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BS 6700:2006+A1:2009

BS 6700:2006+A1:2009

$165.47

Design, installation, testing and maintenance of services supplying water for domestic use within buildings and their curtilages Specification

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2009 146
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PDF Pages PDF Title
3 Contents
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Terms and definitions 6
4 Materials 10
5 Design considerations 15
6 Installation 76
7 Maintenance 100
Annexes
Annex A (informative) Legal issues 106
Annex B (informative) Examples of pumped systems 109
Annex C (informative) Guidance on the calculation of hot water storage capacity 116
Annex D (informative) Pipe sizing calculations 118
Bibliography 136
List of figures
Figure 1 – Example of pipework for installation of water softener 21
Figure 2 – Locations of stopvalves in blocks of flats with separate supply pipes to each flat 28
Figure 3 – Locations of stopvalves in blocks of flats supplied from a common supply pipe 29
Figure 4 – Example of an external meter installation 33
Figure 5 – Recommended meter installation inside building 34
Figure 6 – Choice of hot water system 36
Figure 7 – Example of a direct (vented) system 40
Figure 8 – Example of an indirect (vented) system 41
Figure 9 – Example of an indirect unvented (vented primary) system 42
Figure 10 – Example of an indirect unvented (sealed primary) system 43
Figure 11 – Typical examples of pipes entering buildings 64
Figure 12 – Accessibility of pipework 69
Figure 13 – Clear space needed above storage cisterns 71
Figure 14 – Directions of thrusts developed in a pipeline due to internal pressure 84
Figure 15 – Recommended positions of notches and holes in timber beams and joists 90
Figure 16 – Pressure testing of plastic pipe systems – Test procedure A 98
Figure 17 – Testing of plastic pipe systems – Test procedure B 99
Figure 18 – Sealing off redundant pipes 105
Figure B.1 – Indirect boosting from break cistern to storage cistern 111
Figure B.2 – Indirect boosting with pressure vessel 112
Figure B.3 – Direct boosting 113
Figure B.4 – Direct boosting with header and duplicate storage cisterns 115
Figure D.1 – Conversion of loading units to design flow rate 120
Figure D.2 – Determination of pipe diameter – Water at 10 ĀŗC 122
4 Figure D.3 – Head loss through stopvalves 125
Figure D.4 – Head loss through float-operated valves 126
Figure D.5 – Example of pipe sizing for hot and cold water services, low pressure system 130
Figure D.6 – Example of pipe sizing for hot and cold water services, mains pressure system 131
List of tables
Table 1 – Recommended minimum storage of cold water for domestic purposes (hot and cold outlets) 24
Table 2 – British Standards for stopvalves 27
Table 3 – Design flow rates 58
Table 4 – Calculated minimum thickness of insulation to protect copper pipes fixed inside premises for domestic cold water systems 65
Table 5 – Calculated minimum thickness of insulation to protect copper pipes fixed inside premises against freezing for commercial and institutional applications 66
Table 6 – Examples of insulating materials 66
Table 7 – Maximum recommended lengths of uninsulated hot water pipes 74
Table 8 – Maximum permitted rates of energy loss from pipes 74
Table 9 – Jointing of copper tube and stainless steel tube 79
Table 10 – Thrust per bar internal pressure 85
Table 11 – Bearing capacity of soils 85
Table 12 – Maximum spacing of fixing for internal piping 87
Table C.1 – Minimum sizes of storage vessel for case 1 118
Table C.2 – Minimum sizes of storage vessel for case 2 118
Table D.1 – Loading units – Hot or cold supply 121
Table D.2 – Typical loss of pressure through UK low resistance taps and equivalent pipe lengths 123
Table D.3 – Typical equivalent pipe lengths (copper, plastics and stainless steel) 123
Table D.4 – Example of pipe sizing calculations for cold water services 132
Table D.5 – Example of pipe sizing calculations for cold water services (mains supplied) 134
Table D.6 – Example of pipe sizing calculations for cold water services (mains supplied) 135
5 Foreword
