BS ISO/IEC 14882:2020

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Programming languages. C++

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BSI	2020	1868

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Description

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
2	undefined
3	79358.pdf
5	Contents
12	Foreword
14	Blank Page
15	1 Scope
16	2 Normative references
17	3 Terms and definitions
23	4 General principles 4.1 Implementation compliance 4.1.1 General
24	4.1.2 Abstract machine 4.2 Structure of this document
25	4.3 Syntax notation
26	5 Lexical conventions 5.1 Separate translation 5.2 Phases of translation
27	5.3 Character sets
28	5.4 Preprocessing tokens
29	5.5 Alternative tokens 5.6 Tokens 5.7 Comments
30	5.8 Header names 5.9 Preprocessing numbers 5.10 Identifiers
31	5.11 Keywords
32	5.12 Operators and punctuators
33	5.13 Literals 5.13.1 Kinds of literals 5.13.2 Integer literals
34	5.13.3 Character literals
36	5.13.4 Floating-point literals
37	5.13.5 String literals
39	5.13.6 Boolean literals 5.13.7 Pointer literals 5.13.8 User-defined literals
42	6 Basics 6.1 Preamble 6.2 Declarations and definitions
44	6.3 One-definition rule
48	6.4 Scope 6.4.1 Declarative regions and scopes
49	6.4.2 Point of declaration
51	6.4.3 Block scope 6.4.4 Function parameter scope 6.4.5 Function scope 6.4.6 Namespace scope
52	6.4.7 Class scope
53	6.4.8 Enumeration scope 6.4.9 Template parameter scope
54	6.4.10 Name hiding 6.5 Name lookup 6.5.1 General
55	6.5.2 Unqualified name lookup
58	6.5.3 Argument-dependent name lookup
60	6.5.4 Qualified name lookup 6.5.4.1 General
61	6.5.4.2 Class members
62	6.5.4.3 Namespace members
65	6.5.5 Elaborated type specifiers
66	6.5.6 Class member access
67	6.5.7 Using-directives and namespace aliases 6.6 Program and linkage
71	6.7 Memory and objects 6.7.1 Memory model
72	6.7.2 Object model
74	6.7.3 Lifetime
77	6.7.4 Indeterminate values
78	6.7.5 Storage duration 6.7.5.1 General 6.7.5.2 Static storage duration 6.7.5.3 Thread storage duration 6.7.5.4 Automatic storage duration
79	6.7.5.5 Dynamic storage duration 6.7.5.5.1 General 6.7.5.5.2 Allocation functions
80	6.7.5.5.3 Deallocation functions
81	6.7.5.5.4 Safely-derived pointers 6.7.5.6 Duration of subobjects 6.7.6 Alignment
82	6.7.7 Temporary objects
85	6.8 Types 6.8.1 General
87	6.8.2 Fundamental types
89	6.8.3 Compound types
91	6.8.4 CV-qualifiers 6.8.5 Integer conversion rank
92	6.9 Program execution 6.9.1 Sequential execution
95	6.9.2 Multi-threaded executions and data races 6.9.2.1 General 6.9.2.2 Data races
98	6.9.2.3 Forward progress
100	6.9.3 Start and termination 6.9.3.1 main function 6.9.3.2 Static initialization
101	6.9.3.3 Dynamic initialization of non-local variables
102	6.9.3.4 Termination
104	7 Expressions 7.1 Preamble
105	7.2 Properties of expressions 7.2.1 Value category
106	7.2.2 Type
107	7.2.3 Context dependence
108	7.3 Standard conversions 7.3.1 General
109	7.3.2 Lvalue-to-rvalue conversion 7.3.3 Array-to-pointer conversion 7.3.4 Function-to-pointer conversion 7.3.5 Temporary materialization conversion
110	7.3.6 Qualification conversions 7.3.7 Integral promotions
111	7.3.8 Floating-point promotion 7.3.9 Integral conversions 7.3.10 Floating-point conversions 7.3.11 Floating-integral conversions
112	7.3.12 Pointer conversions 7.3.13 Pointer-to-member conversions 7.3.14 Function pointer conversions 7.3.15 Boolean conversions
113	7.4 Usual arithmetic conversions 7.5 Primary expressions 7.5.1 Literals 7.5.2 This
114	7.5.3 Parentheses 7.5.4 Names 7.5.4.1 General
115	7.5.4.2 Unqualified names
116	7.5.4.3 Qualified names 7.5.4.4 Destruction
117	7.5.5 Lambda expressions 7.5.5.1 General 7.5.5.2 Closure types
121	7.5.5.3 Captures
126	7.5.6 Fold expressions
127	7.5.7 Requires expressions 7.5.7.1 General
128	7.5.7.2 Simple requirements 7.5.7.3 Type requirements 7.5.7.4 Compound requirements
129	7.5.7.5 Nested requirements
130	7.6 Compound expressions 7.6.1 Postfix expressions 7.6.1.1 General 7.6.1.2 Subscripting 7.6.1.3 Function call
132	7.6.1.4 Explicit type conversion (functional notation)
133	7.6.1.5 Class member access
134	7.6.1.6 Increment and decrement 7.6.1.7 Dynamic cast
135	7.6.1.8 Type identification
136	7.6.1.9 Static cast
138	7.6.1.10 Reinterpret cast
139	7.6.1.11 Const cast
140	7.6.2 Unary expressions 7.6.2.1 General 7.6.2.2 Unary operators
141	7.6.2.3 Increment and decrement
142	7.6.2.4 Await
143	7.6.2.5 Sizeof
144	7.6.2.6 Alignof 7.6.2.7 noexcept operator 7.6.2.8 New
149	7.6.2.9 Delete
150	7.6.3 Explicit type conversion (cast notation)
151	7.6.4 Pointer-to-member operators
152	7.6.5 Multiplicative operators
153	7.6.6 Additive operators 7.6.7 Shift operators
154	7.6.8 Three-way comparison operator 7.6.9 Relational operators
155	7.6.10 Equality operators
156	7.6.11 Bitwise AND operator
157	7.6.12 Bitwise exclusive OR operator 7.6.13 Bitwise inclusive OR operator 7.6.14 Logical AND operator 7.6.15 Logical OR operator 7.6.16 Conditional operator
159	7.6.17 Yielding a value 7.6.18 Throwing an exception
160	7.6.19 Assignment and compound assignment operators
161	7.6.20 Comma operator 7.7 Constant expressions
167	8 Statements 8.1 Preamble
168	8.2 Labeled statement 8.3 Expression statement 8.4 Compound statement or block 8.5 Selection statements 8.5.1 General
169	8.5.2 The if statement
170	8.5.3 The switch statement 8.6 Iteration statements 8.6.1 General
171	8.6.2 The while statement 8.6.3 The do statement
172	8.6.4 The for statement 8.6.5 The range-based for statement
173	8.7 Jump statements 8.7.1 General 8.7.2 The break statement 8.7.3 The continue statement
174	8.7.4 The return statement 8.7.5 The co_return statement 8.7.6 The goto statement
175	8.8 Declaration statement 8.9 Ambiguity resolution
177	9 Declarations 9.1 Preamble
179	9.2 Specifiers 9.2.1 General 9.2.2 Storage class specifiers
181	9.2.3 Function specifiers 9.2.4 The typedef specifier
183	9.2.5 The friend specifier 9.2.6 The constexpr and consteval specifiers
186	9.2.7 The constinit specifier 9.2.8 The inline specifier
187	9.2.9 Type specifiers 9.2.9.1 General
188	9.2.9.2 The cv-qualifiers
189	9.2.9.3 Simple type specifiers 9.2.9.4 Elaborated type specifiers
191	9.2.9.5 Decltype specifiers
192	9.2.9.6 Placeholder type specifiers 9.2.9.6.1 General
194	9.2.9.6.2 Placeholder type deduction
196	9.2.9.7 Deduced class template specialization types 9.3 Declarators 9.3.1 General
198	9.3.2 Type names 9.3.3 Ambiguity resolution
200	9.3.4 Meaning of declarators 9.3.4.1 General 9.3.4.2 Pointers
201	9.3.4.3 References
202	9.3.4.4 Pointers to members
203	9.3.4.5 Arrays
204	9.3.4.6 Functions
208	9.3.4.7 Default arguments
211	9.4 Initializers 9.4.1 General
215	9.4.2 Aggregates
220	9.4.3 Character arrays 9.4.4 References
223	9.4.5 List-initialization
227	9.5 Function definitions 9.5.1 In general
228	9.5.2 Explicitly-defaulted functions
229	9.5.3 Deleted definitions
230	9.5.4 Coroutine definitions
233	9.6 Structured binding declarations
234	9.7 Enumerations 9.7.1 Enumeration declarations
237	9.7.2 The using enum declaration
238	9.8 Namespaces 9.8.1 General 9.8.2 Namespace definition 9.8.2.1 General
240	9.8.2.2 Unnamed namespaces 9.8.2.3 Namespace member definitions
242	9.8.3 Namespace alias 9.8.4 Using namespace directive
245	9.9 The using declaration
250	9.10 The asm declaration
251	9.11 Linkage specifications
253	9.12 Attributes 9.12.1 Attribute syntax and semantics
255	9.12.2 Alignment specifier
256	9.12.3 Carries dependency attribute
257	9.12.4 Deprecated attribute 9.12.5 Fallthrough attribute
258	9.12.6 Likelihood attributes 9.12.7 Maybe unused attribute
259	9.12.8 Nodiscard attribute
260	9.12.9 Noreturn attribute 9.12.10 No unique address attribute
261	10 Modules 10.1 Module units and purviews
262	10.2 Export declaration
265	10.3 Import declaration
266	10.4 Global module fragment
268	10.5 Private module fragment
269	10.6 Instantiation context
270	10.7 Reachability
272	11 Classes 11.1 Preamble
273	11.2 Properties of classes
274	11.3 Class names
276	11.4 Class members 11.4.1 General
279	11.4.2 Member functions
280	11.4.3 Non-static member functions 11.4.3.1 General
281	11.4.3.2 The this pointer
282	11.4.4 Special member functions
283	11.4.5 Constructors 11.4.5.1 General 11.4.5.2 Default constructors
284	11.4.5.3 Copy/move constructors
287	11.4.6 Copy/move assignment operator
289	11.4.7 Destructors
292	11.4.8 Conversions 11.4.8.1 General
293	11.4.8.2 Conversion by constructor 11.4.8.3 Conversion functions
295	11.4.9 Static members 11.4.9.1 General 11.4.9.2 Static member functions
296	11.4.9.3 Static data members 11.4.10 Bit-fields
297	11.4.11 Nested class declarations
298	11.4.12 Nested type names 11.5 Unions 11.5.1 General
300	11.5.2 Anonymous unions
301	11.6 Local class declarations 11.7 Derived classes 11.7.1 General
303	11.7.2 Multiple base classes
304	11.7.3 Virtual functions
308	11.7.4 Abstract classes
309	11.8 Member name lookup
312	11.9 Member access control 11.9.1 General
314	11.9.2 Access specifiers
315	11.9.3 Accessibility of base classes and base class members
317	11.9.4 Friends
320	11.9.5 Protected member access 11.9.6 Access to virtual functions
321	11.9.7 Multiple access 11.9.8 Nested classes
322	11.10 Initialization 11.10.1 General 11.10.2 Explicit initialization
323	11.10.3 Initializing bases and members
327	11.10.4 Initialization by inherited constructor
328	11.10.5 Construction and destruction
331	11.10.6 Copy/move elision
333	11.11 Comparisons 11.11.1 Defaulted comparison operator functions
334	11.11.2 Equality operator
335	11.11.3 Three-way comparison 11.11.4 Secondary comparison operators
336	11.12 Free store
338	12 Overloading 12.1 Preamble 12.2 Overloadable declarations
340	12.3 Declaration matching
341	12.4 Overload resolution 12.4.1 General
342	12.4.2 Candidate functions and argument lists 12.4.2.1 General
343	12.4.2.2 Function call syntax 12.4.2.2.1 General
344	12.4.2.2.2 Call to named function 12.4.2.2.3 Call to object of class type
