BS EN 55016-1-6:2015+A1:2017:2018 Edition

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Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods – Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus. EMC antenna calibration

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
BSI	2018	182

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Description

This part of CISPR 16 provides procedures and supporting information for the calibration of antennas for determining antenna factors (AF) that are applicable to antennas intended for use in radiated disturbance measurements.

It has the status of a basic EMC Standard in accordance with IEC Guide 107, Electromagnetic compatibility – Guide to the drafting of electromagnetic compatibility publications.

The AF of an antenna is influenced by nearby surroundings and by its position in space relative to the radiating source. This standard focuses on antenna calibrations that provide the AF in a free-space environment in the direction of the boresight of the antenna. The frequency range addressed is 9 kHz to 18 GHz. The relevant antenna types covered in this standard are monopole, loop, dipole, biconical, log-periodic dipole-array (LPDA), hybrid and horn antennas.

Guidance is also provided on measurement uncertainties associated with each calibration method and configuration, and the test instrumentation used.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
2	undefined
16	CONTENTS
24	FOREWORD
26	1 Scope 2 Normative references
27	3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations 3.1 Terms and definitions 3.1.1 Antenna terms
30	3.1.2 Antenna factor terms
31	3.1.3 Measurement site terms
32	3.1.4 Other terms
33	3.2 Abbreviations
34	4 Fundamental concepts 4.1 General 4.2 The concept of antenna factor
35	4.3 Calibration methods for 30 MHz and above 4.3.1 General 4.3.2 Antenna minimum separation distances 4.3.3 General considerations for the TAM 4.3.4 General considerations for the SSM
36	4.3.5 General considerations for the SAM 4.4 Measurement uncertainties for antenna calibration measurement results
37	4.5 Summary of methods of measurement to obtain AF
38	Tables Table 1 – Summary of calibration methods above 30 MHz for Fa
39	5 Calibration methods for the frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz 5.1 Calibration of monopole antennas 5.1.1 General Table 2 – Calibration methods above 30 MHz by subclause number
40	5.1.2 Calibration by the ECSM Table 3 – Frequency increments for monopole antenna calibration
43	Figures Figure 1 – Set-up for AF determination using a network analyzer Figure 2 – Set-up for AF determination using a measuring receiver and signal generator
44	Figure 3 – Example of mounting a capacitor in the dummy antenna
46	5.2 Calibration of loop antennas 5.2.1 General 5.2.2 TEM (Crawford) cell method Table 4 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for Fac of a monopole antenna calibrated by the ECSM using Equation (9)
48	Figure 4 – Block diagram of TEM cell set-up for passive loop antennas Figure 5 – Block diagram of TEM cell set-up for active loop antennas
49	6 Frequencies, equipment and functional checks for calibrations at or above 30 MHz 6.1 Calibration frequencies 6.1.1 Calibration frequency ranges and increments Table 5 –Example measurement uncertainty budget for FaH of a loop antenna measured in a TEM cell Table 6 – Frequency increments for broadband antenna calibration
50	6.1.2 Transition frequency for hybrid antennas Figure 6 – Example of resonant spike due topoor biconical element connections, using 2 MHz increment
51	6.2 Measurement instrumentation requirements for antenna calibrations 6.2.1 Equipment types
52	6.2.2 Mismatch
54	6.2.3 Dynamic range and reproducibility of SIL measurement 6.2.4 Signal-to-noise ratio
55	6.2.5 Antenna masts and cables 6.3 Functional checks of an AUC 6.3.1 General 6.3.2 Balance of an antenna 6.3.3 Cross-polar performance of an antenna
56	6.3.4 Radiation patterns of an antenna
57	7 Basic parameters and equations common to antenna calibration methods for frequencies above 30 MHz 7.1 Summary of methods for measurements to obtain AF 7.2 Site insertion loss measurements 7.2.1 General 7.2.2 SIL and SA measurement procedure
58	7.2.3 Common uncertainty components of a SIL measurement Figure 7 – Antenna set-up for SIL measurement at a free-space calibration site Figure 8 – Antenna set-up for SIL and SA measurement at a ground-plane calibration site
