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BS IEC 61000-4-23:2016:2021 Edition

BS IEC 61000-4-23:2016:2021 Edition

$215.11

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) – Testing and measurement techniques. Test methods for protective devices for HEMP and other radiated disturbances

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BSI 2021 108
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PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
4 CONTENTS
8 FOREWORD
10 INTRODUCTION
11 1 Scope
2 Normative references
12 3 Terms and definitions
17 4 HEMP test concepts
4.1 General
18 4.2 Testing of shielding enclosures
4.2.1 General
19 Figures
Figure 1 – Example of measured magnitude and phase of the transfer function T(ω) = Hin/Hout for a shielded enclosure
20 Figure 2 – Electric field and magnetic field shielding effectiveness of a 0,5 mm thick aluminum enclosure [29]
21 4.2.2 Buildings
Figure 3 – Measured magnetic field shielding effectiveness SEH for a building
Figure 4 – Conceptual illustration of the HEMP test of a building
22 4.2.3 Shelters and shielded rooms
23 4.2.4 Cabinets, racks and boxes
Figure 5 – Illustration of a shielded room or enclosure excited by HEMP fields
Figure 6 – Illustration of equipment racks, cabinets and box excited by internal HEMP disturbance
24 Figure 7 – A general shield excited by current injection
25 4.3 Testing of shielded cables and connectors
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Testing of cable shields
26 Figure 8 – Basic configuration for transfer impedance measurement
27 Figure 9 – Measured transfer impedance magnitude and phase of transfer impedance per unit length for four braided shield cables with good shielding properties
28 4.3.3 Testing of cable connectors
Figure 10 – Basic configuration for transfer admittance measurement
Figure 11 – Test configuration for transfer impedance measurement of a cable connector
29 4.4 Testing of shielding materials
4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Conducting gaskets
30 Figure 12 – Examples of conducting gaskets used as HEMP protection devices
Figure 13 – Circuit model representing the behaviour of a conducting gasket for HEMP protection
31 4.4.3 Conducting sheets and screens
Figure 14 – Measurement configuration for the resistivity of a sample
32 Figure 15 – Test concept for measuring the resistivity with surface probes
34 4.4.4 Cut-off waveguides and honeycombs
Figure 16 – Concepts for shielding effectiveness measurement of conducting sheets and screens
Figure 17 – Example of the calculated plane-wave shielding effectivenes sof a 0,01 mm thick plate of different material as a function of frequency
35 4.5 Summary of test concepts
Figure 18 – Cut-off waveguides and honeycomb used as protective elements
36 5 Test methods for measuring the shielding effectiveness of HEMP protection facilities
5.1 General
5.2 Electromagnetic field testing
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Pulse field testing
Tables
Table 1 – Recommended test procedure for different test objects
39 Figure 19 – Examples of full-scale, pulse-radiating HEMP simulators
41 Figure 20 – Test procedure for the pulse test
42 5.2.3 CW field testing
Figure 21 – Typical configuration of a CW test facility
43 Figure 22 – Example CW measurement set-up
44 Figure 23 – Test and analysis procedures for conducting a CW test
45 Figure 24 – Analysis flow diagram for extrapolatinga measured CW spectrum to the HEMP response
46 Figure 25 – Example scan from 9 kHz to 3 GHz for the ambient electromagnetic field from communication signals
47 Figure 26 – Test procedure for the ambient EM excitation test
48 Figure 27 – Double-ended TEM cell for field illumination testing of small enclosures
49 Figure 28 – Example test set-up for field illumination in the TEM cell
50 Figure 29 – Illustration of the single-ended TEM cell and associated equipment
52 Figure 30 – Test set-up for the plane-wave shielding effectiveness measurements
Table 2 – Dimensions and composition of distances d1 to d3, with reference to Figure 30
53 Figure 31 – Test set-up for the H-field shielding effectiveness measurements
Table 3 – Dimensions and composition of distances d1 to d3, with reference to Figure 31
54 Figure 32 – Example of antenna locations for the localized antenna tests for a hypothetical shielded enclosure or facility
Table 4 – Measurement frequencies and antennas in plane-wave
56 Table 5 – Measurement frequencies and antennas in magnetic field
57 5.3 Current injection test procedures