345	12.4.2.3 Operators in expressions
348	12.4.2.4 Initialization by constructor 12.4.2.5 Copy-initialization of class by user-defined conversion 12.4.2.6 Initialization by conversion function
349	12.4.2.7 Initialization by conversion function for direct reference binding 12.4.2.8 Initialization by list-initialization 12.4.2.9 Class template argument deduction
353	12.4.3 Viable functions 12.4.4 Best viable function 12.4.4.1 General
356	12.4.4.2 Implicit conversion sequences 12.4.4.2.1 General
358	12.4.4.2.2 Standard conversion sequences 12.4.4.2.3 User-defined conversion sequences
359	12.4.4.2.4 Ellipsis conversion sequences 12.4.4.2.5 Reference binding 12.4.4.2.6 List-initialization sequence
362	12.4.4.3 Ranking implicit conversion sequences
365	12.5 Address of overloaded function
366	12.6 Overloaded operators 12.6.1 General
367	12.6.2 Unary operators
368	12.6.3 Binary operators 12.6.3.1 General 12.6.3.2 Simple assignment 12.6.4 Function call
369	12.6.5 Subscripting 12.6.6 Class member access 12.6.7 Increment and decrement
370	12.7 Built-in operators
372	12.8 User-defined literals
374	13 Templates 13.1 Preamble
375	13.2 Template parameters
379	13.3 Names of template specializations
382	13.4 Template arguments 13.4.1 General
384	13.4.2 Template type arguments 13.4.3 Template non-type arguments
386	13.4.4 Template template arguments
387	13.5 Template constraints 13.5.1 General
388	13.5.2 Constraints 13.5.2.1 General 13.5.2.2 Logical operations
389	13.5.2.3 Atomic constraints
390	13.5.3 Constrained declarations
391	13.5.4 Constraint normalization
392	13.5.5 Partial ordering by constraints
393	13.6 Type equivalence
394	13.7 Template declarations 13.7.1 General 13.7.2 Class templates 13.7.2.1 General
395	13.7.2.2 Member functions of class templates
396	13.7.2.3 Deduction guides 13.7.2.4 Member classes of class templates 13.7.2.5 Static data members of class templates
397	13.7.2.6 Enumeration members of class templates 13.7.3 Member templates
399	13.7.4 Variadic templates
402	13.7.5 Friends
404	13.7.6 Class template partial specializations 13.7.6.1 General
405	13.7.6.2 Matching of class template partial specializations
406	13.7.6.3 Partial ordering of class template specializations
407	13.7.6.4 Members of class template specializations
408	13.7.7 Function templates 13.7.7.1 General 13.7.7.2 Function template overloading
410	13.7.7.3 Partial ordering of function templates
413	13.7.8 Alias templates
414	13.7.9 Concept definitions
415	13.8 Name resolution 13.8.1 General
419	13.8.2 Locally declared names
421	13.8.3 Dependent names 13.8.3.1 General
422	13.8.3.2 Dependent types
425	13.8.3.3 Type-dependent expressions
426	13.8.3.4 Value-dependent expressions
427	13.8.3.5 Dependent template arguments 13.8.4 Non-dependent names
428	13.8.5 Dependent name resolution 13.8.5.1 Point of instantiation 13.8.5.2 Candidate functions
431	13.8.6 Friend names declared within a class template 13.9 Template instantiation and specialization 13.9.1 General
433	13.9.2 Implicit instantiation
437	13.9.3 Explicit instantiation
440	13.9.4 Explicit specialization
445	13.10 Function template specializations 13.10.1 General 13.10.2 Explicit template argument specification
447	13.10.3 Template argument deduction 13.10.3.1 General
451	13.10.3.2 Deducing template arguments from a function call
454	13.10.3.3 Deducing template arguments taking the address of a function template 13.10.3.4 Deducing conversion function template arguments
455	13.10.3.5 Deducing template arguments during partial ordering
456	13.10.3.6 Deducing template arguments from a type
462	13.10.3.7 Deducing template arguments from a function declaration
463	13.10.4 Overload resolution
465	14 Exception handling 14.1 Preamble
466	14.2 Throwing an exception
467	14.3 Constructors and destructors
468	14.4 Handling an exception
470	14.5 Exception specifications
472	14.6 Special functions 14.6.1 General 14.6.2 The std::terminate function
473	14.6.3 The std::uncaught_exceptions function
474	15 Preprocessing directives 15.1 Preamble
476	15.2 Conditional inclusion
478	15.3 Source file inclusion
479	15.4 Module directive
480	15.5 Header unit importation
481	15.6 Macro replacement 15.6.1 General
482	15.6.2 Argument substitution
484	15.6.3 The # operator 15.6.4 The ## operator
485	15.6.5 Rescanning and further replacement
486	15.6.6 Scope of macro definitions 15.7 Line control
487	15.8 Error directive 15.9 Pragma directive 15.10 Null directive 15.11 Predefined macro names
489	15.12 Pragma operator
491	16 Library introduction 16.1 General
492	16.2 The C standard library 16.3 Method of description 16.3.1 General 16.3.2 Structure of each clause 16.3.2.1 Elements 16.3.2.2 Summary 16.3.2.3 Requirements
493	16.3.2.4 Detailed specifications
494	16.3.2.5 C library 16.3.3 Other conventions 16.3.3.1 General
495	16.3.3.2 Exposition-only functions 16.3.3.3 Type descriptions 16.3.3.3.1 General 16.3.3.3.2 Exposition-only types 16.3.3.3.3 Enumerated types
496	16.3.3.3.4 Bitmask types
497	16.3.3.3.5 Character sequences 16.3.3.3.5.1 General 16.3.3.3.5.2 Byte strings 16.3.3.3.5.3 Multibyte strings 16.3.3.3.6 Customization Point Object types
498	16.3.3.4 Functions within classes 16.3.3.5 Private members 16.4 Library-wide requirements 16.4.1 General 16.4.2 Library contents and organization 16.4.2.1 General 16.4.2.2 Library contents 16.4.2.3 Headers
500	16.4.2.4 Freestanding implementations 16.4.3 Using the library 16.4.3.1 Overview
501	16.4.3.2 Headers 16.4.3.3 Linkage 16.4.4 Requirements on types and expressions 16.4.4.1 General
502	16.4.4.2 Template argument requirements 16.4.4.3 Swappable requirements
504	16.4.4.4 Cpp17NullablePointer requirements 16.4.4.5 Cpp17Hash requirements
505	16.4.4.6 Cpp17Allocator requirements 16.4.4.6.1 General
510	16.4.4.6.2 Allocator completeness requirements 16.4.5 Constraints on programs 16.4.5.1 Overview 16.4.5.2 Namespace use 16.4.5.2.1 Namespace std
511	16.4.5.2.2 Namespace posix 16.4.5.2.3 Namespaces for future standardization 16.4.5.3 Reserved names 16.4.5.3.1 General 16.4.5.3.2 Zombie names
513	16.4.5.3.3 Macro names 16.4.5.3.4 External linkage 16.4.5.3.5 Types 16.4.5.3.6 User-defined literal suffixes 16.4.5.4 Headers 16.4.5.5 Derived classes 16.4.5.6 Replacement functions
514	16.4.5.7 Handler functions 16.4.5.8 Other functions 16.4.5.9 Function arguments
515	16.4.5.10 Library object access 16.4.5.11 Semantic requirements 16.4.6 Conforming implementations 16.4.6.1 Overview 16.4.6.2 Headers 16.4.6.3 Restrictions on macro definitions
516	16.4.6.4 Non-member functions 16.4.6.5 Member functions 16.4.6.6 Friend functions 16.4.6.7 Constexpr functions and constructors 16.4.6.8 Requirements for stable algorithms 16.4.6.9 Reentrancy
517	16.4.6.10 Data race avoidance 16.4.6.11 Protection within classes 16.4.6.12 Derived classes 16.4.6.13 Restrictions on exception handling
518	16.4.6.14 Restrictions on storage of pointers 16.4.6.15 Value of error codes 16.4.6.16 Moved-from state of library types
519	17 Language support library 17.1 General 17.2 Common definitions 17.2.1 Header synopsis
520	17.2.2 Header synopsis
521	17.2.3 Null pointers 17.2.4 Sizes, alignments, and offsets
522	17.2.5 byte type operations
523	17.3 Implementation properties 17.3.1 General 17.3.2 Header synopsis
525	17.3.3 Header synopsis
526	17.3.4 Floating-point type properties 17.3.4.1 Type float_round_style 17.3.4.2 Type float_denorm_style 17.3.5 Class template numeric_limits 17.3.5.1 General
527	17.3.5.2 numeric_limits members
531	17.3.5.3 numeric_limits specializations
532	17.3.6 Header synopsis
533	17.3.7 Header synopsis 17.4 Integer types 17.4.1 General 17.4.2 Header synopsis
534	17.5 Startup and termination
536	17.6 Dynamic memory management 17.6.1 General 17.6.2 Header synopsis
537	17.6.3 Storage allocation and deallocation 17.6.3.1 General 17.6.3.2 Single-object forms
539	17.6.3.3 Array forms
540	17.6.3.4 Non-allocating forms
541	17.6.3.5 Data races 17.6.4 Storage allocation errors 17.6.4.1 Class bad_alloc 17.6.4.2 Class bad_array_new_length 17.6.4.3 Type new_handler 17.6.4.4 set_new_handler
542	17.6.4.5 get_new_handler 17.6.5 Pointer optimization barrier 17.6.6 Hardware interference size
543	17.7 Type identification 17.7.1 General 17.7.2 Header synopsis 17.7.3 Class type_info
544	17.7.4 Class bad_cast 17.7.5 Class bad_typeid 17.8 Source location 17.8.1 Header synopsis 17.8.2 Class source_location 17.8.2.1 General
545	17.8.2.2 Creation
546	17.8.2.3 Observers 17.9 Exception handling 17.9.1 General 17.9.2 Header synopsis
547	17.9.3 Class exception 17.9.4 Class bad_exception
548	17.9.5 Abnormal termination 17.9.5.1 Type terminate_handler 17.9.5.2 set_terminate 17.9.5.3 get_terminate 17.9.5.4 terminate 17.9.6 uncaught_exceptions 17.9.7 Exception propagation
549	17.9.8 nested_exception
550	17.10 Initializer lists 17.10.1 General 17.10.2 Header synopsis
551	17.10.3 Initializer list constructors 17.10.4 Initializer list access 17.10.5 Initializer list range access 17.11 Comparisons 17.11.1 Header synopsis
552	17.11.2 Comparison category types 17.11.2.1 Preamble 17.11.2.2 Class partial_ordering
553	17.11.2.3 Class weak_ordering
554	17.11.2.4 Class strong_ordering
556	17.11.3 Class template common_comparison_category 17.11.4 Concept three_way_comparable
557	17.11.5 Result of three-way comparison 17.11.6 Comparison algorithms
559	17.12 Coroutines 17.12.1 General 17.12.2 Header synopsis
560	17.12.3 Coroutine traits 17.12.3.1 General 17.12.3.2 Class template coroutine_traits 17.12.4 Class template coroutine_handle 17.12.4.1 General
561	17.12.4.2 Construct/reset 17.12.4.3 Export/import 17.12.4.4 Observers 17.12.4.5 Resumption 17.12.4.6 Promise access
562	17.12.4.7 Comparison operators 17.12.4.8 Hash support 17.12.5 No-op coroutines 17.12.5.1 Class noop_coroutine_promise 17.12.5.2 Class coroutine_handle 17.12.5.2.1 Observers 17.12.5.2.2 Resumption