60	7.3 Basic equations for the calculation of AF from SIL and SA measurements 7.3.1 Antenna factor from SIL measurements 7.3.2 Relationship of AF and SIL for a free-space calibration site Table 7 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for common components of a SIL measurement result evaluated from Equation (20)
61	7.3.3 Relationship of AF and SIL for a calibration site with a metal ground plane
62	7.4 Equations for AF and measurement uncertainties using the TAM, SSM, and SAM 7.4.1 TAM
63	Figure 9 – Antenna set-up for the TAM at a free-space calibration site
66	Figure 10 – Antenna set-up for the TAM at a calibration site with a metal ground plane
67	7.4.2 SSM
68	Figure 11 – Antenna set-up for the SSM
69	7.4.3 SAM
70	Figure 12 – Antenna set-up for the SAM at a calibration site with a metal ground plane
71	7.5 Parameters for specifying antenna phase centre and position 7.5.1 General
72	7.5.2 Reference position and phase centres of LPDA and hybrid antennas
73	Figure 13 – Separation distance relative to the phase centre of an LPDA antenna
75	7.5.3 Phase centres of horn antennas Figure 14 – LPDA antenna with a tapered curved geometry Table 8 – Parameters used to determine phase centres of segments A and B
76	Figure 15 – Separation distance with respect to the phase centre of horn antennas (see [49] for details)
77	8 Details for TAM, SAM, and SSM calibration methods for frequencies of 30 MHz and above 8.1 General 8.2 Considerations for Fa calibrations using TAM 8.2.1 General considerations 8.2.2 Calibration site and antenna set-up considerations for use with the TAM Figure 16 – Schematic of a DRH showing relative locations of field point and phase centre of the DRH
79	8.2.3 Antenna parameters for a free-space environment or a ground-plane site
80	8.2.4 Validation of calibration method 8.3 Considerations for Fa calibrations using the SAM 8.3.1 General considerations and calibration site for use of the SAM
81	8.3.2 Calibration procedures and antenna set-ups for Fa by the SAM 8.3.3 Parameters of the STA
82	8.4 SSM calibrations at a ground-plane site, 30 MHz to 1 GHz 8.4.1 General considerations and calibration site for SSM
83	8.4.2 Calibration procedure for SSM 8.4.3 Calculation of Fa
84	8.4.4 Uncertainties of Fa obtained using SSM Table 9 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for Fa of a horizontally-polarized biconical antenna measured by the SSM
85	9 Calibration procedures for specific antenna types for frequencies of 30 MHz and above 9.1 General 9.2 Calibrations for biconical and hybrid antennas in a free-space environment for 30 MHz to 300 MHz, and tuned dipoles for 60 MHz to 1 000 MHz 9.2.1 General considerations and calibration site requirements 9.2.2 Calibration procedure and antenna set-up for use with the SAM
86	9.2.3 Uncertainties of Fa determined by the SAM
87	Table 10 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for Fa of a biconical antenna measured by the SAM in a FAR over the frequency range 30 MHz to 300 MHz
88	9.2.4 Antenna set-up for use with the TAM (alternative) 9.3 Calibration of biconical (30 MHz to 300 MHz) and hybrid antennas, using the SAM and VP at a ground-plane site 9.3.1 General considerations and calibration site requirements Table 11 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for Fa of a tuned dipole antenna obtained by the SAM in a FAR at a free-space calibration site, using a calculable tuned dipole as the STA in the frequency range above 60 MHz
89	9.3.2 Calibration procedure and antenna set-up
90	9.3.3 Uncertainties of Fa determined with the SAM Figure 17 – Biconical antenna set-up for SAM using vertical polarization, showing the paired monocone antenna and an example collapsible-element biconical AUC
91	9.4 Calibration of LPDA, hybrid, and horn antennas in a free-space environment,200 MHz to 18 GHz 9.4.1 General considerations and calibration site for a free-space environment Table 12 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for Fa of a biconical antenna measured using the SAM for vertical polarization over the frequency range 30 MHz to 300 MHz
93	9.4.2 Calibrations using the TAM Figure 18 – Test set-up for the calibration of LPDA and hybrid antennas positioned at a large height
