BS EN IEC 62232:2022

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Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure

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BSI	2022	348

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Description

IEC 62232:2022 addresses the evaluation of RF field strength, power density and specific absorption rate (SAR) levels in the vicinity of base stations (BS), also called products or equipment under test (EUT), intentionally radiating in the radio frequency (RF) range 110 MHz to 300 GHz in accordance with the scope, see Clause 1. It does not address the evaluation of current density. RF exposure evaluation methods to be used for product compliance, product installation compliance and in-situ RF exposure assessments are specified in this document. Exposure limits are not specified in this document. The entity conducting RF exposure assessments refers to the set of exposure limits applicable where exposure takes place. Examples of applicable exposure limits considered in this document are provided in the Bibliography, for example ICNIRP-2020 [1], ICNIRP-1998 [2], IEEE Std C95.1™-2019 [3] and Safety Code 6 [4].

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
2	undefined
5	Annex ZA (normative)Normative references to international publicationswith their corresponding European publications
7	CONTENTS
21	FOREWORD
23	INTRODUCTION
24	1 Scope
25	2 Normative references
26	3 Terms and definitions
41	4 Symbols and abbreviated terms 4.1 Physical quantities 4.2 Constants 4.3 Abbreviated terms
44	5 How to use this document 5.1 Quick start guide
45	Figures Figure 1 – Quick start guide to the evaluation process
46	Tables Table 1 – Quick start guide evaluation steps
47	5.2 RF evaluation purpose categories 5.3 Implementation case studies 6 Evaluation processes for product compliance, product installation compliance and in-situ RF exposure assessments 6.1 Evaluation process for product compliance 6.1.1 General 6.1.2 Establishing compliance boundaries
48	6.1.3 Iso-surface compliance boundary definition 6.1.4 Simple compliance boundaries Figure 2 – Example of iso-surface compliance boundary
49	Figure 3 – Example of cylindrical and half-pipe compliance boundaries
50	6.1.5 Methods for establishing the compliance boundary Figure 4 – Example of box shaped compliance boundary Figure 5 – Example of truncated box shaped compliance boundary
51	Figure 6 – Example illustrating the linear scaling procedure
53	Figure 7 – Example of massive MIMO antennaand corresponding beams and envelope patterns Figure 8 – Example of compliance boundary shapefor BS antennas with beam steering
54	6.1.6 Uncertainty 6.1.7 Reporting for product compliance Figure 9 – Example of dish antenna compliance boundary
55	6.2 Evaluation process used for product installation compliance 6.2.1 General 6.2.2 General evaluation procedure for product installations
56	Figure 10 – Flowchart describing the product installation evaluation process
57	6.2.3 Product installation compliance based on the actual maximum transmitted power or EIRP
58	Figure 11 – Example of a CDF curve representingthe normalized actual transmitted power or EIRP
60	6.2.4 Product installation data collection Figure 12 – Flow chart for product installation compliance basedon the actual maximum transmitted power or EIRP threshold(s)
61	6.2.5 Simplified product installation evaluation process Figure 13 – Simplified compliance assessment process using installation classes
62	Table 2 – Example of product installation classes where a simplifiedevaluation process is applicable (based on ICNIRP general public limits [1] and [2])
64	6.2.6 Assessment area selection
65	6.2.7 Measurements Figure 14 – Example of DI within a square-shapedassessment domain boundary (ADB) with dimension LADB
67	6.2.8 Computations 6.2.9 Uncertainty
68	6.2.10 Reporting for product installation compliance
69	6.3 In-situ RF exposure evaluation or assessment process 6.3.1 General 6.3.2 In-situ measurement process
70	6.3.3 Site analysis Figure 15 – In-situ RF exposure evaluationor assessment process flow chart
71	6.3.4 Case A evaluation 6.3.5 Case B evaluation
72	6.3.6 Uncertainty 6.3.7 Reporting 6.4 Averaging procedures 6.4.1 Spatial averaging
73	6.4.2 Time averaging 7 Determining the evaluation method 7.1 Overview 7.2 Process to determine the evaluation method 7.2.1 General
