IEC 62232:2017 provides methods for the determination of radio-frequency (RF) field strength and specific absorption rate (SAR) in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations (RBS) for the purpose of evaluating human exposure. This document: – considers intentionally radiating RBS which transmit on one or more antennas using one or more frequencies in the range 110 MHz to 100 GHz; – considers the impact of ambient sources on RF exposure at least in the 100 kHz to 300 GHz frequency range; – specifies the methods to be used for RF exposure evaluation for compliance assessment applications, namely: – product compliance – determination of compliance boundary information for an RBS product before it is placed on the market; – product installation compliance – determination of the total RF exposure levels in accessible areas from an RBS product and other relevant sources before the product is put into service; – in-situ RF exposure assessment – measurement of in-situ RF exposure levels in the vicinity of an RBS installation after the product has been taken into operation; – describes several RF field strength and SAR measurement and computation methodologies with guidance on their applicability to address both the in-situ evaluation of installed RBS and laboratory-based evaluations; – describes how surveyors, with a sufficient level of expertise, establish their specific evaluation procedures appropriate for their evaluation purpose; – provides guidance on how to report, interpret and compare results from different evaluation methodologies and, where the evaluation purpose requires it, determine a justified decision against a limit value and – provides short descriptions of the informative example case studies given in the companion Technical Report IEC TR 62669] This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2011 and constitutes a technical revision.

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7	CONTENTS
17	FOREWORD
19	INTRODUCTION
20	1 Scope 2 Normative references
21	3 Terms and definitions
27	4 Symbols and abbreviated terms 4.1 Physical quantities
28	4.2 Constants 4.3 Abbreviated terms
29	5 Quick start guide and how to use this document 5.1 Overview 5.2 Quick start guide
30	Figures Figure 1 – Quick start guide to the evaluation process
31	5.3 How to use this document Tables Table 1 – Quick start guide evaluation steps
32	5.4 Worked case studies 6 Evaluation processes for product compliance, product installation compliance and in-situ RF exposure assessments 6.1 Evaluation process for product compliance 6.1.1 General 6.1.2 Establishing compliance boundaries
33	6.1.3 Iso-surface compliance boundary definition 6.1.4 Simple compliance boundaries Figure 2 – Example of complex compliance boundary Figure 3 – Example of circular cylindrical compliance boundaries
34	Figure 4 – Example of box shaped compliance boundary Figure 5 – Example of truncated box shaped compliance boundary
35	6.1.5 Methods for establishing the compliance boundary Figure 6 – Example of dish antenna compliance boundary (from [11])
36	Figure 7 – Example illustrating the linear scaling procedure
37	6.1.6 Uncertainty 6.1.7 Reporting
38	6.2 Evaluation process used for product installation compliance 6.2.1 General 6.2.2 General evaluation procedure for product installations
39	6.2.3 Product installation data collection Figure 8 − Flowchart describing the product installation evaluation process
40	6.2.4 Simplified product installation evaluation process
41	Table 2 – Example of product installation classes where a simplified evaluationprocess is applicable (based on ICNIRP general public limits [13])
42	6.2.5 Assessment area selection
44	6.2.6 Measurements Figure 9 – Square-shaped assessment domain boundary (ADB) with size Dad
45	6.2.7 Computations
46	6.2.8 Uncertainty 6.2.9 Reporting
47	6.3 Evaluation processes for in-situ RF exposure assessment 6.3.1 General requirements, source determination and site analysis
48	Figure 10 – Alternative routes to evaluate in-situ RF exposure
49	6.3.2 Measurement procedures
50	6.3.3 Uncertainty 6.3.4 Reporting
51	6.4 Averaging procedures 6.4.1 Spatial averaging 6.4.2 Time averaging 7 Determining the evaluation method 7.1 Overview 7.2 Process to determine the evaluation method 7.2.1 General
52	7.2.2 Establishing the evaluation points in relation to the source-environment plane
53	Figure 11 – Source-environment plane concept
54	7.2.3 Exposure metric selection 8 Evaluation methods 8.1 Overview Table 3 – Exposure metrics validity for evaluation points in each source region
55	8.2 Measurement methods 8.2.1 General 8.2.2 RF field strength measurements Figure 12 – Flow chart of the measurement methods
56	8.2.3 SAR measurements Table 4 – Requirements for RF field strength measurements Table 5 – Whole-body SAR exclusions based on RF power levels Table 6 – Requirements for SAR measurements.
