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BS ISO/IEC 9899:2018

BS ISO/IEC 9899:2018

$215.11

Information technology. Programming languages. C

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
BSI 2018 536
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This document specifies the form and establishes the interpretation of programs written in the C programming language.1) It specifies

  • the representation of C programs;

  • the syntax and constraints of the C language;

  • the semantic rules for interpreting C programs;

  • the representation of input data to be processed by C programs;

  • the representation of output data produced by C programs;

  • the restrictions and limits imposed by a conforming implementation of C.

This document does not specify

  • the mechanism by which C programs are transformed for use by a data-processing system;

  • the mechanism by which C programs are invoked for use by a data-processing system;

  • the mechanism by which input data are transformed for use by a C program;

  • the mechanism by which output data are transformed after being produced by a C program;

  • the size or complexity of a program and its data that will exceed the capacity of any specific data-processing system or the capacity of a particular processor;

  • all minimal requirements of a data-processing system that is capable of supporting a conforming implementation.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
2 undefined
3 74528.pdf
5 Contents
13 Foreword
14 Introduction
15 1 Scope
16 2 Normative references
17 3 Terms, definitions, and symbols
3.1 access (verb)
3.2 alignment
3.3 argument
3.4 behavior
3.4.1 implementation-defined behavior
3.4.2 locale-specific behavior
18 3.4.3 undefined behavior
3.4.4 unspecified behavior
3.5 bit
3.6 byte
3.7 character
3.7.1 character
3.7.2 multibyte character
19 3.7.3 wide character
3.8 constraint
3.9 correctly rounded result
3.10 diagnostic message
3.11 forward reference
3.12 implementation
3.13 implementation limit
3.14 memory location
20 3.15 object
3.16 parameter
3.17 recommended practice
3.18 runtime-constraint
3.19 value
3.19.1 implementation-defined value
3.19.2 indeterminate value
3.19.3 unspecified value
21 3.19.4 trap representation
3.19.5 perform a trap
3.20 ceiling
3.21 floor
22 4 Conformance
23 5 Environment
5.1 Conceptual models
5.1.1 Translation environment
5.1.1.1 Program structure
5.1.1.2 Translation phases
24 5.1.1.3 Diagnostics
5.1.2 Execution environments
5.1.2.1 Freestanding environment
5.1.2.2 Hosted environment
25 5.1.2.2.1 Program startup
5.1.2.2.2 Program execution
5.1.2.2.3 Program termination
5.1.2.3 Program execution
28 5.1.2.4 Multi-threaded executions and data races
31 5.2 Environmental considerations
5.2.1 Character sets
32 5.2.1.1 Trigraph sequences
5.2.1.2 Multibyte characters
33 5.2.2 Character display semantics
5.2.3 Signals and interrupts
5.2.4 Environmental limits
5.2.4.1 Translation limits
34 5.2.4.2 Numerical limits
5.2.4.2.1 Sizes of integer types
36 5.2.4.2.2 Characteristics of floating types
42 6 Language
6.1 Notation
6.2 Concepts
6.2.1 Scopes of identifiers
43 6.2.2 Linkages of identifiers
6.2.3 Name spaces of identifiers
44 6.2.4 Storage durations of objects
45 6.2.5 Types
47 6.2.6 Representations of types
6.2.6.1 General
48 6.2.6.2 Integer types
49 6.2.7 Compatible type and composite type
50 6.2.8 Alignment of objects
51 6.3 Conversions
6.3.1 Arithmetic operands
6.3.1.1 Boolean, characters, and integers
52 6.3.1.2 Boolean type
6.3.1.3 Signed and unsigned integers
6.3.1.4 Real floating and integer
53 6.3.1.5 Real floating types
6.3.1.6 Complex types
6.3.1.7 Real and complex
6.3.1.8 Usual arithmetic conversions
54 6.3.2 Other operands
6.3.2.1 Lvalues, arrays, and function designators
6.3.2.2 void
55 6.3.2.3 Pointers
6.4 Lexical elements
56 6.4.1 Keywords
57 6.4.2 Identifiers
6.4.2.1 General
58 6.4.2.2 Predefined identifiers
6.4.3 Universal character names
59 6.4.4 Constants
6.4.4.1 Integer constants
61 6.4.4.2 Floating constants
62 6.4.4.3 Enumeration constants
6.4.4.4 Character constants
64 6.4.5 String literals
66 6.4.6 Punctuators
67 6.4.7 Header names
6.4.8 Preprocessing numbers
68 6.4.9 Comments
69 6.5 Expressions
70 6.5.1 Primary expressions
6.5.1.1 Generic selection