7 1 Scope
2 Normative references
12 3 Terms and definitions
3.1 backflow
3.2 building
13 3.3 cavity wall
3.4 chase
3.5 cistern
3.6 combined feed and expansion cistern
3.7 composite fitting
3.8 contamination
3.9 cover
3.10 direct hot water supply system
3.11 distributing pipe
3.12 duct
3.13 dwelling
14 3.14 expansion valve
3.15 flushing cistern
3.16 indirect hot water supply system
3.17 inspection access point
3.18 overflow pipe
3.19 pressure relief valve
3.20 primary circuit
3.21 removable fastenings
3.22 RPZ valve
3.23 secondary circuit
3.24 secondary system
3.25 servicing valve
15 3.26 sleeve
3.27 stopvalve
3.28 storage cistern
3.29 tap size designations
3.30 temperature relief valve
3.31 terminal fitting
3.32 tundish
3.33 vent pipe
3.34 walkway crawlway
3.35 warning pipe
3.36 tank
16 4 Materials
4.1 Choice of material
a) effect on water quality;
b) vibration, stress or settlement;
c) internal water pressure;
d) internal and external temperatures;
e) internal and external corrosion;
f) compatibility of different materials;
g) ageing, fatigue, durability and other mechanical factors;
h) permeation.
17 4.2 Lead
4.3 Copper
18 4.4 Copper alloys
4.5 Stainless steel
4.6 Steel
19 4.7 Plastics
20 4.8 Coating and lining materials
4.9 Elastomeric materials
21 5 Design considerations
5.1 Initial procedures
5.1.1 Preliminary investigations
a) the water supplierā€™s requirements, including those of notification;
b) the estimated daily consumption and the maximum and average flow rates required, together with the estimated time of peak flow;
c) the location of the available supply;
d) the quality, quantity and pressure required and the available pressures at various times during a typical day;
e) the cold water storage capacity required;
f) the likelihood of ground subsidence due to mining activities or any other reason;
g) the likelihood of contamination of the site;
h) transient or surge pressures that might arise during the operation of the system.
5.1.2 Design
22 5.1.3 Extensions
5.1.4 Water mains
5.1.5 Private supply
5.1.6 Ground movement
23 5.1.7 Assessment of the site for contamination
5.1.8 Pipework external to the building
a) The underground service pipe should be laid at right angles to the main and be laid in approximately straight lines to facili…
b) Where access for repair might be difficult, consideration should be given to the provision of some form of duct or sleeve.
24 c) Consideration should be given to the possibility of future contamination from hydrocarbons (petrol/diesel/heating oil) or from any other possible contaminants through permeation.
d) Where possible pipes should be laid in continuous lengths avoiding unnecessary joints.
5.1.9 Design consultation
25 5.2 Cold water services
5.2.1 General
27 Figure 1 Example of pipework for installation of water softener
5.2.2 Type of system
a) water quality is assured by not being kept in storage;
b) smaller pipes may be used in most cases except for the service pipe which might need to be larger than the supply pipe to a storage cistern;
c) the higher pressure that is usually available is more suitable for instantaneous type shower heaters, hose taps and for mixer fittings used in conjunction with a high pressure (unvented) hot water supply;
d) where single outlet mixer fittings are used measures to prevent backflow will be necessary when used in conjunction with a low pressure (vented) hot water supply.
e) A pumped supply pipe might be necessary due to lack of pressure.
28 1) availability of a reserve of water for use in case of interruption of the mains supply;
2) additional protection of the mains from contamination;
3) reduced risk of water-hammer and reduced noise from outlets, but additional noise generated by the float-operated valve controlling the water supply to the cistern;
4) a constant low pressure with reduced risk of leakage and which is suitable for mixer fittings in conjunction with low pressur…
5) risk of frost damage;
6) space occupied and cost of storage cistern, structural support and additional pipework;
7) need to ensure that the cistern is continuously protected against the ingress of any contaminant.