57	8.3 Computation methods Figure 13 – Flow chart of the relevant computation methods
58	9 Uncertainty Table 7 – Applicability of computation methodsfor source-environment regions of Figure 10 Table 8 – Requirements for computation methods
59	10 Reporting 10.1 General requirements 10.2 Report format
60	10.3 Opinions and interpretations
61	Annex A (informative)Source environment plane and guidance on the evaluation method selection A.1 Guidance on the source-environment plane A.1.1 General A.1.2 Source-environment plane example Figure A.1 – Example source-environment plane regions near a radio base station antenna on a tower which has a narrow vertical (elevation plane) beamwidth (not to scale)
62	A.1.3 Source regions Figure A.2 – Example source-environment plane regions near a roof-top antennawhich has a narrow vertical (elevation plane) beamwidth (not to scale)
63	Figure A.3 – Geometry of an antenna with largest linear dimension Leffand largest end dimension Lend
64	Table A.1 – Definition of source regions Table A.2 – Default source region boundaries
65	Table A.3 – Source region boundaries for antennas with maximum dimension less than 2,5 λ Table A.4 – Source region boundaries for linear/planar antenna arrayswith a maximum dimension greater than or equal to 2,5 λ
66	Table A.5 – Source region boundaries for equiphase radiation aperture (e.g. dish) antennas with maximum reflector dimension much greater than a wavelength Table A.6 – Source region boundaries for leaky feeders
67	Figure A.4 – Maximum path difference for an antenna with largest linear dimension L
68	A.2 Select between computation or measurement approaches Table A.7 – Far-field distance r measured in metres as a function of angle β
69	A.3 Select measurement method A.3.1 Selection stages A.3.2 Selecting between field strength and SAR measurement approaches Table A.8 – Guidance on selecting between computation and measurement approaches
70	A.3.3 Selecting between broadband and frequency-selective measurement Table A.9 – Guidance on selecting between broadband and frequency-selective measurement
71	A.3.4 Selecting RF field strength measurement procedures A.4 Select computation method Table A.10 – Guidance on selecting RF field strength measurement procedures
72	Table A.11 – Guidance on selecting computation methods
73	A.5 Additional considerations A.5.1 Simplicity A.5.2 Evaluation method ranking A.5.3 Applying multiple methods for RF exposure evaluation Table A.12 – Guidance on specific evaluation method ranking
74	Annex B (normative)Evaluation methods B.1 Overview B.2 Evaluation parameters B.2.1 Overview B.2.2 Coordinate systems
75	B.2.3 Reference points B.2.4 Variables Figure B.1 – Cylindrical, cartesian and spherical coordinatesrelative to the RBS antenna Table B.1 – Dimension variables
76	Table B.2 – RF power variables
77	Table B.3 – Antenna variables
78	B.3 Measurement methods B.3.1 RF field strength measurements Table B.4 – Exposure metric variables
80	Table B.5 – Broadband measurement system requirements
81	Table B.6 – Frequency-selective measurement system requirements
86	Figure B.2 – Evaluation locations
87	Figure B.3 – Relationship of separation of remote radio sourceand evaluation area to separation of evaluation points
89	Figure B.4 – Outline of the surface scanning methodology
90	Figure B.5 – Block diagram of the near-field antenna measurement system
91	Figure B.6 – Minimum radius constraint where a denotes the minimum radius of a sphere, centred at the reference point, that will encompass the EUT Figure B.7 – Maximum angular sampling spacing constraint
95	Figure B.8 – Outline of the volume/surface scanning methodology
96	Figure B.9 – Block diagram of typical near-field EUT measurement system
102	Figure B.10 – Spatial averaging schemes relative to foot support level and in the vertical plane oriented to offer maximum area in the direction of the source being evaluated Figure B.11 – Spatial averaging relative to spatial-peak field strength point height
105	Table B.7 – Sample template for estimating the expanded uncertainty of an in-situ RF field strength measurement that used a frequency-selective instrument