74	7.2.2 Establishing the evaluation points in relation to the source-environment plane Figure 16 – Source-environment plane concept
75	7.2.3 Exposure metric selection
76	8 Evaluation methods 8.1 General Table 3 – Exposure metrics validity for evaluation points in each source region
77	8.2 Measurement methods 8.2.1 General 8.2.2 RF field strength and power density measurements Figure 17 – Flow chart of the measurement methods
78	8.2.3 SAR measurements Table 4 – Requirements for RF field strength and power density measurements Table 5 – Whole-body SAR exclusions based on RF power levels
79	8.3 Computation methods Table 6 – Requirements for SAR measurements
80	Figure 18 – Flow chart of the relevant computation methods Table 7 – Applicability of computation methodsfor source-environment regions of Figure 16 Table 8 – Requirements for computation methods
81	8.4 Methods for assessment based on actual maximum approach 8.4.1 General requirements 8.4.2 Actual transmitted power or EIRP monitoring
82	8.4.3 Actual transmitted power or EIRP control Figure 19 – Example of segments used for monitoringand control of BS using mMIMO or beam steering
83	8.5 Methods for the assessment of RF exposure to multiple sources
84	8.6 Methods for establishing the BS transmitted power or EIRP
85	9 Uncertainty 10 Reporting 10.1 General requirements
86	10.2 Report format
87	10.3 Opinions and interpretations
88	Annex A (informative)Source-environment plane and guidanceon the evaluation method selection A.1 Guidance on the source-environment plane A.1.1 General A.1.2 Source-environment plane example Figure A.1 – Example source-environment plane regionsnear a base station antenna on a tower
89	A.1.3 Source regions Figure A.2 – Example source-environment plane regions near a roof-top antennathat has a narrow vertical (elevation plane) beamwidth (not to scale)
90	Figure A.3 – Geometry of an antenna withlargest linear dimension Leff and largest end dimension Lend
91	Table A.1 – Definition of source regions Table A.2 – Default source region boundaries
92	Table A.3 – Source region boundaries for antennaswith maximum dimension less than 2,5 λ Table A.4 – Source region boundaries for linear/planar antenna arrayswith a maximum dimension greater than or equal to 2,5 λ
93	Table A.5 – Source region boundaries for equiphase radiation aperture (e.g. dish) antennas with maximum reflector dimension much greater than a wavelength Table A.6 – Source region boundaries for radiating cables
94	Figure A.4 – Maximum path difference for an antenna with largest linear dimension L
95	A.2 Select between computation or measurement approaches Table A.7 – Far-field distance r measured in metres as a function of angle β
96	A.3 Select measurement method A.3.1 Selection stages A.3.2 Selecting between RF field strength, power density and SAR measurement approaches Table A.8 – Guidance on selecting betweencomputation and measurement approaches
97	A.3.3 Selecting between broadband and frequency selective measurement Table A.9 – Guidance on selecting betweenbroadband and frequency selective measurement
98	A.3.4 Selecting RF field strength measurement procedures A.4 Select computation method Table A.10 – Guidance on selectingRF field strength measurement procedures
99	Table A.11 – Guidance on selecting computation methods
100	A.5 Additional considerations A.5.1 Simplicity A.5.2 Evaluation method ranking A.5.3 Applying multiple methods for RF exposure evaluation Table A.12 – Guidance on specific evaluation method ranking
101	Annex B (normative)Evaluation methods B.1 Overview B.2 General B.2.1 Coordinate systems and reference points
102	B.2.2 Variables Figure B.1 – Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systemsrelative to the BS antenna (view from the rear panel) Table B.1 – Dimension variables Table B.2 – RF power variables
103	B.3 RF exposure evaluation principles B.3.1 Simple calculation of RF field strength and power density Table B.3 – Antenna variables Table B.4 – Exposure metric variables
104	Figure B.2 – Typical RF exposure assessment case
105	Figure B.3 – Reflection due to the presence of a ground plane
106	Figure B.4 – Reflections due to the presence of internal walls of the housing and surrounding asphalt and soil configuring a base station installed underground