94	9.4.3 Antenna set-up for use with the SAM 9.4.4 Alternative antenna set-up for site with absorber on the ground Table 13 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for Fa of LPDA and hybrid antennas measured by the TAM at 4 m height for the frequency range 200 MHz to 3 GHz
95	9.5 Calibration of horn and LPDA antennas in a FAR, 1 GHz to 18 GHz 9.5.1 Calibration using the TAM Figure 19 – Set-up for LPDA antennas above absorber
96	Figure 20 – Set-up for transmission measurements using a network analyzer
98	9.5.2 Calibration and antenna set-up for the SAM Table 14 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for Fa of a horn antenna measuredby the TAM above 1 GHz for 3 m separation in free space
99	Annexes Annex A (informative) Background information and rationale for the methods of antenna calibration A.1 Rationale for the need for several calibration methods and for use of a ground-plane site
100	A.2 Special measures for calibration of omnidirectional antennas A.2.1 General
101	A.2.2 Difficulties with calibration of omnidirectional antennas A.2.3 Minimizing reflections from antenna supports and radiation from cables
102	A.2.4 Field taper and monocone set-up for VP biconical calibration
103	A.2.5 Use of HP or VP in a FAR A.2.6 Substitution where the STA is the same model as the AUC A.3 Calibrations using broadband calculable dipole antennas A.3.1 Disadvantages of tuned dipole antennas
104	A.3.2 Advantages of broadband calculable dipole antennas A.3.3 Disadvantages of calculable dipole antennas A.4 Rationale for Fa and biconical/LPDA antenna cross-over frequency A.4.1 Rationale for Fa
105	A.4.2 Cross-over frequency from biconical to LPDA antennas A.4.3 Biconical element designs
106	A.5 Sources of increased uncertainty in measurement of Fa by the SSM
107	Figure A.1 – Illustration of the angles of the electromagnetic rays subtended from the scanned LPDA antenna to the fixed height LPDA antenna and to the ground plane
108	A.6 Calibration of LPDA antennas using smaller separation distances A.6.1 Calibration of LPDA antennas using smaller separation distances Figure A.2 – Fa of biconical antenna with 200 Ω balun measured by the VP method of 9.3, and by the SSM method of 8.4 without correction Figure A.3 – Fa of biconical antenna with 200 Ω balun measured by the VP method of 9.3, and by the SSM method of 8.4 with correction
109	A.6.2 Correction of electric field strength to account for phase centre of LPDA antennas
110	A.7 Cross-polar discrimination of LPDA antennas Figure A.4 – Separation distance relative to the phase centre of an LPDA antenna
111	A.8 Tips for measurement instrumentation A.8.1 Signal-to-noise ratio
112	Figure A.5 – Statistical properties of multiple S21 sweeps (minimum, maximum, and mean value) Figure A.6 – Standard deviation of S21
113	A.8.2 Connector pin depth A.8.3 Effect of added adaptor in a “cable-through” measurement Figure A.7 – Normalized standard deviation of S21 Table A.1 – Example type N male and female connector pin depths and tolerances using a type N pin-depth gauge
114	A.8.4 Compression level A.8.5 Source power slope function above 6 GHz A.8.6 Frequency increment for detection of resonances A.8.7 Return loss or VSWR Table A.2 – Typical type N adaptor characteristics
115	A.9 Uncertainty considerations A.9.1 General A.9.2 Achievable uncertainties for Fa A.9.3 Uncertainties of dipoles above a ground plane
116	A.9.4 Verification of uncertainty by comparison of methods
117	Annex B (normative) Calibration of biconical antennas and tuned dipole antennas above a ground plane using the TAM and the SAM B.1 General B.2 Characteristics of biconical antennas and dipole antennas B.3 Frequencies
118	B.4 Measurement of Fa(h,p) of biconical and tuned dipole antennas and derivation of Fa by averaging Fa(h,p), 30 MHz to 300 MHz B.4.1 General B.4.2 Measurement of Fa(h,H) by the SAM and derivation of Fa Table B.1 – Antenna set-up for the SAM fortuned dipole antennas with averaging of Fa(h,H)
119	Table B.2 – Antenna set-up for the SAM forbiconical antennas with averaging of Fa(h,H) Table B.3 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for Fa(h,H) of a biconical antenna measured by the SAM over the frequency range 30 MHz to 300 MHz
121	B.4.3 Measurement of Fa(h,H) by the TAM and derivation of Fa Table B.4 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for Fa of a biconical antenna obtained by the SAM with averaging of Fa(h,H) in the frequency range below 300 MHz