106	Table B.8 – Sample template for estimating the expanded uncertainty of an in-situ RF field strength measurement that used a broadband instrument
107	Table B.9 – Sample template for estimating the expanded uncertainty of a laboratory-based RF field strength measurement using the surface scanning method
108	Table B.10 – Sample template for estimating the expanded uncertainty of a laboratory-based RF field strength measurement using the volume scanning method
109	B.3.2 SAR measurements
110	Figure B.12 – Positioning of the EUT relative to the relevant phantom
113	Table B.11 – Numerical reference SAR values for reference dipoles and flat phantom – All values are normalized to a forward power of 1 W
116	Figure B.13 – Phantom liquid volume and measurement volume used for whole-body SAR measurements with the box-shaped phantoms Table B.12 – Phantom liquid volume and measurement volume used for whole-body SAR measurements [35], [29] Table B.13 – Correction factor to compensate for a possible bias in the obtained general public whole-body SAR when assessed using the large box-shaped phantom for child exposure configurations [36]
117	Table B.14 – Measurement uncertainty evaluation template for EUT whole-body SAR test
118	Table B.15 – Measurement uncertainty evaluation template for whole-body SAR system validation
119	B.4 Computation methods B.4.1 Overview and general requirements
120	B.4.2 Formulas
121	Figure B.14 – Reflection due to the presence of a ground plane Figure B.15 – Enclosed cylinder around collinear arrays,with and without electrical downtilt
123	Figure B.16 – Leaky feeder geometry
124	Figure B.17 – Directions for which SAR estimation expressions are given
125	Table B.16 – Applicability of SAR estimation formulas
126	Table B.17 – Definition of C(f)
128	B.4.3 Basic algorithms Table B.18 – Input parameters for SAR estimation formulas validation Table B.19 – SAR10g and SARwb estimation formula reference results for Table B.18 parameters and a body mass of 46 kg
129	Figure B.18 – Reference frame employed for cylindrical formulas for field strength computation at a point P (left), and on a line perpendicular to boresight (right)
130	Figure B.19 – Views illustrating the three valid zones for field strength computation around an antenna
131	Table B.20 – Definition of boundaries for selecting the zone of computation
133	Figure B.20 – Cylindrical formulas reference results Table B.21 – Input parameters for cylinder and spherical formulas validation
134	B.4.4 Advanced computation methods Figure B.21 – Spherical formulas reference results
136	Figure B.22 – Synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms geometry and parameters
138	Table B.22 – Sample template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a synthetic model and ray tracing RF field strength computation
139	Figure B.23 – Line 4 far-field positions for synthetic model and ray tracing validation example
140	Figure B.24 – Antenna parameters for synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms validation example
141	Table B.23 – Synthetic model and ray tracing power density reference results
145	Table B.24 – Sample template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a full wave RF field strength computation
147	Figure B.25 – Generic 900 MHz RBS antenna with nine dipole radiators Figure B.26 – Line 1, 2 and 3 near-field positions for full wave and ray tracing validation
148	Figure B.27 – Generic 1 800 MHz RBS antenna with five slot radiators Table B.25 – Validation 1 full wave field reference results
149	Table B.26 – Validation 2 full wave field reference results
152	Table B.27 – Sample template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a full wave SAR computation
154	Figure B.28 – RBS antenna placed in front of a multi-layered lossy cylinder Table B.28 – Validation reference SAR results for computation method
155	B.5 Extrapolation from the evaluated SAR / RF field strength to the required assessment condition B.5.1 Extrapolation method
156	B.5.2 Extrapolation to maximum RF field strength using broadband measurements B.5.3 Extrapolation to maximum RF field strength for frequency and code selective measurements