107	B.3.2 Measurement of RF field strength and power density Figure B.5 – General representation of RF field strengthor power density measurements
108	Figure B.6 – Practical examples of measurement equipment installation
109	B.3.3 Spatial averaging
110	Figure B.7 – Spatial averaging schemes relative to walkingor standing surface and in the vertical plane oriented to offermaximum area in the direction of the source being evaluated
112	B.3.4 Time averaging Figure B.8 – Spatial averaging relative tospatial-peak field strength point height
114	B.3.5 Comparing measured and computed values B.3.6 Personal RF monitors B.4 RF field strength and power density measurements B.4.1 Applicability of RF field strength and power density measurements B.4.2 In-situ RF exposure measurements
116	Table B.5 – Broadband measurement system minimum requirements
117	Table B.6 – Frequency selective measurement system minimum requirements
124	Figure B.9 – Evaluation locations
125	Figure B.10 – Relationship of separation of remote radio sourceand evaluation area to separation of evaluation points
126	B.4.3 Laboratory based RF field strength and power density measurements
128	Figure B.11 – Outline of the surface scanning methodology
129	Figure B.12 – Block diagram of the antenna measurement system
130	Figure B.13 – Minimum radius constraint, where a denotes the minimum radiusof a sphere, centred at the reference point, that encompasses the EUT Figure B.14 – Maximum angular sampling spacing constraint
133	Figure B.15 – Outline of the volume/surface scanning methodology
134	Figure B.16 – Block diagram of typical near-field EUT measurement system
136	B.4.4 RF field strength and power density measurement uncertainty
137	Table B.7 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertainty of anin-situ RF field strength measurement that used a frequency selective equipment
138	Table B.8 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertainty of anin-situ RF field strength measurement that used a broadband equipment
139	Table B.9 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a laboratory-based RF field strength or power density measurementusing the surface scanning method
140	Table B.10 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a laboratory-based RF field strength or power density measurementusing the volume scanning method
141	B.5 SAR measurements B.5.1 Overview of SAR measurements B.5.2 SAR measurement requirements Figure B.17 – Examples of positioning of the EUT relative to the relevant phantom
143	B.5.3 SAR measurement description
145	Table B.11 – Numerical reference SAR values for reference dipolesand flat phantom – All values are normalized to a forward power of 1 W
148	B.5.4 SAR measurement uncertainty Figure B.18 – Phantom liquid volume and measurement volumeused for whole-body SAR measurements with the box-shaped phantoms Table B.12 – Phantom liquid volume and measurement volumeused for whole-body SAR measurements [61], [77] Table B.13 – Correction factor to compensate for a possible biasin the obtained general public whole-body SAR when assessedusing the large box-shaped phantom for child exposure configurations [72]
149	Table B.14 – Measurement uncertainty evaluation templatefor EUT whole-body SAR test
150	Table B.15 – Measurement uncertainty evaluation templatefor whole-body SAR system validation
151	B.6 Basic computation methods B.6.1 General B.6.2 Basic computation formulas for RF field strength or power density evaluation
152	Figure B.19 – Reference frame employed for cylindrical formulas for RF field strength computation at a point P (left), and on a line perpendicular to boresight (right)
154	Figure B.20 – Views illustrating the three valid zones forfield strength computation around an antenna Table B.16 – Definition of boundaries for selecting the zone of computation
155	Figure B.21 – Enclosed cylinder around collinear array antennas,with and without electrical downtilt
157	Table B.17 – Input parameters for cylindrical and spherical formulas validation
158	B.6.3 Basic whole-body SAR and peak spatial-average SAR evaluation formulas Figure B.22 – Spherical formulas reference results Figure B.23 – Cylindrical formulas reference results
159	Figure B.24 – Directions for which SAR estimation expressions are provided Table B.18 – Applicability of SAR estimation formulas
160	Figure B.25 – Description of SAR estimation formulas physical parameters