122	Table B.5 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for Fa(h,H) of a biconical antenna obtained by the TAM with the antenna set-up specified in Table B.2 Table B.6 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for Fa of a biconical antenna obtained by the TAM with averaging of Fa(h,H) in the frequency range below 300 MHz
123	B.5 Measurement of Fa of tuned dipoles placed high above a ground plane in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz B.5.1 General B.5.2 Measurement of Fa by the SAM
124	Table B.7 – Antenna set-ups for the SAM for determining Fa of tuned dipole antennas at specific frequencies in the range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz
125	B.5.3 Measurement of Fa by the TAM Table B.8 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for Fa of a tuned dipole antenna obtained by the SAM using the antenna set-ups specified in Table B.7
126	Table B.9 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for Fa of a tuned dipole antenna obtained by the TAM using the antenna set-ups specified in Table B.7
127	Annex C (informative) Rationale for the equations used in antenna calibration and relevant information about antenna characteristics for uncertainty analysis in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 GHz C.1 General C.2 Antenna factor and antenna gain C.2.1 Relationship between AF and gain for antennas in a free-space environment
128	Figure C.1 – Simplified model of a receive antenna
129	C.2.2 Relationship between AF and gain for monopole antennas on a large ground plane C.3 Equations for the insertion loss between antennas C.3.1 Site insertion loss measured at a free-space calibration site
130	Figure C.2 – Insertion loss measurement for antenna calibration at a free-space calibration site
131	C.3.2 Site insertion loss measured at a metal ground-plane site
132	Figure C.3 – Insertion loss measurement for antenna calibration at a calibration site with a metal ground plane
133	C.3.3 Site attenuation measured at a metal ground-plane site
134	C.4 Uncertainty contribution caused by near-field effects
135	C.5 Uncertainty contribution due to the antenna proximity coupling Figure C.4 – Comparison of field strength given by Equation (C.17) versus in near-field region given by Equation (C.31)
137	C.6 Uncertainty contribution due to the ground plane reflection C.6.1 Coupling to image in ground plane Figure C.5 – Theoretical calculations of proximity coupling effects on the AF from the TAM (free-space conditions)
138	Figure C.6 – Deviation of AF from free-space value, Fa, caused bymutual coupling to the image in a metal ground plane (theoretical results)
139	Figure C.7 – Variation of Fa(h,H) of biconical antenna with 50 Ω balun, 30 MHz to 320 MHz at heights every 0,5 m above a ground plane from 1 m to 4 m Figure C.8 – AF of Figure C.7 normalized to free-space AF
140	Figure C.9 – Variation of Fa(h,H) of biconical antenna with 200 Ω balun,30 MHz to 320 MHz at heights every 0,5 m above a ground plane from 1 m to 4 m Table C.1 – Examples of the antenna height range h for horizontal polarization for an error ≤ 0,3 dB
141	C.6.2 Correction factors ΔFa,SSM for Fa of biconical antenna Table C.2 – Correction factors ΔFa,SSM to convert AF measured by SSM to Fa
142	C.7 Uncertainty contribution due to the antenna radiation pattern C.7.1 General Figure C.10 – Diagram of one triangular section of a biconical antenna element Table C.3 – Mechanical dimensions for the biconical antenna [52]
143	C.7.2 Biconical antennas C.7.3 LPDA antennas Figure C.11 – Examples of radiation patterns (relative realized gain) of two example biconical antennas compared to ideal half-wave tuned dipole antenna
144	C.7.4 Hybrid antennas Figure C.12 – Examples of radiation patterns (relative realized gain) of three example LPDA antennas, compared to ideal half-wave tuned dipole antenna
145	C.7.5 Horn and LPDA antennas from 1 GHz to 18 GHz Figure C.13 – Examples of radiation patterns (relative realized gain) of an example hybrid antenna, compared to ideal half-wave tuned dipole antenna
146	Figure C.14 – Example radiation patterns for classical DRH antenna Figure C.15 – Example radiation patterns for novel DRH antenna
147	Figure C.16 – Example radiation patterns for classical LPDA antenna Figure C.17 – Example radiation patterns for V-type LPDA antenna