157	B.5.4 Influence of traffic in real operating network B.6 Summation of multiple RF fields B.6.1 Applicability Figure B.29 – Time variation over 24 h of the exposure induced by GSM 1 800 MHz (left) and FM (right) both normalized to mean
158	B.6.2 Uncorrelated fields B.6.3 Correlated fields B.6.4 Ambient fields
159	Annex C (informative)Rationale supporting simplified product installation criteria C.1 General C.2 Class E2 Figure C.1 – Measured ER as a function of distance for a low power BS (G = 5 dBi, f = 2 100 MHz) transmitting with an EIRP of 2 W (class E2) and 10 W (class E10)
160	C.3 Class E10 C.4 Class E100 Figure C.2 – Minimum installation height as a function of transmitting power corresponding to class E10
161	Figure C.3 – Compliance distance in the main lobe as a function of EIRP established according to the farfield formula corresponding to class E100 Figure C.4 – Minimum installation height as a function of transmitting power corresponding to class E100
162	C.5 Class E+ Figure C.5 – Averaged power density at ground level for various installation configurations of equipment with 100 W EIRP (class E100)
163	Figure C.6 – Compliance distance in the main lobe as a function of EIRP established according to the farfield formula corresponding to class E+ Figure C.7 – Minimum installation height as a function of transmitting power corresponding to class E+
164	Annex D (informative)Guidance on comparing evaluated parameters with a limit value D.1 Overview D.2 Information required to compare evaluated value against limit value D.3 Performing a limit comparison at a given confidence level
165	D.4 Performing a limit comparison using a process based assessment scheme
166	Annex E (informative)Uncertainty E.1 Background E.2 Requirement to estimate uncertainty
167	E.3 How to estimate uncertainty E.4 Guidance on uncertainty and assessment schemes E.4.1 General E.4.2 Overview of assessment schemes
168	E.4.3 Examples of assessment schemes
169	Figure E.1 – Examples of general assessment schemes
170	Figure E.2 – Target uncertainty scheme overview Table E.1 – Determining target uncertainty
171	E.4.4 Assessment schemes and compliance probabilities
172	Table E.2 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10 000 trials, both surveyorand auditor using best estimate Table E.3 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10 000 trials, both surveyorand auditor using target uncertainty of 4 dB
173	E.5 Guidance on uncertainty E.5.1 Overview Table E.4 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10 000 trials surveyor uses upper 95 % CI vs. auditor uses lower 95 % CI
174	E.5.2 Measurement uncertainty and confidence levels Figure E.3 – Probability of the true value being above (respectively below) the evaluated value depending on the confidence level assuming a normal distribution
175	E.6 Applying uncertainty for compliance assessments E.7 Example influence quantities for field measurements E.7.1 General
176	E.7.2 Calibration uncertainty of measurement antenna or field probe E.7.3 Frequency response of the measurement antenna or field probe
177	Figure E.4 – Plot of the calibration factors for E (not E2) provided from an example calibration report for an electric field probe
178	E.7.4 Isotropy of the measurement antenna or field probe E.7.5 Frequency response of the spectrum analyser E.7.6 Temperature response of a broadband field probe E.7.7 Linearity deviation of a broadband field probe E.7.8 Mismatch uncertainty
179	E.7.9 Deviation of the experimental source from numerical source E.7.10 Meter fluctuation uncertainty for time varying signals E.7.11 Uncertainty due to power variation in the RF source E.7.12 Uncertainty due to field gradients
180	Table E.5 – Guidance on minimum separation distances for some dipole lengths to ensure that the uncertainty does not exceed 5 % or 10 % in a measurement of E
181	E.7.13 Mutual coupling between measurement antenna or isotropic probe and object Table E.6 – Guidance on minimum separation distances for some loop diameters to ensure that the uncertainty does notexceed 5 % or 10 % in a measurement of H Table E.7 – Example minimum separation conditionsfor selected dipole lengths for 10 % uncertainty in E