5.2.2.2 Systems in buildings other than dwellings
5.2.2.3 Pumped systems
29 5.2.3 Storage cisterns
5.2.3.1 General
a) fitted with a rigid, close fitting and securely fixed cover which is not airtight but excludes light and insects from the cis…
b) fitted with a screened air inlet
c) where necessary, lined or coated with a material suitable for use in contact with drinking water;
d) insulated against heat and frost;
e) supplied from a supply pipe from the water supplierā€™s mains or from a pump drawing water from a cistern which is also a watertight closed vessel similarly equipped and supplied as above;
f) when of capacity greater than 1 000 l, so constructed that the interior can be readily inspected and cleaned, and the inlet c…
g) provided with warning and overflow pipes, as appropriate (see 5.2.4), which are constructed and arranged to exclude insects.
a) the need to prevent stagnation by ensuring that water is held in storage for as short a time as possible; and
b) the requirements of any associated water-using fittings and appliances, particularly where supply interruptions could cause damage to property or inconvenience to the consumer.
30 Table 1 Recommended minimum storage of cold water for domestic purposes (hot and cold outlets)
31 a) conform to BS 1212, parts 1, 2, 3 or 4 and be used with a float conforming to BS 1968 or BS 2456 of the correct size corresponding to the length of the lever arm and the water supply pressure; or
b) where any other float-operated valve or other level control device is used, conform to the minimum performance requirements o…
32 5.2.3.2 Large storage system cisterns
a) Where required, to avoid interruption of the water supply, storage shall be provided by a system of split compartments or multiple cisterns to facilitate repairs or maintenance.
b) A washout pipe with the valve incorporated as close as practicable to the cistern shall not be connected to a drain but may b…
5.2.4 Warning and overflow pipes
a) For capacities up to 5 000 l the lowest overflow pipe shall be a warning pipe.
b) For capacities over 5 000 l, either the lowest overflow pipe shall be a warning pipe, or a device shall be fitted that indica…
33 5.2.5 Stopvalves
Table 2 British Standards for stopvalves
34 Figure 2 Locations of stopvalves in blocks of flats with separate supply pipes to each flat
35 Figure 3 Locations of stopvalves in blocks of flats supplied from a common supply pipe
5.2.6 Servicing valves
36 5.2.7 Draining taps
37 5.2.8 Revenue meter installations
5.2.8.1 General
5.2.8.2 Meters
5.2.8.3 Bonding
38 5.2.8.4 External installations
39 Figure 4 Example of an external meter installation
40 5.2.8.5 Internal meters
Figure 5 Recommended meter installation inside building
41 5.2.9 Non-revenue meters
5.3 Hot water services
5.3.1 General principles
5.3.2 Choice of system
42 Figure 6 Choice of hot water system
43 5.3.3 Gas-fired water heaters in rooms containing a bath or shower
5.3.4 Water-jacketed tube heaters
5.3.5 Storage-type hot water systems
5.3.5.1 Choice of vented or unvented system
a) Vented systems: vented domestic hot water service systems are fed with cold water from a storage cistern which is situated ab…
b) Unvented systems: unvented systems can be supplied from a storage cistern, either directly or through a booster pump, but usu…
2) Systems depend upon pressure continuity and the hot water flow cannot be guaranteed if pressures fall.
3) In unvented systems supplied from a supply pipe the absence of a storage cistern can reduce the risk of frost damage to property and removes the source of refill, or float-operated valve noise.