71 6.5.2 Postfix operators
6.5.2.1 Array subscripting
72 6.5.2.2 Function calls
73 6.5.2.3 Structure and union members
75 6.5.2.4 Postfix increment and decrement operators
6.5.2.5 Compound literals
77 6.5.3 Unary operators
6.5.3.1 Prefix increment and decrement operators
78 6.5.3.2 Address and indirection operators
6.5.3.3 Unary arithmetic operators
6.5.3.4 The sizeof and _Alignof operators
79 6.5.4 Cast operators
80 6.5.5 Multiplicative operators
6.5.6 Additive operators
82 6.5.7 Bitwise shift operators
6.5.8 Relational operators
83 6.5.9 Equality operators
84 6.5.10 Bitwise AND operator
6.5.11 Bitwise exclusive OR operator
6.5.12 Bitwise inclusive OR operator
85 6.5.13 Logical AND operator
6.5.14 Logical OR operator
6.5.15 Conditional operator
86 6.5.16 Assignment operators
87 6.5.16.1 Simple assignment
88 6.5.16.2 Compound assignment
89 6.5.17 Comma operator
90 6.6 Constant expressions
92 6.7 Declarations
93 6.7.1 Storage-class specifiers
6.7.2 Type specifiers
95 6.7.2.1 Structure and union specifiers
98 6.7.2.2 Enumeration specifiers
99 6.7.2.3 Tags
101 6.7.2.4 Atomic type specifiers
6.7.3 Type qualifiers
103 6.7.3.1 Formal definition of restrict
104 6.7.4 Function specifiers
106 6.7.5 Alignment specifier
6.7.6 Declarators
107 6.7.6.1 Pointer declarators
108 6.7.6.2 Array declarators
110 6.7.6.3 Function declarators (including prototypes)
112 6.7.7 Type names
113 6.7.8 Type definitions
114 6.7.9 Initialization
119 6.7.10 Static assertions
120 6.8 Statements and blocks
6.8.1 Labeled statements
121 6.8.2 Compound statement
6.8.3 Expression and null statements
122 6.8.4 Selection statements
6.8.4.1 The if statement
6.8.4.2 The switch statement
123 6.8.5 Iteration statements
6.8.5.1 The while statement
6.8.5.2 The do statement
124 6.8.5.3 The for statement
6.8.6 Jump statements
6.8.6.1 The goto statement
125 6.8.6.2 The continue statement
6.8.6.3 The break statement
6.8.6.4 The return statement
127 6.9 External definitions
6.9.1 Function definitions
129 6.9.2 External object definitions
131 6.10 Preprocessing directives
132 6.10.1 Conditional inclusion
133 6.10.2 Source file inclusion
135 6.10.3 Macro replacement
136 6.10.3.1 Argument substitution
6.10.3.2 The # operator
6.10.3.3 The ## operator
137 6.10.3.4 Rescanning and further replacement
138 6.10.3.5 Scope of macro definitions
140 6.10.4 Line control
6.10.5 Error directive
141 6.10.6 Pragma directive
6.10.7 Null directive
6.10.8 Predefined macro names
6.10.8.1 Mandatory macros
142 6.10.8.2 Environment macros
6.10.8.3 Conditional feature macros
143 6.10.9 Pragma operator
144 6.11 Future language directions
6.11.1 Floating types
6.11.2 Linkages of identifiers
6.11.3 External names
6.11.4 Character escape sequences
6.11.5 Storage-class specifiers
6.11.6 Function declarators
6.11.7 Function definitions
6.11.8 Pragma directives
6.11.9 Predefined macro names
145 7 Library
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Definitions of terms
7.1.2 Standard headers
146 7.1.3 Reserved identifiers
7.1.4 Use of library functions
149 7.2 Diagnostics
7.2.1 Program diagnostics
7.2.1.1 The assert macro
150 7.3 Complex arithmetic
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Conventions
7.3.3 Branch cuts
151 7.3.4 The CX_LIMITED_RANGE pragma
7.3.5 Trigonometric functions
7.3.5.1 The cacos functions
152 7.3.5.2 The casin functions
7.3.5.3 The catan functions
7.3.5.4 The ccos functions
7.3.5.5 The csin functions
153 7.3.5.6 The ctan functions
7.3.6 Hyperbolic functions
7.3.6.1 The cacosh functions
7.3.6.2 The casinh functions
7.3.6.3 The catanh functions
154 7.3.6.4 The ccosh functions
7.3.6.5 The csinh functions
7.3.6.6 The ctanh functions
7.3.7 Exponential and logarithmic functions
7.3.7.1 The cexp functions
155 7.3.7.2 The clog functions
7.3.8 Power and absolute-value functions
7.3.8.1 The cabs functions
7.3.8.2 The cpow functions
156 7.3.8.3 The csqrt functions
7.3.9 Manipulation functions
7.3.9.1 The carg functions
7.3.9.2 The cimag functions
7.3.9.3 The CMPLX macros
157 7.3.9.4 The conj functions
7.3.9.5 The cproj functions
7.3.9.6 The creal functions
159 7.4 Character handling
7.4.1 Character classification functions
7.4.1.1 The isalnum function
7.4.1.2 The isalpha function
7.4.1.3 The isblank function
160 7.4.1.4 The iscntrl function
7.4.1.5 The isdigit function
