BS IEC TR 63401-1:2022
$215.11
Dynamic characteristics of inverter-based resources in bulk power systems – Interconnecting inverter-based resources to low short circuit ratio AC networks
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| BSI | 2022 | 104 |
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 2 | undefined |
| 4 | CONTENTS |
| 8 | FOREWORD |
| 10 | INTRODUCTION |
| 11 | 1 Scope |
| 12 | 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions |
| 14 | 4 Characteristics of low short circuit ratio AC networks 4.1 Definition of low short circuit ratio 4.1.1 General |
| 15 | 4.1.2 Low SCR in IEEE Std 1204-1997 4.1.3 Low SCR in CIGRE B4.62 TB671 |
| 17 | 4.2 Stability issues posed by inverter-based resources 4.2.1 General Figures Figure 1 โ Measured voltage and current curves of sub-synchronous oscillation |
| 18 | 4.2.2 Static voltage control 4.2.3 Fault ride-through 4.2.4 Multi-frequency oscillation |
| 19 | 4.3 Summary 5 Identification of low short circuit ratio AC networks 5.1 Problem statement |
| 20 | 5.2 Short circuit ratio for a single-connected REPP system 5.2.1 SCR calculation with fault current |
| 21 | 5.2.2 SCR calculation with equivalent circuit Figure 2 โ Schematic diagram of a WPP with no static or dynamic reactive support |
| 22 | Figure 3 โ Equivalent circuit representation of the WPP shown in Figure 2 |
| 26 | Figure 4 โ A typical SIPES Figure 5 โ Changes of system eigenvalues, and the weakest system eigenvalueโs damping ratio with SCR in a SIPES |
| 27 | Figure 6 โ Schematic diagram of a WPP with static reactivesupport plant (capacitor banks) Figure 7 โ Equivalent circuit representation of the WPP shown in Figure 6 |
| 28 | 5.3 Short circuit ratio for multi grid-connected WPP system 5.3.1 General Figure 8 โ Schematic diagram of a WPP with dynamic reactivesupport plant (synchronous condensers) Figure 9 โ Equivalent circuit representation of the WPP shown in Figure 8 |
| 29 | 5.3.2 Modal decoupling method |
| 30 | Figure 10 โ Mechanism illustration of decoupling a MIPESinto a set of equivalent SIPESs |
| 31 | Figure 11 โ A typical MIPES |
| 35 | Figure 12 โ A test wind farm system that contains nine wind turbines |
| 37 | Figure 13 โ One-line diagram of 5-infeed PES Tables Table 1 โ Rated capacity of PEDs in 5-infeed PES in p.u. |
| 38 | Figure 14 โ Eigenvalue comparison of 5-infeed PES and its 5 equivalent SIPESs Table 2 โ Network parameters of 5-infeed PES in p.u. Table 3 โ Relationship between equivalent SIPESs and eigenvaluesof Yeq in 5-infeed PES |
| 39 | Figure 15 โ The 9-converter heterogeneous system with a IEEE 39-bus network topology Table 4 โ Control parameters of converters |
| 40 | 5.3.3 Circuit aggregation method Figure 16 โ The dominant eigenvalues and the damping ratios |
| 41 | Figure 17 โ Nearby WPP connected to the same region in a power system |
| 42 | Figure 18 โ Equivalent representation of multiple windfarmsconnecting to a power system with its Z matrix |
| 43 | Figure 19 โ Equivalent circuit representation of two WPPs connectedto the same connection point-configuration 2 |
| 44 | Figure 20 โ Four WPPs integrated into the system with weak connections Table 5 โ Wind capacity and SCR values assuming no interaction |
| 45 | Figure 21 โ Multiple WPPs connecting to the same HV busor HV buses in close proximity Figure 22 โ Equivalent circuit representation of WPPs connecting to the same HV bus Figure 23 โ Approximate equivalent representation assumed for CSCR method |
| 47 | 5.4 Summary Table 6 โ The definition of different MISCRs |
| 48 | Table 7 โ Comparison of SCR methods |
| 49 | 6 Steady state voltage stability issue for low short circuit ratio AC networks 6.1 Problem statements 6.2 Steady state stability analysis method 6.2.1 P-V curve Figure 24 โ System topology Figure 25 โ Typical P-V curve |
| 50 | 6.2.2 Q-V curve Figure 26 โ System topology Figure 27 โ Typical Q-V curve |
| 51 | 6.2.3 Voltage sensitivity analysis Figure 28 โ Simplified equivalent circuit oflarge-scale wind power integration system |
| 53 | Figure 29 โ Voltage sensitivity at PCC of large-scale wind power integration system |
| 54 | Figure 30 โ Single generator connected to an infinite bus via grid impedance |