182	E.7.14 Uncertainty due to field scattering from the surveyor’s body Figure E.5 – Computational model used for the variational analysis of reflected RF fields from the front of a surveyor
183	E.7.15 Measurement device E.7.16 Fields out of measurement range Table E.8 – Standard estimates of dB variation for the perturbations in front of a surveyor due to body reflected fields as described in Figure E.5 Table E.9 – Standard uncertainty (u) estimates for E and H due to body reflections from the surveyor for common radio services derived from estimates provided in Table E.8
184	E.7.17 Noise E.7.18 Integration time E.7.19 Power chain E.7.20 Positioning system E.7.21 Matching between probe and the EUT E.7.22 Drifts in output power of the EUT, probe, temperature, and humidity E.7.23 Perturbation by the environment
185	E.8 Example influence quantities for RF field strength computations by ray tracing or full wave methods E.8.1 General E.8.2 System
186	E.8.3 Technique uncertainties E.8.4 Environmental uncertainties
187	E.9 Influence quantities for SAR measurements E.9.1 General E.9.2 Post-processing E.9.3 Device holder
188	E.9.4 Test sample positioning Figure E.6 – Positioning device and different positioning errors
189	E.9.5 Phantom shell uncertainty E.9.6 SAR correction / target liquid permittivity and conductivity E.9.7 Liquid permittivity and conductivity measurements
190	E.9.8 Liquid temperature E.10 Influence quantities for SAR calculations E.11 Spatial averaging E.11.1 General Figure E.7 – Physical model of Rayleigh (a) and Rice (b) small-scale fading variations Table E.10 – Maximum sensitivity coefficients for liquid permittivity and conductivity over the frequency range 300 MHz to 6 GHz
191	E.11.2 Small-scale fading variations E.11.3 Error on the estimation of local average power density Figure E.8 – Example of E field strength variations in line ofsight of an antenna operating at 2,2 GHz
192	E.11.4 Error on the estimation of local average power density E.11.5 Characterization of environment statistical properties Figure E.9 – Error at 95% on average power estimation
193	E.11.6 Characterization of different averaging schemes Figure E.10 – 343 measurement positions building a cube (centre) and different templates consisting of a different number of positions Table E.11 – Uncertainty at 95 % for different fading models
194	Figure E.11 – Moving a template (Line 3) through the CUBE
195	Table E.12 – Correlation coefficients for GSM 900 and DCS 1800
196	Figure E.12 – Standard deviations for GSM 900, DCS 1800 and UMTS Table E.13 – Variations of the standard deviations for the GSM 900, DCS 1800 and UMTS frequency band
197	E.12 Influence of human body on probe measurements of the electrical field strength E.12.1 Simulations of the influence of human body on probe measurements based on the Method of Moments (Surface Equivalence Principle) Table E.14 – Examples of total uncertainty calculation
198	Figure E.13 – Simulation arrangement Figure E.14 – Body influence
199	E.12.2 Comparison with measurements E.12.3 Conclusions Figure E.15 – Simulation arrangement Table E.15 – Maximum simulated error due to the influence of a human body on the measurement values of an omni-directional probe Table E.16 – Measured influence of a human body on omni-directional probe measurements
200	Annex F (informative)Technology-specific guidance F.1 Overview to guidance on specific technologies F.2 Summary of technology-specific information
201	Table F.1 – Technology specific information
204	F.3 Guidance on spectrum analyser settings F.3.1 Overview of spectrum analyser settings F.3.2 Detection algorithms
205	F.3.3 Resolution bandwidth and channel power processing Figure F.1 – Spectral occupancy for GMSK
206	Figure F.2 – Spectral occupancy for CDMA
207	F.3.4 Integration per service Table F.2 – Example of spectrum analyser settings for an integration per service
208	F.4 Constant power components F.4.1 TDMA/FDMA technology F.4.2 WCDMA/UMTS technology Table F.3 – Example constant power components for specific TDMA/FDMA technologies