563	17.12.5.2.3 Promise access 17.12.5.2.4 Address 17.12.5.3 Function noop_coroutine 17.12.6 Trivial awaitables 17.13 Other runtime support 17.13.1 General 17.13.2 Header synopsis
564	17.13.3 Header synopsis 17.13.4 Header synopsis 17.13.5 Signal handlers
566	18 Concepts library 18.1 General 18.2 Equality preservation
567	18.3 Header synopsis
569	18.4 Language-related concepts 18.4.1 General 18.4.2 Concept same_as 18.4.3 Concept derived_from
570	18.4.4 Concept convertible_to 18.4.5 Concept common_reference_with 18.4.6 Concept common_with
571	18.4.7 Arithmetic concepts 18.4.8 Concept assignable_from
572	18.4.9 Concept swappable
573	18.4.10 Concept destructible 18.4.11 Concept constructible_from 18.4.12 Concept default_initializable
574	18.4.13 Concept move_constructible 18.4.14 Concept copy_constructible 18.5 Comparison concepts 18.5.1 General 18.5.2 Boolean testability
575	18.5.3 Concept equality_comparable
576	18.5.4 Concept totally_ordered
577	18.6 Object concepts 18.7 Callable concepts 18.7.1 General 18.7.2 Concept invocable 18.7.3 Concept regular_invocable 18.7.4 Concept predicate 18.7.5 Concept relation
578	18.7.6 Concept equivalence_relation 18.7.7 Concept strict_weak_order
579	19 Diagnostics library 19.1 General 19.2 Exception classes 19.2.1 General 19.2.2 Header synopsis 19.2.3 Class logic_error
580	19.2.4 Class domain_error 19.2.5 Class invalid_argument 19.2.6 Class length_error 19.2.7 Class out_of_range
581	19.2.8 Class runtime_error 19.2.9 Class range_error 19.2.10 Class overflow_error
582	19.2.11 Class underflow_error 19.3 Assertions 19.3.1 General 19.3.2 Header synopsis 19.3.3 The assert macro 19.4 Error numbers 19.4.1 General 19.4.2 Header synopsis
584	19.5 System error support 19.5.1 General 19.5.2 Header synopsis
586	19.5.3 Class error_category 19.5.3.1 Overview 19.5.3.2 Virtual members
587	19.5.3.3 Non-virtual members 19.5.3.4 Program-defined classes derived from error_category 19.5.3.5 Error category objects
588	19.5.4 Class error_code 19.5.4.1 Overview 19.5.4.2 Constructors 19.5.4.3 Modifiers
589	19.5.4.4 Observers 19.5.4.5 Non-member functions 19.5.5 Class error_condition 19.5.5.1 Overview
590	19.5.5.2 Constructors 19.5.5.3 Modifiers 19.5.5.4 Observers 19.5.5.5 Non-member functions 19.5.6 Comparison operator functions
591	19.5.7 System error hash support 19.5.8 Class system_error 19.5.8.1 Overview 19.5.8.2 Members
593	20 General utilities library 20.1 General 20.2 Utility components 20.2.1 Header synopsis
595	20.2.2 swap
596	20.2.3 exchange 20.2.4 Forward/move helpers
597	20.2.5 Function template as_const 20.2.6 Function template declval 20.2.7 Integer comparison functions
598	20.3 Compile-time integer sequences 20.3.1 In general 20.3.2 Class template integer_sequence 20.3.3 Alias template make_integer_sequence
599	20.4 Pairs 20.4.1 In general 20.4.2 Class template pair
601	20.4.3 Specialized algorithms
602	20.4.4 Tuple-like access to pair
603	20.4.5 Piecewise construction 20.5 Tuples 20.5.1 In general 20.5.2 Header synopsis
604	20.5.3 Class template tuple
606	20.5.3.1 Construction
608	20.5.3.2 Assignment
609	20.5.3.3 swap 20.5.4 Tuple creation functions
610	20.5.5 Calling a function with a tuple of arguments 20.5.6 Tuple helper classes
611	20.5.7 Element access
612	20.5.8 Relational operators 20.5.9 Tuple traits 20.5.10 Tuple specialized algorithms
613	20.6 Optional objects 20.6.1 In general 20.6.2 Header synopsis
614	20.6.3 Class template optional 20.6.3.1 General
615	20.6.3.2 Constructors
617	20.6.3.3 Destructor 20.6.3.4 Assignment
620	20.6.3.5 Swap
621	20.6.3.6 Observers
622	20.6.3.7 Modifiers 20.6.4 No-value state indicator 20.6.5 Class bad_optional_access 20.6.6 Relational operators
623	20.6.7 Comparison with nullopt 20.6.8 Comparison with T
624	20.6.9 Specialized algorithms
625	20.6.10 Hash support 20.7 Variants 20.7.1 In general 20.7.2 Header synopsis
627	20.7.3 Class template variant 20.7.3.1 General
628	20.7.3.2 Constructors
630	20.7.3.3 Destructor 20.7.3.4 Assignment
631	20.7.3.5 Modifiers
632	20.7.3.6 Value status 20.7.3.7 Swap
633	20.7.4 variant helper classes 20.7.5 Value access
634	20.7.6 Relational operators
635	20.7.7 Visitation 20.7.8 Class monostate 20.7.9 monostate relational operators 20.7.10 Specialized algorithms 20.7.11 Class bad_variant_access
636	20.7.12 Hash support 20.8 Storage for any type 20.8.1 General 20.8.2 Header synopsis 20.8.3 Class bad_any_cast
637	20.8.4 Class any 20.8.4.1 General 20.8.4.2 Construction and destruction
638	20.8.4.3 Assignment
639	20.8.4.4 Modifiers
640	20.8.4.5 Observers 20.8.5 Non-member functions
641	20.9 Bitsets 20.9.1 Header synopsis 20.9.2 Class template bitset 20.9.2.1 General
643	20.9.2.2 Constructors 20.9.2.3 Members
646	20.9.3 bitset hash support 20.9.4 bitset operators 20.10 Memory 20.10.1 In general
647	20.10.2 Header synopsis
654	20.10.3 Pointer traits 20.10.3.1 General 20.10.3.2 Member types
655	20.10.3.3 Member functions 20.10.3.4 Optional members 20.10.4 Pointer conversion 20.10.5 Pointer safety
656	20.10.6 Pointer alignment 20.10.7 Allocator argument tag
657	20.10.8 uses_allocator 20.10.8.1 uses_allocator trait 20.10.8.2 Uses-allocator construction
659	20.10.9 Allocator traits 20.10.9.1 General 20.10.9.2 Member types
660	20.10.9.3 Static member functions
661	20.10.10 The default allocator 20.10.10.1 General 20.10.10.2 Members
662	20.10.10.3 Operators 20.10.11 addressof 20.10.12 C library memory allocation 20.11 Smart pointers 20.11.1 Class template unique_ptr 20.11.1.1 General
663	20.11.1.2 Default deleters 20.11.1.2.1 In general 20.11.1.2.2 default_delete 20.11.1.2.3 default_delete 20.11.1.3 unique_ptr for single objects 20.11.1.3.1 General
664	20.11.1.3.2 Constructors
666	20.11.1.3.3 Destructor 20.11.1.3.4 Assignment 20.11.1.3.5 Observers
667	20.11.1.3.6 Modifiers 20.11.1.4 unique_ptr for array objects with a runtime length 20.11.1.4.1 General
668	20.11.1.4.2 Constructors
669	20.11.1.4.3 Assignment 20.11.1.4.4 Observers 20.11.1.4.5 Modifiers 20.11.1.5 Creation
670	20.11.1.6 Specialized algorithms
671	20.11.1.7 I/O 20.11.2 Class bad_weak_ptr
672	20.11.3 Class template shared_ptr 20.11.3.1 General
673	20.11.3.2 Constructors
675	20.11.3.3 Destructor 20.11.3.4 Assignment 20.11.3.5 Modifiers
676	20.11.3.6 Observers
677	20.11.3.7 Creation
680	20.11.3.8 Comparison 20.11.3.9 Specialized algorithms 20.11.3.10 Casts
681	20.11.3.11 get_deleter 20.11.3.12 I/O 20.11.4 Class template weak_ptr 20.11.4.1 General
682	20.11.4.2 Constructors
683	20.11.4.3 Destructor 20.11.4.4 Assignment 20.11.4.5 Modifiers 20.11.4.6 Observers 20.11.4.7 Specialized algorithms
684	20.11.5 Class template owner_less 20.11.6 Class template enable_shared_from_this
685	20.11.7 Smart pointer hash support 20.12 Memory resources 20.12.1 Header synopsis
686	20.12.2 Class memory_resource 20.12.2.1 General 20.12.2.2 Public member functions 20.12.2.3 Private virtual member functions
687	20.12.2.4 Equality 20.12.3 Class template polymorphic_allocator 20.12.3.1 General
688	20.12.3.2 Constructors 20.12.3.3 Member functions
689	20.12.3.4 Equality 20.12.4 Access to program-wide memory_resource objects
690	20.12.5 Pool resource classes 20.12.5.1 Classes synchronized_pool_resource and unsynchronized_pool_resource
691	20.12.5.2 pool_options data members
692	20.12.5.3 Constructors and destructors 20.12.5.4 Members
693	20.12.6 Class monotonic_buffer_resource 20.12.6.1 General 20.12.6.2 Constructors and destructor
694	20.12.6.3 Members 20.13 Class template scoped_allocator_adaptor 20.13.1 Header synopsis
696	20.13.2 Member types 20.13.3 Constructors
697	20.13.4 Members
698	20.13.5 Operators 20.14 Function objects 20.14.1 General 20.14.2 Header synopsis
700	20.14.3 Definitions
701	20.14.4 Requirements
702	20.14.5 Function template invoke 20.14.6 Class template reference_wrapper 20.14.6.1 General 20.14.6.2 Constructors and destructor
703	20.14.6.3 Assignment 20.14.6.4 Access 20.14.6.5 Invocation 20.14.6.6 Helper functions 20.14.7 Arithmetic operations 20.14.7.1 General 20.14.7.2 Class template plus
704	20.14.7.3 Class template minus 20.14.7.4 Class template multiplies 20.14.7.5 Class template divides 20.14.7.6 Class template modulus
705	20.14.7.7 Class template negate 20.14.8 Comparisons 20.14.8.1 General 20.14.8.2 Class template equal_to
706	20.14.8.3 Class template not_equal_to 20.14.8.4 Class template greater 20.14.8.5 Class template less
707	20.14.8.6 Class template greater_equal 20.14.8.7 Class template less_equal 20.14.8.8 Class compare_three_way
708	20.14.9 Concept-constrained comparisons
709	20.14.10 Logical operations 20.14.10.1 General 20.14.10.2 Class template logical_and
710	20.14.10.3 Class template logical_or 20.14.10.4 Class template logical_not 20.14.11 Bitwise operations 20.14.11.1 General 20.14.11.2 Class template bit_and
711	20.14.11.3 Class template bit_or 20.14.11.4 Class template bit_xor 20.14.11.5 Class template bit_not
712	20.14.12 Class identity 20.14.13 Function template not_fn 20.14.14 Function template bind_front
713	20.14.15 Function object binders 20.14.15.1 General 20.14.15.2 Class template is_bind_expression 20.14.15.3 Class template is_placeholder 20.14.15.4 Function template bind
714	20.14.15.5 Placeholders 20.14.16 Function template mem_fn 20.14.17 Polymorphic function wrappers 20.14.17.1 General
715	20.14.17.2 Class bad_function_call 20.14.17.3 Class template function 20.14.17.3.1 General
716	20.14.17.3.2 Constructors and destructor
717	20.14.17.3.3 Modifiers 20.14.17.3.4 Capacity 20.14.17.3.5 Invocation 20.14.17.3.6 Target access
718	20.14.17.3.7 Null pointer comparison operator functions 20.14.17.3.8 Specialized algorithms 20.14.18 Searchers 20.14.18.1 General 20.14.18.2 Class template default_searcher
719	20.14.18.3 Class template boyer_moore_searcher
720	20.14.18.4 Class template boyer_moore_horspool_searcher
721	20.14.19 Class template hash 20.15 Metaprogramming and type traits 20.15.1 General 20.15.2 Requirements
722	20.15.3 Header synopsis
728	20.15.4 Helper classes
729	20.15.5 Unary type traits 20.15.5.1 General 20.15.5.2 Primary type categories