162	Table B.19 – Calculation of A(f, d)
164	Table B.20 – Antenna parameters for SAR estimation formulas verification Table B.21 – Verification data for SAR estimation formulas – front Table B.22 – Verification data for SAR estimation formulas – axial and back
165	B.6.4 Basic compliance boundary assessment method for BS using parabolic dish antennas
167	Figure B.26 – Flow chart for the simplified assessment ofRF compliance boundary in the line of sight of a parabolic dish antenna
168	B.6.5 Basic compliance boundary assessment method for intentionally radiating cables Figure B.27 – Radiating cable geometry
169	B.7 Advanced computation methods B.7.1 General B.7.2 Synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms
172	Figure B.28 – Synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms geometry and parameters
173	Table B.23 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a synthetic model and ray tracing RF field strength computation
174	Figure B.29 – Line 4 far-field positions for synthetic model andray tracing validation example
175	Figure B.30 – Antenna parameters for synthetic modeland ray tracing algorithms validation example
176	B.7.3 Full wave RF exposure computation Table B.24 – Synthetic model and ray tracingpower density reference results
181	Table B.25 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a full wave RF field strength / power density computation
182	Figure B.31 – Generic 900 MHz BS antenna with nine dipole radiators
183	Figure B.32 – Line 1, 2 and 3 near-field positionsfor full wave and ray tracing validation Table B.26 – Validation 1 full wave field reference results
184	Figure B.33 – Generic 1 800 MHz BS antenna with five slot radiators Table B.27 – Validation 2 full wave field reference results
185	B.7.4 Full wave SAR computation
188	Table B.28 – Example template for estimating the expanded uncertaintyof a full wave SAR computation
190	B.8 Extrapolation from the evaluated values to the maximum or actual values B.8.1 Extrapolation method Figure B.34 – BS antenna placed in front of a multi-layered lossy cylinder Table B.29 – Validation reference SAR results for computation method
192	B.8.2 Extrapolation to maximum in-situ RF field strength or power density using broadband measurements B.8.3 Extrapolation to maximum in-situ RF field strength / power density using frequency or code selective measurements
193	B.8.4 Influence of traffic in real operating network
194	B.8.5 Extrapolation for massive MIMO and beamforming BS Figure B.35 – Time variation over 24 h of the exposure inducedby NR, GSM and FM, each normalized to the mean value
196	B.8.6 Maximum exposure extrapolation with dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS)
197	B.9 Guidance for implementing the actual maximum approach B.9.1 BS actual EIRP evaluation assumptions
198	B.9.2 Technology duty-cycle factor description
199	Figure B.36– Generic structure of a base station transmitted RF signal frame
200	B.9.3 CDF evaluation using modelling studies Table B.30 – Relevant parameters for performingRF exposure modelling studies of a massive MIMO site or site cluster
201	B.9.4 CDF evaluation using measurement studies on operational BS sites
202	Table B.31 – Measurement campaign parameters for performingRF exposure assessment of a massive MIMO site or site cluster
203	B.9.5 Actual transmitted power or EIRP monitoring counters B.9.6 Configurations with multiple transmitters
204	Table B.32 – Power combination factors applicable to the normalized actual transmitted power CDF in case of combination of multiple independent identical transmitters
205	B.10 Transmitted power or EIRP evaluation B.10.1 General B.10.2 Measurement of the transmitted power in conducted mode Table B.33 – Power combination factors applicable totwo independent transmitters with a ratio p in amplitude
206	B.10.3 Measurement of the transmitted power in OTA conditions B.10.4 Measurement of the EIRP in OTA and laboratory conditions Figure B.37 – Example of setup for the direct power level measurementfor BS equipped with direct access conducted output ports
207	B.10.5 Measurement of the EIRP in OTA and in-situ conditions
208	Annex C (informative)Guidelines for the validation of power or EIRP control features and monitoring counter(s) related to the actual maximum approach C.1 Overview C.2 Guidelines for validating control feature(s) and monitoring counters