7.4.1.6 The isgraph function
7.4.1.7 The islower function
7.4.1.8 The isprint function
7.4.1.9 The ispunct function
161 7.4.1.10 The isspace function
7.4.1.11 The isupper function
7.4.1.12 The isxdigit function
7.4.2 Character case mapping functions
7.4.2.1 The tolower function
7.4.2.2 The toupper function
163 7.5 Errors
164 7.6 Floating-point environment
165 7.6.1 The FENV_ACCESS pragma
166 7.6.2 Floating-point exceptions
7.6.2.1 The feclearexcept function
7.6.2.2 The fegetexceptflag function
167 7.6.2.3 The feraiseexcept function
7.6.2.4 The fesetexceptflag function
7.6.2.5 The fetestexcept function
168 7.6.3 Rounding
7.6.3.1 The fegetround function
7.6.3.2 The fesetround function
169 7.6.4 Environment
7.6.4.1 The fegetenv function
7.6.4.2 The feholdexcept function
7.6.4.3 The fesetenv function
170 7.6.4.4 The feupdateenv function
171 7.7 Characteristics of floating types
172 7.8 Format conversion of integer types
7.8.1 Macros for format specifiers
173 7.8.2 Functions for greatest-width integer types
7.8.2.1 The imaxabs function
7.8.2.2 The imaxdiv function
7.8.2.3 The strtoimax and strtoumax functions
7.8.2.4 The wcstoimax and wcstoumax functions
175 7.9 Alternative spellings
176 7.10 Sizes of integer types
177 7.11 Localization
7.11.1 Locale control
7.11.1.1 The setlocale function
178 7.11.2 Numeric formatting convention inquiry
7.11.2.1 The localeconv function
183 7.12 Mathematics
184 7.12.1 Treatment of error conditions
185 7.12.2 The FP_CONTRACT pragma
186 7.12.3 Classification macros
7.12.3.1 The fpclassify macro
7.12.3.2 The isfinite macro
7.12.3.3 The isinf macro
7.12.3.4 The isnan macro
187 7.12.3.5 The isnormal macro
7.12.3.6 The signbit macro
7.12.4 Trigonometric functions
7.12.4.1 The acos functions
188 7.12.4.2 The asin functions
7.12.4.3 The atan functions
7.12.4.4 The atan2 functions
7.12.4.5 The cos functions
189 7.12.4.6 The sin functions
7.12.4.7 The tan functions
7.12.5 Hyperbolic functions
7.12.5.1 The acosh functions
7.12.5.2 The asinh functions
190 7.12.5.3 The atanh functions
7.12.5.4 The cosh functions
7.12.5.5 The sinh functions
7.12.5.6 The tanh functions
191 7.12.6 Exponential and logarithmic functions
7.12.6.1 The exp functions
7.12.6.2 The exp2 functions
7.12.6.3 The expm1 functions
7.12.6.4 The frexp functions
192 7.12.6.5 The ilogb functions
7.12.6.6 The ldexp functions
7.12.6.7 The log functions
193 7.12.6.8 The log10 functions
7.12.6.9 The log1p functions
7.12.6.10 The log2 functions
7.12.6.11 The logb functions
194 7.12.6.12 The modf functions
7.12.6.13 The scalbn and scalbln functions
7.12.7 Power and absolute-value functions
7.12.7.1 The cbrt functions
195 7.12.7.2 The fabs functions
7.12.7.3 The hypot functions
7.12.7.4 The pow functions
7.12.7.5 The sqrt functions
196 7.12.8 Error and gamma functions
7.12.8.1 The erf functions
7.12.8.2 The erfc functions
7.12.8.3 The lgamma functions
197 7.12.8.4 The tgamma functions
7.12.9 Nearest integer functions
7.12.9.1 The ceil functions
7.12.9.2 The floor functions
7.12.9.3 The nearbyint functions
198 7.12.9.4 The rint functions
7.12.9.5 The lrint and llrint functions
7.12.9.6 The round functions
7.12.9.7 The lround and llround functions
199 7.12.9.8 The trunc functions
7.12.10 Remainder functions
7.12.10.1 The fmod functions
7.12.10.2 The remainder functions
200 7.12.10.3 The remquo functions
7.12.11 Manipulation functions
7.12.11.1 The copysign functions
7.12.11.2 The nan functions
201 7.12.11.3 The nextafter functions
7.12.11.4 The nexttoward functions
7.12.12 Maximum, minimum, and positive difference functions
7.12.12.1 The fdim functions
202 7.12.12.2 The fmax functions
7.12.12.3 The fmin functions
7.12.13 Floating multiply-add
7.12.13.1 The fma functions
203 7.12.14 Comparison macros
7.12.14.1 The isgreater macro
7.12.14.2 The isgreaterequal macro
7.12.14.3 The isless macro
204 7.12.14.4 The islessequal macro
7.12.14.5 The islessgreater macro
7.12.14.6 The isunordered macro
205 7.13 Nonlocal jumps
7.13.1 Save calling environment
7.13.1.1 The setjmp macro
7.13.2 Restore calling environment
7.13.2.1 The longjmp function
207 7.14 Signal handling
7.14.1 Specify signal handling
7.14.1.1 The signal function
208 7.14.2 Send signal
7.14.2.1 The raise function
210 7.15 Alignment
211 7.16 Variable arguments