730	20.15.5.3 Composite type traits 20.15.5.4 Type properties
736	20.15.6 Type property queries
737	20.15.7 Relationships between types
739	20.15.8 Transformations between types 20.15.8.1 General 20.15.8.2 Const-volatile modifications 20.15.8.3 Reference modifications 20.15.8.4 Sign modifications
740	20.15.8.5 Array modifications 20.15.8.6 Pointer modifications
741	20.15.8.7 Other transformations
744	20.15.9 Logical operator traits
745	20.15.10 Member relationships
746	20.15.11 Constant evaluation context 20.16 Compile-time rational arithmetic 20.16.1 In general 20.16.2 Header synopsis
747	20.16.3 Class template ratio 20.16.4 Arithmetic on ratios
748	20.16.5 Comparison of ratios 20.16.6 SI types for ratio 20.17 Class type_index 20.17.1 Header synopsis
749	20.17.2 type_index overview 20.17.3 type_index members
750	20.17.4 Hash support 20.18 Execution policies 20.18.1 In general 20.18.2 Header synopsis
751	20.18.3 Execution policy type trait 20.18.4 Sequenced execution policy 20.18.5 Parallel execution policy 20.18.6 Parallel and unsequenced execution policy 20.18.7 Unsequenced execution policy 20.18.8 Execution policy objects
752	20.19 Primitive numeric conversions 20.19.1 Header synopsis
753	20.19.2 Primitive numeric output conversion
754	20.19.3 Primitive numeric input conversion 20.20 Formatting 20.20.1 Header synopsis
756	20.20.2 Format string 20.20.2.1 In general
757	20.20.2.2 Standard format specifiers
761	20.20.3 Error reporting 20.20.4 Formatting functions
764	20.20.5 Formatter 20.20.5.1 Formatter requirements 20.20.5.2 Formatter specializations
766	20.20.5.3 Class template basic_format_parse_context
767	20.20.5.4 Class template basic_format_context
768	20.20.6 Arguments 20.20.6.1 Class template basic_format_arg
771	20.20.6.2 Class template format-arg-store 20.20.6.3 Class template basic_format_args
772	20.20.7 Class format_error
773	21 Strings library 21.1 General 21.2 Character traits 21.2.1 General 21.2.2 Character traits requirements
775	21.2.3 Traits typedefs 21.2.4 char_traits specializations 21.2.4.1 General 21.2.4.2 struct char_traits
776	21.2.4.3 struct char_traits 21.2.4.4 struct char_traits
777	21.2.4.5 struct char_traits 21.2.4.6 struct char_traits
778	21.3 String classes 21.3.1 General 21.3.2 Header synopsis
781	21.3.3 Class template basic_string 21.3.3.1 General
786	21.3.3.2 General requirements 21.3.3.3 Constructors and assignment operators
789	21.3.3.4 Iterator support 21.3.3.5 Capacity
790	21.3.3.6 Element access 21.3.3.7 Modifiers 21.3.3.7.1 basic_string::operator+=
791	21.3.3.7.2 basic_string::append
792	21.3.3.7.3 basic_string::assign
793	21.3.3.7.4 basic_string::insert
794	21.3.3.7.5 basic_string::erase 21.3.3.7.6 basic_string::replace
796	21.3.3.7.7 basic_string::copy 21.3.3.7.8 basic_string::swap 21.3.3.8 String operations 21.3.3.8.1 Accessors
797	21.3.3.8.2 Searching
798	21.3.3.8.3 basic_string::substr 21.3.3.8.4 basic_string::compare
799	21.3.3.8.5 basic_string::starts_with 21.3.3.8.6 basic_string::ends_with 21.3.4 Non-member functions 21.3.4.1 operator+
800	21.3.4.2 Non-member comparison operator functions
801	21.3.4.3 swap 21.3.4.4 Inserters and extractors
802	21.3.4.5 Erasure 21.3.5 Numeric conversions
804	21.3.6 Hash support 21.3.7 Suffix for basic_string literals 21.4 String view classes 21.4.1 General
805	21.4.2 Header synopsis 21.4.3 Class template basic_string_view 21.4.3.1 General
807	21.4.3.2 Construction and assignment
808	21.4.3.3 Iterator support 21.4.3.4 Capacity
809	21.4.3.5 Element access 21.4.3.6 Modifiers 21.4.3.7 String operations
811	21.4.3.8 Searching
812	21.4.4 Deduction guide 21.4.5 Non-member comparison functions
813	21.4.6 Inserters and extractors 21.4.7 Hash support 21.4.8 Suffix for basic_string_view literals
814	21.5 Null-terminated sequence utilities 21.5.1 Header synopsis 21.5.2 Header synopsis 21.5.3 Header synopsis
815	21.5.4 Header synopsis
817	21.5.5 Header synopsis 21.5.6 Multibyte / wide string and character conversion functions
819	22 Containers library 22.1 General 22.2 Container requirements 22.2.1 General container requirements
825	22.2.2 Container data races 22.2.3 Sequence containers
829	22.2.4 Node handles 22.2.4.1 Overview
831	22.2.4.2 Constructors, copy, and assignment 22.2.4.3 Destructor 22.2.4.4 Observers
832	22.2.4.5 Modifiers 22.2.5 Insert return type 22.2.6 Associative containers 22.2.6.1 General
841	22.2.6.2 Exception safety guarantees 22.2.7 Unordered associative containers 22.2.7.1 General
853	22.2.7.2 Exception safety guarantees 22.3 Sequence containers 22.3.1 In general 22.3.2 Header synopsis
854	22.3.3 Header synopsis 22.3.4 Header synopsis
855	22.3.5 Header synopsis 22.3.6 Header synopsis
856	22.3.7 Class template array 22.3.7.1 Overview
857	22.3.7.2 Constructors, copy, and assignment 22.3.7.3 Member functions 22.3.7.4 Specialized algorithms
858	22.3.7.5 Zero-sized arrays 22.3.7.6 Array creation functions 22.3.7.7 Tuple interface 22.3.8 Class template deque 22.3.8.1 Overview
860	22.3.8.2 Constructors, copy, and assignment
861	22.3.8.3 Capacity 22.3.8.4 Modifiers
862	22.3.8.5 Erasure 22.3.9 Class template forward_list 22.3.9.1 Overview
864	22.3.9.2 Constructors, copy, and assignment
865	22.3.9.3 Iterators 22.3.9.4 Element access 22.3.9.5 Modifiers
867	22.3.9.6 Operations
868	22.3.9.7 Erasure 22.3.10 Class template list 22.3.10.1 Overview
871	22.3.10.2 Constructors, copy, and assignment 22.3.10.3 Capacity 22.3.10.4 Modifiers
872	22.3.10.5 Operations
874	22.3.10.6 Erasure 22.3.11 Class template vector 22.3.11.1 Overview
876	22.3.11.2 Constructors
877	22.3.11.3 Capacity
878	22.3.11.4 Data 22.3.11.5 Modifiers 22.3.11.6 Erasure
879	22.3.12 Class vector
881	22.4 Associative containers 22.4.1 In general 22.4.2 Header synopsis
882	22.4.3 Header synopsis
883	22.4.4 Class template map 22.4.4.1 Overview
886	22.4.4.2 Constructors, copy, and assignment
887	22.4.4.3 Element access 22.4.4.4 Modifiers
888	22.4.4.5 Erasure 22.4.5 Class template multimap 22.4.5.1 Overview
891	22.4.5.2 Constructors
892	22.4.5.3 Modifiers 22.4.5.4 Erasure 22.4.6 Class template set 22.4.6.1 Overview
895	22.4.6.2 Constructors, copy, and assignment 22.4.6.3 Erasure 22.4.7 Class template multiset 22.4.7.1 Overview
898	22.4.7.2 Constructors 22.4.7.3 Erasure
899	22.5 Unordered associative containers 22.5.1 In general 22.5.2 Header synopsis
900	22.5.3 Header synopsis
901	22.5.4 Class template unordered_map 22.5.4.1 Overview
905	22.5.4.2 Constructors 22.5.4.3 Element access 22.5.4.4 Modifiers
907	22.5.4.5 Erasure 22.5.5 Class template unordered_multimap 22.5.5.1 Overview
911	22.5.5.2 Constructors 22.5.5.3 Modifiers 22.5.5.4 Erasure
912	22.5.6 Class template unordered_set 22.5.6.1 Overview
915	22.5.6.2 Constructors
916	22.5.6.3 Erasure 22.5.7 Class template unordered_multiset 22.5.7.1 Overview
920	22.5.7.2 Constructors 22.5.7.3 Erasure 22.6 Container adaptors 22.6.1 In general
921	22.6.2 Header synopsis 22.6.3 Header synopsis
922	22.6.4 Class template queue 22.6.4.1 Definition
923	22.6.4.2 Constructors 22.6.4.3 Constructors with allocators 22.6.4.4 Operators
924	22.6.4.5 Specialized algorithms 22.6.5 Class template priority_queue 22.6.5.1 Overview
925	22.6.5.2 Constructors 22.6.5.3 Constructors with allocators
926	22.6.5.4 Members 22.6.5.5 Specialized algorithms 22.6.6 Class template stack 22.6.6.1 General 22.6.6.2 Definition
927	22.6.6.3 Constructors 22.6.6.4 Constructors with allocators
928	22.6.6.5 Operators 22.6.6.6 Specialized algorithms 22.7 Views 22.7.1 General 22.7.2 Header synopsis
929	22.7.3 Class template span 22.7.3.1 Overview
930	22.7.3.2 Constructors, copy, and assignment
932	22.7.3.3 Deduction guides 22.7.3.4 Subviews
933	22.7.3.5 Observers 22.7.3.6 Element access
934	22.7.3.7 Iterator support 22.7.3.8 Views of object representation
935	23 Iterators library 23.1 General 23.2 Header synopsis
942	23.3 Iterator requirements 23.3.1 In general
943	23.3.2 Associated types 23.3.2.1 Incrementable traits
944	23.3.2.2 Indirectly readable traits
945	23.3.2.3 Iterator traits
947	23.3.3 Customization points 23.3.3.1 ranges::iter_move 23.3.3.2 ranges::iter_swap
948	23.3.4 Iterator concepts 23.3.4.1 General
949	23.3.4.2 Concept indirectly_readable 23.3.4.3 Concept indirectly_writable 23.3.4.4 Concept weakly_incrementable
951	23.3.4.5 Concept incrementable 23.3.4.6 Concept input_or_output_iterator 23.3.4.7 Concept sentinel_for
952	23.3.4.8 Concept sized_sentinel_for 23.3.4.9 Concept input_iterator 23.3.4.10 Concept output_iterator
953	23.3.4.11 Concept forward_iterator 23.3.4.12 Concept bidirectional_iterator
954	23.3.4.13 Concept random_access_iterator 23.3.4.14 Concept contiguous_iterator
955	23.3.5 C++17 iterator requirements 23.3.5.1 General 23.3.5.2 Cpp17Iterator 23.3.5.3 Input iterators
956	23.3.5.4 Output iterators
957	23.3.5.5 Forward iterators 23.3.5.6 Bidirectional iterators 23.3.5.7 Random access iterators
959	23.3.6 Indirect callable requirements 23.3.6.1 General 23.3.6.2 Indirect callables
960	23.3.6.3 Class template projected 23.3.7 Common algorithm requirements 23.3.7.1 General 23.3.7.2 Concept indirectly_movable
961	23.3.7.3 Concept indirectly_copyable 23.3.7.4 Concept indirectly_swappable 23.3.7.5 Concept indirectly_comparable 23.3.7.6 Concept permutable
962	23.3.7.7 Concept mergeable 23.3.7.8 Concept sortable 23.4 Iterator primitives 23.4.1 General 23.4.2 Standard iterator tags
963	23.4.3 Iterator operations 23.4.4 Range iterator operations 23.4.4.1 General
964	23.4.4.2 ranges::advance
965	23.4.4.3 ranges::distance 23.4.4.4 ranges::next 23.4.4.5 ranges::prev 23.5 Iterator adaptors 23.5.1 Reverse iterators 23.5.1.1 General
966	23.5.1.2 Class template reverse_iterator 23.5.1.3 Requirements
967	23.5.1.4 Construction and assignment 23.5.1.5 Conversion 23.5.1.6 Element access 23.5.1.7 Navigation
968	23.5.1.8 Comparisons
969	23.5.1.9 Non-member functions
970	23.5.2 Insert iterators 23.5.2.1 General 23.5.2.2 Class template back_insert_iterator 23.5.2.2.1 Operations
