Rolling stock 23.2.8.1 General 23.2.8.2 Muck cars and skips 23.2.8.3 Shuttle cars 23.2.8.4 Materials transport |
| 223 | 23.2.8.5 Personnel carriers (man-riders) 23.2.8.6 Rolling stock–brakes and brake systems 23.2.8.7 Rolling stock – air brakes |
| 224 | 23.2.8.8 Maintenance and inspection 23.2.9 Couplings and buffers |
| 225 | 23.3 Conveyors 23.3.1 Belt conveyors |
| 226 | 23.3.2 Conveyor support structures 23.3.3 Belt weighers 23.3.4 Vertical and sub-vertical conveyors |
| 227 | 23.623.4 Slurry pumpingtransport systems 23.6.123.4.1 GeneralSystem components 23.6.2 The mixing system 23.6.3 The slurry pumping system |
| 228 | 23.6.4 The piping network 23.6.5 Intervention procedures 23.6.6 General operating procedures |
| 229 | 23.6.7 Slurry separation 23.6.8 Personal protective equipment 23.7 Tipping and disposal 23.4.2 Operating procedures |
| 230 | 23.4.3 Mixing and separation plant 23.4.4 Chemical storage 23.4.5 Slurry pumping system |
| 231 | 23.4.6 The piping network |
| 232 | 23.4.7 Intervention procedures – slurry TBMs 23.5 Personal protective equipment 23.6 Other haulage methods 23.6.1 Vehicle haulage 23.6.2 Winch haulage |
| 233 | 23.6.3 Tyred skips or trolleys in pipe jacking 23.7 Adits and inclines 23.8 Storage and disposal of excavated material 24 Tunnel plant 24.1 General 24.2 Pneumatic plant |
| 234 | 24.3 Hydraulically operated plant 24.4 Internal combustion engines 24.4.1 Diesel engines |
| 235 | 24.4.2 Petrol engines 24.4.3 Siting of engines 24.5 Concreting plant 24.5.1 Concrete pumps 24.5.2 Shotcrete plant 24.6 Water drainage pumps |
| 236 | 24.7 Drilling and piling rigs 24.7.1 General 24.7.2 Operation 24.7.3 Specific recommendations for drill rigs 24.8 Grouting equipment |
| 237 | 24 Tunnel plant 24.1 General 24.1.1 Safe system of work 24.1.2 Fire suppression 24.1.3 Static plant 24.1.4 Underground use |
| 238 | 24.1.5 Hired plant 24.1.6 Operator competence 24.1.7 Visibility aids 24.1.8 Cabs 24.1.9 Driver restraint 24.1.10 Isolation of power |
| 239 | 24.2 Separation of vehicles and pedestrians 24.3 Rubber-tyred free-steered vehicles 24.4 Crawler tracked plant 24.5 Pneumatically-powered plant and equipment |
| 240 | 24.6 Hydraulically operated plant or equipment 24.7 Electrically-powered plant and equipment 24.8 Internal combustion engines 24.8.1 Diesel engines |
| 241 | 24.8.2 Petrol engines 24.9 Battery power 24.9.1 Lead acid batteries 24.9.2 Lithium batteries |
| 242 | 24.10 Concreting plant 24.10.1 Concrete pumping 24.10.2 Shotcreting |
| 243 | 24.10.3 Cleaning pumping lines 24.11 Water drainage pumps 24.12 Drilling and piling rigs 24.12.1 General 24.12.2 Operation |
| 244 | 24.12.3 Specific recommendations for drill rigs 24.13 Grouting equipment |
| 245 | 24.14 Earthmoving plant 24.15 MEWPs 25 Electrical 25.1 Planning, management and control of the electrical system |
| 246 | 25 Electrical 25.1 Company and site management hierarchy |
| 247 | 25.2 Planning, management and control of the electrical system 25.3 The management system 25.4 Training and competence |
| 248 | 25.5 Safe system of work 25.225.6 Mains supply connection |
| 249 | 25.325.7 Site installations 25.3.125.7.1 General 25.3.225.7.2 Voltage 25.3.2.125.7.2.1 High voltage 25.3.2.225. 7.2.2 Low voltage |
| 250 | 25.3.2.325.7.2.3 Reduced low voltage 25.3.2.425.7.2.4 Extra low voltage 25.3.325.7.3 Fault ratings 25.3.425.7.4 Earthing 25.3.4.125.7.4.1 General |
| 251 | 25.3.4.225.7.4.2 System earthing 25.3.4.325.7.4.3 Circuit protective conductors 25.3.4.425.7.4.4 Lightning and static electricity protection 25.3.4.525.7.4.5 Protection of circuits against electrical shock, short circuit and overcurrent |
| 252 | 25.3.525.7.5 Residual current devices (RCDs) 25.3.5.125.7.5.1 General 25.3.5.225.7.5.2 RCD sensitivity and discrimination |