209	F.4.3 OFDM technology F.5 WCDMA measurement and calibration using a code domain analyser F.5.1 WCDMA measurements – General F.5.2 Requirements for the code domain analyser Figure F.3 – Channel allocation for a WCDMA signal
210	F.5.3 Calibration Table F.4 – WCDMA decoder requirements Table F.5 – Signal configurations
211	Table F.6 – WCDMA generator setting for power linearity Table F.7 – WCDMA generator setting for decoder calibration
212	F.6 Wi-Fi measurements F.6.1 General F.6.2 Integration time for reproducible measurements Figure F.4 – Example of Wi-Fi frames Table F.8 – WCDMA generator setting for reflection coefficient measurement
213	F.6.3 Channel occupation F.6.4 Some considerations Figure F.5 – Channel occupation versus the integration time for IEEE 802.11b standard Figure F.6 – Channel occupation versus nominal throughput ratefor IEEE 802.11b/g standards
214	F.6.5 Scalability by channel occupation F.6.6 Influence of the application layers F.7 LTE measurements for Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) F.7.1 Overview Figure F.7 – Wi-Fi spectrum trace snapshot
215	F.7.2 Maximum LTE exposure evaluation Figure F.8 – Frame structure of transmission signal for LTE downlink
217	Table F.9 – Theoretical extrapolation factor, NRS, based on frame structure given in 3GPP TS 36.104 [10]
218	F.7.3 Instantaneous LTE exposure evaluation F.7.4 MIMO multiplexing of LTE base station Figure F.9 – Examples of received waves from LTE downlink signals using a spectrum analyser using zero span mode
219	F.8 LTE measurements for Time Division Duplexing (TDD) F.8.1 General F.8.2 Definitions and transmission modes
220	F.8.3 TDD frame structure
221	Figure F.10 – Frame structure type 2 (for 5 ms switch-point periodicity) Figure F.11 – Frame structure of transmission signal for TDD LTE
222	F.8.4 Maximum LTE exposure evaluation Table F.10 – Configuration of special subframe (lengths of DwPTS/GP/UpPTS) Table F.11 – Uplink-downlink configurations
223	Figure F.12 – PBCH measurement example
225	F.9 Establishing compliance boundaries using numerical simulations of MIMO array antennas emitting correlated wave-forms F.9.1 General Figure F.13 – PBCH measurement example spectrum analyser using zero span mode
226	F.9.2 Field combining near radio base stations for correlated exposure with the purpose of establishing compliance boundaries Figure F.14 – MIMO array antenna with densely packed columns
227	F.9.3 Numerical simulations of MIMO array antennas with densely packed columns F.9.4 Numerical simulations of large MIMO array antennas
228	F.10 Smart antennas F.10.1 Overview F.10.2 Deterministic conservative approach F.10.3 Statistical conservative approach
229	F.10.4 Example approaches Figure F.15 – Plan view representation of statistical conservative model
237	Figure F.16 – Binomial cumulative probability functionfor N = 24, PR = 0,125
238	F.10.5 Smart antenna (TD-LTE) F.11 Establishing compliance boundary for systems using dish antennas F.11.1 General Figure F.17 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N = 18, PR = 2/7
239	F.11.2 Overview F.11.3 Compliance boundary of a dish antenna
240	Figure F.18 – Flowchart for the assessment of EMF compliance boundary in the line of sight of dish antennas (from [11])
241	Bibliography

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Status	Withdrawn
Title	Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure (IEC 62232:2017)
Replaces	BS EN 50492:2008+A1:2014, BS EN 50400:2006+A1:2012, BS EN 50383:2010, BS IEC 62232:2011
Publisher	BSI
Committee	GEL/106
Pages	246
Publication Date	2018-01-26
Withdrawn Date	2023-12-06
Replaced By	BS EN IEC 62232:2022
ISBN	978 0 580 86355 4
Standard Number	BS EN 62232:2017
Identical National Standard Of	IEC 62232:2017, EN 62232:2017
Descriptors	Communication equipment, Electromagnetic fields, Absorption, Testing conditions, Magnetic fields, Field strength (electric), Radiofrequencies, Radio transmitters, Measurement, Physiological effects (human body), Telecommunication systems, Radiocommunication, Antennas, Mathematical calculations, Radio antennas, Electromagnetic radiation
ICS Codes	33.070.01 - Mobile services in general

BS EN 62232:2017:2018 Edition

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