44 4) The safety aspects of unvented, storage-type hot water systems are subject to the requirements of the Building Regulations [4…
5.3.5.2 Storage water heaters
5.3.5.3 Storage vessel with electric immersion heater
5.3.5.4 Boiler heated hot water systems
45 5.3.5.5 Direct and indirect systems
46 Figure 7 Example of a direct (vented) system
47 Figure 8 Example of an indirect (vented) system
48 Figure 9 Example of an indirect unvented (vented primary) system
49 Figure 10 Example of an indirect unvented (sealed primary) system
5.3.5.6 Domestic hot water primary circuits
50 5.3.5.7 Double feed and single feed primary circuits
a) the cylinder shall conform to BS 1566-2 and shall be installed in accordance with the cylinder and appliance manufacturersā€™ instructions;
b) where the primary circuit is pumped, the static head of the system shall be in excess of the maximum pump head;
c) no corrosion inhibitor or additive shall be introduced into the primary circuit;
d) the recommendations of the manufacturers of the boiler and the radiators as to the suitability of their products for use in this system shall be followed.
51 5.3.6 Supplementary water heating and independent summer water heating
5.3.7 Water heating by solar energy and ground source heat pumps
5.3.8 Secondary distribution systems
52 5.3.9 System components
5.3.9.1 Cold feed pipe
5.3.9.2 Open vent pipe
a) the energy supply to each heater under thermostatic control;
b) the energy supply to each heater fitted with a temperature-operated manually reset energy cut-out independent of the thermostatic control; and
c) a temperature relief valve in accordance with BS 6283-2, or a combined temperature and pressure relief valve in accordance with BS EN 1490, e.g. as required by BS 7206 and BS EN 60335-2-21.
53 5.3.9.3 Hot water storage vessels
5.3.9.4 Cisterns and expansion vessels
54 5.3.9.5 Boilers
55 5.3.9.6 Circulating pump
5.3.9.7 Valves and taps
5.3.9.8 Safety devices
5.3.10 Instantaneous hot water heaters
56 5.4 Prevention of bursting
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Water heaters
57 5.4.3 Energy controls and safety devices
a) Vented systems:
2) except where water in a vented system is heated by a boiler fired by solid fuel as specified in 5.1b) of BS 5449:1990, the energy supply to each heater or store shall be under thermostatic control;
3) a means of dissipating the power input under temperature fault conditions shall be provided in the form of an adequate vent (not less than 19 mm internal diameter) to atmosphere;
4) i) in a gas fuelled system, the energy supply to each heater shall be fitted with a temperature operated, manually reset ener…
58 5) no water in the primary circuit of a single feed indirect hot water storage vessel, under normal operating conditions shall mix with water in the secondary circuit.
b) Unvented systems containing 15 l or less storage capacity:
2) the energy supply to each heater shall be fitted with a temperature operated manually reset energy cut-out independent of the thermostatic control; and
3) i) in those cases where it is a requirement of BS EN 60335-2-21, electric storage water heaters shall be fitted with a means …
c) Unvented systems greater than 15 l storage capacity of stored domestic water
All controls and safety devices shall be factory fitted by the manufacturer. Thermostats, temperature operated energy cut-outs a…
2) the energy supply to each heater shall be fitted with a temperature operated manually reset energy cut-out independent of the…
d) Unvented water jacketed tube heaters greater than 15 l storage capacity:
59 2) the energy supply to each heater shall be fitted with a temperature-operated non-self-resetting thermal cut-out independent of the thermostatic; and
3) a means of dissipating the power input under temperature fault conditions shall be provided in the form of a temperature reli…
a) be located directly on the storage vessel, such that, nowhere in the system, does the temperature of the stored water exceed 100 ĖšC; and
b) only discharge water at below its operating temperature when subjected to a pressure at least 0.5 bar greater than the maximum working pressure in the vessel to which they are fitted.
60 a) discharge through a readily visible air gap over a tundish located in the same room or internal space and vertically as near as possible and in any case within 500 mm of the point of outlet of the valve; and
b) be of suitable material; and
c) discharge from the tundish through a vertical drop outlet and thereafter be laid to a self draining gradient; and
d) shall discharge external to the building at a safe and visible location.