971	23.5.2.2.2 back_inserter 23.5.2.3 Class template front_insert_iterator 23.5.2.3.1 Operations
972	23.5.2.3.2 front_inserter 23.5.2.4 Class template insert_iterator 23.5.2.4.1 Operations
973	23.5.2.4.2 inserter 23.5.3 Move iterators and sentinels 23.5.3.1 General 23.5.3.2 Class template move_iterator
974	23.5.3.3 Requirements 23.5.3.4 Construction and assignment 23.5.3.5 Conversion
975	23.5.3.6 Element access 23.5.3.7 Navigation 23.5.3.8 Comparisons
976	23.5.3.9 Non-member functions
977	23.5.3.10 Class template move_sentinel 23.5.3.11 Operations
978	23.5.4 Common iterators 23.5.4.1 Class template common_iterator
979	23.5.4.2 Associated types 23.5.4.3 Constructors and conversions
980	23.5.4.4 Accessors 23.5.4.5 Navigation
981	23.5.4.6 Comparisons 23.5.4.7 Customizations 23.5.5 Default sentinel 23.5.6 Counted iterators 23.5.6.1 Class template counted_iterator
983	23.5.6.2 Constructors and conversions 23.5.6.3 Accessors
984	23.5.6.4 Element access 23.5.6.5 Navigation
985	23.5.6.6 Comparisons
986	23.5.6.7 Customizations 23.5.7 Unreachable sentinel 23.6 Stream iterators 23.6.1 General 23.6.2 Class template istream_iterator 23.6.2.1 General
987	23.6.2.2 Constructors and destructor 23.6.2.3 Operations
988	23.6.3 Class template ostream_iterator 23.6.3.1 General 23.6.3.2 Constructors and destructor
989	23.6.3.3 Operations 23.6.4 Class template istreambuf_iterator 23.6.4.1 General
990	23.6.4.2 Class istreambuf_iterator::proxy 23.6.4.3 Constructors 23.6.4.4 Operations
991	23.6.5 Class template ostreambuf_iterator 23.6.5.1 General 23.6.5.2 Constructors 23.6.5.3 Operations
992	23.7 Range access
994	24 Ranges library 24.1 General 24.2 Header synopsis
999	24.3 Range access 24.3.1 General 24.3.2 ranges::begin 24.3.3 ranges::end
1000	24.3.4 ranges::cbegin 24.3.5 ranges::cend 24.3.6 ranges::rbegin 24.3.7 ranges::rend
1001	24.3.8 ranges::crbegin 24.3.9 ranges::crend 24.3.10 ranges::size
1002	24.3.11 ranges::ssize 24.3.12 ranges::empty 24.3.13 ranges::data
1003	24.3.14 ranges::cdata 24.4 Range requirements 24.4.1 General 24.4.2 Ranges
1004	24.4.3 Sized ranges 24.4.4 Views
1005	24.4.5 Other range refinements
1006	24.5 Range utilities 24.5.1 General 24.5.2 Helper concepts 24.5.3 View interface 24.5.3.1 General
1007	24.5.3.2 Members 24.5.4 Sub-ranges 24.5.4.1 General
1009	24.5.4.2 Constructors and conversions
1010	24.5.4.3 Accessors
1011	24.5.5 Dangling iterator handling 24.6 Range factories 24.6.1 General
1012	24.6.2 Empty view 24.6.2.1 Overview 24.6.2.2 Class template empty_view 24.6.3 Single view 24.6.3.1 Overview 24.6.3.2 Class template single_view
1013	24.6.4 Iota view 24.6.4.1 Overview 24.6.4.2 Class template iota_view
1015	24.6.4.3 Class iota_view::iterator
1018	24.6.4.4 Class iota_view::sentinel
1019	24.6.5 Istream view 24.6.5.1 Overview 24.6.5.2 Class template basic_istream_view
1020	24.6.5.3 Class template basic_istream_view::iterator
1021	24.7 Range adaptors 24.7.1 General 24.7.2 Range adaptor objects
1022	24.7.3 Semiregular wrapper 24.7.4 All view 24.7.4.1 General 24.7.4.2 Class template ref_view
1023	24.7.5 Filter view 24.7.5.1 Overview 24.7.5.2 Class template filter_view
1024	24.7.5.3 Class filter_view::iterator
1026	24.7.5.4 Class filter_view::sentinel 24.7.6 Transform view 24.7.6.1 Overview
1027	24.7.6.2 Class template transform_view
1028	24.7.6.3 Class template transform_view::iterator
1031	24.7.6.4 Class template transform_view::sentinel
1032	24.7.7 Take view 24.7.7.1 Overview
1033	24.7.7.2 Class template take_view
1034	24.7.7.3 Class template take_view::sentinel
1035	24.7.8 Take while view 24.7.8.1 Overview 24.7.8.2 Class template take_while_view
1036	24.7.8.3 Class template take_while_view::sentinel 24.7.9 Drop view 24.7.9.1 Overview
1037	24.7.9.2 Class template drop_view
1038	24.7.10 Drop while view 24.7.10.1 Overview 24.7.10.2 Class template drop_while_view
1039	24.7.11 Join view 24.7.11.1 Overview 24.7.11.2 Class template join_view
1040	24.7.11.3 Class template join_view::iterator
1043	24.7.11.4 Class template join_view::sentinel
1044	24.7.12 Split view 24.7.12.1 Overview 24.7.12.2 Class template split_view
1045	24.7.12.3 Class template split_view::outer-iterator
1047	24.7.12.4 Class split_view::outer-iterator::value_type 24.7.12.5 Class template split_view::inner-iterator
1049	24.7.13 Counted view 24.7.14 Common view 24.7.14.1 Overview
1050	24.7.14.2 Class template common_view
1051	24.7.15 Reverse view 24.7.15.1 Overview 24.7.15.2 Class template reverse_view
1052	24.7.16 Elements view 24.7.16.1 Overview
1053	24.7.16.2 Class template elements_view
1054	24.7.16.3 Class template elements_view::iterator
1057	24.7.16.4 Class template elements_view::sentinel
1058	25 Algorithms library 25.1 General 25.2 Algorithms requirements
1060	25.3 Parallel algorithms 25.3.1 Preamble
1061	25.3.2 Requirements on user-provided function objects 25.3.3 Effect of execution policies on algorithm execution
1062	25.3.4 Parallel algorithm exceptions
1063	25.3.5 ExecutionPolicy algorithm overloads 25.4 Header synopsis
1098	25.5 Algorithm result types
1101	25.6 Non-modifying sequence operations 25.6.1 All of 25.6.2 Any of 25.6.3 None of
1102	25.6.4 For each
1103	25.6.5 Find
1104	25.6.6 Find end
1105	25.6.7 Find first
1106	25.6.8 Adjacent find
1107	25.6.9 Count
1108	25.6.10 Mismatch
1109	25.6.11 Equal
1110	25.6.12 Is permutation
1111	25.6.13 Search
1113	25.7 Mutating sequence operations 25.7.1 Copy
1115	25.7.2 Move
1116	25.7.3 Swap
1117	25.7.4 Transform
1118	25.7.5 Replace
1120	25.7.6 Fill
1121	25.7.7 Generate
1122	25.7.8 Remove
1124	25.7.9 Unique
1125	25.7.10 Reverse
1126	25.7.11 Rotate
1127	25.7.12 Sample
1128	25.7.13 Shuffle
1129	25.7.14 Shift 25.8 Sorting and related operations 25.8.1 General
1130	25.8.2 Sorting 25.8.2.1 sort 25.8.2.2 stable_sort
1131	25.8.2.3 partial_sort
1132	25.8.2.4 partial_sort_copy
1133	25.8.2.5 is_sorted
1134	25.8.3 Nth element
1135	25.8.4 Binary search 25.8.4.1 General 25.8.4.2 lower_bound 25.8.4.3 upper_bound
1136	25.8.4.4 equal_range 25.8.4.5 binary_search
1137	25.8.5 Partitions
1140	25.8.6 Merge
1141	25.8.7 Set operations on sorted structures 25.8.7.1 General
1142	25.8.7.2 includes 25.8.7.3 set_union
1143	25.8.7.4 set_intersection
1144	25.8.7.5 set_difference
1145	25.8.7.6 set_symmetric_difference
1146	25.8.8 Heap operations 25.8.8.1 General 25.8.8.2 push_heap
1147	25.8.8.3 pop_heap 25.8.8.4 make_heap
1148	25.8.8.5 sort_heap 25.8.8.6 is_heap
1149	25.8.9 Minimum and maximum
1153	25.8.10 Bounded value 25.8.11 Lexicographical comparison
1154	25.8.12 Three-way comparison algorithms
1155	25.8.13 Permutation generators
1156	25.9 Header synopsis
1159	25.10 Generalized numeric operations 25.10.1 General 25.10.2 Definitions 25.10.3 Accumulate
1160	25.10.4 Reduce 25.10.5 Inner product
1161	25.10.6 Transform reduce
1162	25.10.7 Partial sum
1163	25.10.8 Exclusive scan
1164	25.10.9 Inclusive scan
1165	25.10.10 Transform exclusive scan 25.10.11 Transform inclusive scan
1167	25.10.12 Adjacent difference 25.10.13 Iota
1168	25.10.14 Greatest common divisor 25.10.15 Least common multiple 25.10.16 Midpoint 25.11 Specialized algorithms 25.11.1 General
1169	25.11.2 Special memory concepts 25.11.3 uninitialized_default_construct
1170	25.11.4 uninitialized_value_construct
1171	25.11.5 uninitialized_copy
1172	25.11.6 uninitialized_move
1173	25.11.7 uninitialized_fill 25.11.8 construct_at 25.11.9 destroy
1174	25.12 C library algorithms
1175	26 Numerics library 26.1 General 26.2 Numeric type requirements 26.3 The floating-point environment 26.3.1 Header synopsis
1176	26.3.2 Threads 26.4 Complex numbers 26.4.1 General
1177	26.4.2 Header synopsis
1178	26.4.3 Class template complex 26.4.4 Specializations
1180	26.4.5 Member functions 26.4.6 Member operators
1181	26.4.7 Non-member operations
1182	26.4.8 Value operations 26.4.9 Transcendentals
1184	26.4.10 Additional overloads 26.4.11 Suffixes for complex number literals 26.5 Bit manipulation 26.5.1 General 26.5.2 Header synopsis
1185	26.5.3 Function template bit_cast 26.5.4 Integral powers of 2
1186	26.5.5 Rotating 26.5.6 Counting
1187	26.5.7 Endian 26.6 Random number generation 26.6.1 General
1188	26.6.2 Header synopsis
1190	26.6.3 Requirements 26.6.3.1 General requirements 26.6.3.2 Seed sequence requirements
1191	26.6.3.3 Uniform random bit generator requirements
1192	26.6.3.4 Random number engine requirements
1193	26.6.3.5 Random number engine adaptor requirements
1194	26.6.3.6 Random number distribution requirements
1196	26.6.4 Random number engine class templates 26.6.4.1 General
1197	26.6.4.2 Class template linear_congruential_engine
1198	26.6.4.3 Class template mersenne_twister_engine
1199	26.6.4.4 Class template subtract_with_carry_engine
1200	26.6.5 Random number engine adaptor class templates 26.6.5.1 In general 26.6.5.2 Class template discard_block_engine
1201	26.6.5.3 Class template independent_bits_engine
1202	26.6.5.4 Class template shuffle_order_engine
1203	26.6.6 Engines and engine adaptors with predefined parameters
1204	26.6.7 Class random_device
1205	26.6.8 Utilities 26.6.8.1 Class seed_seq
1207	26.6.8.2 Function template generate_canonical 26.6.9 Random number distribution class templates 26.6.9.1 In general 26.6.9.2 Uniform distributions 26.6.9.2.1 Class template uniform_int_distribution
1208	26.6.9.2.2 Class template uniform_real_distribution
1209	26.6.9.3 Bernoulli distributions 26.6.9.3.1 Class bernoulli_distribution 26.6.9.3.2 Class template binomial_distribution
1210	26.6.9.3.3 Class template geometric_distribution
1211	26.6.9.3.4 Class template negative_binomial_distribution 26.6.9.4 Poisson distributions 26.6.9.4.1 Class template poisson_distribution
1212	26.6.9.4.2 Class template exponential_distribution
1213	26.6.9.4.3 Class template gamma_distribution
1214	26.6.9.4.4 Class template weibull_distribution 26.6.9.4.5 Class template extreme_value_distribution
1215	26.6.9.5 Normal distributions 26.6.9.5.1 Class template normal_distribution