| 55 | Figure 31 โ P-V curves for a typical generator in a weak grid |
| 56 | 6.2.4 Relation to short circuit ratio |
| 58 | 6.3 Control strategy for inverter-based resource 6.3.1 Active power and reactive power control |
| 60 | 6.3.2 Voltage control Figure 32 โ Power limit curve of DFIG |
| 61 | 6.4 Case study 6.4.1 Steady state voltage stability problem โ China Figure 33 โ Voltage control block diagram of the doubly-fed wind turbine Figure 34 โ Network structure of Baicheng grid |
| 62 | Figure 35 โ Short circuit capacity of Baicheng network |
| 63 | Figure 36 โ P-V curves and V-Q curves Table 8 โ Wind farmโs maximum power under different conditions |
| 64 | 6.4.2 Low SCR interconnection experience โ Vestas Figure 37 โ Reactive power of the wind farm and voltage level at the PCC |
| 65 | 6.5 Summary Figure 38 โ Schematic representation of the study system |
| 66 | 7 Transient issue for low short circuit ratio AC networks 7.1 Problem statement Figure 39 โ Fault characteristics |
| 67 | 7.2 Transient characteristic modelling and analysis 7.2.1 Transient stability analysis tools and limitations |
| 68 | 7.2.2 Electromagnetic transient (EMT) type models Figure 40 โ Comparison of VER fault response betweentransient stability and EMT models |
| 69 | 7.2.3 Transient stability analysis model requirements 7.3 Fault ride-through protection and control issue 7.3.1 General |
| 70 | 7.3.2 Hardware protection of inverter-based resource during fault |
| 71 | Figure 41 โ Doubly-fed wind turbine rotor-side crowbar protection circuit topology |
| 73 | 7.3.3 Unbalancing-voltage ride-through issue |
| 74 | Figure 42 โ Schematic diagram of positive and negative sequence currentcontrol of DFIG converter under grid unbalanced fault |
| 75 | 7.3.4 Overvoltage ride-through control strategy Figure 43 โ Comparative analysis of simulation results |
| 76 | Figure 44 โ Overvoltage ride-through control flow diagram |
| 77 | 7.3.5 Multiple fault ride-through Figure 45 โ Multiple fault conditions |
| 78 | Figure 46 โ Pitch angle control strategy |
| 79 | Figure 47 โ Typical characteristics of Pm and Pe under multiple fault ride-through |
| 80 | 7.3.6 Under and over -voltage ride-through in time sequence Figure 48 โ Characteristics of Pm and Pe under multiple fault ride-through Figure 49 โ Under/overvoltage ride-through curve |
| 81 | 7.3.7 Active/reactive current support of inverter-based resource during fault |
| 82 | 7.4 Operating experiences 7.4.1 Operating experience โ China Figure 50 โ Circuit diagram in Jiuquan |
| 83 | 7.4.2 Operating experience Figure 51 โ Analysis of wind power disconnection incident |
| 84 | Figure 52 โ Demonstration of voltage regulation performanceduring variable power output conditions |
| 85 | 7.5 Summary 8 Oscillatory instability issue for low short circuit ratio AC networks 8.1 Problem statement Table 9 โ New oscillation issues of power systems in the world |
| 87 | Figure 53 โ Configuration of a system of multiple grid-tied VSIs |
| 88 | 8.2 Modelling and stability analysis 8.2.1 Analysis and modelling of the inverter in the time-domain 8.2.2 Analysis and modelling of the inverter in the frequency-domain |
| 89 | Figure 54 โ Control schematic diagram and structure of inverter |
| 91 | Table 10 โ Detailed influence frequency ranges of every loop |
| 92 | Figure 55 โ Frequency coupling in different frequency range |
| 93 | Figure 56 โ Negative resistor caused by PLL |
| 94 | Figure 57 โ Negative resistor caused by DVC |
| 95 | 8.3 Mitigation of the oscillation issues by active damping control Figure 58 โ Equivalent circuits of the LC-filter considering the virtual resistor Table 11 โ Approximate distribution of high frequency negative damping range |
| 96 | 8.4 Cases study based on the benchmark model Figure 59 โ Active damping control methods |
| 97 | Figure 60 โ Impact of virtual resistance control on the stability |
| 98 | Table 12 โ Typical cases of weak grid parameters |
| 99 | Figure 61 โ Impact of line length on the stability |
| 100 | Figure 62 โ Impact of PLL on the stability |
| 101 | 8.5 Summary Figure 63 โ Impact of current control loop on the stability |
| 102 | 9 Conclusions |
| 103 | Bibliography |
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