61 a) a hot water storage system that has storage vessel with a capacity of 15 l or less;
b) a system providing space heating only;
c) a system which heats or stores water for the purposes only of an industrial process.
5.4.4 Pressure control
62 a) allowing expansion water to travel back along the feed pipe, provided that heated water cannot reach any communication pipe o…
b) providing an expansion vessel, in accordance with BS 6144, or an integral air space, to accommodate expansion water where rev…
5.4.5 Maintenance of water level
63 5.5 Pipe sizing
64 Table 3 Design flow rates
5.6 Preservation of water quality
5.6.1 General
65 a) by materials in contact with the water being unsuitable for the purpose;
b) as a result of backflow of water from water fittings, or water using appliances, into pipework connected to mains or to other fittings and appliances;
c) by cross-connection between pipes conveying water supplied by the water supplier with pipes conveying water from some other source;
d) by stagnation, particularly at high temperatures;
e) installed in such position or pass through such surroundings that is likely to cause contamination or damage to the fitting or the water supplied.
5.6.2 Prevention of contact of water with unsuitable materials of construction
66 5.6.3 Prevention of contamination of drinking water by legionella
a) stagnation of water in pipes, cisterns and other storage vessels;
b) water temperatures in the range of 20 ĖšC to 45 ĖšC;
c) use of materials that can harbour or provide nutrient for bacteria and other organisms, inside cisterns;
d) installation of fittings where there is a potential for aerosol formation.
a) hot water services where the volume of hot water in the system exceeds 300 l; and
b) cold and hot water services irrespective of size in premises where occupants are particularly susceptible, such as health care premises.
67 5.6.4 Prevention of contamination by backflow
5.6.4.1 General
5.6.4.2 Secondary or zone backflow protection
a) where it is necessary to prevent backflow between separately occupied premises; or
b) where the water supplier deems it is needed for the whole or part of any premises.
68 5.7 Maintenance of water temperature within the system
5.7.1 General
a) ice formation in pipework and fittings;
b) heating of cold supply pipes;
c) condensation;
d) thermal stresses.
a) insulation;
b) trace heating tapes; or
c) local heating; and
d) adequate protection to prevent damage from any other cause including the environment they pass through.
69 1) external locations above ground;
2) unheated spaces;
3) positions near a window, air brick or other ventilator, external door or any other place where cold draughts are likely to occur;
4) a chase or duct formed in an external wall.
5.7.2 Protection of water pipes and fittings
5.7.2.1 Underground pipes
5.7.2.2 Pipes entering buildings
70 Figure 11 Typical examples of pipes entering buildings
71 5.7.2.3 Pipes and fittings inside buildings
5.7.3 Insulation
Table 4 Calculated minimum thickness of insulation to protect copper pipes fixed inside premises for domestic cold water systems
72 Table 5 Calculated minimum thickness of insulation to protect copper pipes fixed inside premises against freezing for commercial and institutional applications
Table 6 Examples of insulating materials
73 5.7.4 Local and trace heating
5.7.5 Drainage of system to prevent frost damage
5.8 Accessibility of pipes and water fittings
5.8.1 General
a) Purpose for which the building is to be used: importance of aesthetic considerations; consequences of leakage from inaccessible parts of the pipework; whether or not the system will be subject to routine inspection and maintenance.
74 b) The increase or decrease in capital or maintenance costs arising from the provision of improved accessibility: ease of formin…
c) The pipework materials and jointing methods: reliability of joints; resistance to both internal and external corrosion; flexibility of pipe when inserted in curved ducts or sleeves.