7.16.1 Variable argument list access macros
7.16.1.1 The va_arg macro
212 7.16.1.2 The va_copy macro
7.16.1.3 The va_end macro
7.16.1.4 The va_start macro
214 7.17 Atomics
7.17.1 Introduction
215 7.17.2 Initialization
7.17.2.1 The ATOMIC_VAR_INIT macro
7.17.2.2 The atomic_init generic function
7.17.3 Order and consistency
217 7.17.3.1 The kill_dependency macro
218 7.17.4 Fences
7.17.4.1 The atomic_thread_fence function
7.17.4.2 The atomic_signal_fence function
219 7.17.5 Lock-free property
7.17.5.1 The atomic_islockfree generic function
7.17.6 Atomic integer types
220 7.17.7 Operations on atomic types
7.17.7.1 The atomic_store generic functions
7.17.7.2 The atomic_load generic functions
221 7.17.7.3 The atomic_exchange generic functions
7.17.7.4 The atomic_compare_exchange generic functions
222 7.17.7.5 The atomic_fetch and modify generic functions
7.17.8 Atomic flag type and operations
223 7.17.8.1 The atomic_flag_test_and_set functions
7.17.8.2 The atomic_flag_clear functions
224 7.18 Boolean type and values
225 7.19 Common definitions
226 7.20 Integer types
7.20.1 Integer types
7.20.1.1 Exact-width integer types
7.20.1.2 Minimum-width integer types
227 7.20.1.3 Fastest minimum-width integer types
7.20.1.4 Integer types capable of holding object pointers
7.20.1.5 Greatest-width integer types
7.20.2 Limits of specified-width integer types
228 7.20.2.1 Limits of exact-width integer types
7.20.2.2 Limits of minimum-width integer types
7.20.2.3 Limits of fastest minimum-width integer types
7.20.2.4 Limits of integer types capable of holding object pointers
229 7.20.2.5 Limits of greatest-width integer types
7.20.3 Limits of other integer types
230 7.20.4 Macros for integer constants
7.20.4.1 Macros for minimum-width integer constants
7.20.4.2 Macros for greatest-width integer constants
231 7.21 Input/output
7.21.1 Introduction
232 7.21.2 Streams
233 7.21.3 Files
235 7.21.4 Operations on files
7.21.4.1 The remove function
7.21.4.2 The rename function
236 7.21.4.3 The tmpfile function
7.21.4.4 The tmpnam function
7.21.5 File access functions
7.21.5.1 The fclose function
237 7.21.5.2 The fflush function
7.21.5.3 The fopen function
238 7.21.5.4 The freopen function
239 7.21.5.5 The setbuf function
7.21.5.6 The setvbuf function
7.21.6 Formatted input/output functions
240 7.21.6.1 The fprintf function
246 7.21.6.2 The fscanf function
251 7.21.6.3 The printf function
7.21.6.4 The scanf function
252 7.21.6.5 The snprintf function
7.21.6.6 The sprintf function
7.21.6.7 The sscanf function
253 7.21.6.8 The vfprintf function
7.21.6.9 The vfscanf function
254 7.21.6.10 The vprintf function
7.21.6.11 The vscanf function
7.21.6.12 The vsnprintf function
255 7.21.6.13 The vsprintf function
7.21.6.14 The vsscanf function
7.21.7 Character input/output functions
7.21.7.1 The fgetc function
256 7.21.7.2 The fgets function
7.21.7.3 The fputc function
7.21.7.4 The fputs function
257 7.21.7.5 The getc function
7.21.7.6 The getchar function
7.21.7.7 The putc function
7.21.7.8 The putchar function
258 7.21.7.9 The puts function
7.21.7.10 The ungetc function
7.21.8 Direct input/output functions
7.21.8.1 The fread function
259 7.21.8.2 The fwrite function
7.21.9 File positioning functions
7.21.9.1 The fgetpos function
260 7.21.9.2 The fseek function
7.21.9.3 The fsetpos function
7.21.9.4 The ftell function
261 7.21.9.5 The rewind function
7.21.10 Error-handling functions
7.21.10.1 The clearerr function
7.21.10.2 The feof function
262 7.21.10.3 The ferror function
7.21.10.4 The perror function
263 7.22 General utilities
7.22.1 Numeric conversion functions
7.22.1.1 The atof function
264 7.22.1.2 The atoi, atol, and atoll functions
7.22.1.3 The strtod, strtof, and strtold functions
266 7.22.1.4 The strtol, strtoll, strtoul, and strtoull functions
267 7.22.2 Pseudo-random sequence generation functions
7.22.2.1 The rand function
7.22.2.2 The srand function
268 7.22.3 Memory management functions
7.22.3.1 The alignedalloc function
7.22.3.2 The calloc function
269 7.22.3.3 The free function
7.22.3.4 The malloc function
7.22.3.5 The realloc function
270 7.22.4 Communication with the environment
7.22.4.1 The abort function
7.22.4.2 The atexit function
7.22.4.3 The atquickexit function
271 7.22.4.4 The exit function
7.22.4.5 The Exit function