| 253 | 25.3.625.7.6 Waterproofing and, dustproofing, vibration, mechanical stress and impact protection |
| 254 | 25.3.725.7.7 Flammable or potentially explosive atmospheres |
| 255 | 25.3.825.7.8 Explosion-protected equipment in compressed air 25.425.8 Cables 25.4.125.8.1 General |
| 256 | 25.4.225.8.2 Power supply cables 25.4.3 Trailing and flexible cables |
| 257 | 25.4.4 Fire risks involving cables 25.4.5 Installation of cables 25.4.6 Joints |
| 258 | 25.8.3 Trailing and flexible cables 25.8.4 Control systems cables |
| 259 | 25.8.5 Storage of cables 25.8.6 Installation of cables 25.8.7 Reuse of cables 25.8.8 Fire risk associated with cables |
| 260 | 25.8.9 Cable reeling drums 25.9 Joints and terminations 25.9.1 General |
| 261 | 25.9.3 Pipe jacking operations 25.4.725.9.4 Cable terminations 25.4.825.9.5 Location of electrical equipment when explosives are being used 25.525.10 Transformers and switchgear in tunnels 25.5.125.10.1 Standard types of transformers |
| 262 | 25.5.225.10.2 Siting of transformers 25.5.325.10.3 Switchgear |
| 263 | 25.625.11 Electrical plugs and sockets 25.725.12 Lighting installations 25.7.125.12.1 General 25.7.225.12.2 Voltages 25.7.325.12.3 Luminaires |
| 264 | 25.7.425.12.4 Lighting cables 25.7.525.12.5 Emergency lighting 25.825.13 Electric motors 25.8.125.13.1 Types 25.8.225.13.2 Motor control and protection |
| 265 | 25.8.325.13.3 Emergency stops 25.925.14 Laser products 25.9.125.14.1 General 25.9.225.14.2 Class 2 laser products 25.9.325.14.3 Class 3A laser products |
| 266 | 25.9.425.14.4 Use of laser products 25.15 Generators 25.15.1 General 25.15.2 Standby generators 25.15.3 Earthing 25.15.4 Bunding of tanks |
| 267 | 26 Maintenance, renovation and repair 26.1 General 26.2 Asset management |
| 268 | 26.3 Preparation for renovation or repair 26.3.1 Desk study 26.3.2 Site investigation 26.3.3 Design |
| 269 | 26.3.4 Information to be included in tender documents 26.3.5 Preparation of a safe system of work 26.4 On-site procedures for renovation and repair 26.4.1 Documents to be held on site 26.4.2 Emergency procedures 26.4.3 Ventilation and testing for gases |
| 270 | 26.4.4 Fire precautions 26.5 Work in shafts 26.5.1 General 26.5.126.5.2 Lifting operations 26.5.226.5.3 Environment 26.5.326.5.4 Access control 26.5.426.5.5 Working platforms |
| 271 | 26.6 Temporary works 26.7 Record of work |
| 272 | StandardStandards publications Standards publications |
| 273 | Other publications |
| 285 | Foreword |
| 287 | 1 Scope 2 Normative references |
| 292 | 3 Terms and definitions 4 The control of risk 4.1 From hazard identification to safe systems of work |
| 293 | 4.2 Planning for contingencies and emergencies (see Clause 14) |
| 294 | 4.3 Types of accidents 4.4 Occupational health and welfare |
| 296 | Table 1 — Accidents – Indicative examples of cause and prevention (not in order of priority) |
| 299 | Table 2 — Principal occupational health hazards |
| 303 | 5 Investigation and information gathering 5.1 General 5.2 Preliminary studies |
| 305 | 5.3 Project‑specific studies |
| 309 | 5.4 Ground investigation during construction |
| 310 | 6 Detailed planning for health and safety 6.1 Integral nature of design and construction 6.2 Pre‑construction stage organization 6.3 Construction stage |
| 311 | 6.4 Safety of permanent and temporary works |
| 316 | 6.5 Recruitment of project personnel 6.6 Competence |
| 318 | 6.7 Personal protective equipment |
| 319 | 6.8 First aid provision and procedures |
| 321 | 7 Excavation and control of ground movement 7.1 Management of risk in the tunnel construction process 7.2 Basic principles |
| 322 | 7.3 Ground movement control |
| 323 | 7.4 Ground characteristics |
| 326 | 7.5 Tunnel excavation 7.6 Tunnelling machines |
| 329 | 7.7 Control of ground movement when tunnelling in soft ground without a segmental lining |