209	C.3 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in laboratory conditions C.3.1 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in conducted mode – test procedure Table C.1 – Relative difference between the measured averaged transmitted power and actual power counter value for systems that allow direct power level measurements
210	Table C.2 – Correlation between the configured maximum power level and the level reported by actual power counters for BS that allow direct power level measurements Table C.3 – Correlation between the configured time-averaged load levels and the actual power counter value for systems that allow direct power level measurements
211	C.3.2 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in OTA mode – test procedure Table C.4 – Relative difference between the configured maximum power,measured averaged transmitted power, and actual power countersfor systems that do not support direct power level measurements
212	Table C.5 – Correlation between the configured power level and the level reported by power counters for BS that do not support direct power level measurements
214	C.3.3 Validation of control feature(s) in laboratory conditions Table C.6 – Correlation between time linearity of the configuredmaximum power level and the level reported by actual power countersfor BS that do not support direct power level measurements
215	Figure C.1 – Example of a laboratory test setup for validationof an actual power control feature intended for use with a 5G BS
217	C.3.4 Validation of control features using in-situ measurements
218	Figure C.2 – Example of a test setup for validationof an actual power control feature implemented in a 5G BS
219	C.4 Validation test report
220	C.5 Case studies C.5.1 Case study A – In-situ validation
221	Figure C.3 – Ground based in-situ validation setup
222	Figure C.4 – In-situ validation measurement setup nearthe general public compliance boundary in front of the5G massive MIMO antenna (bore sight position)
223	Figure C.5 – Comparison between measured time-averaged EMF andpower control feature (5G counter data) for the ground-based measurements Figure C.6 – Measured exposure adaptation in time expressedas a percentage of ICNIRP limits [1], [2] for the measurementsnear the general public compliance boundary
224	C.5.2 Case study B – In-situ validation
225	Figure C.7 – Overview of the measurement site
226	Figure C.8 – Ground view of the validation site and measurement setup,located 60 m from the 5G BS, in the line of sight Figure C.9 – Power transmitted by the massive MIMO antenna (top trace),channel power (ChP) measurements (middle trace)and transmitted resource blocks (RBs) (bottom trace)
227	C.5.3 Case study C – In-situ validation
228	Figure C.10 – Overview of the test platform Figure C.11 – Example of synthetic model simulation of the test area Figure C.12 – Examples of traffic load profiles
229	Figure C.13 – Example of testing in different segments in the test area
230	Figure C.14 – Results of the monitoring validation and baseline test in phase 1 Figure C.15 – Example of power density measurementsand power density derived from counters
231	Figure C.16 – Measured power density and power density derived from counters Figure C.17 – Comparisons of both counters and measurements
232	Annex D (informative)Rationale supporting simplified product installation criteria D.1 General D.2 Class E2 Figure D.1 – Measured ER as a function of distance for a BS (G = 5 dBi, f = 2 100 MHz) transmitting with an EIRP of 2 W (installation class E2) and 10 W (installation class E10)
233	D.3 Class E10 Figure D.2 – Minimum installation height as a functionof transmitting power corresponding to installation class E10
234	D.4 Class E100 Figure D.3 – Compliance distance in the main lobe as a function of EIRP establishedin accordance with the farfield formula corresponding to installation class E100
235	Figure D.4 – Minimum installation height as a functionof transmitting power corresponding to installation class E100
236	D.5 Class E+ Figure D.5 – Averaged power density at ground level for various installation configurations of equipment with 100 W EIRP (installation class E100)