7.22.4.6 The getenv function
272 7.22.4.7 The quickexit function
7.22.4.8 The system function
273 7.22.5 Searching and sorting utilities
7.22.5.1 The bsearch function
274 7.22.5.2 The qsort function
7.22.6 Integer arithmetic functions
7.22.6.1 The abs, labs and dlabs functions
7.22.6.2 The div, ldiv, and lldiv functions
275 7.22.7 Multibyte/wide character conversion functions
7.22.7.1 The mblen function
7.22.7.2 The mbtowc function
276 7.22.7.3 The wctomb function
7.22.8 Multibyte/wide string conversion functions
7.22.8.1 The mbstowcs function
277 7.22.8.2 The wcstombs function
278 7.23 _Noreturn
279 7.24 String handling
7.24.1 String function conventions
7.24.2 Copying functions
7.24.2.1 The memcpy function
7.24.2.2 The memmove function
7.24.2.3 The strcpy function
280 7.24.2.4 The strncpy function
7.24.3 Concatenation functions
7.24.3.1 The strcat function
7.24.3.2 The strncat function
281 7.24.4 Comparison functions
7.24.4.1 The memcmp function
7.24.4.2 The strcmp function
7.24.4.3 The strcoll function
282 7.24.4.4 The strncmp function
7.24.4.5 The strxfrm function
7.24.5 Search functions
7.24.5.1 The memchr function
283 7.24.5.2 The strchr function
7.24.5.3 The strcspn function
7.24.5.4 The strpbrk function
7.24.5.5 The strrchr function
284 7.24.5.6 The strspn function
7.24.5.7 The strstr function
7.24.5.8 The strtok function
285 7.24.6 Miscellaneous functions
7.24.6.1 The memset function
7.24.6.2 The strerror function
286 7.24.6.3 The strlen function
287 7.25 Type-generic math
289 7.26 Threads
7.26.1 Introduction
290 7.26.2 Initialization functions
7.26.2.1 The callonce function
7.26.3 Condition variable functions
7.26.3.1 The cndbroadcast function
291 7.26.3.2 The cnddestroy function
7.26.3.3 The cndinit function
7.26.3.4 The cndsignal function
7.26.3.5 The cndtimedwait function
292 7.26.3.6 The cndwait function
7.26.4 Mutex functions
7.26.4.1 The mtxdestroy function
7.26.4.2 The mtxinit function
293 7.26.4.3 The mtxlock function
7.26.4.4 The mtxtimedlock function
7.26.4.5 The mtxtrylock function
294 7.26.4.6 The mtxunlock function
7.26.5 Thread functions
7.26.5.1 The thrdcreate function
7.26.5.2 The thrdcurrent function
295 7.26.5.3 The thrddetach function
7.26.5.4 The thrdequal function
7.26.5.5 The thrdexit function
7.26.5.6 The thrdjoin function
296 7.26.5.7 The thrdsleep function
7.26.5.8 The thrdyield function
7.26.6 Thread-specific storage functions
7.26.6.1 The tsscreate function
297 7.26.6.2 The tssdelete function
7.26.6.3 The tssget function
7.26.6.4 The tssset function
299 7.27 Date and time
300 7.27.2 Time manipulation functions
7.27.2.1 The clock function
7.27.2.2 The difftime function
7.27.2.3 The mktime function
301 7.27.2.4 The time function
7.27.2.5 The timespecget function
302 7.27.3 Time conversion functions
7.27.3.1 The asctime function
7.27.3.2 The ctime function
303 7.27.3.3 The gmtime function
7.27.3.4 The localtime function
7.27.3.5 The strftime function
307 7.28 Unicode utilities
7.28.1 Restartable multibyte/wide character conversion functions
7.28.1.1 The mbrtoc16 function
308 7.28.1.2 The c16rtomb function
7.28.1.3 The mbrtoc32 function
309 7.28.1.4 The c32rtomb function
310 7.29 Extended multibyte and wide character utilities
7.29.1 Introduction
7.29.2 Formatted wide character input/output functions
311 7.29.2.1 The fwprintf function
315 7.29.2.2 The fwscanf function
319 7.29.2.3 The swprintf function
7.29.2.4 The swscanf function
320 7.29.2.5 The vfwprintf function
7.29.2.6 The vfwscanf function
321 7.29.2.7 The vswprintf function
7.29.2.8 The vswscanf function
7.29.2.9 The vwprintf function
322 7.29.2.10 The vwscanf function
7.29.2.11 The wprintf function
7.29.2.12 The wscanf function
7.29.3 Wide character input/output functions
7.29.3.1 The fgetwc function
323 7.29.3.2 The fgetws function
7.29.3.3 The fputwc function
324 7.29.3.4 The fputws function
7.29.3.5 The fwide function
7.29.3.6 The getwc function
7.29.3.7 The getwchar function
325 7.29.3.8 The putwc function
7.29.3.9 The putwchar function
7.29.3.10 The ungetwc function
326 7.29.4 General wide string utilities
7.29.4.1 Wide string numeric conversion functions
7.29.4.1.1 The wcstod, wcstof, and wcstold functions
327 7.29.4.1.2 The wcstol, wcstoll, wcstoul, and wcstoull functions
329 7.29.4.2 Wide string copying functions