| 331 | 7.8 Tunnelling in rock |
| 333 | 7.9 Hand excavation, headings and small tunnels |
| 335 | 7.10 Pipe and box jacking |
| 336 | 7.11 Soil conditioners Table 3 — Soil conditioners |
| 337 | 8 Permanent support 8.1 General 8.2 In‑situ linings |
| 338 | 8.3 Prefabricated linings |
| 340 | 8.4 Construction of openings |
| 341 | 8.5 Monitoring of loads and deformation |
| 342 | 9 Management of groundwater 9.1 Control of groundwater |
| 345 | 9.2 Geotechnical processes for water management and ground improvement |
| 347 | 9.3 Compressed air 9.4 Drilling through the tunnel lining for dewatering, ground treatment or freezing 9.5 Risk from groundwater on entry to cutterhead |
| 348 | 9.6 Handling of groundwater |
| 349 | 10 Inundation 10.1 General 10.2 Reliance on geological information 10.3 Other potential sources of flooding |
| 350 | 10.4 Precautions for probe drilling 10.5 Inundation during shaft and portal construction 10.6 Inundation of a tunnel constructed with open faces (including backshunts and foreshunts) |
| 351 | 10.7 Inundation during Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) launch 10.8 Inundation via the TBM during operation 10.9 Inundation during face inspections of closed face TBMs 10.10 Dealing with inundation 11 Compressed‑air working |
| 352 | 11.1 Physical effects of compressed air |
| 354 | 11.2 Structural considerations |
| 356 | 11.3 Shaft construction under compressed air (see also Clause 20) |
| 357 | 11.4 TBMs and compressed air |
| 358 | 11.5 Air supply |
| 359 | 11.6 Bulkheads, airlocks and associated compressed‑air equipment |
| 360 | 11.7 Fires and rescue in compressed air |
| 363 | 11.8 Inundation 11.9 High pressure compressed air 12 Explosive atmospheres 12.1 General |
| 364 | 12.2 Occurrence |
| 365 | 12.3 Explosion characteristics 12.4 Detection and monitoring |
| 367 | 12.5 Action levels 12.6 Re-entry procedures Table 4 — Action level summary table 12.7 Sources of ignition |
| 368 | 12.8 Explosion protection (see also 12.5) |
| 369 | 12.9 Work in potentially explosive atmospheres 12.10 Other explosive gases 12.11 Methane occurrence on TBMs 12.12 Methane occurrence in slurry plant |
| 370 | 12.13 Flammable dust 13 Fire and smoke 13.1 Sources of fuel and ignition |
| 371 | Table 5 — Provision of fire extinguishing equipment |
| 372 | Table 6 — Portable fire extinguishing equipment |
| 374 | 13.2 Welding and cutting (burning) |
| 376 | 13.3 Fire precautions |
| 377 | 13.4 Fires involving electrical equipment 13.5 Water spray curtain 14 Response to emergencies 14.1 Escape routes 14.2 Emergency services and operational capacity |
| 378 | 14.3 Emergency control facilities |
| 379 | 14.4 Raising the alarm |
| 380 | 14.5 Alarm procedures |
| 381 | 14.6 Site training 14.7 Access 14.8 Lighting 14.9 Smoke control 14.10 Rescue facilities |
| 382 | 14.11 Self‑rescuers 14.12 Accounting for personnel |
| 383 | 14.13 Refuge chamber 14.14 Escape and rescue in small tunnels 14.15 Response to inundation risk |
| 384 | 14.16 Recovery of the situation following inundation 15 Ventilation 15.1 General |
| 386 | 15.2 Guidelines for fresh air supply quantities |
| 387 | 15.3 Quality of air 15.4 Atmospheric monitoring |
| 388 | Table 7 — Alarm settings and responses |
| 389 | 15.5 Unoccupied tunnels and stagnant areas 15.6 Hazardous gases |
| 392 | Table 8 — Summary of most commonly encountered atmospheric contaminants |
| 397 | 15.7 Ventilation systems and plant |
| 400 | 15.8 Ventilation in drill and blast tunnelling |
| 401 | 15.9 Cooling through ventilation 15.10 Ventilation of shafts 16 Dust, particulates and other contaminants 16.1 Importance of dust control 16.2 Effects of dust |
| 403 | 16.3 Exposure limits for dust |
| 404 | 16.4 Sampling 16.5 Control and removal of dust |