237	D.6 Simplified formulas for millimetre-wave antennas using massive MIMO or beam steering Figure D.6 – Compliance distance in the main lobe CDm as a function of EIRP established in accordance with the farfield formula corresponding to installation class E+ Figure D.7 – Minimum installation height hm as a function of EIRPcorresponding to installation class E+
238	Figure D.8 – Power density distribution in watts per square metre in a vertical cut planefor an 8 × 8 antenna array at 28 GHz (grid step of 10 cm) Figure D.9 – Power density distribution in watts per square metre in a vertical cut plane for an 8 × 8 antenna array at 39 GHz (grid step of 10 cm)
239	Annex E (informative)Technology-specific exposure evaluation guidance E.1 Overview to guidance on specific technologies E.2 Summary of technology-specific information Table E.1 – Technology specific information
240	E.3 Guidance on spectrum analyser settings E.3.1 Overview of spectrum analyser settings
241	E.3.2 Detection algorithms E.3.3 Resolution bandwidth and channel power processing
242	Figure E.1 – Spectral occupancy for GMSK
243	Figure E.2 – Spectral occupancy for CDMA
244	E.3.4 Integration per service E.4 Stable transmitted power signals E.4.1 TDMA/FDMA technology Table E.2 – Example of spectrum analyser settings for an integration per service
245	E.4.2 WCDMA/UMTS technology Table E.3 – Example constant power components for specific TDMA/FDMA technologies
246	E.4.3 OFDM technology E.5 WCDMA measurement and calibration using a code domain analyser E.5.1 WCDMA measurements – General E.5.2 WCDMA decoder characteristics Figure E.3 – Channel allocation for a WCDMA signal
247	E.5.3 Calibration Table E.4 – WCDMA decoder characteristics Table E.5 – Signal configurations
248	Table E.6 – WCDMA generator setting for power linearity Table E.7 – WCDMA generator setting for decoder calibration
249	E.6 Wi-Fi measurements E.6.1 General Figure E.4 – Example of Wi-Fi frames Table E.8 – WCDMA generator setting for reflection coefficient measurement
250	E.6.2 Integration time for reproducible measurements E.6.3 Channel occupation Figure E.5 – Channel occupation versus the integration time for IEEE 802.11b standard
251	E.6.4 Some considerations E.6.5 Measurement configuration and steps Figure E.6 – Channel occupation versusnominal throughput rate for IEEE 802.11b/g standards Figure E.7 – Wi-Fi spectrum trace snapshot
252	E.6.6 Influence of the application layers E.6.7 Power control
253	E.7 LTE measurements E.7.1 Overview E.7.2 LTE transmission modes
254	E.7.3 LTE-FDD frame structure
255	E.7.4 LTE-TDD frame structure Figure E.8 – Frame structure of transmission signal for LTE-FDD downlink
256	Figure E.9 – Frame structure LTE-TDD type 2 (for 5 ms switch-point periodicity) Figure E.10 – Frame structure of transmission signal for LTE-TDD
257	E.7.5 Maximum LTE exposure evaluation Table E.9 – Uplink-downlink configurations
258	Table E.10 – Theoretical extrapolation factor, NRS, based on framestructure given in 3GPP TS 36.104 [21]
259	Figure E.11 – LTE-TDD PBCH measurement example
260	Figure E.12 – Example of VBW setting for LTE-FDDand LTE-TDD to avoid underestimation
261	Figure E.13 – Examples of received waves from LTE-FDD downlink signalsusing a spectrum analyser using zero span mode
262	E.7.6 Instantaneous LTE exposure evaluation Figure E.14 – LTE-TDD PBCH measurement example spectrumanalyser using zero span mode
263	E.7.7 MIMO multiplexing of LTE BS E.8 NR BS measurements E.8.1 General E.8.2 Maximum NR exposure evaluation
264	Table E.11 – FBW for each combination of BS channel bandwidthand SSB subcarrier spacing (SCS) for sub-6 GHz signals
265	Table E.12 – FBW for each combination of BS channel bandwidthand SSB subcarrier spacing (SCS) for mm-wave signals
266	Figure E.15 – Example of VBW setting for NR to avoid underestimation Figure E.16 – Examples of measurement accuracy results according to the ratio of VBW and RBW for NR SCS 30 kHz and 1 MHz RBW using various SA types (A to D)
267	Figure E.17 – Waterfall reconstruction plot of a 1 s long measurement traceof an NR signal with subcarrier spacing (SCS) 30 kHz(along one component of the electric field) Figure E.18 – Example of NR signal frame measured on SAwith SSB signal above PDSCH (data)
268	Figure E.19 – Example of NR signal frame measured on SAwith SSB signal below or equal to PDSCH (data)
269	Figure E.20 – Time gating of SS burst signal Figure E.21 – Representation of the channel bandwidth (CBW)
272	Figure E.22 – An example for one port CSI-RS beam design