75 Figure 12 Accessibility of pipework
76 5.8.2 Pipes passing through walls and floors
5.8.3 Underground stopvalves
5.8.4 Accessibility of above ground valves
5.8.5 Cisterns
77 Figure 13 Clear space needed above storage cisterns
78 5.9 Water economy and energy conservation
5.9.1 General
5.9.2 Water economy
5.9.2.1 Leakage
5.9.2.2 WC flushing
5.9.2.3 Urinal flushing
a) a manual or automatically operated cistern; or
b) a pressure flushing valve directly connected to a supply or distributing pipe which is designed to flush the urinal, either m…
79 1) 10 l/h per urinal bowl for a cistern serving a single urinal bowl; or
2) 7.5 l/h per urinal bowl or position or, as the case might be, for each 700 mm width of urinal slab for a cistern serving two or more urinals; or
3) where a pressure flushing valve is installed, 1.5 litres per bowl or position each time the device is operated.
5.9.2.4 Waste plugs
5.9.2.5 Self-closing taps
5.9.2.6 Washing troughs and fountains
5.9.2.7 Spray taps and aerators
80 5.9.3 Energy conservation
5.9.3.1 Hot water storage
Table 7 Maximum recommended lengths of uninsulated hot water pipes
Table 8 Maximum permitted rates of energy loss from pipes
81 5.9.3.2 Scale control
82 5.9.3.3 Pumping of cold water
6 Installation
6.1 Work on site
6.1.1 Handling of materials
6.1.1.1 General
6.1.1.2 Bending of pipes
83 6.1.2 Joining of pipes
6.1.2.1 General
a) installed in the ground or passes through or under any wall footing or foundation;
b) embedded in a wall or solid floor;
c) enclosed in a chase or duct;
d) in a position where access is difficult.
6.1.2.2 Copper pipes
84 6.1.2.3 Steel pipes
85 6.1.2.4 Stainless steel pipes
Table 9 Jointing of copper tube and stainless steel tube
86 6.1.2.5 Unplasticized PVC pipes
a) Part 1 and reference shall be made to CP 312 (all parts); and
b) Part 2 for jointing methods.
6.1.2.6 Polyethylene pipes
6.1.2.7 Polybutylene pipes
87 6.1.2.8 ABS pipes
6.1.3 Connections between different materials
6.1.3.1 Above ground pipework
6.1.3.2 Below-ground pipework
88 6.1.4 Joining pipes to cisterns and tanks
6.1.4.1 General
6.1.4.2 Steel pipes to steel or glass reinforced cisterns and tanks
6.1.4.3 Copper or plastics pipe to steel, or glass reinforced plastics cisterns and tanks
6.1.4.4 Concrete cisterns and tanks
6.1.4.5 Thermoplastics cisterns
89 6.1.5 Underground pipe laying
6.1.5.1 General
6.1.5.2 Trench excavations
6.1.5.3 Trench backfilling
6.1.5.4 Ingress of dirt
6.1.5.5 Hydrocarbon permeation risk
6.1.5.6 Protective coatings
90 6.1.5.7 Restraint of pipes
Figure 14 Directions of thrusts developed in a pipeline due to internal pressure
91 Table 10 Thrust per bar internal pressure
Table 11 Bearing capacity of soils
6.1.5.8 Valve chambers and surface boxes
6.1.6 Branch connections for buildings
6.1.6.1 Contamination
92 6.1.6.2 Building entry
6.1.7 Pipework in buildings
6.1.7.1 Allowance for thermal movement
6.1.7.2 Spacings for pipe fixings
6.1.7.3 Fixings for copper and stainless steel pipe
6.1.7.4 Fixings for steel pipe
6.1.7.5 Fixings for iron pipe
6.1.7.6 Fixings for plastics pipes
6.1.7.7 Fixings for insulated piping
93 6.1.7.8 Concealed piping
Table 12 Maximum spacing of fixing for internal piping
94 Table 12 Maximum spacing of fixing for internal piping (continued)
95 6.1.7.9 Piping passing through structural timbers
6.1.7.10 Clearance of structural members
6.1.7.11 Penetration of fire walls and floors
6.1.8 Electrical bonding
96 6.1.9 Taps
Figure 15 Recommended positions of notches and holes in timber beams and joists
97 6.1.10 Flushing and disinfection
6.1.10.1 Flushing
6.1.10.2 Disinfection
a) in new installations (except private dwellings occupied by a single family);
b) where major extensions or alterations have been carried out;
c) where underground pipework has been installed (except where localized repairs only have been carried out or junctions have been inserted [see 6.1.10.6]);
d) where it is suspected that contamination might have occurred, e.g. fouling by sewage, drainage, animals or physical entry by site personnel for interior inspection, painting or repairs;
e) where a system has not been in regular use and not regularly flushed.