148	Annex D (informative) Background information and rationale for calibration of antennas at frequencies above 1 GHz D.1 Mismatch uncertainty D.2 Mutual coupling between antennas and chamber reflection D.3 Antenna separation distance and phase centre
149	Figure D.1 – Relative phase centres of a DRH antenna and an LPDA antenna
150	D.4 Example gain of DRH at 1 m distance Figure D.2 – A transmission system between a horn antenna and an LPDA antenna Figure D.3 – Measured AFs of a DRH antenna at 4,5 GHz
151	Figure D.4 – Graph showing the realized gain at 1 m for a DRH antenna
152	Annex E (informative) Notes for measurement uncertainty budgets E.1 General E.2 Notes for measurement uncertainty budgets
155	Figure E.1 – Comparison of measured and predicted SILfor calculable dipole antenna – 60 MHz element Figure E.2 – Comparison of measured and predicted SIL forcalculable dipole antenna – 180 MHz element
159	Figure E.3 – Reflectivity of chamber absorbing materials
160	Figure E.4 – Laser alignment system
161	Annex F (informative) Mismatch uncertainties from a two-port device connected between a transmit port and a receive port Figure F.1 – Flow graph representation of a two-port device between a transmit port and a receiver port Figure F.2 – Signal flow reduction
163	Annex G (informative) Verification method for calibration of monopole antennas and uncertainty analysis of the ECSM G.1 Verification method for calibration of monopole antennas by the plane wave method from 5 MHz to 30 MHz G.1.1 Calibration procedure
164	G.1.2 Uncertainty evaluation for the calibration of monopole antennas by the plane wave method G.2 Uncertainty analysis of the ECSM G.2.1 Effect of rod length longer than (/8 Figure G.1 – Diagram showing how the brass rod connects to the type N male bulkhead connector Table G.1 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for Fa of a monopole antenna measured by the SAM
165	Figure G.2 – Graph of the magnitude of the tan(…) ratio term in Equation (4) of 5.1.2.2 Figure G.3 – Graphical presentation of Equation (4) of 5.1.2.2 self-capacitance Ca of a 1 m monopole
166	G.2.2 Effect on AF of monopole antenna mounted on a tripod Figure G.4 – Graphical presentation of Equation (5) of 5.1.2.2 height correction factor Lh
167	G.2.3 Monopole antenna receiving an electric field G.2.4 Equivalent capacitance substitution method (ECSM) Figure G.5 – Calibration set-up consisting of a biconical and a loop antenna, and an elevated monopole antenna with vertical feed wires Figure G.6 – Equivalent circuit representation for a monopole antenna system
168	Figure G.7 – Monopole antenna calibration using the ECSM Figure G.8 – Equivalent circuit representation for the ECSM
169	G.2.5 Uncertainties associated with the ECSM Figure G.9 – Simplified circuit representation for Figure G.8
171	G.2.6 An alternative to the dummy antenna, for which Fac = VD – VL Figure G.10 – Circuit for dummy antenna simulating the effects of the antenna effective height, he
172	Annex H (informative) Helmholtz coil method for calibration of loop antennas up to 150 kHz H.1 Measurement procedure Figure H.1 – Diagram of Helmholtz coil method set-up
174	H.2 Uncertainties Figure H.2 – Variation of H/I across the central plane between the coils
175	Table H.1 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for FaH of a loop antenna measured by the Helmholtz coil method for the frequency range 50 kHz to 150 kHz
176	Bibliography

Additional information

Status	Revision Underway
Title	Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods – Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus. EMC antenna calibration
Publisher	BSI
Committee	GEL/210
Pages	182
Publication Date	2018-03-09
Replaced By	BS EN 55016-1-6:2015+A2:2022
ISBN	978 0 580 87371 3
Standard Number	BS EN 55016-1-6:2015+A1:2017
Identical National Standard Of	EN 55016-1-6:2015/A1:2017, CISPR 16-1-6:2014/AMD1:2017
Descriptors	Electromagnetism, Electric fields, Current measurement, Voltmeters, Voltage measurement, Spectrum analyzers, Electrical measuring instruments, Test equipment, Electrical wave measurement, Electrical measurement, Electromagnetic compatibility, Radiofrequencies, Noise (spurious signals), Radio disturbances
Amends	BS EN 55016-1-6:2015
ICS Codes	33.100.20 - Immunity

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