1216	26.6.9.5.2 Class template lognormal_distribution
1217	26.6.9.5.3 Class template chi_squared_distribution 26.6.9.5.4 Class template cauchy_distribution
1218	26.6.9.5.5 Class template fisher_f_distribution
1219	26.6.9.5.6 Class template student_t_distribution 26.6.9.6 Sampling distributions 26.6.9.6.1 Class template discrete_distribution
1221	26.6.9.6.2 Class template piecewise_constant_distribution
1222	26.6.9.6.3 Class template piecewise_linear_distribution
1224	26.6.10 Low-quality random number generation 26.7 Numeric arrays 26.7.1 Header synopsis
1227	26.7.2 Class template valarray 26.7.2.1 Overview
1228	26.7.2.2 Constructors
1229	26.7.2.3 Assignment
1230	26.7.2.4 Element access 26.7.2.5 Subset operations
1231	26.7.2.6 Unary operators
1232	26.7.2.7 Compound assignment 26.7.2.8 Member functions
1233	26.7.3 valarray non-member operations 26.7.3.1 Binary operators
1234	26.7.3.2 Logical operators
1235	26.7.3.3 Transcendentals
1236	26.7.3.4 Specialized algorithms 26.7.4 Class slice 26.7.4.1 Overview 26.7.4.2 Constructors 26.7.4.3 Access functions 26.7.4.4 Operators
1237	26.7.5 Class template slice_array 26.7.5.1 Overview 26.7.5.2 Assignment 26.7.5.3 Compound assignment 26.7.5.4 Fill function
1238	26.7.6 The gslice class 26.7.6.1 Overview
1239	26.7.6.2 Constructors 26.7.6.3 Access functions 26.7.7 Class template gslice_array 26.7.7.1 Overview
1240	26.7.7.2 Assignment 26.7.7.3 Compound assignment 26.7.7.4 Fill function 26.7.8 Class template mask_array 26.7.8.1 Overview
1241	26.7.8.2 Assignment 26.7.8.3 Compound assignment 26.7.8.4 Fill function 26.7.9 Class template indirect_array 26.7.9.1 Overview
1242	26.7.9.2 Assignment 26.7.9.3 Compound assignment 26.7.9.4 Fill function 26.7.10 valarray range access
1243	26.8 Mathematical functions for floating-point types 26.8.1 Header synopsis
1251	26.8.2 Absolute values
1252	26.8.3 Three-dimensional hypotenuse 26.8.4 Linear interpolation 26.8.5 Classification / comparison functions 26.8.6 Mathematical special functions 26.8.6.1 General 26.8.6.2 Associated Laguerre polynomials
1253	26.8.6.3 Associated Legendre functions 26.8.6.4 Beta function 26.8.6.5 Complete elliptic integral of the first kind 26.8.6.6 Complete elliptic integral of the second kind
1254	26.8.6.7 Complete elliptic integral of the third kind 26.8.6.8 Regular modified cylindrical Bessel functions 26.8.6.9 Cylindrical Bessel functions of the first kind 26.8.6.10 Irregular modified cylindrical Bessel functions
1255	26.8.6.11 Cylindrical Neumann functions 26.8.6.12 Incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind 26.8.6.13 Incomplete elliptic integral of the second kind 26.8.6.14 Incomplete elliptic integral of the third kind
1256	26.8.6.15 Exponential integral 26.8.6.16 Hermite polynomials 26.8.6.17 Laguerre polynomials 26.8.6.18 Legendre polynomials 26.8.6.19 Riemann zeta function
1257	26.8.6.20 Spherical Bessel functions of the first kind 26.8.6.21 Spherical associated Legendre functions 26.8.6.22 Spherical Neumann functions
1258	26.9 Numbers 26.9.1 Header synopsis 26.9.2 Mathematical constants
1259	27 Time library 27.1 General 27.2 Header synopsis
1273	27.3 Cpp17Clock requirements 27.4 Time-related traits 27.4.1 treat_as_floating_point
1274	27.4.2 duration_values 27.4.3 Specializations of common_type 27.4.4 Class template is_clock
1275	27.5 Class template duration 27.5.1 General
1276	27.5.2 Constructors 27.5.3 Observer 27.5.4 Arithmetic
1277	27.5.5 Special values 27.5.6 Non-member arithmetic
1278	27.5.7 Comparisons
1279	27.5.8 Conversions
1280	27.5.9 Suffixes for duration literals 27.5.10 Algorithms
1281	27.5.11 I/O
1282	27.6 Class template time_point 27.6.1 General 27.6.2 Constructors
1283	27.6.3 Observer 27.6.4 Arithmetic 27.6.5 Special values 27.6.6 Non-member arithmetic
1284	27.6.7 Comparisons 27.6.8 Conversions
1285	27.7 Clocks 27.7.1 General 27.7.2 Class system_clock 27.7.2.1 Overview 27.7.2.2 Members 27.7.2.3 Non-member functions
1286	27.7.3 Class utc_clock 27.7.3.1 Overview
1287	27.7.3.2 Member functions 27.7.3.3 Non-member functions
1288	27.7.4 Class tai_clock 27.7.4.1 Overview
1289	27.7.4.2 Member functions 27.7.4.3 Non-member functions
1290	27.7.5 Class gps_clock 27.7.5.1 Overview 27.7.5.2 Member functions
1291	27.7.5.3 Non-member functions 27.7.6 Type file_clock 27.7.6.1 Overview 27.7.6.2 Member functions
1292	27.7.6.3 Non-member functions 27.7.7 Class steady_clock 27.7.8 Class high_resolution_clock
1293	27.7.9 Local time 27.7.10 time_point conversions 27.7.10.1 Class template clock_time_conversion 27.7.10.2 Identity conversions
1294	27.7.10.3 Conversions between system_clock and utc_clock 27.7.10.4 Conversions between system_clock and other clocks
1295	27.7.10.5 Conversions between utc_clock and other clocks 27.7.10.6 Function template clock_cast
1296	27.8 The civil calendar 27.8.1 In general 27.8.2 Class last_spec 27.8.3 Class day 27.8.3.1 Overview 27.8.3.2 Member functions
1297	27.8.3.3 Non-member functions
1298	27.8.4 Class month 27.8.4.1 Overview 27.8.4.2 Member functions
1299	27.8.4.3 Non-member functions
1300	27.8.5 Class year 27.8.5.1 Overview 27.8.5.2 Member functions
1301	27.8.5.3 Non-member functions
1302	27.8.6 Class weekday 27.8.6.1 Overview
1303	27.8.6.2 Member functions
1304	27.8.6.3 Non-member functions 27.8.7 Class weekday_indexed 27.8.7.1 Overview
1305	27.8.7.2 Member functions 27.8.7.3 Non-member functions 27.8.8 Class weekday_last 27.8.8.1 Overview
1306	27.8.8.2 Member functions 27.8.8.3 Non-member functions 27.8.9 Class month_day 27.8.9.1 Overview 27.8.9.2 Member functions
1307	27.8.9.3 Non-member functions 27.8.10 Class month_day_last
1308	27.8.11 Class month_weekday 27.8.11.1 Overview 27.8.11.2 Member functions
1309	27.8.11.3 Non-member functions 27.8.12 Class month_weekday_last 27.8.12.1 Overview 27.8.12.2 Member functions 27.8.12.3 Non-member functions
1310	27.8.13 Class year_month 27.8.13.1 Overview 27.8.13.2 Member functions
1311	27.8.13.3 Non-member functions
1312	27.8.14 Class year_month_day 27.8.14.1 Overview 27.8.14.2 Member functions
1314	27.8.14.3 Non-member functions
1315	27.8.15 Class year_month_day_last 27.8.15.1 Overview 27.8.15.2 Member functions
1316	27.8.15.3 Non-member functions
1317	27.8.16 Class year_month_weekday 27.8.16.1 Overview
1318	27.8.16.2 Member functions
1319	27.8.16.3 Non-member functions
1320	27.8.17 Class year_month_weekday_last 27.8.17.1 Overview 27.8.17.2 Member functions
1321	27.8.17.3 Non-member functions
1322	27.8.18 Conventional syntax operators
1325	27.9 Class template hh_mm_ss 27.9.1 Overview
1326	27.9.2 Members
1327	27.9.3 Non-members 27.10 12/24 hours functions 27.11 Time zones 27.11.1 In general
1328	27.11.2 Time zone database 27.11.2.1 Class tzdb 27.11.2.2 Class tzdb_list
1329	27.11.2.3 Time zone database access 27.11.2.4 Remote time zone database support
1330	27.11.3 Exception classes 27.11.3.1 Class nonexistent_local_time
1331	27.11.3.2 Class ambiguous_local_time 27.11.4 Information classes 27.11.4.1 Class sys_info
1332	27.11.4.2 Class local_info
1333	27.11.5 Class time_zone 27.11.5.1 Overview 27.11.5.2 Member functions
1334	27.11.5.3 Non-member functions 27.11.6 Class template zoned_traits 27.11.7 Class template zoned_time 27.11.7.1 Overview
1336	27.11.7.2 Constructors
1337	27.11.7.3 Member functions
1338	27.11.7.4 Non-member functions 27.11.8 Class leap_second 27.11.8.1 Overview
1339	27.11.8.2 Member functions 27.11.8.3 Non-member functions
1340	27.11.9 Class time_zone_link 27.11.9.1 Overview 27.11.9.2 Member functions 27.11.9.3 Non-member functions 27.12 Formatting
1344	27.13 Parsing
1348	27.14 Header synopsis
1349	28 Localization library 28.1 General 28.2 Header synopsis
1350	28.3 Locales 28.3.1 Class locale 28.3.1.1 General
1352	28.3.1.2 Types 28.3.1.2.1 Type locale::category
1353	28.3.1.2.2 Class locale::facet
1354	28.3.1.2.3 Class locale::id 28.3.1.3 Constructors and destructor
1355	28.3.1.4 Members 28.3.1.5 Operators 28.3.1.6 Static members
1356	28.3.2 locale globals 28.3.3 Convenience interfaces 28.3.3.1 Character classification 28.3.3.2 Character conversions 28.4 Standard locale categories 28.4.1 General
1357	28.4.2 The ctype category 28.4.2.1 General 28.4.2.2 Class template ctype 28.4.2.2.1 General
1358	28.4.2.2.2 ctype members 28.4.2.2.3 ctype virtual functions
1359	28.4.2.3 Class template ctype_byname
1360	28.4.2.4 ctype specialization 28.4.2.4.1 General 28.4.2.4.2 Destructor
1361	28.4.2.4.3 Members 28.4.2.4.4 Static members 28.4.2.4.5 Virtual functions
1362	28.4.2.5 Class template codecvt 28.4.2.5.1 General
1363	28.4.2.5.2 Members 28.4.2.5.3 Virtual functions
1365	28.4.2.6 Class template codecvt_byname 28.4.3 The numeric category 28.4.3.1 General
1366	28.4.3.2 Class template num_get 28.4.3.2.1 General
1367	28.4.3.2.2 Members 28.4.3.2.3 Virtual functions
1369	28.4.3.3 Class template num_put 28.4.3.3.1 General
1370	28.4.3.3.2 Members 28.4.3.3.3 Virtual functions
1373	28.4.4 The numeric punctuation facet 28.4.4.1 Class template numpunct 28.4.4.1.1 General
1374	28.4.4.1.2 Members 28.4.4.1.3 Virtual functions 28.4.4.2 Class template numpunct_byname
1375	28.4.5 The collate category 28.4.5.1 Class template collate 28.4.5.1.1 General 28.4.5.1.2 Members 28.4.5.1.3 Virtual functions
1376	28.4.5.2 Class template collate_byname 28.4.6 The time category 28.4.6.1 General 28.4.6.2 Class template time_get 28.4.6.2.1 General
1377	28.4.6.2.2 Members
1378	28.4.6.2.3 Virtual functions
1379	28.4.6.3 Class template time_get_byname
1380	28.4.6.4 Class template time_put 28.4.6.4.1 Members 28.4.6.4.2 Virtual functions
1381	28.4.6.5 Class template time_put_byname 28.4.7 The monetary category 28.4.7.1 General 28.4.7.2 Class template money_get
1382	28.4.7.2.1 Members 28.4.7.2.2 Virtual functions
1383	28.4.7.3 Class template money_put 28.4.7.3.1 Members 28.4.7.3.2 Virtual functions
1384	28.4.7.4 Class template moneypunct 28.4.7.4.1 General
1385	28.4.7.4.2 Members 28.4.7.4.3 Virtual functions