98 6.1.10.3 Safety
6.1.10.4 Disinfection procedure
99 6.1.10.5 Cisterns with internal coatings
100 6.1.10.6 Localized repairs
6.1.11 Identifying and recording piping locations
6.1.11.1 Location of pipes and valves
6.1.11.2 Identification of above ground piping
a) water piping shall be self-coloured or colour banded in accordance with BS 1710;
b) every supply pipe and every pipe for supplying water solely for fire fighting purposes shall be clearly and indelibly marked to distinguish them from each other and from every other pipe in the building.
c) rainwater, recycled water or any fluid other than water supplied by a water undertaker; or
d) any fluid that is not drinking water;
6.1.11.3 Record drawings
101 6.1.11.4 Identification of valves and cisterns installed above ground
6.1.12 Inspection testing and commissioning of installations
6.1.12.1 Procedure
a) interim tests: as soon as practicable after completion of the particular section, with particular attention to all work which will be concealed;
b) final tests: to be carried out on completion of all work on the water system and prior to handing over.
102 6.1.12.2 Inspection
6.1.12.3 Hydraulic testing
104 a) Fill the system slowly with drinking water to allow air to be expelled from the system. Raise (or lower) the pressure in the …
b) Test the installation hydraulically by subjecting the pipes, pipe fittings and connected appliances to a test pressure of not…
c) Reduce the pressure in the pipework by bleeding water from the system to one third of the previous test pressure. The test is passed if there is no visible leakage of water and the pressure is maintained for 45 minutes.
Figure 16 Pressure testing of plastic pipe systems – Test procedure A
105 a) Fill the system slowly with drinking water to allow air to be expelled from the system. Apply the required test pressure by p…
b) Note the pressure after a further 30 min. If the pressure drop is less than 60 kPa (0.6 bar), the system can be considered to have no obvious leakage.
c) Visually check for leakage and monitor for 120 min. The test criteria are met if the pressure drop in the system is less than 20 kPa (0.2 bar).
Figure 17 Testing of plastic pipe systems – Test procedure B
106 6.1.12.4 Connection to water supply system
7 Maintenance
7.1 Maintenance procedures
107 7.2 General
7.2.1 Inspection
7.2.2 Preventative maintenance
7.2.3 Waste prevention
7.2.4 Water analysis
108 7.2.5 Earthing and bonding
7.2.6 Water temperatures
7.2.7 Cleaning and disinfection
a) if the system, or part of it, has been substantially altered or opened for maintenance purposes in a manner which could lead to contamination;
b) following an outbreak or suspected outbreak of legionellosis.
a) for both the cold and hot water system, as described in 6.1.10; and
b) for the hot water system only, by thermal disinfection procedures. (See HS ACOP L8 [5].)
7.3 Pipework
7.3.1 Fixings and supports
7.3.2 Joints
109 7.3.3 Compatibility
7.3.4 Corrosion
7.3.5 Thermal insulation and fire stopping
7.4 Terminal fittings, valves and meters
110 7.5 Cisterns
7.6 Ducts
111 7.7 Vessels under pressure
7.8 Disconnection of unused pipes and fittings
Figure 18 Sealing off redundant pipes
112 Annex A (informative) Legal issues
A.1 Building regulations
A.1.1 England and Wales
113 A.1.2 Scotland
A.1.3 Northern Ireland
A.2 Water regulations and water byelaws
A.2.1 England and Wales
114 A.2.2 Scotland
A.2.3 Northern Ireland
A.3 The New Roads and Street Works Act 1991
115 A.4 The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
Annex B (informative) Examples of pumped systems
B.1 Introduction
a) indirect boosting to storage cistern;
b) indirect boosting with pressure vessel;
c) direct boosting;
d) direct boosting to header and duplicate storage cisterns.