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Injection testing of enclosures
58 Figure 33 – Test concept and equipment configuration for current injection testing of a shielded enclosure or box
59 5.3.3 Transfer impedance and admittance of cable shields and connectors
5.3.4 Testing of gasket material
61 Figure 34 – Surface probe for volume resistivity measurement
62 Annexes
Annex A (informative) HEMP test concepts for electrical systems
A.1 Overview
A.2 Types of HEMP tests
A.2.1 General
A.2.2 System-level transient tests
63 A.2.3 CW field illumination tests
A.2.4 Current injection testing
64 A.2.5 Partial illumination testing
A.2.6 Subsystem and component testing
65 A.3 Definition of the testing interface
66 Figure A.1 – Sample HEMP interaction diagram illustrating penetration mechanisms, system responses and generic test interface locations
67 A.4 Use of test data
A.4.1 General
A.4.2 Acceptance of new systems
A.4.3 System assessments
A.4.4 Hardness surveillance monitoring
A.4.5 System design
68 A.5 Testing uncertainties
69 Annex B (informative) Characterization of shielded cables
B.1 Fundamentals of cable shielding
Figure B.1 – Geometry of a shielded coaxial line with an internal circuit
70 B.2 Definitions of transfer impedance and transfer admittance
Figure B.2 – Coaxial cable located over a conducting ground plane
71 Figure B.3 – Two per-unit-length circuits formed by the sheath and its ground return, and the sheath and the internal conductor
73 B.3 Relative significance of Z′t and Y′t
74 Annex C (informative) Equipment for HEMP pulse measurements
C.1 General
C.2 Sensors for HEMP measurements
C.2.1 B- and H-field sensors
75 Figure C.1 – Magnetic field sensors [23]
Figure C.2 – Single-slot, cylindrical coil sensor [23]
76 C.2.2 D- and E-field sensors
Figure C.3 – Two- and four-slot cylindrical coil sensors [23]
Figure C.4 – Electrical configuration of an E-field sensor [23]
77 Figure C.5 – Biconical E-field sensor
Figure C.6 – E-field sensor mounted on a conducting ground plane [23]
Figure C.7 – Equipotential shapes for an optimally designed E-field sensor [23]
78 C.2.3 Current sensors
Figure C.8 – Rogowski coil used for current measurements [23]
Figure C.9 – Toroidal current sensor made of magnetic material [23]
Figure C.10 – Voltage pick-up points on the edges of the toroidal sensor [23]
79 C.3 Signal transmission
C.3.1 General
C.3.2 Fibre optic links
Figure C.11 – Example of a single-channel fibre optic transmission system [23]
80 C.3.3 Fibre optic transducers
C.4 Signal detection and processing
Figure C.12 – Attenuation of coaxial linesand fibre optic cables as a function of frequency
82 Annex D (informative) Equipment for CW testing
D.1 General
D.2 Antenna system
83 Figure D.1 – Various antennas for CW testing
84 D.3 Power amplifier
Figure D.2 – Relationship between the CW antenna and the incident HEMP field
85 D.4 Receiver (network analyser)
D.5 Reference and response sensors
86 Figure D.3 – Incident and ground-reflected field contributions to the reference sensor excitations
87 D.6 Fibre optic system
Figure D.4 – Measured reference H-field spectrum and its inverse Fourier transform
89 Figure D.5 – Measured sensor responses and calibration function
Figure D.6 – Measured transfer function, corrected by calibration file
90 D.7 Limitations of measurements
91 Annex E (informative) Characterization of a planar shield for HEMP protection
E.1 General
Figure E.1 – Example of a general shielding problem
92 E.2 Problem geometry
Figure E.2 – Behaviour of the impedance ratio |E|/|H | as a function of distance from a source [29]
93 E.3 Equivalent circuit representation
E.3.1 General
Figure E.3 – Conducting slab of thickness, d, and infinite extent serving as an electromagnetic barrier
94 E.3.2 Chain parameter representation of the shield
Figure E.4 – Equivalent circuit representation of the shielding problem
95 E.3.3 Circuit responses
Figure E.5 – Two-port representation of a circuit
97 Table E.1 – Surface resistance and electrical parameters for selected materials
99 Annex F (informative) Inside-to-out measurement method
F.1 Purpose
F.2 Comparison of existing SE test methods
100 F.3 Inside-to-out SE test of shielded rooms
F.3.1 Measurements of the inside-to-out SE
Table F.1 – Comparison with other standards
101 Table F.2 – Test shielded rooms
102 Figure F.1 – Test set-up for the outside-to-in and inside-to-out SE measurement
103 F.3.2 Summary
Table F.3 – Comparison of the SE measurement results
104 Bibliography

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