7.29.4.2.1 The wcscpy function
7.29.4.2.2 The wcsncpy function
7.29.4.2.3 The wmemcpy function
7.29.4.2.4 The wmemmove function
330 7.29.4.3 Wide string concatenation functions
7.29.4.3.1 The wcscat function
7.29.4.3.2 The wcsncat function
7.29.4.4 Wide string comparison functions
7.29.4.4.1 The wcscmp function
331 7.29.4.4.2 The wcscoll function
7.29.4.4.3 The wcsncmp function
7.29.4.4.4 The wcsxfrm function
332 7.29.4.4.5 The wmemcmp function
7.29.4.5 Wide string search functions
7.29.4.5.1 The wcschr function
7.29.4.5.2 The wcscspn function
333 7.29.4.5.3 The wcspbrk function
7.29.4.5.4 The wcsrchr function
7.29.4.5.5 The wcsspn function
7.29.4.5.6 The wcsstr function
334 7.29.4.5.7 The wcstok function
7.29.4.5.8 The wmemchr function
335 7.29.4.6 Miscellaneous functions
7.29.4.6.1 The wcslen function
7.29.4.6.2 The wmemset function
7.29.5 Wide character time conversion functions
7.29.5.1 The wcsftime function
336 7.29.6 Extended multibyte/wide character conversion utilities
7.29.6.1 Single-byte/wide character conversion functions
7.29.6.1.1 The btowc function
7.29.6.1.2 The wctob function
337 7.29.6.2 Conversion state functions
7.29.6.2.1 The mbsinit function
7.29.6.3 Restartable multibyte/wide character conversion functions
7.29.6.3.1 The mbrlen function
7.29.6.3.2 The mbrtowc function
338 7.29.6.3.3 The wcrtomb function
339 7.29.6.4 Restartable multibyte/wide string conversion functions
7.29.6.4.1 The mbsrtowcs function
7.29.6.4.2 The wcsrtombs function
341 7.30 Wide character classification and mapping utilities
7.30.1 Introduction
7.30.2 Wide character classification utilities
7.30.2.1 Wide character classification functions
342 7.30.2.1.1 The iswalnum function
7.30.2.1.2 The iswalpha function
7.30.2.1.3 The iswblank function
7.30.2.1.4 The iswcntrl function
7.30.2.1.5 The iswdigit function
343 7.30.2.1.6 The iswgraph function
7.30.2.1.7 The iswlower function
7.30.2.1.8 The iswprint function
7.30.2.1.9 The iswpunct function
7.30.2.1.10 The iswspace function
7.30.2.1.11 The iswupper function
344 7.30.2.1.12 The iswxdigit function
7.30.2.2 Extensible wide character classification functions
7.30.2.2.1 The iswctype function
7.30.2.2.2 The wctype function
345 7.30.3 Wide character case mapping utilities
7.30.3.1 Wide character case mapping functions
7.30.3.1.1 The towlower function
7.30.3.1.2 The towupper function
7.30.3.2 Extensible wide character case mapping functions
7.30.3.2.1 The towctrans function
346 7.30.3.2.2 The wctrans function
347 7.31 Future library directions
7.31.1 Complex arithmetic
7.31.2 Character handling
7.31.3 Errors
7.31.4 Floating-point environment
7.31.5 Format conversion of integer types
7.31.6 Localization
7.31.7 Signal handling
7.31.8 Atomics
7.31.9 Boolean type and values
7.31.10 Integer types
348 7.31.11 Input/output
7.31.12 General utilities
7.31.13 String handling
7.31.14 Date and time
349 Annex A (informative) Language syntax summary
A.1 Lexical grammar
A.1.1 Lexical elements
A.1.2 Keywords
A.1.3 Identifiers
350 A.1.4 Universal character names
A.1.5 Constants
352 A.1.6 String literals
A.1.7 Punctuators
353 A.1.8 Header names
A.1.9 Preprocessing numbers
A.2 Phrase structure grammar
A.2.1 Expressions
355 A.2.2 Declarations
358 A.2.3 Statements
359 A.2.4 External definitions
A.3 Preprocessing directives
360 A.4 Floating-point subject sequence
A.4.1 NaN char sequence
A.4.2 NaN wchar sequence
361 Annex B (informative) Library summary
B.1 Diagnostics
B.2 Complex
362 B.3 Character handling
B.4 Errors
B.5 Floating-point environment
363 B.6 Characteristics of floating types
B.7 Format conversion of integer types
364 B.8 Alternative spellings
B.9 Sizes of integer types
B.10 Localization
B.11 Mathematics
367 B.12 Nonlocal jumps
B.13 Signal handling
368 B.14 Alignment
B.15 Variable arguments
B.16 Atomics
369 B.17 Boolean type and values
B.18 Common definitions
B.19 Integer types
370 B.20 Input/output
372 B.21 General utilities
373 B.22 _Noreturn
B.23 String handling
374 B.24 Type-generic math
375 B.25 Threads
B.26 Date and time
376 B.27 Unicode utilities
B.28 Extended multibyte/wide character utilities
379 B.29 Wide character classification and mapping utilities
381 Annex C (informative) Sequence points
382 Annex D (normative) Universal character names for identifiers