1386	28.4.7.5 Class template moneypunct_byname 28.4.8 The message retrieval category 28.4.8.1 General 28.4.8.2 Class template messages 28.4.8.2.1 General
1387	28.4.8.2.2 Members 28.4.8.2.3 Virtual functions
1388	28.4.8.3 Class template messages_byname 28.5 C library locales 28.5.1 Header synopsis 28.5.2 Data races
1389	29 Input/output library 29.1 General 29.2 Iostreams requirements 29.2.1 Imbue limitations
1390	29.2.2 Positioning type limitations 29.2.3 Thread safety 29.3 Forward declarations 29.3.1 Header synopsis
1392	29.3.2 Overview 29.4 Standard iostream objects 29.4.1 Header synopsis 29.4.2 Overview
1393	29.4.3 Narrow stream objects 29.4.4 Wide stream objects
1394	29.5 Iostreams base classes 29.5.1 Header synopsis
1395	29.5.2 Types 29.5.3 Class ios_base 29.5.3.1 General
1397	29.5.3.2 Types 29.5.3.2.1 Class ios_base::failure 29.5.3.2.2 Type ios_base::fmtflags 29.5.3.2.3 Type ios_base::iostate 29.5.3.2.4 Type ios_base::openmode 29.5.3.2.5 Type ios_base::seekdir
1399	29.5.3.2.6 Class ios_base::Init 29.5.3.3 State functions
1400	29.5.3.4 Functions 29.5.3.5 Static members 29.5.3.6 Storage functions
1401	29.5.3.7 Callbacks 29.5.3.8 Constructors and destructor 29.5.4 Class template fpos
1402	29.5.4.1 Members 29.5.4.2 Requirements
1403	29.5.5 Class template basic_ios 29.5.5.1 Overview
1404	29.5.5.2 Constructors 29.5.5.3 Member functions
1406	29.5.5.4 Flags functions 29.5.6 ios_base manipulators 29.5.6.1 fmtflags manipulators
1408	29.5.6.2 adjustfield manipulators 29.5.6.3 basefield manipulators 29.5.6.4 floatfield manipulators
1409	29.5.7 Error reporting 29.6 Stream buffers 29.6.1 Header synopsis 29.6.2 Stream buffer requirements
1410	29.6.3 Class template basic_streambuf 29.6.3.1 General
1411	29.6.3.2 Constructors
1412	29.6.3.3 Public member functions 29.6.3.3.1 Locales 29.6.3.3.2 Buffer management and positioning 29.6.3.3.3 Get area
1413	29.6.3.3.4 Putback 29.6.3.3.5 Put area 29.6.3.4 Protected member functions 29.6.3.4.1 Assignment 29.6.3.4.2 Get area access
1414	29.6.3.4.3 Put area access 29.6.3.5 Virtual functions 29.6.3.5.1 Locales 29.6.3.5.2 Buffer management and positioning
1415	29.6.3.5.3 Get area
1416	29.6.3.5.4 Putback 29.6.3.5.5 Put area
1417	29.7 Formatting and manipulators 29.7.1 Header synopsis 29.7.2 Header synopsis 29.7.3 Header synopsis
1418	29.7.4 Input streams 29.7.4.1 General 29.7.4.2 Class template basic_istream 29.7.4.2.1 General
1420	29.7.4.2.2 Constructors 29.7.4.2.3 Assignment and swap 29.7.4.2.4 Class basic_istream::sentry
1421	29.7.4.3 Formatted input functions 29.7.4.3.1 Common requirements 29.7.4.3.2 Arithmetic extractors
1422	29.7.4.3.3 basic_istream::operator>>
1423	29.7.4.4 Unformatted input functions
1427	29.7.4.5 Standard basic_istream manipulators 29.7.4.6 Rvalue stream extraction
1428	29.7.4.7 Class template basic_iostream 29.7.4.7.1 General 29.7.4.7.2 Constructors 29.7.4.7.3 Destructor 29.7.4.7.4 Assignment and swap
1429	29.7.5 Output streams 29.7.5.1 General 29.7.5.2 Class template basic_ostream 29.7.5.2.1 General
1431	29.7.5.2.2 Constructors 29.7.5.2.3 Assignment and swap 29.7.5.2.4 Class basic_ostream::sentry
1432	29.7.5.2.5 Seek members 29.7.5.3 Formatted output functions 29.7.5.3.1 Common requirements
1433	29.7.5.3.2 Arithmetic inserters
1434	29.7.5.3.3 basic_ostream::operator<< 29.7.5.3.4 Character inserter function templates
1435	29.7.5.4 Unformatted output functions
1436	29.7.5.5 Standard manipulators 29.7.5.6 Rvalue stream insertion
1437	29.7.6 Standard manipulators
1438	29.7.7 Extended manipulators
1440	29.7.8 Quoted manipulators
1441	29.8 String-based streams 29.8.1 Header synopsis 29.8.2 Class template basic_stringbuf 29.8.2.1 General
1443	29.8.2.2 Constructors
1444	29.8.2.3 Assignment and swap 29.8.2.4 Member functions
1446	29.8.2.5 Overridden virtual functions
1447	29.8.3 Class template basic_istringstream 29.8.3.1 General
1448	29.8.3.2 Constructors
1449	29.8.3.3 Assignment and swap 29.8.3.4 Member functions
1450	29.8.4 Class template basic_ostringstream 29.8.4.1 General
1451	29.8.4.2 Constructors
1452	29.8.4.3 Assignment and swap 29.8.4.4 Member functions
1453	29.8.5 Class template basic_stringstream 29.8.5.1 General
1454	29.8.5.2 Constructors 29.8.5.3 Assignment and swap
1455	29.8.5.4 Member functions 29.9 File-based streams 29.9.1 Header synopsis
1456	29.9.2 Class template basic_filebuf 29.9.2.1 General
1457	29.9.2.2 Constructors
1458	29.9.2.3 Assignment and swap 29.9.2.4 Member functions
1459	29.9.2.5 Overridden virtual functions
1461	29.9.3 Class template basic_ifstream 29.9.3.1 General
1462	29.9.3.2 Constructors
1463	29.9.3.3 Assignment and swap 29.9.3.4 Member functions 29.9.4 Class template basic_ofstream 29.9.4.1 General
1464	29.9.4.2 Constructors 29.9.4.3 Assignment and swap
1465	29.9.4.4 Member functions 29.9.5 Class template basic_fstream 29.9.5.1 General
1466	29.9.5.2 Constructors 29.9.5.3 Assignment and swap
1467	29.9.5.4 Member functions 29.10 Synchronized output streams 29.10.1 Header synopsis 29.10.2 Class template basic_syncbuf 29.10.2.1 Overview
1468	29.10.2.2 Construction and destruction
1469	29.10.2.3 Assignment and swap 29.10.2.4 Member functions
1470	29.10.2.5 Overridden virtual functions 29.10.2.6 Specialized algorithms 29.10.3 Class template basic_osyncstream 29.10.3.1 Overview
1471	29.10.3.2 Construction and destruction 29.10.3.3 Member functions
1472	29.11 File systems 29.11.1 General 29.11.2 Conformance 29.11.2.1 General 29.11.2.2 POSIX conformance
1473	29.11.2.3 Operating system dependent behavior conformance 29.11.2.4 File system race behavior 29.11.3 Requirements 29.11.3.1 General 29.11.3.2 Namespaces and headers 29.11.4 Header synopsis
1476	29.11.5 Error reporting
1477	29.11.6 Class path 29.11.6.1 General
1480	29.11.6.2 Generic pathname format
1481	29.11.6.3 Conversions 29.11.6.3.1 Argument format conversions
1482	29.11.6.3.2 Type and encoding conversions 29.11.6.4 Requirements
1483	29.11.6.5 Members 29.11.6.5.1 Constructors
1484	29.11.6.5.2 Assignments 29.11.6.5.3 Appends
1485	29.11.6.5.4 Concatenation 29.11.6.5.5 Modifiers
1486	29.11.6.5.6 Native format observers
1487	29.11.6.5.7 Generic format observers 29.11.6.5.8 Compare
1488	29.11.6.5.9 Decomposition
1489	29.11.6.5.10 Query 29.11.6.5.11 Generation
1490	29.11.6.6 Iterators
1491	29.11.6.7 Inserter and extractor 29.11.6.8 Non-member functions
1492	29.11.7 Class filesystem_error 29.11.7.1 General 29.11.7.2 Members
1493	29.11.8 Enumerations 29.11.8.1 Enum path::format 29.11.8.2 Enum class file_type 29.11.8.3 Enum class copy_options
1495	29.11.8.4 Enum class perms 29.11.8.5 Enum class perm_options 29.11.8.6 Enum class directory_options 29.11.9 Class file_status 29.11.9.1 General
1496	29.11.9.2 Constructors 29.11.9.3 Observers 29.11.9.4 Modifiers 29.11.10 Class directory_entry 29.11.10.1 General
1498	29.11.10.2 Constructors 29.11.10.3 Modifiers 29.11.10.4 Observers
1500	29.11.11 Class directory_iterator 29.11.11.1 General
1501	29.11.11.2 Members 29.11.11.3 Non-member functions
1502	29.11.12 Class recursive_directory_iterator 29.11.12.1 General
1503	29.11.12.2 Members
1504	29.11.12.3 Non-member functions 29.11.13 Filesystem operation functions 29.11.13.1 General
1505	29.11.13.2 Absolute 29.11.13.3 Canonical 29.11.13.4 Copy
1507	29.11.13.5 Copy file
1508	29.11.13.6 Copy symlink 29.11.13.7 Create directories 29.11.13.8 Create directory 29.11.13.9 Create directory symlink
1509	29.11.13.10 Create hard link 29.11.13.11 Create symlink 29.11.13.12 Current path 29.11.13.13 Equivalent
1510	29.11.13.14 Exists 29.11.13.15 File size 29.11.13.16 Hard link count 29.11.13.17 Is block file 29.11.13.18 Is character file
1511	29.11.13.19 Is directory 29.11.13.20 Is empty 29.11.13.21 Is fifo 29.11.13.22 Is other
1512	29.11.13.23 Is regular file 29.11.13.24 Is socket 29.11.13.25 Is symlink 29.11.13.26 Last write time
1513	29.11.13.27 Permissions 29.11.13.28 Proximate 29.11.13.29 Read symlink 29.11.13.30 Relative
1514	29.11.13.31 Remove 29.11.13.32 Remove all 29.11.13.33 Rename 29.11.13.34 Resize file 29.11.13.35 Space
1515	29.11.13.36 Status
1516	29.11.13.37 Status known 29.11.13.38 Symlink status 29.11.13.39 Temporary directory path 29.11.13.40 Weakly canonical
1517	29.12 C library files 29.12.1 Header synopsis
1518	29.12.2 Header synopsis
1520	30 Regular expressions library 30.1 General 30.2 Definitions
1521	30.3 Requirements
1522	30.4 Header synopsis
1526	30.5 Namespace std::regex_constants 30.5.1 General 30.5.2 Bitmask type syntax_option_type 30.5.3 Bitmask type match_flag_type
1528	30.5.4 Implementation-defined error_type
1529	30.6 Class regex_error 30.7 Class template regex_traits
1531	30.8 Class template basic_regex 30.8.1 General
1533	30.8.2 Constructors
1534	30.8.3 Assignment
1535	30.8.4 Constant operations 30.8.5 Locale 30.8.6 Swap
1536	30.8.7 Non-member functions 30.9 Class template sub_match 30.9.1 General 30.9.2 Members 30.9.3 Non-member operators
1537	30.10 Class template match_results 30.10.1 General
1539	30.10.2 Constructors
1540	30.10.3 State 30.10.4 Size 30.10.5 Element access
1541	30.10.6 Formatting 30.10.7 Allocator 30.10.8 Swap
1542	30.10.9 Non-member functions 30.11 Regular expression algorithms 30.11.1 Exceptions 30.11.2 regex_match
1543	30.11.3 regex_search
1545	30.11.4 regex_replace
1546	30.12 Regular expression iterators 30.12.1 Class template regex_iterator 30.12.1.1 General
1547	30.12.1.2 Constructors 30.12.1.3 Comparisons 30.12.1.4 Indirection
1548	30.12.1.5 Increment 30.12.2 Class template regex_token_iterator 30.12.2.1 General
1550	30.12.2.2 Constructors
1551	30.12.2.3 Comparisons 30.12.2.4 Indirection 30.12.2.5 Increment 30.13 Modified ECMAScript regular expression grammar
1554	31 Atomic operations library 31.1 General 31.2 Header synopsis
1558	31.3 Type aliases 31.4 Order and consistency
1560	31.5 Lock-free property 31.6 Waiting and notifying
1561	31.7 Class template atomic_ref 31.7.1 General
1562	31.7.2 Operations
1564	31.7.3 Specializations for integral types
1565	31.7.4 Specializations for floating-point types