B.2 Indirect boosting to storage cistern
116 B.3 Indirect boosting with pressure vessel
117 Figure B.1 Indirect boosting from break cistern to storage cistern
118 Figure B.2 Indirect boosting with pressure vessel
119 B.4 Direct boosting
Figure B.3 Direct boosting
120 B.5 Direct boosting with drinking water header
a) by the emptying of, or drop in level of, the water in the header; and
b) by the fall of the level of water in one of the storage cisterns.
B.6 Pumps and equipment
B.7 Maintenance and inspection
121 Figure B.4 Direct boosting with header and duplicate storage cisterns
122 Annex C (informative) Guidance on the calculation of hot water storage capacity
124 Table C.1 Minimum sizes of storage vessel for case 1
Table C.2 Minimum sizes of storage vessel for case 2
Annex D (informative) Pipe sizing calculations
D.1 Determination of flow rates
D.1.1 General
D.1.2 Assessment of probable demand
125 D.1.3 Loading units (LU)
126 Figure D.1 Conversion of loading units to design flow rate
127 Table D.1 Loading units – Hot or cold supply
D.2 Pressure losses in pipes and fittings
D.2.1 Pipes and pipe fittings
D.2.2 Draw-off taps
128 Figure D.2 Determination of pipe diameter – Water at 10 ĀŗC
129 Table D.2 Typical loss of pressure through UK low resistance taps and equivalent pipe lengths
Table D.3 Typical equivalent pipe lengths (copper, plastics and stainless steel)
D.2.3 Valves
D.2.4 Meters
130 D.2.5 Float-operated valves
131 Figure D.3 Head loss through stopvalves
132 Figure D.4 Head loss through float-operated valves
133 D.3 Available head
D.3.1 Systems supplied from storage cisterns
D.3.2 Systems supplied from the supply pipe – Mains pressure
D.4 Determination of pipe sizes
D.4.1 General
D.4.2 Calculation diagrams
134 D.4.3 Calculation sheet
a) pipe reference;
b) total demand in loading units (LU);
c) simultaneous demand or design flow rate (in l/s);
d) pipe diameter (in mm);
e) velocity (in m/s);
f) head or pressure loss R (in kPa/m);
g) loss of head (in kPa) due to drop or rise, that is, the difference in level of inlet and outlet;
h) available head (in kPa) at outlet end of pipe length;
i) actual pipe length (in m);
j) equivalent pipe length (in m), that is, the actual plus an allowance for fittings;
k) head loss (in kPa) due to pipe and pipe fittings;
l) head loss (in kPa) due to valves etc.;
m) total head loss (in kPa);
n) available residual head (in kPa) at outlet of pipe length;
o) appliance or fitting type (bath, sink, etc.);
p) required residual head for fitting (in kPa);
q) surplus head (in kPa).
D.4.4 Alterations and extensions
D.4.5 Examples of calculation procedure
136 Figure D.5 Example of pipe sizing for hot and cold water services, low pressure system
137 Figure D.6 Example of pipe sizing for hot and cold water services, mains pressure system
138 Table D.4 Example of pipe sizing calculations for cold water services
139 Table D.4 Example of pipe sizing calculations for cold water services (continued)
140 Table D.5 Example of pipe sizing calculations for cold water services (mains supplied)
141 Table D.6 Example of pipe sizing calculations for cold water services (mains supplied)
142 Bibliography

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