| 405 | 16.6 Respiratory protective equipment (RPE) 16.7 Asbestos 16.8 Diesel particulate matter (DPM) |
| 406 | 16.9 Fumes from cutting and welding 16.10 Spray-applied membranes 16.11 Other ground contaminants |
| 408 | 16.12 Heat strain 17 Quality of illumination 17.1 General 17.2 Level of lighting |
| 409 | Table 9 — Mean lighting levels 17.3 Type of lighting |
| 410 | 17.4 Siting of luminaires 17.5 Emergency lighting |
| 411 | 17.6 Fire hardening of wiring 17.7 Hand lamps and cap lamps 17.8 High visibility clothing 18 Operating communications 18.1 General |
| 412 | 18.2 Communication systems |
| 413 | 18.3 Signals |
| 414 | 18.4 Closed‑circuit television (CCTV) 18.5 Emergency response |
| 415 | 19 Noise and vibration 19.1 General 19.2 Noise emission and exposure |
| 417 | 19.3 Vibration |
| 418 | 20 Shafts, pits and piles 20.1 General |
| 419 | 20.2 Design 20.3 Locating shafts 20.4 Safety considerations relating to shaft construction |
| 421 | 20.5 Shaft construction techniques and operation |
| 424 | 20.6 Lifting in shafts |
| 425 | 20.7 Protective structures in shafts 20.8 Pit bottom safety 20.9 Plant safety |
| 426 | 20.10 Services in shafts 20.11 Inclined shafts and escalator shafts 20.12 Transport systems for inclined shafts |
| 427 | 20.13 Disused shafts |
| 428 | 20.14 Tunnel eye 20.15 Removal of temporary rings and panels of d-walls 20.16 Shaft top layout |
| 429 | 20.17 Personnel access |
| 430 | 20.18 Communication 21 Lifting equipment and operations 21.1 Lift plan 21.2 Cranes |
| 432 | 21.3 Winches 21.4 Materials hoists 21.5 Communication |
| 433 | 21.6 Lifting of persons |
| 434 | 21.7 Arch and mesh installation |
| 435 | 21.8 Lifting with excavators 21.9 Visual and/or audible alarms 22 Access 22.1 Walkways |
| 436 | 22.2 Stair and ladder towers 22.3 Access for maintenance |
| 437 | 22.4 Gradients 22.5 Temporary tunnels 22.6 Working at height in tunnels and shaft 23 Materials handling systems 23.1 Rail haulage |
| 440 | 23.2 Operational considerations |
| 448 | 23.3 Conveyors |
| 450 | 23.4 Slurry transport systems |
| 453 | 23.5 Personal protective equipment |
| 454 | 23.6 Other haulage methods 23.7 Adits and inclines 23.8 Storage and disposal of excavated material |
| 455 | 24 Tunnel plant 24.1 General |
| 457 | 24.2 Separation of vehicles and pedestrians 24.3 Rubber-tyred free-steered vehicles |
| 458 | 24.4 Crawler tracked plant 24.5 Pneumatically-powered plant and equipment 24.6 Hydraulically operated plant or equipment |
| 459 | 24.7 Electrically-powered plant and equipment 24.8 Internal combustion engines 24.9 Battery power |
| 460 | 24.10 Concreting plant |
| 462 | 24.11 Water drainage pumps 24.12 Drilling and piling rigs |
| 463 | 24.13 Grouting equipment |
| 464 | 24.14 Earthmoving plant 24.15 MEWPs 25 Electrical 25.1 Company and site management hierarchy |
| 465 | 25.2 Planning, management and control of the electrical system 25.3 The management system 25.4 Training and competence |
| 466 | 25.5 Safe system of work 25.6 Mains supply connection |
| 467 | 25.7 Site installations |
| 471 | Table 10 — Earth leakage protection |
| 473 | 25.8 Cables |
| 476 | 25.9 Joints and terminations |
| 477 | 25.10 Transformers and switchgear in tunnels |
| 479 | 25.11 Electrical plugs and sockets 25.12 Lighting installations |
| 480 | 25.13 Electric motors |
| 481 | 25.14 Laser products |
| 483 | 25.15 Generators 26 Maintenance, renovation and repair 26.1 General 26.2 Asset management |
| 484 | 26.3 Preparation for renovation or repair |
| 486 | 26.4 On‑site procedures for renovation and repair 26.5 Work in shafts |
| 487 | 26.6 Temporary works 26.7 Record of work |
| 488 | Bibliography |
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BS 6164:2019
Health and safety in tunnelling in the construction industry. Code of practice Published By Publication…