273	E.9 Establishing compliance boundaries using numerical simulations of MIMO array antennas emitting correlated waveforms E.9.1 General E.9.2 Field combining near base stations for correlated exposure with the purpose of establishing compliance boundaries
274	E.9.3 Numerical simulations of MIMO array antennas with densely packed columns
275	E.9.4 Numerical simulations of large MIMO array antennas E.10 Massive MIMO antennas E.10.1 Overview E.10.2 Deterministic conservative approach E.10.3 Statistical conservative approach
276	E.10.4 Example approaches
278	Figure E.23 – Plan view representation of statistical conservative model
286	Figure E.24 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N = 24, PR = 0,125 Figure E.25 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N = 18, PR = 2/7
289	Table E.13 – List of variables in the case study
290	Figure E.26 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N = 100，PR = 0,125 Figure E.27 – Binomial cumulative probability function for N = 82, PR = 2/7
293	Annex F (informative)Guidelines for the assessment of BS compliancewith ICNIRP-2020 brief exposure limits F.1 General F.2 Brief exposure limits
294	Figure F.1 – Limits for brief exposure (t < 360 s), seeTable F.1,divided by the corresponding time interval tand normalized with the value obtained for t up to 360 s Table F.1 – Brief exposure limits for the general public integratedover intervals of between 0 min and 6 min as specified by ICNIRP-2020 [1]
295	F.3 Implications of brief exposure limits on signal modulation and TDD duty cycle F.4 Implications of brief exposure limits on the actual maximum approach
298	Figure F.2 – FPR_min as a function of the pulse durationassuming a whole-body averaging time of 30 min Figure F.3 – FPR_min as a function of the pulse durationassuming an averaging time of 6 min Table F.2 – Minimum FPR, FPR_min, for which compliance with the time-averagedwhole-body limits ICNIRP-2020 [1] inherently ensures compliance withthe brief exposure limits specified by ICNIRP-2020 [1]
299	Annex G (informative)Uncertainty G.1 Background G.2 Requirement to estimate uncertainty
300	G.3 How to estimate uncertainty G.4 Guidance on uncertainty and assessment schemes G.4.1 General G.4.2 Overview of assessment schemes
301	G.4.3 Examples of assessment schemes
302	Figure G.1 – Examples of general assessment schemes
303	Figure G.2 – Target uncertainty scheme overview Table G.1 – Determining target uncertainty
304	G.4.4 Assessment schemes and compliance probabilities
305	Table G.2 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10 000 trials, both surveyorand auditor using best estimate Table G.3 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10 000 trials, both surveyorand auditor using target uncertainty of 4 dB
306	G.5 Guidance on uncertainty G.5.1 Overview Table G.4 – Monte Carlo simulation of 10 000 trials where surveyor uses upper 95 % CI and auditor uses lower 95 % CI
307	G.5.2 Measurement uncertainty and confidence levels Figure G.3 – Probability of the true value being above (respectively below) the evaluated value depending on the confidence level assuming a normal distribution
308	G.6 Applying uncertainty for compliance assessments
309	G.7 Example influence quantities for field measurements G.7.1 General G.7.2 Calibration uncertainty of measurement antenna or field probe G.7.3 Frequency response of the measurement antenna or field probe
310	Figure G.4 – Plot of the calibration factors for E (not E2) provided froman example calibration report for an electric field probe
311	G.7.4 Isotropy of the measurement antenna or field probe G.7.5 Frequency response of the spectrum analyser G.7.6 Temperature response of a broadband field probe
312	G.7.7 Linearity deviation of a broadband field probe G.7.8 Mismatch uncertainty G.7.9 Deviation of the experimental source from numerical source G.7.10 Meter fluctuation uncertainty for time-varying signals
313	G.7.11 Uncertainty due to power variation in the RF source G.7.12 Uncertainty due to field gradients
314	G.7.13 Mutual coupling between measurement antenna or isotropic probe and object Table G.5 – Guidance on minimum separation distances for somedipole lengths such that the uncertainty does notexceed 5 % or 10 % in a measurement of E Table G.6 – Guidance on minimum separation distances for some loop diameters such that the uncertainty does notexceed 5 % or 10 % in a measurement of H