D.1 Ranges of characters allowed
D.2 Ranges of characters disallowed initially
383 Annex E (informative) Implementation limits
385 Annex F (normative) IEC 60559 floating-point arithmetic
F.1 Introduction
F.2 Types
F.2.1 Infinities, signed zeros, and NaNs
F.3 Operators and functions
387 F.4 Floating to integer conversion
F.5 Binary-decimal conversion
F.6 The return statement
F.7 Contracted expressions
388 F.8 Floating-point environment
F.8.1 Environment management
F.8.2 Translation
F.8.3 Execution
F.8.4 Constant expressions
389 F.8.5 Initialization
F.8.6 Changing the environment
390 F.9 Optimization
F.9.1 Global transformations
F.9.2 Expression transformations
391 F.9.3 Relational operators
392 F.9.4 Constant arithmetic
F.10 Mathematics
393 F.10.1 Trigonometric functions
F.10.1.1 The acos functions
F.10.1.2 The asin functions
F.10.1.3 The atan functions
F.10.1.4 The atan2 functions
F.10.1.5 The cos functions
F.10.1.6 The sin functions
F.10.1.7 The tan functions
394 F.10.2 Hyperbolic functions
F.10.2.1 The acosh functions
F.10.2.2 The asinh functions
F.10.2.3 The atanh functions
F.10.2.4 The cosh functions
F.10.2.5 The sinh functions
F.10.2.6 The tanh functions
F.10.3 Exponential and logarithmic functions
F.10.3.1 The exp functions
F.10.3.2 The exp2 functions
F.10.3.3 The expm1 functions
395 F.10.3.4 The frexp functions
F.10.3.5 The ilogb functions
F.10.3.6 The ldexp functions
F.10.3.7 The log functions
F.10.3.8 The log10 functions
F.10.3.9 The log1p functions
396 F.10.3.10 The log2 functions
F.10.3.11 The logb functions
F.10.3.12 The modf functions
F.10.3.13 The scalbn and scalbln functions
F.10.4 Power and absolute value functions
F.10.4.1 The cbrt functions
397 F.10.4.2 The fabs functions
F.10.4.3 The hypot functions
F.10.4.4 The pow functions
F.10.4.5 The sqrt functions
398 F.10.5 Error and gamma functions
F.10.5.1 The erf functions
F.10.5.2 The erfc functions
F.10.5.3 The lgamma functions
F.10.5.4 The tgamma functions
F.10.6 Nearest integer functions
F.10.6.1 The ceil functions
399 F.10.6.2 The floor functions
F.10.6.3 The nearbyint functions
F.10.6.4 The rint functions
F.10.6.5 The lrint and llrint functions
F.10.6.6 The round functions
400 F.10.6.7 The lround and llround functions
F.10.6.8 The trunc functions
F.10.7 Remainder functions
F.10.7.1 The fmod functions
F.10.7.2 The remainder functions
F.10.7.3 The remquo functions
F.10.8 Manipulation functions
F.10.8.1 The copysign functions
401 F.10.8.2 The nan functions
F.10.8.3 The nextafter functions
F.10.8.4 The nexttoward functions
F.10.9 Maximum, minimum, and positive difference functions
F.10.9.1 The fdim functions
F.10.9.2 The fmax functions
F.10.9.3 The fmin functions
F.10.10 Floating multiply-add
F.10.10.1 The fma functions
F.10.11 Comparison macros
403 Annex G (normative) IEC 60559-compatible complex arithmetic
G.1 Introduction
G.2 Types
G.3 Conventions
G.4 Conversions
G.4.1 Imaginary types
G.4.2 Real and imaginary
G.4.3 Imaginary and complex
G.5 Binary operators
404 G.5.1 Multiplicative operators
406 G.5.2 Additive operators
G.6 Complex arithmetic
407 G.6.1 Trigonometric functions
G.6.1.1 The cacos functions
408 G.6.2 Hyperbolic functions
G.6.2.1 The cacosh functions
G.6.2.2 The casinh functions
409 G.6.2.3 The catanh functions
G.6.2.4 The ccosh functions
410 G.6.2.5 The csinh functions
G.6.2.6 The ctanh functions
411 G.6.3 Exponential and logarithmic functions
G.6.3.1 The cexp functions
G.6.3.2 The clog functions
412 G.6.4 Power and absolute-value functions
G.6.4.1 The cpow functions
G.6.4.2 The csqrt functions
G.7 Type-generic math
413 Annex H (informative) Language independent arithmetic
H.1 Introduction
H.2 Types
H.2.1 Boolean type
H.2.2 Integer types
H.2.2.1 Integer operations
414 H.2.3 Floating-point types
H.2.3.1 Floating-point parameters
H.2.3.2 Floating-point operations
415 H.2.3.3 Rounding styles
H.2.4 Type conversions
H.3 Notification
416 H.3.1 Notification alternatives
H.3.1.1 Indicators
H.3.1.2 Traps
417 Annex I (informative) Common warnings
418 Annex J (informative) Portability issues
J.1 Unspecified behavior
420 J.2 Undefined behavior
431 J.3 Implementation-defined behavior
J.3.1 Translation
J.3.2 Environment
J.3.3 Identifiers
J.3.4 Characters
432 J.3.5 Integers
J.3.6 Floating point
433 J.3.7 Arrays and pointers
J.3.8 Hints