1566	31.7.5 Partial specialization for pointers
1567	31.7.6 Member operators common to integers and pointers to objects 31.8 Class template atomic 31.8.1 General
1568	31.8.2 Operations on atomic types
1572	31.8.3 Specializations for integers
1574	31.8.4 Specializations for floating-point types
1575	31.8.5 Partial specialization for pointers
1577	31.8.6 Member operators common to integers and pointers to objects 31.8.7 Partial specializations for smart pointers 31.8.7.1 General
1578	31.8.7.2 Partial specialization for shared_ptr
1580	31.8.7.3 Partial specialization for weak_ptr
1582	31.9 Non-member functions 31.10 Flag type and operations
1584	31.11 Fences
1586	32 Thread support library 32.1 General 32.2 Requirements 32.2.1 Template parameter names 32.2.2 Exceptions 32.2.3 Native handles 32.2.4 Timing specifications
1587	32.2.5 Requirements for Cpp17Lockable types 32.2.5.1 In general
1588	32.2.5.2 Cpp17BasicLockable requirements 32.2.5.3 Cpp17Lockable requirements 32.2.5.4 Cpp17TimedLockable requirements 32.3 Stop tokens 32.3.1 Introduction
1589	32.3.2 Header synopsis 32.3.3 Class stop_token 32.3.3.1 General
1590	32.3.3.2 Constructors, copy, and assignment 32.3.3.3 Members 32.3.3.4 Non-member functions 32.3.4 Class stop_source 32.3.4.1 General
1591	32.3.4.2 Constructors, copy, and assignment
1592	32.3.4.3 Members 32.3.4.4 Non-member functions 32.3.5 Class template stop_callback 32.3.5.1 General
1593	32.3.5.2 Constructors and destructor 32.4 Threads 32.4.1 General 32.4.2 Header synopsis
1594	32.4.3 Class thread 32.4.3.1 General 32.4.3.2 Class thread::id
1595	32.4.3.3 Constructors
1596	32.4.3.4 Destructor 32.4.3.5 Assignment 32.4.3.6 Members
1597	32.4.3.7 Static members 32.4.3.8 Specialized algorithms 32.4.4 Class jthread 32.4.4.1 General
1598	32.4.4.2 Constructors, move, and assignment
1599	32.4.4.3 Members
1600	32.4.4.4 Stop token handling 32.4.4.5 Specialized algorithms 32.4.4.6 Static members 32.4.5 Namespace this_thread 32.5 Mutual exclusion 32.5.1 General
1601	32.5.2 Header synopsis 32.5.3 Header synopsis 32.5.4 Mutex requirements 32.5.4.1 In general 32.5.4.2 Mutex types 32.5.4.2.1 General
1602	32.5.4.2.2 Class mutex
1603	32.5.4.2.3 Class recursive_mutex
1604	32.5.4.3 Timed mutex types 32.5.4.3.1 General 32.5.4.3.2 Class timed_mutex
1605	32.5.4.3.3 Class recursive_timed_mutex
1606	32.5.4.4 Shared mutex types 32.5.4.4.1 General
1607	32.5.4.4.2 Class shared_mutex 32.5.4.5 Shared timed mutex types 32.5.4.5.1 General
1608	32.5.4.5.2 Class shared_timed_mutex
1609	32.5.5 Locks 32.5.5.1 General 32.5.5.2 Class template lock_guard
1610	32.5.5.3 Class template scoped_lock 32.5.5.4 Class template unique_lock 32.5.5.4.1 General
1611	32.5.5.4.2 Constructors, destructor, and assignment
1612	32.5.5.4.3 Locking
1613	32.5.5.4.4 Modifiers
1614	32.5.5.4.5 Observers 32.5.5.5 Class template shared_lock 32.5.5.5.1 General
1615	32.5.5.5.2 Constructors, destructor, and assignment
1616	32.5.5.5.3 Locking
1617	32.5.5.5.4 Modifiers 32.5.5.5.5 Observers 32.5.6 Generic locking algorithms
1618	32.5.7 Call once 32.5.7.1 Struct once_flag 32.5.7.2 Function call_once
1619	32.6 Condition variables 32.6.1 General 32.6.2 Header synopsis 32.6.3 Non-member functions
1620	32.6.4 Class condition_variable
1623	32.6.5 Class condition_variable_any 32.6.5.1 General
1624	32.6.5.2 Noninterruptible waits
1625	32.6.5.3 Interruptible waits
1626	32.7 Semaphore 32.7.1 General 32.7.2 Header synopsis 32.7.3 Class template counting_semaphore
1628	32.8 Coordination types 32.8.1 General 32.8.2 Latches 32.8.2.1 General 32.8.2.2 Header synopsis 32.8.2.3 Class latch
1629	32.8.3 Barriers 32.8.3.1 General 32.8.3.2 Header synopsis 32.8.3.3 Class template barrier
1631	32.9 Futures 32.9.1 Overview 32.9.2 Header synopsis
1632	32.9.3 Error handling
1633	32.9.4 Class future_error 32.9.5 Shared state
1634	32.9.6 Class template promise
1636	32.9.7 Class template future
1638	32.9.8 Class template shared_future
1641	32.9.9 Function template async
1642	32.9.10 Class template packaged_task 32.9.10.1 General
1643	32.9.10.2 Member functions
1645	32.9.10.3 Globals
1646	A Grammar summary A.1 General A.2 Keywords A.3 Lexical conventions
1650	A.4 Basics
1651	A.5 Expressions
1655	A.6 Statements A.7 Declarations
1661	A.8 Modules
1662	A.9 Classes
1663	A.10 Overloading A.11 Templates
1665	A.12 Exception handling A.13 Preprocessing directives
1667	B Implementation quantities
1669	C Compatibility C.1 C++ and ISO C++ 2017 C.1.1 General C.1.2 Clause 5: lexical conventions
1670	C.1.3 Clause 6: basics
1671	C.1.4 Clause 7: expressions C.1.5 Clause 9: declarations
1672	C.1.6 Clause 11: classes
1673	C.1.7 Clause 12: overloading C.1.8 Clause 13: templates C.1.9 Clause 14: exception handling
1674	C.1.10 Clause 16: library introduction C.1.11 Clause 22: containers library C.1.12 Clause 23: iterators library C.1.13 Clause 25: algorithms library
1675	C.1.14 Clause 29: input/output library C.1.15 Annex D: compatibility features
1676	C.2 C++ and ISO C++ 2014 C.2.1 General C.2.2 Clause 5: lexical conventions
1677	C.2.3 Clause 7: expressions C.2.4 Clause 9: declarations
1678	C.2.5 Clause 11: classes C.2.6 Clause 13: templates C.2.7 Clause 14: exception handling C.2.8 Clause 16: library introduction
1679	C.2.9 Clause 20: general utilities library C.2.10 Clause 21: strings library C.2.11 Clause 22: containers library C.2.12 Annex D: compatibility features
1680	C.3 C++ and ISO C++ 2011 C.3.1 General C.3.2 Clause 5: lexical conventions C.3.3 Clause 6: basics C.3.4 Clause 7: expressions
1681	C.3.5 Clause 9: declarations C.3.6 Clause 16: library introduction C.3.7 Clause 29: input/output library C.4 C++ and ISO C++ 2003 C.4.1 General C.4.2 Clause 5: lexical conventions
1682	C.4.3 Clause 7: expressions C.4.4 Clause 9: declarations
1683	C.4.5 Clause 11: classes C.4.6 Clause 13: templates C.4.7 Clause 16: library introduction
1684	C.4.8 Clause 17: language support library C.4.9 Clause 19: diagnostics library C.4.10 Clause 20: general utilities library
1685	C.4.11 Clause 21: strings library C.4.12 Clause 22: containers library
1686	C.4.13 Clause 25: algorithms library C.4.14 Clause 26: numerics library C.4.15 Clause 29: input/output library
1687	C.5 C++ and ISO C C.5.1 General C.5.2 Clause 5: lexical conventions C.5.3 Clause 6: basics
1688	C.5.4 Clause 7: expressions
1689	C.5.5 Clause 8: statements
1690	C.5.6 Clause 9: declarations
1693	C.5.7 Clause 11: classes
1694	C.5.8 Clause 15: preprocessing directives
1695	C.6 C standard library C.6.1 General C.6.2 Modifications to headers C.6.3 Modifications to definitions C.6.3.1 Types char16_t and char32_t C.6.3.2 Type wchar_t C.6.3.3 Header C.6.3.4 Header C.6.3.5 Header C.6.3.6 Header C.6.3.7 Macro NULL C.6.4 Modifications to declarations
1696	C.6.5 Modifications to behavior C.6.5.1 General C.6.5.2 Macro offsetof(type, member-designator) C.6.5.3 Memory allocation functions
1697	D Compatibility features D.1 General D.2 Arithmetic conversion on enumerations D.3 Implicit capture of *this by reference D.4 Comma operator in subscript expressions D.5 Array comparisons
1698	D.6 Deprecated volatile types D.7 Redeclaration of static constexpr data members
1699	D.8 Non-local use of TU-local entities D.9 Implicit declaration of copy functions D.10 C headers D.10.1 General D.10.2 Header synopsis D.10.3 Header synopsis D.10.4 Header synopsis
1700	D.10.5 Header synopsis D.10.6 Header synopsis D.10.7 Other C headers D.11 Requires paragraph D.12 Relational operators
1701	D.13 char* streams D.13.1 Header synopsis D.13.2 Class strstreambuf D.13.2.1 General
1702	D.13.2.2 strstreambuf constructors
1703	D.13.2.3 Member functions
1704	D.13.2.4 strstreambuf overridden virtual functions
1706	D.13.3 Class istrstream D.13.3.1 General D.13.3.2 istrstream constructors D.13.3.3 Member functions D.13.4 Class ostrstream D.13.4.1 General
1707	D.13.4.2 ostrstream constructors D.13.4.3 Member functions D.13.5 Class strstream D.13.5.1 General
1708	D.13.5.2 strstream constructors D.13.5.3 strstream destructor D.13.5.4 strstream operations D.14 Deprecated type traits
1709	D.15 Tuple D.16 Variant
1710	D.17 Deprecated iterator class template D.18 Deprecated move_iterator access D.19 Deprecated shared_ptr atomic access
1712	D.20 Deprecated basic_string capacity D.21 Deprecated standard code conversion facets D.21.1 General
1713	D.21.2 Header synopsis D.21.3 Requirements
1714	D.22 Deprecated convenience conversion interfaces D.22.1 General D.22.2 Class template wstring_convert
1716	D.22.3 Class template wbuffer_convert
1717	D.23 Deprecated locale category facets
1718	D.24 Deprecated filesystem path factory functions D.25 Deprecated atomic operations D.25.1 General D.25.2 Volatile access
1719	D.25.3 Non-member functions D.25.4 Operations on atomic types D.25.5 Flag type and operations
1720	Bibliography
1721	Cross references
1745	Cross references from ISO C++ 2017
1748	Index Symbols
1749	Numbers A
1751	B
1752	C
1756	D
1758	E
1761	F
1762	G H
1763	I
1764	J K L
1766	M
1767	N
1768	O
1770	P
1772	Q R
1774	S
1777	T
1780	U V
1781	W X Y Z
1782	Index of grammar productions
1787	Index of library headers
1789	Index of library names Symbols
1790	Numbers A
1794	B
1800	C
1804	D
1807	E
1810	F
1813	G
1815	H
1816	I
1821	J K L
1823	M
1827	N
1829	O
1837	P
1840	Q R
1843	S
1850	T
1853	U
1855	V
1857	W
1859	X Y
1860	Z
1861	Index of library concepts
1864	Index of implementation-defined behavior

Additional information

Status	Under Review
Pages	1868
Publication Date	2020-12-17
ISBN	978 0 539 06199 4
Standard Number	BS ISO/IEC 14882:2020
Title	Programming languages. C++
Identical National Standard Of	ISO/IEC 14882
Replaces	BS ISO/IEC 14882:2017
Descriptors	Control functions, Programming languages, Character sets, Programming, Syntax, Data processing, Data representation, C (programming language)
Publisher	BSI
Committee	IST/5
ICS Codes	35.060 - Languages used in information technology

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