315	G.7.14 Uncertainty due to field scattering from the surveyor’s body Table G.7 – Example minimum separation conditionsfor selected dipole lengths for 10 % uncertainty in E
316	Figure G.5 – Computational model used for the variational analysisof reflected RF fields from the front of a surveyor
317	G.7.15 Measurement device G.7.16 Fields out of measurement range Table G.8 – Standard estimates of dB variation for the perturbationsin front of a surveyor due to body reflected fields as described in Figure G.5 Table G.9 – Standard uncertainty (u) estimates for E and H due to body reflections from the surveyor for common radio services derived from estimates provided in Table G.8
318	G.7.17 Noise G.7.18 Integration time G.7.19 Power chain G.7.20 Positioning system G.7.21 Matching between probe and the EUT G.7.22 Drifts in output power of the EUT, probe, temperature, and humidity G.7.23 Perturbation by the environment
319	G.8 Example influence quantities for RF field strength computations by ray tracing or full wave methods G.8.1 General G.8.2 System
320	G.8.3 Technique uncertainties G.8.4 Environmental uncertainties
321	G.9 Influence quantities for SAR measurements G.9.1 General G.9.2 Post-processing G.9.3 EUT holder
322	G.9.4 EUT positioning Figure G.6 – EUT positioning equipment and different positioning errors
323	G.9.5 Phantom shell uncertainty G.9.6 SAR correction depending on target liquid permittivity and conductivity
324	G.9.7 Liquid permittivity and conductivity measurements G.9.8 Liquid temperature G.10 Influence quantities for SAR calculations G.11 Spatial averaging G.11.1 General Table G.10 – Maximum sensitivity coefficients for liquid permittivity and conductivity over the frequency range 300 MHz to 6 GHz
325	G.11.2 Small-scale fading variations Figure G.7 – Physical model of small-scale fading variations Figure G.8 – Example of E-field strength variationsin line of sight of an antenna operating at 2,2 GHz
326	G.11.3 Error on the estimation of local average power density Figure G.9 – Error at 95 % on average power estimation
327	G.11.4 Characterization of environment statistical properties G.11.5 Characterization of different spatial averaging schemes Table G.11 – Uncertainty at 95 % for different fading models
328	Figure G.10 – 343 measurement points building a cube (centre)and different templates consisting of a different number of positions
329	Figure G.11 – Moving a template (Line 3) through the cube
330	Table G.12 – Correlation coefficients for GSM 900 and DCS 1800
331	Figure G.12 – Standard deviations for GSM 900, DCS 1800 and UMTS Table G.13 – Variations of the standard deviations forthe GSM 900, DCS 1800 and UMTS frequency bands
332	G.12 Influence of human body on measurements of the electric RF field strength G.12.1 Simulations of the influence of human body on measurements based on the method of moments (surface equivalence principle) Table G.14 – Examples of total uncertainty calculation
333	Figure G.13 – Simulation arrangement Figure G.14 – Body influence
334	G.12.2 Comparison with measurements Figure G.15 – Simulation arrangement Table G.15 – Maximum simulated error due to the influence ofa human body on the measurement values ofan omnidirectional probe Table G.16 – Measured influence of a human body onomnidirectional probe measurements
335	G.12.3 Conclusions
336	Annex H (informative)Guidance on comparingevaluated parameters with a limit value H.1 Overview H.2 Information recommended to compare evaluated value against limit value H.3 Performing a limit comparison at a given confidence level
337	H.4 Performing a limit comparison using a process-based assessment scheme
338	Bibliography

Additional information

Status	Definitive
Pages	348
Publication Date	2022-12-09
ISBN	978 0 539 04590 1
Standard Number	BS EN IEC 62232:2022
Title	Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
Identical National Standard Of	EN 62232 Ed.3.0, IEC 62232 Ed.3.0
Replaces	BS EN 62232:2017
Descriptors	Radiofrequency measurement, Field strength (magnetic), Electromagnetic absorption, Testing, Absorption (waves), Impact effects (human body), Exposure meters, Power measurement (electric)
Publisher	BSI
Committee	GEL/106
ICS Codes	13.280 - Radiation protection

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