J.3.9 Structures, unions, enumerations, and bit-fields
J.3.10 Qualifiers
J.3.11 Preprocessing directives
434 J.3.12 Library functions
436 J.3.13 Architecture
J.4 Locale-specific behavior
437 J.5 Common extensions
J.5.1 Environment arguments
J.5.2 Specialized identifiers
J.5.3 Lengths and cases of identifiers
J.5.4 Scopes of identifiers
J.5.5 Writable string literals
J.5.6 Other arithmetic types
J.5.7 Function pointer casts
J.5.8 Extended bit-field types
J.5.9 The fortran keyword
J.5.10 The asm keyword
438 J.5.11 Multiple external definitions
J.5.12 Predefined macro names
J.5.13 Floating-point status flags
J.5.14 Extra arguments for signal handlers
J.5.15 Additional stream types and file-opening modes
J.5.16 Defined file position indicator
J.5.17 Math error reporting
439 Annex K (normative) Bounds-checking interfaces
K.1 Background
K.2 Scope
K.3 Library
K.3.1 Introduction
K.3.1.1 Standard headers
440 K.3.1.2 Reserved identifiers
K.3.1.3 Use of errno
K.3.1.4 Runtime-constraint violations
K.3.2 Errors
441 K.3.3 Common definitions
K.3.4 Integer types
K.3.5 Input/output
442 K.3.5.1 Operations on files
The tmpfile_s function
The tmpnam_s function
443 K.3.5.2 File access functions
The fopen_s function
444 The freopen_s function
445 K.3.5.3 Formatted input/output functions
The fprintf_s function
The fscanf_s function
447 The printf_s function
The scanf_s function
The snprintf_s function
448 The sprintf_s function
449 The sscanf_s function
The vfprintf_s function
450 The vfscanf_s function
The vprintf_s function
451 The vscanf_s function
The vsnprintf_s function
452 The vsprintf_s function
The vsscanf_s function
453 K.3.5.4 Character input/output functions
The gets_s function
454 K.3.6 General utilities
K.3.6.1 Runtime-constraint handling
The set_constraint_handler_s function
455 The abort_handler_s function
The ignore_handler_s function
K.3.6.2 Communication with the environment
The getenv_s function
456 K.3.6.3 Searching and sorting utilities
The bsearch_s function
457 The qsort_s function
458 K.3.6.4 Multibyte/wide character conversion functions
The wctomb_s function
K.3.6.5 Multibyte/wide string conversion functions
459 The mbstowcs_s function
The wcstombs_s function
460 K.3.7 String handling
461 K.3.7.1 Copying functions
The memcpy_s function
The memmove_s function
462 The strcpy_s function
The strncpy_s function
463 K.3.7.2 Concatenation functions
The strcat_s function
464 The strncat_s function
465 K.3.7.3 Search functions
The strtok_s function
466 K.3.7.4 Miscellaneous functions
The memset_s function
The strerror_s function
467 The strerrorlen_s function
The strnlen_s function
K.3.8 Date and time
468 K.3.8.1 Components of time
K.3.8.2 Time conversion functions
The asctime_s function
469 The ctime_s function
The gmtime_s function
470 The localtime_s function
K.3.9 Extended multibyte and wide character utilities
K.3.9.1 Formatted wide character input/output functions
The fwprintf_s function
471 The fwscanf_s function
472 The snwprintf_s function
The swprintf_s function
473 The swscanf_s function
The vfwprintf_s function
474 The vfwscanf_s function
The vsnwprintf_s function
475 The vswprintf_s function
476 The vswscanf_s function
The vwprintf_s function
477 The vwscanf_s function
The wprintf_s function
478 The wscanf_s function
K.3.9.2 General wide string utilities
Wide string copying functions
The wcscpy_s function
479 The wcsncpy_s function
The wmemcpy_s function
480 The wmemmove_s function
481 Wide string concatenation functions
The wcscat_s function
The wcsncat_s function
482 Wide string search functions
The wcstok_s function
483 Miscellaneous functions
The wcsnlen_s function
484 K.3.9.3 Extended multibyte/wide character conversion utilities
Restartable multibyte/wide character conversion functions
The wcrtomb_s function
485 Restartable multibyte/wide string conversion functions
The mbsrtowcs_s function
486 The wcsrtombs_s function
488 Annex L (normative) Analyzability
L.1 Scope
L.2 Definitions
L.2.1 out-of-bounds store
L.2.2 bounded undefined behavior
L.2.3 critical undefined behavior
L.3 Requirements
490 Annex M (informative) Change History
M.1 Fourth Edition
M.2 Third Edition
M.3 Second Edition
492 M.4 First Edition, Amendment 1
493 Bibliography
494 Index

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